






























s ; ***'' / 

l ° <£* <5 * ^ 11 ^ - <$> ^ . , 

z 


%• 4 ' - 



y v ’ s J Vj O' ^ ^ 

» ’ tV » . , > * 

\> + \\ 0 ', > 


3P Cj V^, 

* ,* v ^ ^W,* •»• ^ -'.rcViV «V 

A -3, ' „ , v ■* ,G V 

•' “ * . 0 ^ c» N '■ * 

%. '„ 


v* V *« 


/ 


-^V ^ "O' rvO <T* 

s » «■ , A ' 9 N 

'* ,v vioi*, % 

•iu <A * -#f-Y^v * ■<?’„ A 

° “ i*lK ' *<!> .A 

? " A V V * _, , , _ . 

A ■ ^ V^V * 

A ^ y o * x "* \G < 

. 0 ^ c 0 " 0 * ■<* 

* ^CNfScv <* ^ 



* , ■ \ o, 

w 

■fc 

4 r-f >• 

'/ C* V V- ^ 4 0 A > . O 



* c> 

y *<> 

<* 

<S‘ v 





V' * 
v- 

$ * 

« CvX W?rvJ//lh . 

•f v< V \ 

S " 

-' "0 o^ ' ■■ 

*: 7 •*, * - 

\v~ ->• 

O 1 &L 

• ’ C 0 ' '°,, » » K 0 ■ *> « 

’•-*%■ 0 ,A 

'* ^ - w» 




O A V 'V » » V 

V * 4 . ' «s %" * >‘ 

%. 'o. ,-* y „ <• 

(•\V c Q *y> 

y * ^ V 




^ <u / 

A V. X. ' A * ^ \ ' 

r° v. 0 1 « av 

V 9 r-r^Nv A -£> <T v -? ^ u c ' cf 

< r _ <: . ‘ '^st y " -S. > ^ tif -, 1 ^ * V J *f> ^ 

a ^VNNSfc? > V 

\' AJ C* ^ (. O t' 

-t' * a n o ' 7 x * , 

A V s ’ , ...A, CV V <- ^ 

- ^ ^ a* % 



\V </* 

M ^ % 

s\A W 

y s ^ vl# % C. cr ^ 0 ' c * 



< « 7 \s\A ^ 'o 






































U I A 


v*»»« v ^ , ... 

, C- V > .0- ' 

xv ^ * '%/ * 

V <p 





\ 




❖ 

<" *y / < s N ,<\ 

”*>V"‘ 

oX^V- ^ / -' 

,0 o 

Nw \ <✓> 

^ ^ r ' 

V\. ' * g , ^ , 0 - -O % 0 ^ ^ '<*> 

> o* S '/, o v ^ ^ ^ 

* ,-tV v n&'Pm*,. ' 'P . r ic ft * 





x> V / ^ 

s ,, ( * -,,’, o '* ^v' ; ' t o o , %- > '' «TT\ ■' 

® ■’ *»• •#> «A* 

° X- V' 


s A 
-V 5 ^ 





’i> 


cc 

* \> * 

cpV^L 1 ' .V'“>^-'^*- 

- ^ V* 




H ^ 





* ‘ ' v 0 ^° V- ' r„ "c 

A V *\* 3 fe*X *<? 



Cu ✓ 

* ■* N 0 ' 


X .#’ 



\ A ry * . 

s s <\ D y o * x * A} 

* '<P X> v . 1 "* X>, r 0 ^ c 

* ,9 *W^% J . C VrfS 


A> <P 

A * 



c* 

O 


Z 

</ 


^ v 


-S 

$ XX 

■* < * 7 T s ’a 

° N,: *.'X .# v*"‘ 

, ^ ^ ^ S . \\ ^ 

V -s ^ \\v\ 1 ^ v/“ A A *- 

o 0 x r A V » 

,0 0 

N \ ^» /• 

\ _ i/' 

^ * r£* ^-- e ^ y ty^ / v p\» ^ 

V’ R ‘ 

r f 3 a - a© x 

/■> ^ f>ii % O *? r . 





v - /: "- ':■** .<!>■ 




xr' A v " r 
</' ,^v ® ^ 




•C<, f 


^ > /i s Lw<- x> 

• /\^>,<- ^ r> .*\ ^ ^ 4 V 

o o —^ ■ -" <f*~ -sX 

_. </ ^5 X 

\ Z ^ 

> <f>„ 

V 



A y 

1 \ O V £ 


C 


/,•»«.>, ‘**’VV’'**^ 

V * ~r<Sfv ^ ^ 4 J» <> (J&'/YTT?-* ^ ^ 



v r „ ^ * o,. 


> 


X, <& 


S ^ 
% 



•\ 



' X- V^ 




>, 0c v 



0 x -aO x' */ . ~ . S <’ 

-0* 0 w I. i •<{>. 6 * ..^ X * v I 







.0 







o 5 -t, -r^ 

.' o^ S * 

* ■' >* 0 ' \* ^-' * « n* X 

V ^ X * o f s 

»&.„> .vv * 

^ <V ^ <^V . _ V - X 

z - z r^ 


>, o °<. 



i ° ■$? '’■*■ ° »” X. - 

r * ^ X % ^ * *, 

. A "3,. ' o , x ■» J> 

.(xN « v 1 8 « ,0 V c 0 N c ^ ‘ * ° ’ A* «.'•”« 

I* X - J 0 X. ■•» ' ’ ° 



X, X 


</> 






'*>*** ^ o x 

.-O' i° 

0 































































/ 


A 

DICTIONiVRY 


*■> ... V 

OF 

tSf f 
y C*> - 

WORDS AND PHRASES 


USED IN 


COMMERCE 




WITH 



Late Chief Appraiser, of Foreman Merchandise for toe Port of New York, and 
FORMERLY CORRESPONDING SECRETARY OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 


♦ 


TAINTOR BROTHERS, 

078 Broadway, New York. 





Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by 
THOMAS McELRATH, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 




PREFACE. 


While the pursuit of agriculture and the employment of the 
mechanic arts form the principal occupations of the people of the 
United States, and are the chief sources of the nation’s wealth, there 
is flecessarily diverted from the productive industries of the farm 
and the factory a numerous class of its citizens to the no less useful 
occupation of the merchant. The economical and successful prose¬ 
cution of the first-named pursuits is largely dependent upon the 
skill and good judgment of the latter. The vast area of the country, 
its diversity of soil and climate, and the magnitude of its products, 
demand large facilities for exchanges, and invite capital and enter¬ 
prise to the field of commerce. Agricultural and mechanical products 
find their ultimate destination through such commercial channels as 
afford the greatest facilities, and by the intervention of such agencies 
as inspire most confidence in their ability to effect sales and exchanges 
at the smallest sacrifice of time and with the least outlay of capital. 
Not only in the cities and populous towns, but all along the highways 
of travel throughout our country, there are found what are termed 
country stores, which are, in fact, commercial depots for the surplus 
products of the neighborhood,—whether from the farm, as grain and 
wool; from the dairy, as butter and cheese; from the forest, as 
lumber; or from the mountains and streams, as game, peltries, and 
fish. It is predicated of merchants that they know where are 



iv 


PREFACE. 


the best markets for these products; and also that they understand 
how to furnish their customers the commodities of other countries 
or places upon the most liberal and advantageous terms. Mer¬ 
chants failing to comprehend these elementary duties, and neglect¬ 
ing to avail themselves of such sources of information as will 
enlighten them thereon, do themselves injustice, and commit a 
wrong on the community in which they do business. Mechanics 
and manufacturers are generally well informed and accurately 
educated in their respective occupations. So much is not con¬ 
ceded to the majority of those who call themselves merchants. 
The prosecution of trade, with its numerous vicissitudes, may perhaps 
not be susceptible of the same exactness as the business of the manu¬ 
facturer. And besides, as is well remarked in the Encyclopaedia 
Britannica, “ there are hardly any books or publications for the 
purpose of instructing the merchant in the practical management of 
his business, while farmers are well supplied with works on every 
department of agriculture, and mechanics and manufacturers have 
Manuals and Treatises on every branch of their business.” 

In the year 1861, the author of this work, in the discharge of 
his duties as Appraiser General of Foreign Merchandise, first discov¬ 
ered the need of some book which might be conveniently referred to 
for the meaning of unfamiliar terms contained in foreign invoices, 
and for the technical signification or import of certain words and 
phrases used in mercantile transactions. The foreign commercial 
Dictionaries in the English, as well as those in the French and Ger¬ 
man languages, although affording much information, were found of 
slight practical value. Availing himself of the advantages afforded 
him in his official position for collecting and arranging materials for 
a comprehensive Dictionary of Commercial Words, he commenced 


PREFACE. 


V 


in that year the present work, and the leisure time at his com¬ 
mand, from that period to the present, has been mainly devoted to 
this undertaking. 

The scope of the work has been much enlarged beyond what 
was contemplated at its commencement, and much labor has been 
bestowed upon it, with special reference to its adaptation to country 
merchants as well as to those of cities. 

The general course of the Trade of the world, as shown by 
the character of the exports and imports of different countries, and 
the names of most of the Commodities dealt in as articles of com¬ 
merce, their places of production, classification, and uses, form a 
large portion of the work. Definitions of mercantile terms, con¬ 
struction of Tariff Laws, Revenue Decisions, Commercial Forms, 
Weights, Measures, and Moneys, reduced to American Standards, 
occupy their allotted space; while the laws and usages of trade, and 
the restricted but definite meaning of common words when used 
in commerce, are here presented and defined. 

Neither the history nor the statistics of commerce form any part 
of the plan of this work. When figures are given they are generally 
designed to show the commercial importance of the commodity; and 
in most instances round numbers are employed, as being more easily 
remembered, and, generally, approximating to accuracy as nearly as 
the official or statistical statements. 

Where the component constituents of manufactured articles are 
given, they are mentioned with reference to the character and relative 
commercial significance of the article manufactured, and not with a 
view of giving scientific qualities, or processes of manufacture. 

A mere lexigraphic disposition of most of the subjects is all that 


VI 


PREFACE. 


could be attained within the prescribed limits of the volume; hence 
it may happen that persons consulting it on subjects with which they 
are themselves familiar may be disappointed. Dictionaries are 
not made to instruct experts in their peculiar business. On the 
contrary, the most accurate information which authors are able to 
obtain is derived from persons employed in, or connected with special 
trades or occupations. Thus, if a wool merchant should consult the 
Dictionary for Noils , or a leather merchant for Juffs or Vafania, they 
would probably find nothing more than they knew before; but if 
they were at a loss for the meaning of Burlaps or Denims , both 
of which are as intelligible to the dry-goods merchant as the first- 
mentioned words were to them, a reference to this volume would 
likely give them the desired information. 

In the preparation of this volume, for information on manufac¬ 
tured merchandise the author is much indebted to Ure’s Dictionary 
of Arts and Manufactures; for crude and unmanufactured articles, 
to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Wood and Bache’s Dispensatory, and 
Loudon on Plants; for descriptions of commercial commodities gen¬ 
erally, to Postlethwaite’s and Savary’s, and to McCulloch’s and 
Waterson’s Dictionaries, of Commerce, to Simmond’s Dictionary of 
Trade Products, and to the Dictionnaire du Commerce et des Mar- 
chandises; for Commercial Law, to Kent’s Commentaries, Bouvier’s 
Law Dictionary, Parsons’s Mercantile Law, and Abbott on Shipping; 
for the construction of Tariff Laws, to Manuscript and Circular De¬ 
cisions of the Treasury Department, and to the Decisions of the 
United States Courts; for Commercial Technicalities and usages of 
trade generally, to the courtesy of American Merchants and other 
private sources. The author is also indebted to Appleton’s American 
Encyclopaedia, Lippincott’s Gazetteer, Edward Young’s Monthly 


PREFACE. 


Vll 


Reports on Commerce and Navigation, Brande and Cox’s Dictionary 
of Arts, and to Anderson’s History of Commerce, for most valuable 
information. For foreign Weights and Measures, Alexander’s Dic¬ 
tionary has been with few exceptions adopted as authority. 

To the young men, to those who are hereafter to become the mer¬ 
chant princes of our country, this work is more especially addressed. 
It will introduce to them new sources of information, familiar¬ 
ize them with names of commodities, instruct them in rules of trade, 
explain to them the uses and commercial values of products, suggest 
to them new channels of enterprise, furnish them with hints which 
may be expanded into profitable commercial realities, and otherwise 
tend to enlarge their views, and prepare them to enter upon their 
career as merchants with discrimination and confidence. 

THOMAS McELRATll. 


New Your. January, 1871. 


ft 


SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 

A. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. • 

Abandonment 

Delaissement 

Abtretung 

Abandonnement 

Abandonamento 

Abandono 

Abatement 

Reduction 

Rabatt 

Onderwigt 

Oaduta 

Rebaja 

Absinthium 

Absinthe 

Wermuth 

Alsem 

Assenzio 

Ajenjo 

Acceptance 

Acceptation 

Accept 

Acceptatie 

Accettazicne 

Aceptacion 

Acorns 

Glands 

Eicheln 

Eikels 

Ghiande 

Bellotas 

Account 

Compte [vient 

Abrechnung 

Rekening doen 

Gonto 

Guenta 

Actual cost 

Prix c”achat; re- 

Ankanfspreis 

Inkoopsprijs 

Prezzo costo 

Primer costo 

Adjustment 

Reglement d6fi- 

Regulirung 

Vereffening 

Regolamento 

Ajustamiento 

Adulteration 

Advertisement 

nitif 

Adulteration 

Avertissement 

Versetzung 

Ankundigung 

Ankondiging 

Awertimento 

Adulteracion 

Anuncio 

Afloat 

Flottant 

Schwimmend 

VI ot maken 

A galla 

Abordo 

Agate 

Agate 

Achat 

Agaat 

Agata 

Agata 

Agent 

Agent 

Agent 

Agent 

Agente 

Agente, comisio- 

Alabaster 

Albatre 

Alabaster 

Albast 

Alabastro 

Alabastro [nado 

Alcanet 

Orcanette 

Orkanet 

Alkanna 

Ancusa 

Arcaneta 

Alcohol 

Esprit de vin 

Weingeist 

Spiritus 

Spirito ardente 

Aguardiente 

Alloy — standard 

Titre 

Alliage; Miinzflus 

Muntvaet 

Taglio 

Lei; ciga 

Almonds 

Amandes 

Mandeln 

Amandelen 

Mandorle 

A’mendras 

Allspice 

Piment de la Ja- 

Piment 

Jamaika peper 

Pimento de 

Pimento da la 

Alum 

mai'que 

Alun 

Alaun 

Aluin 

Jamaica 

A11 nine 

Jamaica 

Alumbre 

Amber 

Ambre jaune 

Bernstein 

Barnsteen 

Ambra gialla 

Ambar 

Amount 

Montant 

Betrag 

Bedrag 

Montante 

Imports 

Anchor 

Ancre 

Anker 

Anker 

Ancora 

Anela 

Anchovy 

Anchois 

Anschovis 

Ansjovis 

Acciuga 

Anchova 

Aniseed 

Anis 

Anis 

Anijs 

Anise 

Anis 

Annotto 

Rocou 

Orlean 

Orloane 

Oriana 

Achiote 

Antimony 

Antimoine 

Spiesglas 

Spiesglas 

Antimonio 

Antimonio 

Antwerp 

Anvers 

Antwerpen 

Antwerpen 

An versa 

Amberes 

Arbitrator 

Arbitre 

Schiedsrichter 

Scheidsregter 

Arbitro 

Arbitro 

Argol 

Tartre 

Weinstein 

Wynsteen 

Tartaro 

Tartaro 

Arrival 

Arrivee [elles 

Ankunft 

Aankomst 

Arrivo 

Arribo Llegada 

Artificial Flowers 

Fleurs artitici- 

Kiinstliche Blumen 

Kunstbloemen 

Fiori finti 

Flores artificiales 

Ashes 

V edasse 

Potasche 

Weed as 

Feccia bn nata 

Gcnizas 

Assafcetida 

Assa-foetida 

Teufelsdreck 

Duivelsdreck 

Assafetidw 

Asafetida 

Assign 

Assigne 

Ueberschreiben 

Aangeven 

Allegare 

Asignar 

Auctioneer 

Encanier 

Auctionator 

Afslager 

Commiss' do 

Rema tad or 

Average price 

Prix moyen 

Durchschnittspreis 

Middenpriss 

Prezzo Hi Y.o 

| Precio medic 

























A 


DICTIONARY 

# 

OF 

COMMERCIAL WORDS AND PHEASES. 


J&.. 


A, or a, written on the margin or face 
of any writing by the principal of a mercan¬ 
tile house, signifies “ approved; ” on a bill 
of exchange, “accepted;” in trade lan¬ 
guage a is used to express the same mean¬ 
ing as “one” “for one” and “for each” 
—a dollar a pound, means one dollar for one 
pound; the sign @ is used to express at 
and to , as 50 bales @ $10 means at $10 per 
bale—1,000 shares 75 @ 80, means 1,000 
shares from 75 to 80 ; 10,000 bushels wheat 
$1.05 $1.10, means from $1.05 to 

$ 1 . 10 . 

AS, the underwriter’s Registry mark 
for seaworthy vessels of first class. All 
vessels are registered in American Regis- 
trys A, and afterwards distinguished by 
figures in a descending grade, as Al, A II, 
A II, A If, A 2, A 21, and A 21; the last 
being about as low as vessels are classified. 
Foreign Registrys differ. In the English 
Lloyds, Al denotes that the vessel is well 
built and seaworthy, and the figure 1 that 
her rigging, anchors, cables, stores, etc., 
are suitable and proper; A 2 being the 
mark for vessels with insufficient or unsat¬ 
isfactory rigging or equipments ; and A3, 
vessels of third class, suitable for convey¬ 
ing goods on short voyages. The letter A, 
printed with red ink, and a double .A. are 
also employed at Lloyds as distinguishing 
terms. See Insurance. 

A Ao. 1, a term used to express the 
highest mark of mercantile credit. 

A a an, a Dutch liquid measure, in Ger¬ 
man written “ Ohm.” It varies, being 371 
gallons at Antwerp, 41 gallons at Amster¬ 
dam, 401 gallons at Rotterdam, and 391 
gallons at Brunswick. 

Aba., a woollen stuff made in Turkey. 


Abaca fibre, a valuable fibre ob¬ 
tained from a palm-tree growing in the 
Philippine Islands, from which cordage is 
made that floats upon the water, and re¬ 
quires no tarring, as sea-water does not rot 
it. The finest kinds of the fibre are used 
for linen fabrics. 

Abacus, a counting machine for per¬ 
forming arithmetical calculations—used by 
the ancient Greeks and by European coun¬ 
tries during the middle ages, and now in 
use by Chinese merchants. > 

Abaiser, ivory black, or animal char¬ 
coal. 

A baud on ameia4, the relinquishment 
of a claim; leaving a ship or vessel as dan¬ 
gerous;—a relinquishment of vessel and 
cargo to establish a claim on the underwrit¬ 
ers for a total loss; a transfer of the property 
insured, or what is left of it, to the insurers. 
The insured may abandon to the insurance 
company when the voyage is lost, or where 
the subject insured is of no value to the 
owner, or where the salvage is very high, 
or where the part saved is of less value than 
the freight, &c. The insured is in no case 
bound to abandon, but must be prompt in 
deciding whether he will treat the subject 
as a partial or a total loss. By the act of 
Congress of March, 1843, merchandise sav¬ 
ed from a wreck, which had been sunken 
for two years and abandoned, may be ad¬ 
mitted free of duty. But the abandon¬ 
ment must be complete and not technical. 
Hence underwriters or their agents can¬ 
not claim free entry. Let. See. Treasury 
to Collector at Barnstable , Mass., May 24, 
1869. 

Abassi, a Persian silver coin, worth 
about 19 cents. 





10 


ABAS. 


ACCEPTANCE F(M HONOR. 


Abas, a weight for pearls in Persia, 
equal to 2| gr. troy, or ) of a carat. 

A batement, a discount allowed for 
damage or overcharge, or a reduction made 
by the creditor for the prompt payment 
of a debt; a deduction made on the duties 
chargeable on goods when they are damag¬ 
ed on the voyage of transportation. “ Du¬ 
ties may be abated on cargo of a vessel 
thrown overboard to save her from loss, 
while within the limits of a port of the 
United States before landing.” Let. Sec. 
Tr. to Collector at Mobile , Dec. 1868. 

Abbas, coarse woollens worn by the 
people in Turkey. 

Abbreviation, the contraction of a 
word or phrase made by omitting some 
of the letters, or by substituting certain 
characters in their place. The more com¬ 
mon abbreviations of commerce are the 
following :— 


at, per, for or so much 

gal. gallon. 

for each. 

gr. grain. 

a /c account. 

gr. or. grs. gross. 

A. D. the year of our Lord. 

H. B. C. Hudson’s Bay 

amt. amount. 

Company. 

bal. balance. 

hf. chts. half chests. 

bar. barrel. 

hhd. hogshead. 

bbls. barrels. 

in. inches. 

bgs. bags. 

inst. present month. 

bdls. bundles. 

int. interest. 

bis. bales. 

inv. invoice. 

bkts. baskets. 

IOU. I owe you. 

bot. bought. 

lb. pound. 

b. o. buyer’s option. 

Led. Ledger. 

bque. barque. 

m/a. months after date. 

br. brig. 

MS. Manuscript. 

bu. bushel. 

N°. number. 

bxs. boxes. 

N. P. Notary Public. 

c. cents. 

N. S. Nova Scotia. 

c. or cen. centimes. 

N. P. New Providence. 

cks. casks. 

oz. ounce. 

chts. chests. 

pd. paid. 

Co. company. 

pkgs. packages. 

C. 0. D. collect on deliv¬ 

pits, plates. 

ery. 

p. o. d. pay on delivery. 

Cr. creditor. 

P. 0. 0. Post Office Order. 

cs. cases. 

prox. next month. 

cwt. hundred weight. 

ps. pieces. 

d. pence. 

pun. puncheon. 

I). or d. dollar. 

pt. pint. 

do. the same. 

qr. quarter. 

dol. dollar. 

qt. quart. 

doz. dozen. 

It. R. Rail Road. 

Dr. debtor. 

Reed. Received. 

d/s. day after sight. 

Rect. Receipt. 

dwt. pennyweigut. 

s. shilling. 

E. E. errors excepted. 

Sa. Rs. sicca rupees. 

E. and 0. E. errors and 

schr. schooner. 

omissions excepted. 

sh. ship. 

E. I. C. East India Com¬ 

s. o. seller’s option. 

pany. 

s. s. steamship. 

E. I. 0. S. East India 

str. steamer. 

Company’s service. 

tres. tierces. 

ex. per, by, or from. 

ult. last month. 

exch. exchange. 

U. S. United States. 

f. o. b. free on board 

ves. vessel. 

fr. francs. 

W. I. West Indies. 

ft. foot or feet. 

wt. weight. 

yd. yard. 

% per cent. 

$ dollar. 

£. s. d. pounds, shillings, 

£ or L. pound. 

pence. 


Abbs, the yam of a weaver’s warp— 
a term used in the woollen trade. 

Abelmo§clms seeds, the seeds of 
a species of hibiscus , brought from the East 
Indies and used in perfumery; another 
species is largely cultivated near Constan¬ 
tinople, the roots of which are used as a 
demulcent; and the seeds of the okra or 
gombo, which are probably the same as the 
latter, are used for thickening soup. 

Abietiiae, a name for Strasburg tur¬ 
pentine. 

A board, in the ship or hold of the ves¬ 
sel—or on the deck of the vessel—or in a rail¬ 
road car, or other carriage of conveyance. 

A baa, a Polish silver coin of the value 
of 22 cents. 

Afrius, wild licorice; a West Indian 
tree, from the seeds of which necklaces and 
rosaries are formed. 

Ablaque silk, a kind of raw silk 
from Persia. 

Abramn, a red clay obtained from 
the Isle of Wight, Germany, and Italy, 
with which cabinet-makers darken and 
polish mahogany. 

AbsifiUtlBiuiii, wormwood—the ar- 
temisia absinthium , a volatile oil obtained 
from which is used to flavor a liqueur, it is 
also used in medicine. 

Absilltlie, a cordial or liqueur, fla¬ 
vored with wormwood. 

Abticco, a Burmese weight in use at 
Pegu, something less than half a pound. 

AbiasBiee, a money of Persia and 
Arabia, worth about 27 cents. 

A byssmian lea, the dried leaves of 
the khat or catha edulis , used by the Arabs 
as a substitute for China tea. 

Acacia, see Gum Arabic. 

Acajou-nuts, another name for 
Cashew-nuts. 

Accede, to assent to the proposed 
terms. 

Accept, to acknowledge by one’s sig¬ 
nature an obligation to pay the sum named 
in an order, draft, or bill of exchange; to 
receive part of the goods sold is to accept 
them, and thereby bind the bargain for the 
whole. 

Acceptance, in commercial trans¬ 
actions, agreeing to the terms proposed ; 
the acceptor’s name written on the face 
of a bill of exchange or draft, usually with 
the word “ accepted; ” bill of exchange or 
draft when accepted. 

Acceptance for lionor, an ac¬ 
ceptance made for the honor either of the 
drawer or any endorser, after protest for 
non-acceptance by the drawee. 






ACCEPTOR. 


ACETIMETER. 


11 


Acceptor, one who accepts an order 
or bill of exchange. 

Acceptor supra protest, a third 
person who, after protest for non-accept¬ 
ance by the drawee, accepts the bill for 
the honor of the drawer, or of a particular 
endorser. 

Accommodate, to serve by lending 
money or endorsement. 

Accommodation, a loan of mone 3 r , 
note, acceptance, or endorsement, without 
any other consideration than favor. 

Accommodation paper, notes 
or acceptances drawn for the purpose 
of being discounted, and not founded on 
an actual sale of goods; notes or bills 
signed and accepted without considera¬ 
tion ; notes drawn by merchants for 
like amounts and exchanged, for their 
mutual accommodation. “The loss of 
credit which the use of such exchange 
notes, when once perceived, generally oc¬ 
casions, should deter merchants from hav¬ 
ing recourse to this species of accommoda¬ 
tion.” It is legitimate, however, for mer¬ 
chants to obtain occasional accommodation 
endorsements, where there is no exchange 
of paper. As a general rule this kind of 
paper is safe for banks to discount, as in 
the event of a failure of the party making 
the note, the endorsement is considered 
confidential, and is secured. The frequent 
repetition of these endorsements made for 
houses in active trade has a tendency, how¬ 
ever, to encourage an expansion of busi¬ 
ness, which very frequently results in 
bankruptcy. The danger arises from the 
fact that parties who obtain money in 
this way soon shape their business as 
if the amount so obtained were in reality 
so much actual capital. This is a delusion. 
“ Where, however, from some unexpected 
event, a merchant is unable to bring his 
commodities to a fair market so as to meet 
his payments, his credit may be saved by 
the temporary assistance of his friends 
through the medium of accommodation 
endorsements or notes, and he may thus be 
enabled to hold his goods till some proper 
opportunity of sale presents itself; and 
although such contingencies cannot be too 
anxiously guarded against, there are per¬ 
haps few who have transacted business 
extensively who have not at particular 
times received support in this way.” The 
objection on the part of bank officers to 
accommodation paper of this kind, arises 
generally from the fact that the party get¬ 
ting the discount assumes that the bank is 
under an implied obligation to renew the 


paper from time to time as it falls due. 
Well-conducted banking institutions do not 
agree to carry paper of any kind for an 
indefinite period. 

Account, a reckoning or statement; 
an entry in a book or on paper, of mer¬ 
chandise sold or bought; of money trans¬ 
actions or debts and credits. The Avord is 
of frequent use in commercial language, as 
new account , old account , bank account , 
merchandise bought on account of, sold on 
account of, on account and risk of, on joint 
account , on account of whom it may con¬ 
cern, to close an account , to open an 
account , to settle an account , unsettled 
account , account closed, &c. 

Accountant, one skilled in mercan¬ 
tile accounts; a book-keeper. 

Account book, a book containing 
credits, or debits, or both; a book of ac¬ 
counts. 

Account current, a written state¬ 
ment of the running or passing transactions 
between the parties, drawn out in a plain 
circumstantial manner, and disposed in the 
form of debtor and creditor on opposite 
pages, showing precisely how affairs stand 
between the parties at the current or pre¬ 
sent time when made out. 

Account day,* settling day, when 
differences are adjusted between merchants 
or brokers. 

Account rendered, the delivery 
of a bill of items, or detailed written state¬ 
ment of the charges or debits against a 
party up to a certain day. 

Accounts, the books of a merchant 
which contain the entries of debts and 
credits. 

Account sales, a document giving 
a detailed statement of the sale of goods. 
It exhibits the quantities and prices of the 
goods sold, the commissions and other 
charges, and the net proceeds. 

Accrue, to appear as profits ; to in¬ 
crease. 

Accurate, free from error. 

Acetate, a chemical salt formed by 
the union of acetic acid with a base, of 
which, for the arts and in pharmacy, 
are acetate of copper, iron, lead, mag¬ 
nesia, orphia, potassa, quinia, soda, zinc, 
&c. 

Acetic acid, the pure acid contained 
in vinegar, and that to which its peculiar 
and valuable properties are owing—Arinegar 
being acetic acid in a dilute state; pyrolig¬ 
neous acid. 

Aceti meter, an instrument for test¬ 
ing the strength of vinegar. 




12 


ACETOSELLA. 


ADAMANTINE SPAR. 


Acetosella, a chemical salt—sold 
generally under the name of sal acetosella. 

Acllie, an African money term, the 
equivalent of 1,000 cowry shells and worth 
about $1. 

AcBiiotte, or Acliiote, a drug 
used in dyeing, in pharmacy, and for 
coloring cheese, the same with the sub¬ 
stance known as Annotta. 

Acliira, a species of canna, which 
yields a starch somewhat similar to the 
arrow-root; it grows in Central and South 
America, and is used as food in Peru and 
Chili. 

Acliita, in the East Indies a cart-load, 
or about 2 tons. 

Aclitel,in Germany the eighth part of 
a weight or measure; also a grain measure, 
varying in different places—at Frankfort 
of about 3^ bushels, at Munich a little 
more than ^th of a bushel, at Vienna, as a 
dry measure, a little more than £ of a gal¬ 
lon. 

Acliteaadeel, a dry measure at Dord¬ 
recht, nearly equal to i of a bushel; at 
Botterdam equal to nearly 1 bushel. 

AcEiterli, a dry measure at Berne, 
equal to rather more than three pints. 

Acidimeter, an instrument for test¬ 
ing the strength of acids. 

Acids, a class of chemical compounds, 
many of which enter largely into com¬ 
merce, as the arsenious, acetic, benzoic, 
boracic, carbonic, carbolic, citric, gallic, 
muriatic, nitric, nitrous, oxalic, pyro-gal- 
lic, stearic, margaric, oleic, sulphuric, sul¬ 
phurous, and tartaric, &c., which will be 
found under their respective heads. The 
termination ic is applied to the stronger 
acids, ous to those of a weaker kind. 

Acker wood, a fancy wood of a 
cinnamon color. 

Acknowledge, in commercial cor¬ 
respondence, the term by which the receipt 
of a letter, remittance, or order, is ad¬ 
mitted. 

Acknowledgment, a receipt; an 
admission. 

Aenida, a fibrous nettle, known as 
Virginia hemp. 

Acorns, the seed or fruit of the oak, 
used as food in the form of bread, for cof¬ 
fee, and in medicine, and sold in the bazars 
of India, under the name of u bulloot.” In 
Turkey the acorns are buried for some 
time in the earth, to divest them of their 
bitterness; and when dried, roasted, and 
ground, form the principal ingredient in 
the palamoud of the Turks, and racahout 
of the Arabs. The acorns of the Italian 


oak, a native of the south of Europe, are 
quite sweet, and are ground, and are used 
with wheat flour for making bread. 

Acorn cups, the capsules or cups 
of the fruit of a species of oak, the quer- 
cus cegilops from the Morea and the Le¬ 
vant; large quantities, 20,000 or 25,000 
tons annually, are shipped to England 
and Germany, for tanners’ use, and are 
known in commerce as Valonia. The 
acorns are gathered in the forests and 
brought down to the coast on the backs 
of camels. From a small village called 
Rangui, which overlooks the Dardanelles, 
about 3,000 tons are shipped annually. At 
the warehouses the cup is separated from 
the acorn, the latter being used for food 
for cattle, and the cup only exported. The 
price at this place ranges from about $00 
to $85 per ton, and the freight thence to 
Liverpool is usually about $10 per ton. 
The shipments are most generally made in 
schooners and small brigs. See Valo¬ 
nia. 

Acorn flonr. For the purpose of 
making them into flour the acorns are 
boiled in a solution of carbonate of soda, and 
then dried and ground, and in this state 
used chiefly as coffee or to mix with coffee. 
This flour is sometimes imported under the 
name of powdered acorns. 

Acorn oil, an oil expressed from 
the acorn. 

Action, the name for shares in joint 
stock companies in France. 

Actioamaire, the owner of shares 
in companies, same as share- or stock¬ 
holder. 

Active, ready conversion of merchan¬ 
dise into money or available assets; quick 
sales. 

Active commerce, a technical 

term used to express a commerce which 
a nation carries on in its own ships, and 
prosecuted by its own citizens. 

Actuary, a clerk or registrar ; a per¬ 
son engaged in contingent or accidental 
calculations and estimates, as the actuary 
of a Life Insurance Co. 

Acquittance, a release from a debt 
or obligation ; a written discharge or re¬ 
ceipt in full for money due. 

Acquire, to obtain by one’s own 
efforts—not inherited nor obtained by 
another’s labor. 

Adamantine spar, a variety of 
corundum, with gray, brown, or greenish 
shades ; a mineral. The term is some¬ 
times applied to sapphire of a hair-brown 
color. 





ADAMANTINE CANDLES. 


AD VALOREM DUTIES. 13 


Adamantine caiadles, tne com¬ 
mercial name for candles made from stearic 
acid, the raw materials employed being 
palm oil, beef tallow, or lard. The manu¬ 
facture is very extensive, and the candles 
much less costly, and but little inferior to 
wax or spermaceti. 

Adam’s needle, a name for the 
aloe-leaved yucca , from which a valuable 
fibre is obtained. 

Ad arm, a small weight used in Spain, 
in Buenos Ayres, and Spanish America, 
being 27f grains. 

A dat is, a very fine cotton muslin from 
the East Indies, the finest of which is man¬ 
ufactured at Bengal, and comes in pieces 
of about 7^ or 8 yards long. 

Add, to augment; to increase. 

Adda, a measure in India equal to 8^ 
pints. 

Address, the name and residence, or 
place to which letters may be directed ; 
the superscription of a letter. 

Adelaide, a seaport city of Australia, 
and capital of the British colony of that 
name. The trade of the city, which is 
mainly with England, is very extensive, 
and consists of exports of copper ore, lead, 
gold, grain, wool, skins, &c. The weights 
and measures are the same as those of 
England, and accounts are kept in £, s. and 
d. sterling. 

Aden, a seaport city of Arabia Felix, 
belonging to the British government. It 
has a splendid harbor, and a trade of from 
5 to 6 millions of dollars a year. The 
chief exports are coffee, dyes, feathers, 
gums, hides, skins, ivory, and pearls;— 
imports cotton and silk, piece goods, seeds, 
tobacco, provisions, etc. The principal 
trade is with Calcutta and Bombay, and 
with ports on the Red Sea. 

Aden os, a species of cotton, from 
Aleppo, called also marine cotton. 

AdSiaBv, an Indian dry measure for 
grain, varying in different localities from 
7 to 7f lbs. avoirdupois. 

AdSielo, an Indian copper coin, in 
value something less than a half cent. 

AdSiesive felt, a cloth used for cov¬ 
ering ships’ bottoms, imported into the 
United States chiefly from Belfast and 
Glasgow. 

Adi, a dry measure of Bengalee from 
156 to 164 lbs. 

Adipic acid, one of the fixed, fatty 
acids produced by the action of nitric acid 
on spermaceti or other fat bodies. 

Adjust. to put in order for settle- 
ment. 


Adjuster, an expert in adjusting 
claims on a marine policy. 

Adjustment, the terms of settle¬ 
ment on a loss sustained under a marine 
policy, ascertained by adjusting the propor¬ 
tions of loss and average on the vessel and 
cargo. The term is also used in reference 
to a settlement of a loss on fire insurance, 
but in a less technical sense. Adjustment 
for loss on goods insured from maritime 
dangers are settled by valuing the property, 
not according to prime cost, but at the 
price at which they may be sold at the 
time of settling the average. 

Admeasurement, the measure¬ 
ment or legal tonnage of vessels—the 
mode of ascertaining which is prescribed 
by the act of Congress of May 6, 1864. 

Admiral, a large ship ; the leading or 
directing ship in a fleet of merchant¬ 
men. 

Admiralty Court, a judicial tri¬ 
bunal for the trial of all cases arising on 
the high seas and coasts. The District 
and Circuit Courts of the United States 
have the exclusive jurisdiction of all ad¬ 
miralty cases in the United States. 

Adolmde, a Spanish term for salt 
pork. 

Adoulie, a dry measure used in In¬ 
dia, of variable weight and measure; as a 
weight ranging from 4 to 5% lbs. ; as a 
measure, at Bombay, a little more than } of 
a bushel. 

Adpao, a weight in Bombay equal to 
1,725 grains; in Bangalou and Mysore it 
is 1,849 grains. 

Adseer, a weight equal to one-half 
of the seer, the mean of the latter in vari¬ 
ous parts of the East Indies being about 
H lbs. At Bombay the Adseer is nearly 1 
lb. 

Aduear, a coarse silk stuff used in 
Spain. 

Adularla, a transparent variety of 
felspar, which includes the moonstone and 
sunstone ; found in Wales, Scotland, Ire¬ 
land, and Switzerland; used for orna¬ 
ments. 

Adulteration, the injuring or debas¬ 
ing by spurious admixtures; intermixing 
what is less valuable. The articles of com¬ 
merce which are liable to be adulterated 
are very numerous, and the extent to 
which adulteration is practised is much 
beyond what is generally conceded. In 
drugs, dyes, ground spices, seeds, etc., it is 
especially prevalent. 

Ad valorem duties, duties im¬ 
posed according to value, as where the im- 




14 


ADVANCE. 


AFRICAN TRADE. 


port duty is a certain percentage on the cost 
or value of the article imported. Ad valo¬ 
rem duties assessed on foreign merchandise 
imported into the United States, are as¬ 
sessed on the actual market value or whole¬ 
sale price of the merchandise in the princi¬ 
pal markets of the country from which 
the merchandise is imported, at the date of 
exportation. This value is ascertained by 
the custom-house appraisers, and the law 
requires that there shall be added thereto, 
in order to fix the dutiable value, all costs 
and charges accrued at the time of ship¬ 
ment, except insurance, and including a 
charge of commission. If the purchase 
be made at less than the regular whole¬ 
sale price or fair market value, the im¬ 
porter, on entering his goods at the cus¬ 
tom-house, must add to the invoice an 
amount sufficient to bring it to the market 
value. This is done by simply writing on 
the Entry the words ‘ ‘ add—dollars or 
francs, as the case may be—to make duti¬ 
able value. ’ ’ But if more than the market 
price be paid, or if the invoice price be 
above the market value, the importer is 
not at liberty to reduce the amount on his 
Entry, but is compelled to pay duty on the 
full amount of the invoice. 

Advance, money paid before goods 
are delivered, usually on receipt of invoice 
and bill-of-lading ; an increase of value on 
merchandise ; moneys paid or acceptances 
given by a commission merchant to the 
manufacturer or consignor of goods before 
he makes sales. 

Adventure, a mercantile enterprise 
of hazard on the part of the shippers, and 
for which the party receiving the goods on 
board his vessel signs a writing called a 
bill of adventure , setting forth that the 
goods are wholly at the risk of the owner ; 
an enterprise or doubtful speculation of 
any kind; something which a seaman is 
permitted to carry abroad with a view to 
sell for profit. Adventures are frequently 
made by clerks in shipping houses who are 
permitted, as a matter of favor by the 
owners of the vessel, to send out a small 
invoice of merchandise by the master at 
their own risk and for their own account. 
Sailors call it ’venture. 

Advertisements, in a strictly com¬ 
mercial sense, are announcements of arti¬ 
cles of merchandise for sale, the formation 
and dissolution of copartnerships, the sail¬ 
ing day of a vessel, etc., etc. Another kind 
of advertisement is, where the announce¬ 
ment of the article for sale is accompanied by 
arguments and inducements to purchase. 


The latter kind are mostly used by manufac¬ 
turers and retailers. Judiciously conducted, 
this kind of advertising frequently leads to 
rapid and extensive sales; while, on the 
other hand, large sums of money are often 
expended in this way without correspond¬ 
ing results. 

Advertising agents, persons who 
receive advertisements from merchants and 
others, and procure their insertion in any 
number of newspapers required, and in any 
part of the country. The system is found 
both convenient and advantageous, and the 
bulk of heavy advertising is now effected 
through this agency. 

Advice, information communicated 
by letter—used chiefly in reference to 
drafts or bills of exchange. The accept¬ 
ance of a draft may be refused for want of 
advice. 

Advices, mercantile information re¬ 
ceived from distant correspondents. 

Advised, instructed, either by letter 
or otherwise. 

Affa, an African weight used on the 
coast of Guinea, equal to one troy ounce; 
the half affa is called eggeba. 

Affairs, something to be transacted; 
business: —mercantile affairs ; his affairs 
were loose ; to wind up his affairs. 

Afforage, a duty paid in France for 
the privilege of selling wine. 

Afford, to be able to sell at a given 
price—a price at which the seller is under¬ 
stood to make a satisfactory profit. 

Affrcigllt, to hire a ship for freight. 

Affreightment, the freight of a ship. 

Afloat, merchandise which has arrived 
at the port or in the harbor, but still on 
board the vessel. 

African hesnp, one of the names 
given to the fibre obtained from the leaves 
of the sanseviera , a plant growing in Guinea, 
but the fibre is more usually obtained from 
the same plant growing in Ceylon. 

African oak, a valuable timber 
wood, called also African teak, the vitex 
doriana. 

African slave trade, a large por¬ 
tion of the internal trade of Africa still 
consists in bartering for slaves, but the 
trade long since ceased in the United 
States and other commercial countries, 
the governments of the civilized nations of 
the world having interfered and put a stop 
to the practice. 

African trade, merchants who 
send ships to, or import merchandise di¬ 
rectly from Africa, are said to be in the 
African trade. 





AFRICAN WOOL. 


African wool, wool imported from 
the Cape of Good Hope, or the Cape Col¬ 
ony. 

After ealeulntion, a subsequent 
calculation. 

Agabanee, cotton embroidered with 
silk made in Aleppo. 

Agar-agar, a sea-weed largely col¬ 
lected in the Indian Archipelago for expor¬ 
tation to China. When boiled it forms a 
glutinous jelly, resembling that made from 
calves’ feet, and is highly esteemed both 
by Europeans and natives. Gum, varnish, 
size and paste are also made from it, which 
are used in dressing silks and other fabrics. 
The yearly imports at Shanghai are about 
2 millions of lbs. 

Agaric, the name of a large family 
of fungi, some species of which fur¬ 
nish the spunk or touchwood of com¬ 
merce, and others, different kinds of 
mushrooms, used in dyeing and in medi¬ 
cine. 

Agate, a polishing instrument used by 
bookbinders, imported from England. 

Agate mortar*, mortars used for 
chemical purposes, made of agate. 

Agate*, ornamental stones of a great 
variety of colors, and which take a high 
polish. They are found in Saxony, Scot¬ 
land, Arabia, India, Italy, at the cape of 
Good Hope, Brazil, and in various parts of 
the United States ; they are used in jew¬ 
elry, in the arts for inlaying and for bur¬ 
nishing, and they are made into mortars 
for chemical purposes. They are some¬ 
times called Scotch pebbles, and are 
found of various sizes, the largest nodules 
seldom exceeding a foot in diameter. The 
principal works for cutting and polishing 
agates are at Oberstein, a small town not 
far from Mentz, and at Galgemberg, in the 
north of Germany, whence they are ex¬ 
ported to all parts of the world. “ The 
nodules now worked at Oberstein, and sold 
as native productions, are chiefly obtained 
from the Brazils, where, on the Paraguay, 
brought down from the interior by the Rio 
de la Plata, they are found in great abund¬ 
ance. Notwithstanding the source of sup¬ 
ply is so remote, agate articles are sold in 
Germany at prices astonishingly low. Up¬ 
per Egypt is known to yield agates, though 
different from those of South America, 
and much less abundant. Travellers from 
Europe [and the United States] in passing 
through that country inquire for these, 
and to meet the demand Brazilian agates 
are now sent to Egypt, and there sold for 
Egyptian. At Cairo especially numbers 


AGI or AJI. 15 

are sold to travellers, who purchase them 
as souvenirs of the country.” 

Agave lil>re, a valuable fibre ob¬ 
tained from a species of aloe grow¬ 
ing on the shores of the Mediter¬ 
ranean and in South America. It is 
used for mats, ana as a substitute 
for curled horse-hair for stuffing cush¬ 
ions, and for making into brushes. 

Age, the commercial value of some 
kinds of merchandise depends upon their 
age, as coffee, wine, brandy, &c.; com¬ 
mercial contracts may not be entered into 
with persons under age , that is, under 
twenty-one years old. 

Agent, one authorized to transact, or 
intrusted with, the business of another. 
The authority of the agent may be created 
by an instrument in writing, or verbally 
without writing, and for the ordinary pur¬ 
poses of commerce the latter is deemed 
sufficient. “ By permitting another to 
hold himself out to the world as his agent, 
the principal adopts his acts, and will be 
held bound to the person who gives credit 
thereafter to the other in the capacity of 
agent. It was held that where a person sent 
his servant to a shopkeeper for goods 
upon credit, and paid for them afterward, 
and sent the same servant again to the 
same place for goods and with money to 
pay for them, and the servant received the 
goods but embezzled the cash, the master 
was answerable for the goods, for he had 
given credit to the servant by adopting 
his former act. A general agent is one 
authorized to represent his principal in all 
his business, or in all his business of a 
particular kind. A particular agent is one 
authorized to do only a specific thing. The 
whole subject of mercantile agency is 
governed by mercantile usage. An agent 
is bound to use, in the affairs of his princi¬ 
pal, all that care and skill which a man 
would use in his own, and he is also bound 
to the utmost good faith. Where from 
bankruptcy or other cause a man is unable 
to continue or pursue a mercantile business 
in his own name, he may take the entire 
charge of a business and conduct it as 
agent for another party. But as this plan 
is frequently resorted to by dishonest 
debtors, it is generally viewed with sus¬ 
picion, and the business is rarely success¬ 
ful.” 

Agent de change, the French name 
for a stock broker. 

Agi or aji, a name for the red 
dwarf bird-pepper, grown in Guinea and 
Peru. 



16 


AGIO. 


ALAIS POUND. 


Agio, a mercantile term used to ex¬ 
press the difference in value between 
metallic and paper, or the real and nominal 
value of moneys, or between one sort of 
metallic money and another; also the rate 
of premium which is given when a person 
having a claim which can only be legally 
demanded in one kind of money, chooses to 
be paid in another. 

Agiotage, speculations on the rise 
and fall of public funds; or, the manage¬ 
ment or manoeuvres by which speculators 
in the funds contrive, by disseminating 
false rumors or by other means, to lower or 
enhance their prices. 

Agree, to settle terms or fix a price 
which receives the assent of both or all the 
parties ; to stipulate. 

Agreement, a contract. By the 
statute of frauds in the State of New 
York, and substantially in all the States, 
every agreement that by its own terms is not 
to be performed within one year from the 
making thereof ; every special promise to 
answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage 
of another person; every contract for the 
sale of any goods, chattels, or things in 
action, for the price of fifty dollars or 
more, shall be void, unless, 1st, a note or 
memorandum of such contract be made in 
writing, and be subscribed by the parties 
to be charged thereby; or, 2d, unless the 
buyer shall accept and receive part of such 
goods, or the evidences, or some of them, 
of such things in action; or, 3d, unless the 
buyer shall at the time pay some part of 
the purchase money. 

Agricultural implements, imple¬ 
ments and tools used on the farm ; embra¬ 
cing also those used in the garden, vineyard, 
nursery of plants, lawn, orchard, barn, and 
stable. These articles form a very con¬ 
siderable item in the interior commerce of 
the United States ; and some kinds of those 
manufactured in this country, from their 
acknowledged superiority, are extensively 
exported and sold in England—the annual 
exports exceeding $1,000,000. 

Agricultural warehouse, a store 
where are kept for sale all the various tools 
and implements used in agriculture, horti¬ 
culture, &c. In the principal cities of the 
United States these warehouses are con¬ 
ducted on an extensive scale ; they usually 
keep on sale farm and garden seeds, as well 
as tools and implements. 

Aground, stranded; applied to a ship 
or vessel when resting on the ground. 

Aguardiente, a name for alcohol, 
principally applied to brandy in Spain. 


Aguila, the Spanish term for a gold 
coin—the American eagle worth $10. 

Allill, a liquid measure varying from 
36 to 4H gallons; at Hamburg, 38i gals., 
at Hanover, 41-, A 0 4r gals., at Leipsic, 40jo o 
gals., at Aix-la-Chapelle, 36 ,-2 gals., and 
at Lubec, a little more than 39^ gals. 

Aieli-mctal, or Aich’s metal, an 
alloy of iron, copper, and zinc, ■ employed 
in Germany and named after Johann Aich, 
the inventor. It is cheaply produced, is 
malleable and ductile, and has been recom¬ 
mended as a substitute for copper and brass 
in ship building and sheathing, and as a 
gun metal. It is also called Stem metal. 

Air guns, guns which discharge bul¬ 
lets or shot by means of compressed air. 

Akey, the monetary standard of the 
gold coast of Africa. As a weight for gold 
dust it is equal to 20 grains, or very accu¬ 
rately it is equal to 20.03 grains, and is 
usually reckoned equivalent to $1. 

Ako, a Hungarian liquid measure equal 
to very nearly 18^- gallons. 

Alabaster, a kind of stone resembling 
marble, but softer. It is easily worked 
but not susceptible of a high polish. Spain 
and Italy produce the best. That produ¬ 
ced at Montanice in Italy is in the highest 
esteem for its whiteness. • Inferior sorts 
are found in France and Germany. There 
are two kinds of it,—the gypseous, which 
is a sulphate, and the calcareous, which is 
a carbonate of lime. The oriental is of 
the latter kind and is most esteemed, and 
takes the highest polish. It is conveyed 
in large blocks from Volterra and Castel- 
lina in Tuscany to Florence, where it is 
manufactured into figures, vases, and other 
works of art, and exported to all parts of 
Europe and the United States. In Eng¬ 
land it is found at Ashton-on-Trent and in 
Derbyshire, at both of which places it is 
extensively worked for ornamental purpos¬ 
es. It is used, when slightly streaked with 
red, by the potters in Staffordshire, who 
form their moulds of plaster of Paris from 
it, and is therefore called “potters’ stone.” 

A fibata, German silver ; a white metal 
like silver, a compound of tin, copper, and 
nickel, used in the manufacture of such 
articles as were formerly made of silver. 
It is imported in considerable quantities, 
mostly from Germany. 

Alagai, a kind of silk with cotton inter¬ 
woven, imported from ports on the Black 
Sea. 

Alais pound, the weight used by raw 
silk manufacturers in France, equal to 92 
hundredths of the avoirdupois pound. 



ALAMODE. 

Alamode, a thin, glossy black silk, 
sometimes called mode. 

Alb, a Turkish coin of about the value 
of 1 cent, or the same as the asper. 

Alba can el la, wild cinnamon, an 
aromatic buff bark from the Bahamas. 

Albany, a commercial city and capi¬ 
tal of the State of New York, situated at 
the head of sloop navigation on the Hud¬ 
son River. It is a port of delivery for 
foreign merchandise, and an important 
mart or entrepot for the commercial pro¬ 
ducts of the western States passing through 
the canals which have their terminus at 
this place. The trade in general mer¬ 
chandise is extensive, and it is said to 
be the largest lumber market in the 
world. 

Albariiim, a white lime obtained from 
burnt marble. 

Albert coal, a valuable bituminous 
coal in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 
yielding largely of crude oil. 

Albornoz, a coarse Spanish woollen 
cloth. 

Albumen, a substance which enters 
into commerce only in a dried state, chiefly 
obtained from the white of the egg and 
from blood. It is used by photographers 
and calico printers. 

Albas, a petty silver German coin 
worth about two cents. 

Alcanna or Alkanna, a powder 
prepared from the leaves of the Egyptian 
privet, in which the people of Cairo drive 
a considerable trade. It is used by Turk¬ 
ish women to give a golden color to their 
nails and hair. In dyeing it gives a yel¬ 
low color with water, and a red color when 
infused in vinegar. 

A lea valla, a duty of 14 per cent, 
formerly imposed by the Spanish govern¬ 
ment on transfers of all kinds of merchan¬ 
dise. The measure proved so injurious to 
commerce that the government was com¬ 
pelled to abolish the duty. 

Alcohol, the pure spirits obtainable 
by distillation, and subsequent rectifying, 
from all liquors that have undergone the 
vinous fermentation. The specific gravity 
of alcohol, when perfectly pure, is from 
.792 to .800. The alcohol of commerce is 
about .835 or. 840. It is extensively used 
in medicine and the arts. 

Aleoholmeter, an instrument for 
ascertaining the strength of spirits. The 
one in use in the custom-houses of the 
United States is known as Trailers alcohol- 
meter. The instrument, which was in¬ 
vented by Professor Tralle, of Berlin, is 


ALEPPO. 17 

very ingenious and simple. It is now 
made in New York. 

Alcornoreo bark, an astringent 
medicinal bark from Venezuela. It is also 
called alcomoque bark, but improperly. 

Alcoriio<jJie, the cork-tree bark of 
Spain. 

Alder bark, the bark of the aldtts 
glutinosa , or common British alder, used 
in tanning and dyeing. 

Alder timber, the timber of a 
European alder, much used, especially in 
England, for purposes where timber 
is exposed to water, as pumps, piles, etc. 

AI dine, elegantly gotten up editions 
of English works. Originally applied to 
books from the press of Aldus Manutins , 
of Venice. 

Ale, a fermented liquor made by infus¬ 
ing malted barley and hops in water. Pale 
ale is made from malt slightly dried: brown 
ale from malt roasted or very thoroughly 
dried. It is usually made with barley, but 
other grains are sometimes used. Both in 
England and the United States it is alleged 
that the manufacturers resort to the use 
of deleterious drugs for the purpose of 
darkening the color, and as cheap substi¬ 
tute for malt and hops. Molasses, honey, 
quassia, vitriol, cocculus indicus, opium, 
and licorice are some of the ingrediencs 
said to be used. In England the use of 
these articles, as adulterations in the man¬ 
ufacture of ale and beer, are expressly for¬ 
bidden under heavy penalties by repeated 
acts of Parliament. We are not aware of 
any legislation on the subject in the United 
States. Notwithstanding the extensive 
breweries in various parts of the United 
States, the importation of ales from Eng¬ 
land and Scotland is from half a million 
to a million of gallons annually, while our 
exports, chiefly to the West Indies, Cuba, 
and Canada, are quite inconsiderable, 
seldom reaching 200,000 gallons. The sales 
are made by the barrel of 31£ gallons. 

Alegar, sour ale or beer used for dye¬ 
ing and for other manufacturing pur¬ 
poses. 

A leu, a measure at Copenhagen, a little 
more than two-thirds of a yard. 

Alen^on diamonds, fine quartz 
crystals, found near Alencon in France. 

Aleneon laee, a French lace, with 
a six-sided mesh of two threads, made 
with hand-spun linen thread; it is the 
finest of the French laces. 

Alenrometer, an instrument for de¬ 
termining the quantity of gluten in flour. 

Aleppo, a commercial city of Asiatic 




18 


ALEATORY SALE. 


ALKALIES. 


Turkey whence large trading caravans 
from Bagdad, Bosra, Armenia, Koordistan, 
etc., obtain supplies of English, French, 
Italian, and German goods. 

Aleatory sale, a contingent sale or 
contract for sale, the consummation of 
which depends upon the occurrence of 
some uncertain event. 

Ale wife, a valuable fish of the her¬ 
ring kind, called in the British provinces 
gasperau. They are caught in great num¬ 
bers in the bays and rivers of Massachu¬ 
setts, New Hampshire, and Maine, and in 
the Bay of Fundy. They are put up in 
barrels. Boston is the chief mart. 

Alexandria, the principal seaport of 
Egypt, on the coast of the Mediterranean. 
The city derives its name from its founder, 
Alexander the Great. It is a place of 
great commercial importance. The prin¬ 
cipal exports are cotton, cotton seed, 
beans, and gums; but wheat, barley, and 
corn, flax-seed, wool, drugs, ivory, tor¬ 
toise shells, ostrich feathers, pearls, and 
various other articles form a very con¬ 
siderable aggregate of the average annual 
exports. More than half of the entire ex¬ 
ports are to England; and the imports, 
which are chiefly cotton, linen, and woollen 
manufactures, hardware, machinery, coal, 
etc., are also principally from England. 
The direct trade between Alexandria and 
any port of the United States is inconsid¬ 
erable. 

The money consists of gold and silver coins of 100, 
50, 20, 10, and 5 piastres. The accounts are kept in 
piastres—one piastre being equal to 40 medinos or 
paras, or about five cents ; and 100 piastres in Alex¬ 
andria or Constantinople being the general value of 
£1 sterling, with exchange on England. The grain 
measures are the rhebebe and the kMos. The 
weights for cotton are the ca?itars or quintal , the lat¬ 
ter, however, being variable and uncertain. The 
gross weight of a bale of Egyptian cotton at Alexan¬ 
dria averages about 228 lbs.—net weight about 219 lbs. 

AlfU, a wild fibrous plant used for 
paper manufacture, the stipa tenacissima , 
also called halfa. Several species of this 
grass grow wild on both shores of the 
Mediterranean and are abundant in the sea¬ 
board provinces of Algeria. One species, 
the esparto grass of Spain, which is the 
principal one in commerce, is used for 
mats, ropes, baskets, &c., and in the man¬ 
ufacture of paper. See Esparto. 

Aigarovilla, the commercial name 
for the fruit, pods, seeds, and husks of a 
tree which grows in Chili and New Car- 
thagena, used in tanning, and said to pos¬ 
sess about four times the powers of good 
oak bark;—with other substances it is 
also used as a yellow dye. 


Algerian tea, the leaves of the cis- 
tus albidus , or wild tea, are used as sub¬ 
stitutes for China tea by the natives of 
Algeria. 

Algiers, a seaport and city of North 
Africa, belonging to the French territory 
of Algeria. The trade of the city is almost 
exclusively with France, and consists of, 
imports, cotton and woollen manufactures, 
wines, and general articles of consumption ; 
exports, copper, lead, iron ore, wool, tobac¬ 
co, cotton, grain, goats, sheep, and lambs’ 
wool or hair, and coral. The moneys and 
weights and measures are those of France. 

Alicante, a city and seaport of 
Spain, with a large foreign and domestic 
trade. The exports, chiefly to England, 
consist of wines, almonds, liquorice, lead, 
and esparto. The Government has a mo¬ 
nopoly in cigars, and upwards of 4,000 
women are employed in their manufacture 
in the city; the tobacco used being from 
the United States, Cuba, and the Philip¬ 
pine Islands. Accounts are kept in rials 
vellon of 20 to the dollar, and in centimes 
of a rial. The weights are the cargo of 10 
arobas of 26| pounds, and the quintal of 4 
Castilian arobas of 25 pounds. All other 
weights are of the new metrical system. A 
pipe of wine contains 102 gallons, and the 
yard or vara is very nearly 30 inches. 

Alieoilda, a tree in Africa, from the 
fibres of which is made a coarse thread. 

Aliens, merchants, not citizens of the 
United States, are not permitted to own 
vessels sailing under the national flag, are 
not eligible as jurors, may not act as mer¬ 
chant appraisers in cases of dispute between 
the Custom-house officers and merchants as 
to the value of imported merchandise; they 
also labor under some disabilities in hold¬ 
ing and transmitting real estate. In all 
other respects they are entitled to the same 
protection and commercial privileges which 
are enjoyed by native citizen merchants. 

Aliquot part, a smaller number by 
which we can divide a larger number and 
have no remainder; an even part. 

Alizari, the name given to all kinds 
of madder roots or unground madder. 

Alizarine, a red, volatile coloring mat¬ 
ter found in madder. 

Alkalies, saline bases, of which the 
principal entering into commerce are, 
ammonia, potash, soda, and lithia, whose 
distinguishing peculiarities are solubility 
in alcohol and water, uniting with oils and 
fat to form soap, neutralizing and forming 
salts with acids, reddening several vegetable 
yellows, and changing reddened litmus to 




ALKALIMETER. 


ALMANDINE. 


19 


blue. These properties are the reverse of 
those of acids. 

Alkaltmeter, a graduated glass tube 
or instrument for determining the quantity 
and strength of the alkalies of commerce. 

Alkiduk, a striped shawl material of 
Cashmere wool. 

Alkatiet roof, the roots of the an- 
chusa tinctona , affording a red resinous 
coloring matter, used for staining wood, 
particularly mahogany, rosewood, &c. It 
imparts an elegant red color to oils, alcohol, 
wax, and other substances. It is brought 
from the Levant, and is extensively culti¬ 
vated in Montpellier, in France. That 
from Constantinople yields a more beautiful 
but less permanent dye than that from 
France. It is said to be used in the pre¬ 
paration of spurious port wine. 

ASkermes, a confection of kennes 
berries; a compound cordial made from 
kermes, cider, and other articles. 

Alkool, a black dye, a preparation of 
antimony used by women in the East, to 
color their eyelids and eyelashes. 

AH gone, a usual term of reply in re¬ 
tail stores where the goods inquired for 
are sold out and the stock exhausted. 

Alligation, a formula in commercial 
arithmetic for ascertaining the proportion 
of constituents or ingredients in a mixture, 
and the value of such mixture. 

Alligator leather, the name in New 
York for the tanned and prepared skins of 
the Alligator. They are mottled like tor¬ 
toise shell, and resemble calf-skin in plia¬ 
bility. They come from Texas, and are 
used for boots and other purposes. 

Allonge, a paper attached to a bill of 
exchange, when there are so many en¬ 
dorsements to be made that they cannot 
be written on the bill itself. This word is 
rarely used by American merchants. 

Allopathic medicines, the medi¬ 
cines used in the ordinary system of medi¬ 
cal practice, in opposition to homoeopathy. 

Allotment ticket, an order for 
periodical payment for a certain por¬ 
tion of seamens’ or soldiers’ wages to their 
families or to some second party during 
their absence at sea, or on distant service. 

Allow, to concede, as an abatement 
or compensation for something ; as to allow 
a certain percentage for tare. 

Allowance, a customary deduction 
from the gross weight of goods, differing 
with different commodities, and on the 
same commodities varying in different 
countries; something conceded. By the 
act of 1779, an allowance of 10 per cent, is 


made on all ale, beer, and porter, and of 
5 per cent, on all other liquors, imported in 
bottles, in lieu of breakage. 

Alloy, a commercial metal or com¬ 
pound formed by the union of two or more 
metals. The principal alloys of commerce 
contain copper as a chief ingredient, and 
the most important of all the alloys of 
copper are those which it forms with zinc, 
tin, lead, nickel, and, perhaps, aluminium. 
Those commercial metals which include 
brass, German silver, bronze, pewter, yellow 
metal, type metal, &c., will be found under 
their respective alphabetical heads. Anew 
alloy was brought to notice in Brussels in the 
year 1861, which presents the advantage of 
working as well cold as hot, melts readily, 
and can be afterwards hammered, rolled, or 
punched. It is cheaper than brass or pure 
copper, and it is claimed may advantage¬ 
ously supersede them for ship building and 
many other purposes. It consists of 60 
parts copper, 38.2 parts zinc, and 1.8 parts 
iron. This alloy has not yet (1865) re¬ 
ceived a commercial name. Neither gold 
nor silver is ever used in its pure state, 
either in coinage or manufacture. With 
gold a certain portion of silver or copper, 
or of both, is mixed; and with silver is 
mixed copper, or other baser metals. The 
proportions of the pure and baser metals 
are determined by law, and hence the 
added metal is called “ alloy,” from d la 
loi. See Coinage, and also Trade marks. 

AH §old, same as all gone. 

Allspice, the pimento of commerce, 
sometimes called Jamaica pepper; the 
fruit of a tree which grows in great abun¬ 
dance on the hills on the north side of 
Jamaica and in other West Indian islands 
and in South America. It is called allspice, 
from its combining the taste and flavor of 
several other spices, such as cloves, cinna¬ 
mon, and nutmegs. The commercial value 
of the crop is about $20,000,000 annually. 
The annual imports into the United States 
amount to about 2,000,000 pounds. 

Almadie, a bark canoe used by the 
Africans ; also a long boat used at Calicut in 
India, 80 feet long and 6 or 7 feet broad. 

AliEiagia or Almagra, a fine, deep- 
red ochre, with an admixture of purple, 
very heavy, dense but friable, with a 
rough dusty surface; used as paint, and 
under the name of Indian red it is used for 
polishing silver and glass. It is found in 
great abundance in Spain. 

AliMandiEie, a beautiful mineral of a 
red color, sometimes tinged with yellow or 
blue; an inferior kind of ruby. 



ft 


20 ALMENA. 

Almemt, a weight of 2 pounds, used to 
weigh saffron in several parts of Asia. 

A Sinoud oil, an oil expressed from 
the kernel of the almond, largely used in 
soap-making. 

Almonds there are two kinds known 
in commerce, the sweet and bitter ; and va¬ 
rieties known as hard, soft, and paper shell. 
The sweet almonds are a common article 
of dessert; the bitter are used chiefly in 
confectionery, and in cooking, to give flavor 
to other articles. Both become rancid by 
keeping. They are imported from Barbary, 
Spain, and Italy. The Italian almonds 
are not equal to those of Valencia, nor are 
the latter equal to those of Malaga and 
Sicily. The annual imports into the United 
States are from 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 
pounds, mostly from the Mediterranean. 
The bitter almond comes chiefly from Mo- 
gadore. The sweet almonds are imported 
in mats, casks, and boxes ; the bitter usu¬ 
ally in boxes. 

Aliunde, a measure of liquids; in Lis¬ 
bon, of a little over 4f gals. 

A In, a measure of Stockholm, very 
nearly two-thirds of a yard. 

Alnage, ell measure; measuring by the 
ell. 

Aloe fibre, the leaves of the African 
or Guinea aloe afford a valuable fibre from 
which are made ropes and cables, fish¬ 
inglines, hammocks, &c. Aloe cordage is an 
article of extensive manufacture at Algiers. 

Aloes, a bitter resinous juice extract¬ 
ed from the leaves of a plant of the same 
name. There are four kinds known in 
commerce. 1st. Socotrine , from the island 
of Socotra, in the Indian Ocean. This is 
the best kind, and is imported in chests and 
casks from the Levant; there are only oc¬ 
casional importations in England or in the 
United States of this article, and it is very 
seldom that it can be found genuine. 2d. 
Hepatic, so called from its liver color, is 
imported chiefly from Bombay in gourds— 
a darker kind is brought from Barbadoes. 
It is more bitter and has a less pleas¬ 
ant aroma than the Socotrine, and is 
duskier in its hue than the Bombay or 
real hepatic, and is more nauseous. 3d. 
CabaUine , or horse aloes. This is known 
by its rank smell, and is used only for hor¬ 
ses. 4th. Gape aloes , found in great abun¬ 
dance in the interior of the Cape Colony 
and in Malinda, and furnishes the greater 
part of the extract sold as Socotrine. This 
article is also imported from Italy, Sicily, 
Malta, and the West Indies. Aloes are not 
permitted to pass through the custom- 


ALUM. 

house unless “ affording 80 per cent, of 
pure aloetic extractive. ” 

Aloes wood, the wood procured from 
the interior part of the trunk of a large 
forest-tree growing in some parts of Assam, 
Cochin China, and’ Siam. It is of a dark 
color and is saturated with a peculiar aro¬ 
matic, resinous matter, and is in high re¬ 
pute for fumigation and as an incense. It 
is also used in medicine. 

Alpaca, a plain woven stuff made 
from the wool of the alpaca, sometimes 
with cotton or silk warp; used for dresses, 
manufactured in England, Germany, and 
France, and now also in the United States. 
It is always dyed in the piece and may be 
obtained in all colors. Bradford, England, 
is the chief place of manufacture. 

Alpaca wool, the long hair-like 
wool from an animal of the llama tribe, 
found in the mountainous regions of Peru. 
In color it varies between black, brown, 
gray, and white, and of several shades of 
each of these. The staple is ordinarily about 
6 inches. It is clear and lustrous, and of 
extreme brightness and softness. The first 
introduction of this wool into England was 
in the year 1836, when about 300 bales 
were consigned to a Liverpool house on 
commission, and after lying in store for a 
long time, was purchased by a Bradford 
manufacturer, who, in the course of a few 
years, realized in the manufacture of al¬ 
paca goods an immense fortune. 

Alphabet, the index to a ledger, the 
designation of Ledgers or other books of ac¬ 
counts or documents by the letters of the 
alphabet, as Ledger A, Ledger B, and so on. 

Alpia, the seed of the foxtail grass 
used for feeding birds. 

Alqaieire, a Portuguese wine measure 
of 2r; to 3J- gallons, varying in different 
parts of Portugal and Brazil. As a dry 
measure in Rio Janeiro it is a little over 
of a bushel, and in Lisbon about fths of a 
bushel. 

AlqaifoHx, a name for an ore of lead 
used in glazing pottery. It is sometimes 
called aquif oux. 

ABra marina* a commercial name 
for certain dried seaweeds used for stuffing 
birds. 

A 1 rot a, the Spanish name for a very 
coarse sort of tow. 

A1 If si, a Russian money equal to about 
2£ cents. 

ABubii, an earthy salt extensively used 
in the arts. It is found native only in small 
quantities. The alum of commerce is 
made either from clay or from alum slate 




ALUMINA. 


AMBER. 


21 


or shale ; that which is in most repute is 
manufactured near Rome, from the alum 
stone found at Civita Vecchia. It is ex¬ 
tensively manufactured in Scotland, near 
Glasgow, and at Whitby in England, and 
is also produced in large quantities in 
China. It is used in dyeing and calico 
printing, also in leather dressing, pasting 
paper, clarifying, disguising, and altering 
the character of liquors, and by candle 
makers to harden and whiten tallow, and 
for adulterating flour and bread, the effect 
being to add to their whiteness, &c. In 
medicine it is employed as an astringent. 
On and near the Ohio river alum is manu¬ 
factured from the alum shale of that coal 
region. It is also manufactured at Phila¬ 
delphia and Pittsburg, Pa., and at Rox- 
bury and Salem, Mass. The imports into 
the United States amount to about 
$50,000 annually and are mostly from 
England. 

Alumina, the pure earth of clay or 
argillaceous earth ; the oxide of the metal 
aluminium, and the principal constituent 
of porcelain, pottery, bricks, and tile. 

Aluminate of soda, a mordant for 
fixing madder colors in calico printing. 

Aluminium, as a metal of commerce 
is new, but its production has been the 
subject of so much research, and the mode 
of preparation so much improved within 
the last few years, that it may be said to 
have passed from a scientific result to a 
regular article of trade. As might be sup¬ 
posed, the chief chemical discoveries and 
experiments in its production were made 
in France, but some of the most import¬ 
ant and successful achievements in the 
series of experiments made in the develop¬ 
ment of this new metal were made by 
Mr. Alfred Monnier, of Camden, N. J. 
The pure can be distinguished from the 
impure by its greater whiteness; the im¬ 
pure has a bluish tinge like zinc; its light¬ 
ness combined with its extreme strength 
gives it peculiar advantages. It is adapted 
for all articles of the table, for service and 
ornament; for kitchen utensils, for the 
works of clocks, for the trappings of har¬ 
ness, &c., and is employed in various val¬ 
uable alloys. It formerly sold for its weight 
in gold, but at the present time (1870) it can 
be produced and sold at about $16 per lb. 

Am, a liquid measure used at Stock¬ 
holm, of nearly 41 £ gallons. 

Amadou, a species of fungus which 
grows on the trunks of old oaks, ashes, 
beeches, &c., and which, after having been 
beaten with a mallet to soften it, and 


dipped in a solution of saltpetre, forms the 
punk or German tinder of commerce. It 
is also made into razor-straps. 

Amalgam, when mercury is alloyed 
with any metal, the compound is called an 
amalgam of that metal. An amalgam of 
tin and mercury forms the coating of glass 
for mirrors. 

Alliail, a blue cotton cloth from the 
Levant. 

Amandc. the French term for almond; 
amnndes cassees being shelled almonds, and 
cimandes en cogues, unshelled. 

Amandola, a kind of green marble. 

Amazon stosjc, a beautiful bluish- 
green stone found near the river Amazon, 
which takes polish and is made into orna¬ 
mental articles. 

Amber, a mineral of vegetable origin, 
the mineralized resin of extinct pine trees, 
found in irregular masses of all shades of 
yellow, from the palest primrose to the 
deepest orange. It is brittle, solid, and 
light. Considerable quantities of amber 
are cast ashore during autumnal storms on 
the coasts of Pomerania and Prussia proper, 
and are carefully collected. It is also found 
along the whole line of the Baltic coast, 
but the largest specimens are procured 
from the Prussian shores, and the search 
for it is an industry exercised from Dantzic 
to Memel. This is distinguished as marine 
amber. Terrestrial amber is dug in mines, 
and is usually found associated with fossil 
wood and alum shale. It is found on the 
Sicilian coast, in Greenland, in France near 
Paris, on the sea coasts of Norfolk, Sus¬ 
sex, and Kent in England, near Dublin, and 
in upper Burmah. It is not found to any 
extent in the United States, but there are 
various localities where it is procured, par¬ 
ticularly at Amboy, New Jersey, and at 
Martha’s Yineyard. By distillation it yields 
succinic acid and oil of amber, and the 
residue is employed as the basis of black 
varnishes. It is used by Turks, Persians, 
Egyptians, and Arabs to ornament their 
pipes, arms, the saddles and bridles of their 
horses, &c.; and it is made into beads, 
bracelets, and small works of art, but its 
chief use is for mouth-pieces of pipes. A 
good piece of amber, of a pound weight, is 
worth about $50. The straw yellow, slight¬ 
ly clouded, translucent variety is the rarest, 
and most esteemed by the orientals. In 
other countries the orange-yellow trans¬ 
parent variety is preferred. Amber is imi¬ 
tated by mixing, by degrees, rectified oil of 
asphalt with turpentine, and boiling it sev¬ 
eral times and pouring it into moulds. The 



4 


22 AMBERGRIS. 

principal market for amber is Constantino¬ 
ple. The Turks and Armenians are fine 
judges, and the bazaar at Stamboul, where 
the amber-workers are located, is full of 
interest to the connoisseur. The chief 
purpose to which it is applied in the useful 
arts is in the manufacture of varnishes for 
carriage-builders and photographers. That 
used for carriages is expensive, and is a 
long time in drying, but it is the hardest 
and most invulnerable of any known var¬ 
nish. 

Ambergris, a substance found princi¬ 
pally in warm climates, floating on the sea 
or thrown on the shores. It occurs upon 
the coast of Coromandel, Japan, the Mo¬ 
luccas, and Madagascar. It is also met with 
in the mtestines, and is believed to be a 
morbid secretion of the liver of the sper¬ 
maceti whale. It is usually found in small 
pieces, but is most valuable when large, 
high-colored, and without flaws. It should 
have an agreeable odor, and should be gray 
on the outside, and gray with little black 
spots within. The purchaser should be on 
his guard, as the article is easily counter¬ 
feited with gums and other drugs. It is 
valued as a perfume and as a stimulant 
aromatic. The lumps of it are from three 
inches to a foot in diameter, and from one 
pound to twenty or thirty pounds in weight. 
A piece was found inside of a whale near 
the Windward Islands, which weighed 130 
pounds and was sold for $2,500, or £500 
sterling. In the London markets it is 
usually quoted at from 32 to 35 shillings 
per ounce ; in New York from $10 to $14 
per ounce. It is admitted into the United 
States free of duty. 

Am bail a ills, unlicensed brokers in 
Holland. 

A me, a liquid measure of Copenhagen, 
of rather more than 39| gallons. 

Amclliiies, a kind of twilled worsted 
dress-goods. 

American : this word is so much 
more convenient, that it is common to sub¬ 
stitute and use it for the “ United States." 
Thus, in the letter from the Secretary of 
the Treasury to the Collector at New Or¬ 
leans, of January 19, 1869, “American 
goods” and “goods of American produc¬ 
tion” apply clearly to products or manu¬ 
factures of the United States. 

American ebony, the name in 
which the Jamaica or West India ebony is 
sent to Europe. It is of a fine greenish- 
brown color, and takes a good polish, and 
is most used by mathematical instrument 
makers. 


AMMONIA. 

American Fur Company, a 

company incorporated by the Legislature 
of the State of New York in the year 1809, 
with a capital of one million of dollars with 
the privilege of increasing it to two mil¬ 
lions. The entire capital was furnished by 
John Jacob Astor, and he himself consti¬ 
tuted the company—the board of directors 
being merely nominal. Mr. Astor preferred 
to conduct the business under the imposing 
aspect of a corporation—his great rival in 
the Fur trade at that time being the pow¬ 
erful “ North West Company.” 

American leather, leather manu¬ 
factured in the United States, either from 
foreign or domestic hides ; also a name for 
a kind of varnished or enamelled cloth pre¬ 
pared in imitation of leather and used by 
carriage makers, trunk manufacturers, &c. 
Its chief manufacture in the United States 
is in Newark, New Jersey. 

Americaai productions, the agri¬ 
cultural, mineral, manufacturing and com¬ 
mercial products of the United States. 

American red-root, the ceano- 
thus amerieanus , the leaves of which are 
known as New Jersey tea; the root is used 
to dye wool a cinnamon color. 

American shipping 1 , merchant ves¬ 
sels sailing under the flag of the United 
States, and under United States regis¬ 
try. 

American tea, the leaves of a spe¬ 
cies of Camellia, found growing on the 
Bald Eagle mountain, in Clinton and Lyco¬ 
ming counties, Pennsylvania. 

Amethyst, a variety of quartz, of a 
clear purple or violet-blue of various de¬ 
grees of intensity. It is a gem of great 
brilliancy in day-light, but is less brilliant 
by candle-light. The oriental amethyst is 
of a violet color and is a gem of extraordi¬ 
nary beauty, and exceedingly rare. The 
more common or occidental amethyst is 
found in different countries, but the prin¬ 
cipal supply for the trade comes from Bra¬ 
zil. They are the only colored stones 
except garnets that are worn with mourn¬ 
ing. 

Amianthus, the whiter and more 
delicate varieties of asbestos or mountain 
flax. 

Abbs ill as, a weight for gold and silver 
in Madras, equal to 36£ grains. 

Ammonia, an alkali, some combina¬ 
tions of which enter into commerce,—as 
liquid or caustic ammonia, spirits of harts¬ 
horn, and sulphate of ammonia. The 
courts of the United States have decided 
that the 44 carbonate of ammonia ” is the 





AMMONIAC. 


ANASTATIC PRINTS. 


23 


“ammonia of commerce.” By a decision ! 
of the Secretary of the Treasury, the jars 
in which it is imported “ are not liable to 
duty, as such.” 

Ammoniac, a gum resin or concrete 
resinous exudation obtained in the East 
Indies, Persia, and Africa, from a plant 
resembling fennel, the dorema ammo- 
niacum. It is used in medicine and in 
the preparation of a china or glass ce¬ 
ment. The best article is brought to the 
United States from Bombay and Calcutta 
by way of England, packed in cases or 
chests. 

Ammonum, a dry measure of Cey¬ 
lon, about 6-£ bushels. 

Ammunition, a general term in 
commerce for certain military stores, such 
as powder, shot, shells, &c., required for 
large and small arms. 

Ammunition bread, is the name 
sometimes given to the bread contracted 
for by government for the use of private 
soldiers. 

Amola, a liquid measurel of Genoa, 
equal to about one quart. 

Amontilado, a kind of sherry wine 
of a light color. 

Amount, the sum total; the aggre¬ 
gate. Gross amount is the total without 
deduction; net amount is the aggregate, 
less the allowable deductions. 

Amoy, a Chinese sea-port city, with 
an excellent harbor, and open to the com¬ 
merce of all countries. The tide rises 
from 14 to 16 feet, and the docks are sub¬ 
stantial and convenient. The native ex¬ 
ports are camphor, sugar, sugar candy, 
earthenware, paper umbrellas, joss paper, 
joss sticks, etc. The imports are rice, 
sugar, and camphor from Foo-choo, and 
alum and cotton from Shanghai; and the 
foreign imports are cotton and cotton 
goods, metals, betel nut, ratans, spices, 
etc., from Bengal and Bombay. The 
Amoy merchants are shrewd, intelligent, 
fair in their dealings, and many of them 
possess great wealth. 

Amsterdam, the principal city of 
Holland, situated on the Y, an arm of the 
Zuyder Zee. From the year 1580 until 
about the year 1750 it was the first com¬ 
mercial city of Europe, and the trade is 
still very considerable. The imports prin¬ 
cipally consist of coffee, cotton, cochineal, 
brandy, sugar, spices, tobacco, tea, wine, 
wool, grain, timber, pitch, tar, hemp, flax, 
iron, hides, cotton, linen and woollen goods, 
hardware, salt, coal, fish, tin plates, etc. 
The exports consist partly of the produce 


of Holland, but principally of the produce 
of her possessions in the East and West 
Indies, and of commodities brought to 
Amsterdam as a convenient entrepot from 
different parts of Europe. Of the first 
class are cheese and butter, madder, cloves 
rape, hemp, and linseeds, rape and linseed 
oils, Dutch linen, etc. Of the second class, 
are spices, coffee, and sugar, principally 
from Java, but partly also from Surinam, 
Brazil, and Cuba; indigo, cochineal, cot¬ 
ton, tea, tobacco, and all sorts of colonial 
and Eastern products. And of the third 
class, all kinds of grain, linens from Ger¬ 
many, timber, and all sorts of Baltic pro¬ 
duce; Spanish, German, and English wools; 
wines, brandy, etc. The trade of Amster¬ 
dam may, indeed, be said to comprise 
every article that enters into the com¬ 
merce of Europe. 

The accounts are kept in guldens and cents , of 
which 5 cents are equal to 1 stiver , and 100 cents or 
20 stivers to 1 gulden or florin. The florin is equal 
to Is. 8J. sterling par of exchange. [The value of 
the florin in the United States is fixed by law at 40 
cents.] The coins m circulation are the rijksdaalder , 
or 250 cents; the gulden , or 100 cents; the halve 
gulden , or 50 cents ; the hwart gulden , or 25 cents ; 
the duhhletje , or 10 cents ; the stiver , or 5 cents ; the 
cent, and the halve cent , all of which are of silver 
excepting the two last named, which are copper. 
There is no gold coinage. The bank notes in circu¬ 
lation are those of 1000, 800, 200, 100, 60, 50, 40, 25, 
and 10 gulden. The weights and measures are ac¬ 
cording to the French system, the names only being 
changed. The pond is the unit of weight, and 
answers to the French kilogramme. The elle is the 
unit of long measure, and equals the French metre. 
The cubicke elle equals the French stere. The hop 
answers to the French litre. The kan, for liquid 
measure, equals the French litre. ( M'Culloch .) See 
also Weights and Measures. 

A MS is lets, articles of various kinds 
made of stone, metal, and various other 
substances, and sold and worn as imagi¬ 
nary charms. 

Amyleise, a colorless liquid obtained 
by distilling fusel oil with chloride of zinc. 

Amylic alcohol, fusel oil. 

Amy line, the fecula or crystallized 
starch of wheat. 

Ana, or anna, an Indian name for the 
16th part of anything—thus, as a money, 
a rupee being 48 cents, the ana is 3 cents. 

Anahasses, a coarse blanketing made 
in France for the African coast trade. 

Anacosta, a woollen diaper made in 
Holland, chiefly for the Spanish market. 

Ana&ros, a Spanish dry measure, 
something over two bushels. 

Anastatic prints, engravings or 
prints made by saturating the drawing 
with an acid, and then transferring it 
on a plate of metal, from which impres- 



24 ANCHETA. 

sions are taken in a manner similar to litho¬ 
graphy. 

AfiUtPUaeia, in Spain, a shipment on 
adventure of goods to India. 

Abb€‘!eoi*, a heavy, hooked, iron in¬ 
strument for holding a vessel at rest in a 
harbor. Large ships carry four principal 
anchors, the sheet, best bower , small bower , 
and spare , and two small ones besides for 
particular purposes, named the stream 
and hedge. Anchors are imported into the 
United States from England, and are also 
manufactured in Pennsylvania, Maryland, 
and other places in the United States. No 
ship is deemed seaworthy unless provided 
with suitable anchors. Anchors imported 
to be used for the equipment of a vessel 
are liable to duty. In a case where they 
were bonded on importation, entered for 
re-exportation, and placed on board the 
vessel, up for a foreign port, the vessel 
having no other anchors as part of her 
equipment, it was decided that the export 
entry was a manifest attempt at evasion of 
the law, and that the legal duties should 
be collected. 

AsiehOB’age, or anchoring ground, a 
roadstead, or suitable holding ground for 
ships to anchor; the duty paid for anchor¬ 
ing in a port. Vessels anchoring in a river 
or channel are required to mark the situ¬ 
ation of their anchors by buoys. 

ABieliorage dues, charges payable 
in certain ports for anchoring privileges. 

AbbcIbo vies, small and delicate pickled 
fish, chiefly obtained in the Mediterranean. 
They should be chosen small, fresh pick- 
led, white outside, red within, and their 
backs should be round. Those that are 
dark brown, with flabby, pale colored 
flesh, and tapering much toward the tail, 
are an inferior species, and are frequently 
substituted or mixed with the true kind. 
The best anchovies are put up at G-orgona, 
a small island west of Leghorn. The fish, 
divested of the heads and entrails, are 
salted and packed in small barrels, and in 
this state are ready for exportation. They 
are also sometimes repacked in bottles. 
The brine in which they are kept is redden¬ 
ed with ochre and Venetian red. They are 
frequently mixed with Dutch, French, and 
Sicilian fish of a greatly inferior quality. 

AfllCfliioscopc, a weather vane and 
register to indicate the changes of the 
wind and weather. It can be attached to 
a spindle which passes from the vane into 
the shipping office or counting-room, and 
there, by an index upon a dial, point the 
direction of the wind. 


ANIMAL CHARCOAL. 

Allfora, a Venetian liquid measure of 
137 gallons. 

Angaripola, a kind of coarse linen 
in Spain. 

An^eSeeii, the green stems of the 
arch angelica , a European plant, which 
enters into commerce as an aromatic con¬ 
diment, and the roots as a drug. It is ex¬ 
tensively cultivated in most European 
countries. In Norway the roots are used 
as bread, and in Iceland the stalks are 
eaten with butter; the name of a Cali¬ 
fornia sweet wine. 

Angel Wilier, a name for eau de 
Portugal. 

Angle, a small measure of length in 
Bangalore, represented by three grains of 
rice, equal to about one inch. 

Abb go hi, a light cloth made from the 
Angora goats’ wool. 

Angora wool, the long white hair 
of the Angora goat, classed as one of the 
combing wools. 

Aaagosf ara luarR, an aromatic bark 
obtained from a tree growing on the head¬ 
waters of the Carony rivers in Venezuela. 
It is usually brought to this country from 
the West Indies, packed in casks, or, when 
directly from Angostura, packed in palm- 
leaves surrounded by a network of sticks. 

Aiigo§tiira hitters, a proprietary 
preparation, imported in bottles from Bo¬ 
livia. 

ABBgster, a small money of account in 
Switzerland, 240 of which are equal to 40 
cents. 

Angiila, a Singalese long measure 
equal to 7 grains of paddy or rice, and 
about 2£ inches ; also a measure at Calcutta 
equal to £ of an inch. 

Asfial, a kind of indigo, cultivated in 
the E. Indies, different from the true in¬ 
digo ; also one of the plants which yields 
the indigo of commerce. 

Abbs line (from anil, the indigo plant), 
one of tbe products of the distillation of 
coal tar, crude petroleum and bitumen, 
from which are made various coloring pro¬ 
ducts known as the aniline colors; these 
articles, when distilled, yield a colorless 
fluid called benzole. This, when mixed 
with nitric acid, is again distilled with ace¬ 
tic acid and iron filings, and the product is 
those green crystallizations called aniline. 
This, when distilled again with different 
salts, produces dyes of different colors, such 
as mauve, magenta, &c. Two gallons of 
coal tar yield about two grains of 
aniline. 

ABBiiBBi&l charcoal, principally car- 





ANIMAL FAT. 


ANTHRACITE. 


25 


bonized bone, used by sugar refiners and by 
iron workers in blistering steel. 

Animal fat, the chief animal fats of 
commerce are tallow and lard, but horse 
grease and blubber are known in trade as 
animal fat. 

Animal immures, hair, blood, 
bones, fish, Ac. 

A ilium Is. In the domestic commerce 
of the country this word is not used, the 
animals of the farm being all included un¬ 
der the general term of live stock. But in 
our Tariff laws the term animals , living, 
is understood to include horses, cows, 
sheep, and all other domestic animals; also 
all kinds of birds and fowls, and wild and 
tame beasts for parks or menageries. In 
the year 1857, against the views of the col¬ 
lector at New York, the Secretary of the 
Treasury decided that leeches were embra¬ 
ced under that term. In 1864 the collector 
at San Francisco, erroneously, no doubt, 
included in this schedule silk-worms' eggs, 
as “ animals, living, of all kinds”! The 
imports into the United States during the 
year 1866 amounted to $1,671,000; in 
1867 to $1,960,000; in 1868 to $2,350,000; 
in 1869 to nearly $4,000,000. During all 
these years the duty on animals was 20 % ad 
valorem. 

A IB inline, an oily fluid extracted 
from animal oils by distillation, and odo¬ 
rous like hartshorn. 

Alii me, a resin of a pale brown yel¬ 
low color, which exudes from the leathery¬ 
leaved locust tree of South America. It 
resembles and is sometimes called gum 
copal; it is also called gum anime; it is 
distinguished as washed and scraped , the 
latter being the most valued. It is exten¬ 
sively used by varnish makers. 

Aniseed, the fruit of a plant culti¬ 
vated in various parts of Europe, particu¬ 
larly in Spain and Malta. It is also culti¬ 
vated in Germany, but the best comes from 
Alicant in Spain ; it is also exported from 
Cambodia in Cochin China. The aromatic 
bark, leaves, and seed vessels of an ever¬ 
green shrub growing in Florida, the il- 
licium floridanum , it is suggested might be 
substituted for the anise of commerce. 
(See Star Anise.) 

Anisette, a cordial made from aniseed 
by distilling it over the seed and sweeten¬ 
ing it. 

Ailje, the name in India for cotton 
when ‘prepared and ready for spinning. 

Allker, a common liquid measure in 
various parts of Europe ; in Prussia and 
in Scotland it is equal to 9 gallons; in 


Bremen, 9^ gallons ; in Hanover, 10£ gal¬ 
lons ; in Rotterdam, a little over 10 gal¬ 
lons ; and at Copenhagen, Hamburg, 
Lippe, Lubeck, and some other places it 
varies between 9 and 10 gallons. 

Anklets? gold, silver, shell, or glass 
bands worn on the leg by women in the 
East Indies. 

Ankor tea, the lowest grade of 
Chinese black tea. 

Anna, an Indian coin worth 3 cents; 
also the name of a weight in Calcutta for 
gold and silver equal to 14.04 grains, and 
in Bombay for pearls equal to 0.19 grains. 

An be at to-fne, a dry extract of an- 
natto, for dyers, dairymen, Ac. 

Asa53otto, or annatto, or nrnat- 
to, or roucou, a somewhat dry and 
hard paste, brown without, and red with¬ 
in, used as a dyestuff and prepared from 
the red pulp which covers the seed of the 
bixa orellana. It is used for giving an 
orange cast to the simple yellows as an 
ingredient in varnishes, and for coloring 
cheese, and in Holland for coloring butter. 
There are two kinds ; the flag or cake, 
which comes in cakes of two or three 
pounds, generally enveloped in flag-leaves; 
and the roll, a more concentrated extract, 
which is brought in small rolls of a few 
ounces weight, and contains a larger por¬ 
tion of coloring matter ; this is the kind 
mostly used in dairies; it is imported 
from Brazil, and is also found in the East 
and West Indies. It is frequently adul¬ 
terated with wheat or rye flour, salt, and 
soap, for weight; and for color, turmeric 
or ferruginous earth. 

Anodynes, a term applied to a class of 
medicines, chiefly of the preparations of opi¬ 
um, belladonna, hyoscyamus, lettuce, Ac. 

Answer, to be responsible for ; to dis¬ 
charge or pay as a claim or obligation ; in 
correspondence the reply to a letter. 

Asaswered, replied to. 

Antal, a wine measure used in the To¬ 
kay district of Hungary, about 13^ gallons. 

Ant Sira cite, a non-bituminous variety 
of stone coal. It is an exceedingly valu¬ 
able article for fuel, and for steam, and in 
the manufacture of iron. As a commer¬ 
cial article it is found only in Pennsylvania 
and Wales. The chief shipping depots for 
its sale and shipment in the United States 
are Philadelphia, Elizabeth, N. J., and 
Rondout on the Hudson. The amount of 
this coal mined and shipped from the an¬ 
thracite regions of Pennsylvania has grad¬ 
ually increased from 365 tons in the year 
1820 to 62,650 tons in 1830 ; 865,414 tons 






26 


ANTICAGLLY 


APPAREL. 


in 1840 ; 8,254,321 tons in 1850 ; 6,751,542 
tons in 1856 ; and about 10,000,000 tons 
in 1860; and 15,000,000 tons in 1870. Not 
less than two hundred millions of dollars 
have been expended in developing the 
mines and extending the trade, by the 
construction of canals and railroads; and 
hundreds of sailing vessels are constantly 
employed in carrying it to distant places 
from the shipping depots. 

AsilicagAia, antique coins, cut stones, 
antique household furniture, &c. 

ABaSimoaiial powder, a medi¬ 
cinal preparation. 

AfiUimouml wine, a medicinal 
preparation of tartar emetic. 

Antimony, a metal extensively used 
in medicine, and in the composition of 
alloys, &c. The metallic ore of commerce 
consists of sulphur and other impurities 
combined with the pure metal. Crude 
antimony is the commercial name. Regu- 
lus is the name for the sulphuret, after 
being separated from the impurities of 
the ore by fusion and filtration. Regulus 
of antimony, the pure metal, is commonly 
of a silvery or dusty white color. It is 
found in California and in Hungary, 
Sweden, Bohemia, France, and in other 
parts of Europe, but the chief supply is 
from Singapore, where it is received from 
Borneo. The most important alloys of 
antimony are type, bell, and britannia 
metals. 

Antimony yellow, a preparation 
of antimony of a durable color used in 
enamel and porcelain painting. 

AiBtMjsciS'iiiEB, a large kind of draw- 
ing paper, measuring 38 by 56 inches. 

Aaitiiincs, as a commercial term, ap¬ 
plies to ancient works of art or mechan¬ 
ism imported from the old world, whose 
chief value consists in their antiquity. Such 
articles frequently find their way to the 
auction or salesroom. Antique gems have 
an intrinsic commercial value independent 
of their antiquity. 

AniiqBBC bronze, an alloy of cop¬ 
per and tin, used for statuary, casts, &c. 

A sits’ brood, ants’ eggs, an article 
known in commerce, and used in making 
formic acid; dissolved in water they serve 
the purpose of vinegar in Norway. 

AsilWH’ji, a city and principal sea¬ 
port of Belgium, on the river Scheldt. It 
is a city of great commercial importance, 
exporting largely wheat, butter, flax, cattle, 
cast and wrought iron, glass, linen and 
woollen fabrics, guns, &c., and importing 
raw cotton, sugar, coffee, dyewoods, in¬ 


digo, spices, wines, machinery, ashes, fish, 
oil, &c. The trade of Antwerp, amount¬ 
ing to $140,000,000 or more annually, is 
almost exclusively confined to European 
countries, the most considerable item of 
exports to the United States being win¬ 
dow and plate glass. 

Antwerp blue, a color somewhat 
lighter in tint than Prussian blue. 

Aflitwerp brown, a painter’s color, 
made from asphaltum ground in strong 
drying oil. 

Anvil, a block of iron, with a smooth 
face, on which smiths hammer and shape 
their work. They are of various sizes, 
shapes, and materials, and are manufac¬ 
tured at Birmingham, Dudley and Sheffield 
in England, and in various parts of the 
United States, particularly in Pennsylva¬ 
nia, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Massa¬ 
chusetts. They range in weight from 28 
lbs. to six hundred weight. We import 
annually from England from5,000 to 7,000 
anvils of different weights. The best an¬ 
vils made in the United States are said to 
be of cast iron covered with steel. They 
are sold by the lb. 

ApaNhasiiorcs, saddle blankets made 
of buffalo skins, used on the Western 
prairies. 

Apothecaries’ store, astore where 
medicines are sold at retail, and doctors’ 
prescriptions are dispensed. 

Apothecaries wares, vials, pill 
boxes, mortars, paper, tin, and wooden 
boxes, scales, chemical glasswares, weights, 
labels, glass signs, drug drawers-, filters, 
jars, &c., &c. 

Apothecaries’ w r easrht, the weight 
by which medicines are dispensed; the 
troy pound is used, and the ounce is divided 
into 8 drachms, 24 scruples, or 480 grains. 
Druggists buy and sell by avoirdupois 
weight. 

Apothecary, one who prepares and 
dispenses medicines. The business is one 
of so much responsibility that it is almost 
everywhere guarded by legislative enact¬ 
ments, so that persons not duly qualified 
ate restrained from pursuing it. By the laws 
of the State of New York, no person is 
allowed to practise the business of an apo¬ 
thecary without having previously obtained 
the diploma of the College of Pharmacy of 
the City of New York, or unless furnished 
with a diploma of some other regularly 
constituted college of pharmacy or medi¬ 
cine, or have passed an examination of the 
censors of some State medical society. 

Apparel, in trade the term is usually 



APPLE BRANDY. 


APRIL. 


2T 


applied to ready-made clothing- and milli¬ 
nery, but in commercial returns of imports 
or exports numerous small articles of 
dress are grouped under this term; also 
the sails, rigging, anchors, Ac., of a ship 
are sometimes called the apparel of the ship. 

Apple braildy, a liquor distilled 
from cider. 

Applejack, apple brandy. 

Apples, a fruit more universally 
grown, and its uses better understood than 
any other fruit of our country,—enter¬ 
ing into commerce both in their green 
and dried state. The annual exports of 
green apples from the United States sel¬ 
dom amount to less than 200,000 bushels, 
mostly to England and the West India Isl¬ 
ands. They are usually shipped in bar¬ 
rels, but some are packed in layers in box¬ 
es which are made to contain precise num¬ 
bers of particular sizes. To prevent sweat¬ 
ing and moulding, holes should be bored 
in the heads and sides of the barrels or 
boxes. 

Apple whiskey, same as apple 
brandy. 

Apple wiflie, a kind of light spark¬ 
ling wine made from the juice of the 
apple. 

Application, the act of making a 
request for something; when made for in¬ 
surance, it must state the facts truly, for 
if a false representation be made it will 
avoid the policy. 

Appliesiace,thepattemsof which 
have been cut, and sewed on a foundation 
of net, much used for curtains, also for all 
articles of lace used as a part of the dress ; 
synonymous with Brussels lace. 

Apply, to appropriate, as to apply the 
proceeds to the payment of a particular 
debt. 

Appraise, to set a price upon, to 
value; to appraise merchandise. 

Appraisement, valuation of mer¬ 
chandise ; foreign merchandise, on its arri¬ 
val at any port in the United States, is re¬ 
quired to be appraised at the wholesale 
price or market value thereof in the prin¬ 
cipal markets of the country from which 
the goods are exported. If the merchan¬ 
dise is found to correspond in quantity, 
character and value with that described in 
the invoice and entry (the duties being 
paid), the importer obtains from the collec¬ 
tor a permit to receive his goods. If on 
examination, the merchandise in the pack¬ 
age exceeds in quantity, or varies in cha¬ 
racter from the specifications in the in¬ 
voice, or if invoiced below its foreign mar¬ 


ket value, all the remaining packages de¬ 
scribed in the invoice are required to be 
sent to the appraiser’s stores, to be exam¬ 
ined in detail. The facts are then report¬ 
ed by the appraiser to the collector, who 
takes such action in the premises as jus¬ 
tice and the law demand. If the discre¬ 
pancies appear to be with design and fraudu¬ 
lent, the goods are forfeited to the govern¬ 
ment. If the discrepancies were inadver¬ 
tent and without fraud, or the prices 10 % or 
more below the foreign market value, also 
without fraudulent intent, twenty per 
cent, additional duty is imposed on the in¬ 
voice, and the importer receives his goods. 

Appraiser, one who sets a price or 
value upon merchandise; a government 
officer whose duty it is to examine and re¬ 
port the dutiable values of imported 
merchandise, for the purpose of enabling 
the collector to assess proper duties, and 
also to detect attempts at defrauding the 
revenue by means of false invoices or 
undervaluations. These appraisements are 
final unless appealed from by the importer, 
and cannot be disturbed or set aside except 
on clear evidence of fraud or informality 
on the part of the appraiser. Sec. of 
Treasury to Col. of Phila., April , 18G8. 

Appraiser’s stores, government 
buildings to which foreign merchandise on 
its arrival in port is sent directly from the 
ships, there to undergo examination and 
appraisement by the appraising officers. 
For this purpose the law requires at least 
one package of every invoice, and one 
package at least of every ten packages, and 
a greater number, if deemed necessary, to be 
sent to the public or appraiser’s store. 

Appreciate, to raise the value of. 

Appreciation, a rising in value. 

Apprize, to set a price upon, to esti¬ 
mate the value of. This word is growing 
into disuse, being superseded by the word 
appraise. 

Appropriation of payment, a 

payment made by one who is indebted on 
various accounts, may at the time he makes 
the payment be appropriated to whichever 
debt he pleases. If he fail to exercise this 
right, the party receiving the money may, 
at the time, appropriate it to whichever 
debt he may elect. 

Apricot, a fruit of inconsiderable com¬ 
mercial importance. Oil is made in India 
from the kernels, and the wood of the tree 
is used in France for turning. 

April, the fourth calendar month of 
the year. It is common for Philadelphia 
merchants to use, in their books of ac- 



28 


AQUA. 


ARC HIKE. 


count, and on their hills and correspond¬ 
ence, the word 4th month instead of April. 

Aqua, the commercial name in Scot¬ 
land for malt liquors. 

Aqua fortis, this term is now seldom 
used, nitric acid being the term substituted 
in commerce as well as in chemistry. 

Aqua marine, or beryl, a gem thus 
named by jewellers from its resemblance to 
the color of the sea. 

Aquaroia, rose-water; 9 lbs. of clean 
rose leaves produce a distilled gallon. 

Aqua tint, the art of engraving on 
copper in such a manner as to produce the 
effect of Indian ink drawing. 

Aqua vitae, a name familiarly ap¬ 
plied to all native distilled spirits; a name 
for alcohol. 

Arabe§qiie, a style of ornament con¬ 
sisting of varied combinations of straight 
and curved lines in the manner of the 
Arabians, frequently consisting of imagin¬ 
ary foliage, stalks, plants, &c., but in 
which there are no figures of men or ani¬ 
mals. 

Arabic gum, a gum obtained prin¬ 
cipally in Arabia and Egypt, from various 
species of acacia. (See gum arable .) 

Arabian*, the mucilage of gum arabic 
and gum Senegal. 

Araclii§ oil, generally known in com¬ 
merce as nut oil, or pea-nut oil. 

Aragu, crude sticklac taken just as it 
comes from the twigs. 

Arangoes, large beads of various 
forms, as barrel, bell, round, &c., made of 
rough cornelians; formerly largely im¬ 
ported into England from Bombay and sold 
to Spanish and American merchants en¬ 
gaged in the African coast trade. 

Aral, a wholesale warehouse in India. 

Arbacis, a coarse woollen cloth made 
in Sardinia. 

Arbitration, a mode of settling dif¬ 
ferences in mercantile affairs, by referring 
the matter in dispute to one or more dis¬ 
interested merchants. In commercial 
cities, where there is a board of trade or 
chamber of commerce, there is usually a 
standing arbitration committee to which 
the ordinary mercantile disputes are sub¬ 
mitted. The by-laws of the Chamber of 
Commerce of the City of New York pro¬ 
vide for such a standing committee, which 
is styled the Committee of Arbitration. 
It consists of five members, of whom one 
is elocted at each annual meeting of the 
chamber, to serve as chairman for the year 
ensuing; of the other four members, one 
retires in rotation every month, the va¬ 


cancy being filled at the monthly meeting 
of the chamber, by balloting for a new 
member. 

There is also a standing committee 
styled the Committee of Appeal, to which 
an appeal may be made from the decision 
of the Committee of Arbitration. The 
Committee of Appeals consists of the pre¬ 
sident of the chamber, the first and second 
vice-presidents and the treasurer, together 
with the chairman of the Committee of 
Arbitration. The Committee of Arbitra¬ 
tion meet whenever business requires, and 
all parties having mercantile disputes to be 
referred to the committee may make 
statements of their cases in writing, di¬ 
rected to the chairman. Each party has 
. the right of producing witnesses, and is re¬ 
quired to pay such fee as the committee 
may deem reasonable. 

No decision of the Committee of Arbi¬ 
tration shall be appealed from in any case 
in which the amount involved does not ex¬ 
ceed $100; nor in any case which has 
been unanimously decided by the whole 
committee, unless the amount exceeds 
$500. In all other cases an appeal may be 
made by either party, provided a notice of 
such appeal be served upon the chairman 
of the Committee of Arbitration within 
ten days of the delivery of the decision 
of the committee to the parties interested. 
—(See Board of Trade; also, Tribunal of 
Commerce.) 

Arcade, an arched avenue or gallery 
with stalls or shops on each side for the 
sale of goods, found in European cities 
and also in cities of the United States; 
but, on trial in the city of New York, 
proved a failure. 

Archangel, the principal commercial 
city of northern Russia. The exports are 
tallow, wheat, rye, oats, hemp, timber, 
linseed, potash, tar, train oil, mats, deals, 
battens, ends, &c. The annual exports are 
about 5 millions of dollars, three-fourths 
of which go to England. 

Archil, a violet red paste prepared 
from the lichen rocellus. It is used for 
dyeing silks and woollens, and produces 
many fine shades of red. It is mostly 
procured from the Canary and Cape de 
Yerd Islands. The solution in alcohol is 
the red-colored liquid employed in spirits 
of wine thermometers; also called 
orchil. 

Archill arish, a measure in Persia 
of a little more than a yard. 

Archine, a Russian linear measure 
equal to 28 inches. 







ARDASIS. 

Ardasis, the coarsest sort of Persian 
silk. 

Ardefo, the grain measure of Alexan¬ 
dria and Cairo, equal to 5^ bushels. 

Areca-mit, the fruit of an East In¬ 
dian palm tree. (See Betel nut.) 

Argali, the wild sheep which inhabit 
the highest mountains of Asia and North 
America. 

Argel, the leaf of a shrub, used 
chiefly for adulterating senna. 

Argent, the French name for silver 
metal, or coin. 

Argentan, a white metal composed 
of copper, nickel, and zinc, an imitation of 
silver; a German silver. 

Argil!, white clay ; potters’ clay; clay ; 
alumina. 

Argol or argal, the crust or sedi¬ 
ment which forms on the sides of wine 
casks. It is red or white, according to the 
color of the wine, and is used by dyers to 
dispose stuff to take colors. It is crude 
tartar, and when washed and purified of 
its dirt, &c., it is called cream of tartar. 

Argon da si, a kind of raw cotton. 

Aridas, a kind of East India taffeta. 

Arst*nzo, a Spanish weight equal to 
about 27£ grains. 

Aristolocliia, a genus of plants of 
which there are several species used in me¬ 
dicine, but the application of the term is 
confined in this country to the dried Vir¬ 
ginia snake-root. 

Arifllamidic, the art of computation 
by figures. (See Commercial Arithmetic.) 

Arithmetical figures, the figures 
used by merchants—they are 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 
6, 7, 8, 9, 0, invented by the Arabian Moors 
and brought into use in the latter part of 
the 8th century. 

AriBiadifiio plates, the commercial 
name for the bony shells of the armadillo, 
a considerable number of which are an¬ 
nually exported from Siam to France and 
England. 

Arm a tear, the French name for a 
ship-owner, or one who fits out a ship for 
a voyage. 

Arsaienian hole, a species of 
clay from Armenia and other countries, of 
a bright red color, used as a dentifrice, 
and as a pigment. 

Armenian stone, a commercial 
name for lapis lazuli; a soft blue stone or 
earthy mineral. 

Arinozeen, or arinozine, a heavy 
black silk used for clerical robes. 

Arm sires, a term applied to woollen, 
worsted or other fabrics woven so as to pro- 


ARROBA. 29 

duce a ridge on the surface, diagonally 
or otherwise. 

Am, a cloth measure in Dantzic, rather 
more than five-eighths of a yard. 

Arnica, a genus of dwarf herbaceous 
plants which grow in the mountainous dis¬ 
tricts of the north and middle of Europe. 
A tincture, an extract, and an essence of, 
are prepared from the root, leaves, and 
flowers of arnica montana , the mountain 
tobacco. 

Aromatics, substances characterized 
by a fragrant smell, and usually by a warm 
pungent taste. 

Aromatic vinegar, a compound 
of strong acetic acid with powerful essen¬ 
tial oils or aromatic herbs. 

Arracaclia, an esculent root found 
in the markets of Colombia, South America, 

Arrack, an oriental name for spiri¬ 
tuous liquors of all kinds. The arrack im¬ 
ported into the United States is chiefly 
distilled from rice and molasses, and con¬ 
tains an infusion of palm wine or toddy 
extracted from the juice of the cocoanut 
tree or from the flowers of different kinds 
of palm trees. It is mostly imported from 
Goa and Batavia, and usually comes by 
way of Holland. 

Arratel, the Portuguese pound, very 
nearly the same as that of the United 
States, being 1.01. 

Arrato, the Spanish pound, the same 
as the arratel. 

ArrcB, a Spanish weight of 4 pounds. 

Arrilrn wood, a rich-veined cabi¬ 
net wood, brought down the River Itajhay, 
in Brazil. 

Arrieros, a conductor of freight, on 
mules or wagons, in Mexico. 

Arrive. See Sold to arrive. 

Arrival, the arrival of a vessel at port; 
in certain cases the receipt of goods in a 
store is called a fresh arrival; for certain 
revenue purposes the arrival of a vessel 
within a collection district must be a volun¬ 
tary arrival, and not one forced by stress of 
weather. 

Arroba, a Spanish and Portuguese 
weight, also a measure of capacity. In 
Buenos Ayres it is 25£ pounds; in Aragon 
and Valencia, a fraction under 27|- lbs. ; 
in Barcelona, nearly 22 pounds; in Galicia, 
31 f pounds; in Portugal, 32^ pounds; in 
Spain, nearly 25| pounds. For wine, as a 
measure in Alicant, a fraction over 3 gal¬ 
lons ; for oil, a fraction over 3£ gallons ; in 
Aragon, 3^ gallons; for wine in Barcelona, 
2f gallons nearly; Canary Islands, 4 J gal¬ 
lons ; Havana, 4-Ar gallons ; in Malaga, 4^ 



30 


ARROPE. 


ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS. 


gallons ; in Spain, generally for wine, 
slightly over gallons, for oil gallons ; 
Valencia, 3£ gallons; Valparaiso, very near¬ 
ly 10 gallons. 

Arrope, sherry boiled down to a syrup, 
and used for coloring other wines. 

Arrow-root, a farinaceous substance 
procured in the West Indies, Ceylon, and in 
various parts of America, from the roots 
of the maranta arundinacea. The roots 
are dried and ground, and usually packed 
in small kegs, say 20 lbs. It should be 
free from musty flavor, white, and insipid. 
The principal importations of this article 
into the United States, which amount to 
about 200,000 pounds a year, are from Ber¬ 
muda. It is frequently adulterated with 
potato or tapioca starches, or with inferior 
arrow-root. To show the difference in com¬ 
mercial value of different kinds of arrow- 
root, we give the London prices on a given 
day, as quoted in the Price Current—viz., 
Bermuda, lid. to Is. 3d; Jamaica and St. 
Vincent, 3d. to 6d; Barbadoes and Deme- 
rara and other sorts, 2|d. to 3^d. per pound. 
It derives its name from having been ori¬ 
ginally used by the Indians, as a remedy 
for the poison of their arrows, by applying 
it to the wound. 

Arrow tics, the commercial name 
for the iron fastener or buckle, and the 
hoop-iron, used as a substitute for rope in 
baling cotton. 

Arsenic, in its native state frequently 
called cobalt. The substance known as ar¬ 
senic is not the metal, but an acid combina¬ 
tion with oxygen, forming arsenious acid or 
the white oxide of that metal. It is ob¬ 
tained in Bohemia and Saxony, and is man¬ 
ufactured on a large scale at Altenburg 
and Reichenstein, in Silesia. It is fre¬ 
quently adulterated with chalk and gyp¬ 
sum. It is much used in the arts, especi¬ 
ally in coloring and glass-making ; also in 
the preservation of objects of natural his¬ 
tory. It is a deadly poison. 

Arsefliiiite of soda, a mordant used 
in calico printing, and also called ‘ ‘ dung¬ 
ing liquor.” 

Arsenic acid, an acid prepared from 
the white arsenic of commerce, and used in 
the manufacture of rosaniline and Turkey 
red. 

Arsenic black, the commercial 
name of the metal arsenic, which is manu¬ 
factured by distilling powdery white arse¬ 
nic with charcoal dust, iron filings, and lime. 

Arsenical iron, silver-white pyrites 
worked as an ore of arsenic, and furnish¬ 
ing the white oxide of commerce. 


Arsenic weight, the Dutch apothe¬ 
caries’ weight, equal to f pound avoirdu¬ 
pois, and subdivided into 16 ounces. 

Arsenious acid, the white arsenic 
of commerce, and usually called arsenic. 
It is obtained from the ores of iron, tin, co¬ 
balt, and nickel. It is much used in the 
preparation of pigments, and largely em¬ 
ployed in calico printing and in glass-mak¬ 
ing. As a commercial article, it is chiefly 
prepared in Bohemia and Saxony, and is 
very cheap, costing in England only about 
five dollars per ton. 

Art;# ha, a Persian measure of capa¬ 
city used for grain, equal to about 1| of a 
bushel. 

Artichokes, Jerusalem artichokes oc¬ 
casionally form an article of commerce, 
either in the tuber or in oil; a species of 
the sun-flower, the helianthus tuberosus. 

Article, a clause in a contract or bar¬ 
gain ; a distinct part of an agreement or 
writing; a particular separate charge or 
item in an account; a particular commo¬ 
dity, as an article of merchandise. 

Articles, various distinct commodi¬ 
ties ; the articles which one merchant deals 
in are not the articles dealt in by another 
merchant; these articles are known in che¬ 
mistry, but no such articles are known in 
commerce; these are fancy articles ; those 
are articles of merchandise, &c.; the whole 
of an agreement, as articles of copartner¬ 
ship, &c. 

Articles of copartnership, see 

Copartnership. 

Artificial eyes, a manufacture of 
glass used to cover the place of the eye 
when injured or destroyed ; they are prin¬ 
cipally produced in Paris, and with such 
skill as to very successfully imitate the na¬ 
tural eye. 

Artificial flowers, are made of 
cambric, silk, velvet, feathers, wax, shells, 
of insects, of lace, of hair, of coral, of 
sea-weed, of ivory, of whalebone, of cloves, 
of nutmegs, of pimento, of wood, ebony, 
metal, &c.; but the artificial flowers of 
commerce are restricted to those which 
are formed of textile fabrics and feathers. 
The feather flowers are mostly from Bra¬ 
zil, or made from the feathers of South 
American birds. Those made from linen 
and other fabrics are made in France, Eng¬ 
land, and the United States. The annual 
imports, mostly from France, amount to 
about $750,000. The making of artificial 
flowers is a beautiful art, the imitations, 
both in respect of color and form, approx¬ 
imating wonderfully close to natural flow- 




ARTIFICIAL STONES. 


ASKING. 


31 


ers. Every petal, leaf, stem, bud, calyx, 
stamen and pistil, and stigma and anther, 
is imitated with surprising closeness and 
success. And much tact is displayed in 
selecting materials and substances suitable 
for imitative purposes. The petals are 
imitated not only by cambric, but by rib¬ 
bon, feathers, silk-worms’ cocoons, taffeta, 
velvet, and even thin laminae of stained 
whalebone. The stems, made of wire, 
have an envelope of colored paper or silk, 
or some other substance varying according 
to the texture of the real stem. The 
leaves are mostly of cambric, but some¬ 
times of other woven material. Seeds, 
and buds, and small fruit are successfully 
counterfeited by bits of glass or wax, or 
other substances. The same plant is some¬ 
times exhibited in successive stages—in 
bud, in blossom, in full maturity, and in 
decay; sometimes there are orchideous 
plants, and hop plants, and vine twigs, and 
oats, rye, and wheat; sometimes the blue 
and red autumnal parasitic flowers are im¬ 
itated, such as the ivy, and oak leaf, and 
the acorn. The various grasses are also 
imitated. In Paris the buds, leaves, petals, 
stamens, pistils, and other component 
parts, are made in small workshops by per¬ 
sons who each attend to only one part of 
a flower, while the whole are fitted together 
in other workshops. Even these work¬ 
shops are frequently limited to one single 
kind of flower each, so completely is the 
division of labor carried out. In that city 
there are hundreds of dealers or venders, 
who employ more than six thousand per¬ 
sons, mostly women, in building up the 
various parts into groups of flowers. The 
manufacture is now very largely con¬ 
ducted in New York and in Philadelphia, 
and the flowers produced here are but 
slightly if at all inferior to those of Paris ; 
the work, however, is chiefly performed 
by French men or women. 

Artificial stones, a manufacture of 
glass produced in Paris, Vienna, and Ber¬ 
lin, in imitation of the various precious 
stones or gems, and with such skill as to 
deceive all but the most practised ex¬ 
perts. 

Art ole, a weight of half a rape, or 90 
grains Troy. 

Artificial Jjokl, a material largely 
manufactured in the United States and 
made into imitation jewelry, composed of 
copper, tin, magnesia, tartar, and sal-am¬ 
moniac. 

As, or ass, or es, a small weight used 
for weighing gold, &c.; at Baden 0.77 gr.; 


at Cologne 0.90 gr.; at Copenhagen 0.89 
gr.; at Stockholm and Amsterdam 0.74gr.; 
and at Zurich 0.83 gr. 

Asar, a Persian gold coin equal to 
$1.60. 

Asarafiacca leaves, the leaves of 
the asarum eurapmum , which are used in 
the manufacture of cephalic snuff, and in 
veterinary practice. 

Asbestlis, a mineral of the hornblende 
family, fibrous, flexile, and elastic, found 
in silky filaments which, when mixed with 
oil, may be woven into a fire-proof cloth, 
and is used in various manufactures. It 
is of various colors, white, green and brown. 
It is employed in the manufacture of iron 
safes, and by the natives of Greenland it 
is used as the wick for lamps. It is found 
on the eastern side of the Alleghanies and 
in other parts of the United States, but it 
is said that nowhere is it so abundant or 
of so good a quality for weaving as that 
which is found at Staten Island, within a 
few miles of the city of New York. The 
island of Corsica is noted for the excellent 
quality and abundance of this mineral. 
It is sometimes called amianthus, and also 
mountain flax. 

AsboBaiae, a black mineral used in 
making smalt. 

Asboliu, a yellow, acrid oil obtained 
from soot. 

Asia B>Suae, a chemical production of 
copper and lime-water. 

AsIfi-coBored, pale color, inclining to 
a whitish gray. 

Asla<‘§, the commercial ashes are pot¬ 
ash, pearl-ash, bone-ash, soda-ash, kelp, and 
barilla. The word is applied to the ashes 
of vegetable substances, from which the 
alkalies are obtained. 

Aslsorii, not afloat. 

Ash limber, the timber of the ash 
tree, which is much used by manufacturers 
of agricultural implements, by carriage 
and chair makers, and indeed by all wor¬ 
kers in hard woods. It is the toughest 
and most elastic of any of the woods which 
grow in Great Britain; but in this country 
it is excelled in these qualities by the Ame¬ 
rican hickory. 

Ashton’s sail, the finest quality of 
Liverpool table salt which is imported, 
deriving its name from the name of the 
original manufacturer. The name Ashton 
salt is also given to a fine quality of salt 
made at Syracuse, in New York State. 

Ask, the price demanded, as I ask for 
such a lot of goods, so much. 

Asking) the price at which an article 




32 


ASLANT. 


ASSIGNEE. 


is held at the present time,—I am now ask¬ 
ing such a price. 

a Turkish silver coin, worth 
from 115 to 120aspers. The word signifies 
a lion, the figure stamped upon the coin. 

Asaiee, a wine measure in Lyons, 21f 
gallons ; a dry measure equal to about 5§- 
bushels. 

Asparagine, a crystallized sub¬ 
stance obtained from asparagus and other 
plants. 

Aspcr, a small Turkish coin and money 
of account of uncertain value ; in some 
places equal to about 1^ cent. 

AspSialt, a compact species of bi¬ 
tumen. 

A«plialtllin, a species of bitumen or 
mineral pitch, found in Barbadoes, Trini¬ 
dad, on the shores of the Dead Sea, and in 
great abundance in Western Pennsylvania 
and in other parts of the United States, 
and also in Canada, and on the north side 
of Cuba. It is called bitumen judaicum, 
also Jews’ pitch. A valuable kind of as- 
phaltum, sometimes called asphaltum 
glance, is very hard and of a black, bril¬ 
liant lustre. It is used in the arts as a 
component of japan varnish, also as a ce¬ 
ment, and for pavements as a substitute 
for flag-stones. 

Aspiaiwa.il, an important seaport of 
Central America, on the Atlantic side of 
the Isthmus of Panama, connected with the 
Pacific Coast by the Panama Railroad, and 
with New York by semi-monthly steamers. 
It is the principal commercial entrepot 
between the Atlantic States and Califor¬ 
nia. 

Assafetida, a fetid, resinous gum 
used in medicine, and in the East as a 
seasoning for food. It is produced from 
a plant which grows on the mountains in 
the southern provinces of Persia, and is 
exported to Bombay and Calcutta, whence 
it is shipped to the United States, usually 
via England. It comes in mats, casks, and 
cases. It should be chosen clear, fresh, 
strong-scented, of a pale reddish color and 
variegated; and is required by the Treasury 
Regulations of the U. S. to contain 50 per 
cent, of its peculiar bitter resin, and 3 per 
cent, of volatile oil. 

Assciiis tea, a kind of tea raised in 
the upper Assam district of India, said to 
be from the true tea-plant of China. 

Assay, real value; ascertained purity 
-—applied to metals and ores, to fix their 
commercial value. 

Assent, an agreement to something 
that has been done before; to accept or 


close in with an offer. When an offer to 
do a thing is made, it is not binding on the 
party making it until the assent of the 
other party has been given. 

Assess, to compute; to estimate; to 
rate or fix a proportion. 

Asses’ skills, parchments used for 
pocket tablets and other purposes. An 
imitation of asses’ skins or parchment, 
made of sheep-skin, is extensively used. 

Assets, a term commonly used in trade 
to designate the funds, property, or effects, 
that is, the stock in trade, cash, and all 
available property of a merchant, in con¬ 
tradistinction to his liabilities or obliga¬ 
tions ; property set apart to meet a speci¬ 
fic demand, as the acceptor of a bill is 
said to have assets of the drawer in his 
hands for that purpose. 

Assignat, the name of the French 
paper money issued by the government 
after the French Revolution, nominally of 
the value of 100 francs. The first issue 
was made in 1790, to the extent of 400 
millions of francs, and in September of the 
same year a second issue of 800 millions, 
and new issues from time to time were 
made,until September, 1796, they amounted 
to the sum of 45,579 millions of francs. 
These excessive issues produced a rapid 
depreciation in the value of paper money, 
so that in the year 1796 an assignat of 100 
francs ($18.60) was currently exchanged 
for 6 cents. They ultimately became 
waste-paper in the hands of the holders, 
government never attempting to redeem 
more than about one-fourth of the issues, 
and even that portion at only about the 
rate of 3 per cent, on the nominal value. 

Assignee. With merchants the term 
assignee is restricted to the person or per¬ 
sons to whom the property and estate of 
an involved, insolvent, or embarrassed 
debtor, are transferred and committed for 
the benefit of his creditors. An assignee, 
after accepting the trust, is not at liberty 
to assign the property back again to the 
assignor. It is his duty to act as a faith¬ 
ful trustee for all concerned. He is to 
take immediate possession of all the pro¬ 
perty and effects and valuable interests of 
every kind of the insolvent, and demand 
and take any necessary steps to collect all 
outstanding debts. He is clothed with the 
powers and responsibilities of a trustee. 
If he sell property of the insolvent he can¬ 
not buy it himself. He should deposit all 
moneys as soon as collected in a bank of 
good credit, and to the special account of 
the fund of the assignment. Acting in the 




ASSIGNMENT. 


ASSURANCE. 


33 


discharge of the ordinary duties of an as¬ 
signee, he is personally liable only for want 
of ordinary skill and care. He is entitled 
to charge expenses necessarily disbursed; 
but when an assignee is an accountant, he 
is not entitled to charge for business done 
in that capacity. The assignee is not 
bound to accept a leasehold estate bur¬ 
dened with rents which might prove a loss 
instead of a benefit to the creditors. 

Assignment. A merchant makes an 
assignment of his property and effects 
when his affairs are involved, or when he 
is embarrassed or becomes insolvent. The 
assignment is an instrument in writing 
which transfers the property of the debtor 
to a responsible party in trust for Ms credi¬ 
tors. No creditor must be excluded. In 
most of the States, however, where the as¬ 
signment is voluntary, one creditor or one 
class of creditors may be preferred in the 
order of payment, even where the assets 
are exhausted in such preference. Mer¬ 
chants generally direct the payment first 
of borrowed money; and here they can di¬ 
rect that A. shall be paid first and in full; 
B. next and in full, and then the rest of the 
borrowed money creditors, if there be in¬ 
sufficient for payment in full, then to pay 
pro rata. They may thus continue to 
classify preferences to the end of their list 
of creditors. But especial care must be 
taken that there be no limitations which 
would exclude from the provisions of the 
assignment any debtor. It is usual, there¬ 
fore, after the several schedules of debts 
are provided for, to insert a general clause 
that there shall be paid all other debts le¬ 
gally due or owing by the assignor. In 
commercial cities where the vicissitudes of 
trade and fluctuations of fortune are rapid, 
it is of the utmost importance that the 
facilities for borrowing money on credit 
should be as free from legal difficulties or 
embarrassments as may be consistent with 
good faith and honest dealing. A merchant 
finds himself in want of money and his 
neighbor lends it with confidence, because 
he knows that in the event of failure the 
merchant can protect him by making this 
borrowed money a preferred debt. Hun¬ 
dreds of merchants are saved every year 
from protest and failure by the timely aid 
of friends who rely upon this legal right 
of the creditor to protect them. Query ? 
Not of law, but of morals:—May a mer¬ 
chant borrow money to pay a note from the 
man who sold him the goods for which the 
note was given, then make an assigmnent 
and include him as a borrowed money 

3 


creditor, thereby securing him for the full 
amount, and leaving other business credi¬ 
tors at the foot of his assignment to receive 
a part only, or perhaps nothing whatever 
on their claims ? Yoluntary assignments 
do not work a discharge of the debtor, nor 
in any way interfere with the legal reme¬ 
dies of creditors, except that the property 
assigned is beyond the reach of execution 
creditors. There is a great diversity of 
the kind and extent of relief which assign¬ 
ments afford to the insolvent, and the per¬ 
sons entitled to it under the law in the 
different States. In some States preferences 
are prohibited by law, and render the as¬ 
signment void. The Bankrupt Law passed 
by Congress in the year 1867, if it has not 
changed the law in regard to voluntary 
assignments, has very materially modified 
the practice—preferences working disabili¬ 
ties to the assignor. 

A§§igllor, one who assigns and trans¬ 
fers his property and effects; if he make a 
general assignment in trust for the use of 
his creditors, he can impose no condition 
whatever which will deprive them of any 
right, nor any condition forbidden by 
law. 

Assize, to fix the weight, measure, or 
price of commodities, by a law or by 
authority. 

Assizer, an officer who has the care 
of weights and measures. 

Ass toad, the pack-load for an ass, 
which, in South America, is understood to 
average 170 pounds. 

Association, a joint stock company. 

Assortment, a variety of goods, em¬ 
bracing all or most of the different kinds 
within the range of the avowed business; 
a quantity or variety of any class or kind 
of goods which vary in form, color, quality, 
or price, but of the same line. 

Ass si me, an undertaking or promise 
to pay money, or to deliver goods, or to 
perform a service. 

Assssraaiee, a species of insurance— 
as contracts under which a certain sum is 
to be paid on the death of an individual 
or individuals now living; while insur¬ 
ance is applied to those which provide for 
the payment of a sum on the occurrence of 
events not depending on the duration of 
human life, and which may never happen, 
such as the loss of ships at sea, the des¬ 
truction of property by fire, &c. Mr. Bab¬ 
bage makes this distinction between the 
words : Insurance is a contract relating to 
an uncertain event,which may partly hap¬ 
pen or partly fail; while assurance is a 





ASTAH. 


AUCTIONEER. 


contract dependent upon the duration of 
life, which must either wholly happen or 
wholly fail. 

Astali, a cloth measure of 18 inches, 
used in Penang. 

Asteria, an opalescent variety of sap¬ 
phire, which, when cut, displays a silvery 
star with six rays. 

A*tracan, the name given to the 
fine fur or wool of a peculiar kind of sheep 
obtained by the Astrakhans from Bokhara. 

Astral ite, a kind of glass resembling 
the mineral aventurine. 

At, in mercantile accounts, means for 
so much each,—as so many yards at so 
much a yard, usually expressed by the 
mark @ ; also used for by, as sales at 
auction. 

Atacomite, a green Peruvian sand, 
used for drying the ink instead of blotting 
paper. 

Atclie, a small Turkish coin of the 
value of about 1 of a cent. 

Allas, a paper 26 by 34 inches ; rich 
India embroidered silk or satin; also maps 
bound up in a volume. 

Atoms, a very minute measure of 
length in Italy, being about the 1000th 
part of 40 inches. 

Attachment, a process by which 
property in the hands of a party other 
than the debtor may be attached for the 
payment of the debt. This is a common 
mode of proceeding in Massachusetts and 
other Eastern States. A debt due by a 
non-resident who has property within the 
State, such property is seized or attached 
at the commencement of the action, to sat¬ 
isfy the judgment which shall be recovered. 
It is sometimes called trustee process , and 
the person who holds the property of 
the non-resident defendant or debtor is 
designated as trustee. In the State of 
New York an attachment may only issue 
against the property of a non-resident de¬ 
fendant who cannot be served with pro¬ 
cess, and also against the property of ab¬ 
sconding, absent, or concealed debtors, the 
latter being rather in the nature of an in¬ 
solvent proceeding for the benefit of all 
the creditors of the person whose property 
is attached. 

Attali, a nominal money of 200 cash, 
in the island of Sombok, equal to about 44 
cents. 

Altar of roses, the essential oil of 
roses, a very costly fragrant perfume, ob¬ 
tained in India, Turkey, and Persia. The 
best article is prepared at Ghazipoor, in 
Hindostan, where a large trade is carried on 


in this article, the whole country for miles 
around being a garden of roses. A large 
quantity of rose water twice distilled is 
allowed to run off into an open vessel, 
placed over night in a cool running 
stream, and in the morning the oil is 
found floating in minute specks, which 
are taken off very carefully by means 
of the leaf of the sword-lily. When cool 
it is of a dark green color and as hard 
as resin, not becoming liquid at a tem¬ 
perature below 212°. It is estimated that 
400,000 well-grown roses or 530 pounds 
weight of the rose leaves are required 
to produce one ounce of the attar. When 
warranted genuine, it sells at the Eng¬ 
lish warehouses from $50 to $100 per 
ounce. It is adulterated with the oil of 
geranium, with spermaceti, and also with 
castor-oil. 

Altera maimd, a weight of 28 
pounds, used for indigo and spices at Bus- 
sorah. 

Attorney, one who acts in the place 
of another, and the authority for this 
substitution is usually in writing and 
under seal, and is called power of at¬ 
torney. It is not indispensable that the 
authority should be given by a formal 
instrument, at least not in ordinary com¬ 
mercial transactions. The attorney is 
bound to act with due diligence after 
having accepted the employment, and, in 
the end, to render an account to his 
principal of the acts which he has per¬ 
formed for him. See Power of Attor¬ 
ney. 

All besoiil, a French phrase used in 
commerce, as when the drawer of a foreign 
bill of exchange, as a matter of pre¬ 
caution, and to save expense, puts in 
the corner of the bill, An besoin chez Mes¬ 
sieurs — a; or, in other words, In case of 
need apply to-” 

AaE>iis*oa carpet, a carpet of the 
style of the Louises of France, taking its 
name from the place of its original manu¬ 
facture, a town in France. 

Auctioneer, one licensed or com¬ 
missioned to sell the goods of others by 
public outcry, vendue, or auction. The 
person who receives and cries the bidding 
in an auction room ; the auction salesman ; 
a person who conducts sales by auction. 
An auctioneer is considered the agent of 
both parties, the seller and the buyer. He 
cannot purchase the property he is em¬ 
ployed to sell; he is liable for loss by neg¬ 
ligence ; is bound strictly to observe his 
instructions ; is required to act in good 





AUCTIONS. 


AURUNG. 


35 


faith to his employer or owner of the 
goods, and is not at liberty to misrepresent 
to the bidders or purchasers. In most of 
the States he is required to have a license 
or authority to sell, and in the State of 
New York he is required to give bonds 
conditional for the faithful performance 
of his duties, and to render a quarterly 
account of all goods sold or struck off; and 
if found guilty before any court of fraud¬ 
ulent practices, he is deemed guilty of a 
misdemeanor, punishable by fine and im¬ 
prisonment, and forever disqualified from 
pursuing the business of an auctioneer. 
He may charge commission for his sendees; 
has an interest in the goods sold coupled 
with the possession; has a lien for his 
commissions ; and may sue the buyer for 
his purchase money. 

Auctions, a public sale by outciy of 
goods or merchandise to the highest bidder, 
on certain conditions, called the conditions 
of sale. A bidding at an auction may be 
retracted at any time before the hammer 
is down, the bidding being nothing more 
than an offer on one side which is not bind¬ 
ing on either side until it is assented to, 
and that assent is signified on the part of 
the seller by knocking down his wooden 
mallet on the table or counter. A nod, a 
wink, or some other sign by one party im¬ 
ports that he makes an offer, and knocking 
down a hammer by the other, that he 
agrees to it. The biddings of a secret 
puffer employed by the owner are not fair, 
and are held to be a fraud on real bidders. 
In the city of New York all auction sales 
are required to be made in the daytime, 
between sunrise and sunset, excepting 
books and prints, and goods in original 
packages as imported—samples of which 
shall have been previously exhibited. What 
is known as Dutch auction differs from the 
regular auction of this country. The 
article to be sold is put up and started by 
the auctioneer at a price beyond its value, 
and the first person who speaks and offers 
the sum mentioned by the seller, who has 
gradually lowered his price, is called out 
at once as the purchaser and the article is 
knocked down to him. This mode of con¬ 
ducting a sale is considered a very fair one, 
but auctioneers regard it as rather favoring 
the buyer, and therefore prefer the other 
method. There are certain kinds of for¬ 
eign merchandise which are usually sold 
by the importer at auction, among which 
are tea, sugar, molasses, logwood, marble, 
and certain descriptions of dry goods. The 
prices at which a line of winter or sum¬ 


mer dress goods are sold at auction in 
packages, usually govern the wholesale 
price of that class of goods for the season, 
and the same holds good of the other kinds 
of merchandise. Within the last few 
years we have noticed a tendency to the 
employment of brokers to effect private 
sales instead of employing auctioneers. 
The guaranteeing and the prompt cashing 
of the sales of entire cargoes of valuable 
merchandise, which the auctioneers in the 
importing cities are usually willing to do, 
will most probably always secure them a 
considerable portion of the sales of foreign 
goods. Domestic goods by the piece and 
package are also frequently placed on the 
market through auction houses. To sell 
by auction is expressed in French by Yen- 
dr e a Vencan ; in German, In der Auction 
verkaufen ; in Spanish, Vender en pub- 
lica sub hasta ; in Italian, Vendere all' in- 
canto. Mock auctions are peculiar in this 
country to the city of New York. They 
flourish in the principal thoroughfares of 
the city, and have for many years eluded 
the efforts of the city and State authori¬ 
ties to put a stop to their swindling prac¬ 
tices. The victims are generally persons 
from the country. 

All (tit, to examine and settle or adjust 
accounts ; verification of the accuracy of 
the statements placed before the auditing 
officei;. 

A nidi tor, an accountant who exam¬ 
ines accounts,—not much used by mer¬ 
chants. 

Augsburg, a city of Bavaria, noted 
for its printing, engraving, and bookbind¬ 
ing establishments, and as the chief mart 
for the sale of the wines of Italy, Switzer¬ 
land, and South Germany ; and, next to 
Frankfort, as being one of the most im¬ 
portant money markets on the Continent. 

August, a gold coin of Saxony, known 
as a pistole, worth from $3.88 to $4.00; 
the eighth calendar month. 

Auoil, a German liquid measure, vary¬ 
ing somewhat in different localities, but 
averaging about 3G gallons. 

AIIlie, the French cloth ell; the aune 
of Paris is a little less than 48 inches or 
1.29972 yards; of Lyons, 1.31236 yards; 
of Mechlin, 27 inches. It is superseded by 
the metre. 

Aui'ciaitia, wine, a wine made in 
India and Sardinia from the China orange. 

Auri pigment urn, yellow sulphuret 
of arsenic; orpiment. 

A urn ng, an Indian name for the place 
where goods are manufactured. 



36 


AUSTRALIAN GUM. 


AXE-HANDLES. 


Australian gam, a kind of gum 
arabic imported from South Australia. 

Auveriiat, a deep-colored wine made 
of black grapes which are produced near 
Orleans, in France. 

Ava, a Cadiz long measure, a trifle over 
two inches; a name given to the long pep¬ 
pers of the Pacific Islands. 

Avas, a monetary division of the 
Java rupee, one hundred being equal to the 
rupee. 

Avens root, the root of the herb 
beunet , used in medicine and for imparting 
a flavor to wine and beer. 

Aventurine, a variety of quartz of 
a gray, green, brown, or reddish brown 
color, and containing minute yellow span¬ 
gles. It is found in Silesia, Bohemia, 
France, Spain, and India, but chiefly in the 
neighborhood of Ekaterinenburg, in Sibe¬ 
ria. It is used for ring-stones, shirt-studs, 
ear-rings, and other ornamental articles. 
A fine specimen of the Siberian variety 
was presented to Sir Roderick Murchison 
by the Emperor Nicholas, in the form of a 
highly polished vase, 4 feet high and 6 feet 
in circumference—the difficulty of pro¬ 
curing a stone of such large dimensions, 
and of polishing so hard a substance, being 
so great that only one similar vase (pre¬ 
sented to Humboldt and now in the Royal 
Museum in Berlin) has been made. Most 
of the aventurine jewelry is made, from 
artificial kinds. The name for the natural 
substance was borrowed from that of the 
artificial gold-spangled glass, which in its 
turn originated in the circumstance of a 
workman having accidentally let fall some 
brass filings into a pot of melted glass, 
which he thereupon called aventurine, and 
mineralogists subsequently adopted the 
term and applied it to the natural sub¬ 
stance. 

Average, a fair sample; in a bill of 
lading it means the share in certain small 
expenses of the ship—pilotage, towage, 
harbor dues, &c.; the adjustment of the 
proportion of loss sustained by insurers; 
a contribution towards a loss sustained by 
some for the benefit of all, as in making 
good any damage sustained in throwing a 
portion overboard in case of a storm in or¬ 
der to save the vessel and a portion of the 
cargo. If many interests or properties are in 
peril, and one or more of them is wholly 
or partially sacrificed for the purpose of 
saving the rest, that which is thereby saved 
must contribute towards indemnifying the 
owner of that which was sacrificed. The 
contribution is made by the owners of the 


ship, freight, and goods on board, in pro¬ 
portion to their respective interests. 

Average stater, one who computes 
marine averages. 

Avignon, a city of France, situated 
on the Rhone, about 50 miles from Mar¬ 
seilles. It is noted for its rearing of silk¬ 
worms, its production of silk, its manu¬ 
factures of velvet, woollen, and cotton 
goods, and for its trade in wine, brandy, 
grain, and other articles of which it is the 
entrepot of several French provinces. 

Avignon berries, the small, yel¬ 
low dyeing berries of commerce, the pro¬ 
duce of the rhamnus infectorius , or buck¬ 
thorn. They are also known in commerce 
as Persian berries, and are grown in 
Provence, Languedoc, and are also im¬ 
ported from Persia. 

Avocad.i pear oil, an oil obtained 
from the fruit of the avocada pear-tree, a 
native of Trinidad, used mostly for soap¬ 
making, though when refined it is used 
both as an illuminating and as a lubricating 
oil. It is brought from British Honduras. 

Avoirdupois, the commercial weight 
of the United States and England, used 
for all heavy commodities. The avoirdu¬ 
pois pound of 16 ounces contains 7,000 
grains; and 144 pounds avoirdupois is 
equal to 175 pounds troy, or bears the pro¬ 
portion to the pound troy as 17 to 14. 

Awl tree, the Indian mulberry, the 
roots of which are used for dyeing. 

Awls and awl-blades, used by 
shoemakers and saddlers, manufactured 
extensively in Rhode Island, from steel 
bars drawn to the square of 1-16 of an 
inch or less ; imported from Sheffield. 

Awnilag, the trade name for a kind 
of ticking manufactured for awnings. 

Axayacatl, the eggs of a fly depos¬ 
ited on flags and rush mats, and sold as a 
caviare in Mexico. 

Axe, this important instrument of hus¬ 
bandry and tool of the workshop, until 
within a late period, was not included 
among the articles kept on hand and for 
sale at the stores, but was made to 
order by the village blacksmith, in form, 
size, and weight to suit his customer. Axes 
are now produced both in Europe and 
America at large manufacturing establish¬ 
ments, greatly improved in quality and 
workmanship, and at reduced prices. They 
are largely manufactured in the United 
States at Collinsville, Conn., Cohoes, N. 
Y., East Douglass, Mass., and other 
places. 

Axe-Iiandles, an important article of 




AXE STONE. 


AZTTLINE 


37 


domestic manufacture in the northern and 
eastern States, where they are sold by the 
dozen ; they are usually made of the wood 
of white hickory. 

Axe stone, a name for jade, a hard 
stone used by the New Zealanders for axes 
and offensive weapons, and in Turkey it is 
carved into handles for swords and dag¬ 
gers. 

Axle, a bar of iron or piece of timber 
which supports a car or wheel carriage. 

Axnaiaister carpets, carpets noted, 
for their thick and soft pile ; the worsted 
being entirely thrown to the surface in¬ 
stead of appearing on both sides. When 
not manufactured to order in one piece, 
they are 27 inches wide. 

Ayr stones, stones from the river 
Ayr, in Scotland. They are imported gen¬ 


erally in small broken pieces, and are used 
for polishing marble, and copper for en¬ 
gravers. The harder varieties are also 
used as whetstones. 

Azimuth, a nautical instrument. 

Azitmbree, a liquid measure in 
Spain, varying in different parts from 3^ to 
5 pints, at Castile 2 quarts, at Valencia 
a little more than 3 quarts. 

Azure, the fine blue color extracted 
from cobalt; a blue pigment. 

Azure Stone, a mineral substance of 
azure-blue color known as lapis lazuli; the 
finest qualities used by the lapidary, and 
the common occasionally for toys ; but it is 
chiefly important from its affording the 
pigment sold as ultramarine. 

Azuliaie, a permanent blue dye, made 
from certain constituents of coal-tar. 



SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 
r 

B. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Bacon 

Lard 

Speck 

Spek 

Lardo 

Tocino 

Baggage 

Bagage 

Bagage 

Bagaadje 

Bagaglio 

Equipage 

Bale 

Balle; ballot 

Ballen 

Baal 

Balia 

Bala 

Ballast 

Lest 

Ballast 

Ballast 

Zavorra 

Lastre 

Balsam 

Baume 

Balsam 

Balsem 

Balsamo 

Balsamo 

Bamboo 

Bambou 

Bambusrohr 

Bamboesriet 

Canna bambd 

Bambu 

Bank 

Banc; banque 

Bank 

Bank 

Banca 

Banco 

Barilla 

Barille 

Soda barille 

Spaansche Soda 

Barilla 

Barilla 

Barrel 

Tonneau; baril 

Pass 

Vat 

Barile 

Barril 

Barley 

Orge [ers 

Gerstengraupen 

Garst 

Orzo 

Cebada 

Baskets 

Oorbeilles; pani- 

Korbe 

Korf 

Panieri; cesti 

Canastas; cestaa 

Beads 

Rosaires; grains 

Rosenkranze; bitte 

Bedes 

Qorone 

Coronas 

Beans 

F&ves 

Bohnen 

Boonen 

Fave 

Frejoles 

Bearer 

Porteur 

Ueberbringer 

Header 

Latore 

Portador 

Beer 

Bi^re 

Bier 

Bier 

Birra 

Cerveza 

Bitumen 

Bitume 

Bergharz 

Aardpek 

Asfalto; betume 

Asfalto; betun 

Boat 

Bateau; chaloupe 

Boot 

Boot; sloep 

Barca 

[bri 

Chalupa; barca 
[broa 

Comercio de li- 

Book trade 

Trade de livres 

Buchhandel 

Boekhandel 

Commercio di li- 

Bookseller 

Libraire 

Buchhandler 

Boekhandelaar 

Librajo 

Librero 

Bookkeeper 

Teneur de livres 

Buchhalter 

Boekhouder 

Tenitore di libri 

Tenedor de libros 

Boots 

Bottes 

Stiefel 

Laarzen 

Stivali 

Botas 

Bottles 

Bouteilles 

Bouteillen; flaschen 

Flesschen 

Bottiglio 

Botellas 

Boxes 

Boites; caisse 

Buchsen ; dosen 

Buksen; doozen 

Casse ; scatole 

Cajas 

Boxwood 

Buis 

Buchsbaumholz 

Palmhout 

Legno di bosso 

Boj ; box 

Brandy 

Eau de vie. 

Branntwein 

Brandewijn 

Acquavite 

Aguardiente 

Brass 

Cuivre jaune 

Messing 

Messing 

Ottone 

Laton ; azofar 

Brazil wood 

Bois de Bresil 

Brasilienholz 

Roodhout 

Legno del Brazil 

Palo Brasil 

Bristles 

Soies de pore 

Borsten 

Borstels 

Setole de porci 

Ct rdas ; sedas 

Broker 

Courtier 

Makler 

Makelaar 

Sensale 

Corredor 

Brimstone 

Soufro 

Schwefel 

Zwavel 

Solfo 

Azufre 

Bronze 

Bronze 

Bronze 

Brons 

Bronzo 

Bronce 

Brushes 

Brosses 

Biirsten 

Borstels 

Spassole 

Brochas; cepillos 

Buckskins 

Peaux de daims 

Damhirschfelle 

Damhsrtenvellen 

Belli di daini 

Piele3 de ciervo3 

Buckwheat 

B16 noir [argent 

Buchweizen 

Boekweit 

Grano nero 

Trigo saraceno 

Bullion 

Lingot d'or, ou d’ 

Gold tmd silber 

Specievoorraad 

Numerario 

Oro 6 plata en 
barra 

Business 

Affaire 

Angelegenheit 

Angelegenheid 

Affare 

Comercio; asunto 

Butter 

Beui're 

Butter 

Botar 

Butiro 

Mantequille 

Buttons 

Boutons 

Knopfe 

Knoopen 

Bottoni 

Botones 

Buy 

Acheter 

Kaufen 

Ivoopen 

Comprare 

Comprar 

Buyer 

Acheteur 

Kaufer 

Opkooper 

Compratore 

Comprador 



















Babbitt’s metal, an alloy of cop¬ 
per, tin, and antimony, tin forming- the 
chief ingredient, used for lining the bear¬ 
ings for journals of heavy shafts or axles 
to reduce friction. 

Babool bark, the bark of the ba¬ 
bul, or acacia arabica , used in India for 
tanning purposes. 

Baboo, a title of respect in Hindostan, 
given to distinguished merchants or head 
clerks. 

B.iblab, or babula, the rind of 

the fruit of the mimosa cineraria. It is 
brought from the East Indies; and also, 
under the name of neb-net , from Senegal, 
and is used as a cheap dye to impart a 
drab color to cotton goods. 

Babul gtn 11 , an inferior gum from 
the babul-tree, growing in Bengal. 

Baclfit‘1, a grain measure, in some 
parts of the Morea equal to about bu., 
but at Patras not quite •§• of a bu. 

Bacilli, a dry measure used in the 
Ionian Islands ; at Zante, equal to a little 
more than 1^ bu.; at Cephalonia, If bu. ; 
at Ithaca, 1 bu. 

Baciiao, a dry measure in Corsica of 
a little more than £ of a bu., or 35-100ths 
of a bu. 

Backed, sustained or kept up in busi¬ 
ness. 

Backer, one who indorses for or 
sustains another in his business credit. 

Buck rag, a Dutch wine. 

Backs, a trade name for the thick¬ 
est parts of heavy-tanned hides. 

Backwardation, a Stock Ex¬ 
change term for an allowance made for 
carrying over stock instead of settling and 
delivering at once. This term is not used 
in the United States, but is common in 
England. 

Back washed, wool cleansed from 
the oil after combing. 

Bacon, the flesh of the hog salted 
and dried. In commerce the term is 
usually restricted to the sides and belly of 
the animal; but in Philadelphia, Baltimore, 
and the Southern cities all smoked pork, 
including hams and shoulders, are called 
bacon, and the usual classification is,— 
Cumberland middles, which takes in the 
whole side from ham and shoulder; long 
clear middles; and short clear middles. 
Bacon is packed and shipped in boxes. 


Bad, a term used to denote an article 
rendered unmerchantable b}'' decay or de¬ 
composition. Colloquial—a bad year’s busi¬ 
ness ; he failed by reason of bad management. 

Badda&at, a species of bitter almond 
from Persia, and used as money in some 
parts of India. 

Bad debts, book accounts and other 
claims which are uncollectible. 

Bciddeii robbers, certain kinds of 
coarse, rough towels and gloves. 

Badger, a term applied in England 
to one who buys grain or victuals for itin¬ 
erating sales; the ground hog of the United 
States. 

Badger skins, the skins of this 
animal dressed with the hair on; used 
by trunk-makers, and the hair from the 
skin is made into paint and shaving 
brushes. 

Badsanc, in India known as badian 
khatai , or “ Chinese anise,” the fruit of 
the illicium aniscitum , or aniseed tree; 
among Asiatic nations a considerable article 
of commerce, and which, imported into 
Europe or the United States, constitutes 
the “ star anise ” of commerce. 

Badigcoil, the French name for 
plaster of Paris; a coloring substance or 
mortar for hiding defects in statuary or 
stonework; a cement formed of sawdust 
and glue. 

Bald management, unskilful di¬ 
rection of business whereby losses are sus¬ 
tained, or opportunities for gain are neg¬ 
lected, or improperly conducted. 

Batfstiab, a commercial term in Rus¬ 
sia for the refuse of the rakitser flax. 

Buelus, a plain woollen stuff manu¬ 
factured in Spain and Portugal. 

B si ft, a blue or white woven cotton 
fabric used in the African trade. 

IS;sfa plain kind of Indian cot¬ 
ton piece goods, the best quality of which 
is made at Surat. 

Bug, a measure and weight of various 
quantities; a certain quantity of a com¬ 
modity such as is usual to sell in bags, as 
a bag of coffee, a bag of shot—the latter 
being understood to be 25 lbs., and the bag 
of Rio coffee to be 160 lbs. 

ISuguttano, a small copper coin of 
Venice, of the value of about half a cent. 

Bagdild, a commercial city of Asiatic 
Turkey, the trade with which is carried on 



40 


BAGGAGE. 


BALACHONG. 


by caravans ; one consisting of 700 or 800 
loaded camels arriving once or twice a year 
from Aleppo, and one of 1,200 or 1,500 
camels from Damascus. The imports of 
this trade are cotton piece goods, plain and 
printed cloths, dyes, imitation shawls, &c. 
The returns are buffalo hides, indigo, tom- 
bak, cashmere shawls, gums, myrrh, 
pearls, and red and yellow leather, and a 
kind of plush, the latter articles being 
manufactures of the city. 

Ba ggagc, the trunks and bags which 
contain the clothing and other articles car¬ 
ried by travellers. In England called also 
luggage; in the Western States traps. 
(See Passengers’ baggage.) 

Baggage-ear, the car in a train 
which contains the baggage of travellers. 

Baggage-master, the person who 
takes charge of the baggage at railway 
stations and on steamboats. 

Baggage-smashers, persons who 
receive and deliver baggage at railroad and 
steamboat stations,—so named from the 
rough and reckless manner in which they 
handle trunks and other articles belonging 
to passengers. 

Baggage warehouse, in England 
a special department of the customs where 
baggage may be left, or where it is taken 
to be examined and cleared. Not used in 
the United States. 

Baggisig, a coarse kind of stuff made 
of hemp, jute, cotton, etc., for grain,salt, 
wool, coffee, and other merchandise. It is 
made chiefly at Dundee, for the American 
market. Also, a kind of coarse stuff made 
from the fibres of plants, manufactured at 
Bengal, and called gunny cloth, which is 
used for cotton-bags ; also made of hemp 
in the United States, and known as Ken¬ 
tucky bagging. 

Bags, sacks of canvas, leather, or 
paper, for holding grain, seeds, or mer¬ 
chandise ; or clothing, as travelling-bags. 
An extensive trade in grain-bags of canvas, 
and in seed-bags of paper, is transacted in 
New York, where the manufacture of these 
articles is conducted on a large scale. 
Grain-bags are frequently hired out for a 
voyage to Europe, and returned empty, and 
if of American manufacture, are admitted 
on their return free of duty; or if exported 
empty, and afterwards imported filled with 
grain, they are admitted free of duty. 
Treas'y Decision , Dec. 11,1858. “ The cut¬ 
ting over, resewing, and remaking of 
second-hand bags or sacks of foreign mate¬ 
rial in the United States, constitutes them 
manufactures of the United States .” Let. 


Sec. Treas'y to Appraiser at New Orleans, 
June 17, 1868. 

Malinina sponge, a coarse sponge 
from the Bahama islands. 

11 a3 b a r, a Dutch weight, at Ceylon, 
520 lbs.; English, 500 lbs.; at Goa, 495 lbs.; 
at Malacca, 405 lbs.; at Mocha, 450 lbs. ; at 
Batavia, 010 lbs.; at Bantam, 396 lbs.; and 
for pepper, 406£ lbs. 

Bahia, or Salvador, a large seaport 
and city of Brazil, situate on All Saints 
Bay, and about 800 miles from Rio Janeiro. 
The trade of the city is from 7 to 10 mil¬ 
lions of dollars annually. The exports are 
sugar, cotton, coffee, cocoa, hides, tobacco, 
piassava, rosewood, and diamonds. The 
imports are principally of manufactured 
cottons, provisions, flour, salt, fish, iron, 
hardware, machinery, coal, wines, etc. 

Accounts are kept in milreis, 1000 reis = 1 milreis. 
The value of the gold milreis is 26%cl. sterling, or 
a little more than half a dollar. The weights 
and measures, the arroba, of 32 lbs. ; the quintal, of 
4 arrobas; the alqueire of %ths of a bushel; and 
the Canada of l%ths of a gallon. McCulloch fixes 
the Canada at 2 imperial gallons : but Alexander, who 
is generally accurate, puts it at l%ths gallons. A bag 
of coffee at this place is 128 lbs. 

Baikerite, a hard, brown-colored 
mineral wax, which becomes soft with the 
warmth of the hand. Found in the vicin¬ 
ity of Lake Baikal, in Siberia. 

Bail, to deliver goods in trust to be 
made up ; to be stored or kept; or to be 
carried or forwarded. Not in general use. 

Bailee, one to whom goods are de¬ 
livered in trust. 

Bailer, one who delivers goods to an¬ 
other in trust. 

Bai Ini eat, a delivery of goods in 
trust for some special object or purpose, 
and upon a contract, express or implied, on 
the part of the bailee that the trust shall 
be faithfully executed. 

Baize, a coarse kind of flannel, or 
open woollen fabric with a long nap, some¬ 
times friezed on one side. Imported from 
England, and also manufactured in the 
United States. 

Bajocco, a copper coin current in 
Italy, worth about cent. 

Bakers’ sail, the sesquicarbonate 
of ammonia, used as a substitute for yeast. 

Baking powders, preparations of 
chemical salts, soda, phosphates, etc., used 
as substitutes for yeast in making bread. 

Bakkul, the fibrous bark of certain 
trees, used in India for small cord. 

Balaeliong, a preparation of dried 
fish and shrimps, a large traffic in which 





CALAIS, or BALAS KUBY. 


BALKS. 


41 


is conducted in Cochin China, Siam, and 
other parts of India. 

Balais, or 95aBas ruby, the rose- 
red varieties of spinel, less valuable than 
either the oriental or spinel ruby, and 
often confounded with burnt topaz. It is 
employed in jewelry. 

Balanee, scales for weighing com¬ 
modities ; the amount which remains due 
by one party on settlement; in book¬ 
keeping, the difference between the debit 
and credit side of an account. 

Bakvnee of trade, the difference 
between the value of the commercial ex¬ 
ports and imports of any country. The 
balance is said to be favorable to a coun¬ 
try when the value of the exports exceeds 
that of the imports ; and unfavorable 
when the value of the imports exceeds 
that of the exports. This was formerly 
the English doctrine, as it is at the pre¬ 
sent day the doctrine of American protec¬ 
tionists. Mr. McCulloch , and other free- 
trade writers of England, contend that 
this theory of a favorable or unfavorable 
balance of trade, proceeds on radically 
mistaken views as to the nature of com¬ 
merce. For it will be found that so far 
from an excess of exports over imports 
being any criterion of an advantageous com¬ 
merce, it is directly the reverse; since, 
were the value of the exports greater than 
the value of the imports, merchants would 
lose on every transaction with foreigners, 
and the trade with them would be speedily 
abandoned. On the other hand, Mr. 
Greeley , and other writers who favor pro¬ 
tection, contend that it is not well for a 
nation to buy more, year after year, than 
its surplus products will pay for, and that 
the nation that persists in so doing inevi¬ 
tably plays the part of a prodigal, and in¬ 
vokes the penalties of culpable folly. The 
discussion of this question belongs rather 
to the department of political economy 
than of strict commerce, and the great 
majority of merchants act without any 
reference to it whatever. They buy 
abroad all the goods that they can pay for 
and sell at a profit. When they cease to 
make a profit on foreign goods they cease 
to purchase them, the trade thus regu¬ 
lating itself. We have known merchants, 
however, to scrutinize with careful interest 
the value of the imports and exports, and 
to shape their business for the next year 
accordingly. If they found that the im¬ 
ports were so largely in excess of the ex¬ 
ports of products and merchandise as to 
render it necessary to make large ship¬ 


ments of specie, they limited or counter¬ 
manded their foreign orders, reduced their 
stocks, and prepared themselves for a tight 
money market and a season of dull trade. 
It need hardly be added that these mer¬ 
chants were not among those who had to 
ask extensions. 

Balance slueet, a statement in 
which, in a condensed form, the adjusted 
accounts of a merchant are presented, ex¬ 
hibiting his pecuniary affairs, and show¬ 
ing the balance of property and debts, 
and profits and losses; a transcript of 
the balances of all the accounts on the 
ledger. 

Balancing, in book-keeping, ad¬ 
justing the entries in the books so that the 
different accounts will agree. 

Balaaaeoig book<«, the closing or 
adjusting of each personal or general ac¬ 
count in the ledger, in order to make up 
the balance sheet. 

Baltic, a weight for coal at Lisbon of 
12f lbs., also an oil measure at Lisbon of 
about 11A gallons. 

Bale. a package or bundle of goods, 
in a cloth or skin cover, and corded for 
transportation ; a package of merchandise 
of variable dimensions. Cotton, wool, and 
various other articles are shipped in bales. 
The established bale of cotton in Alabama, 
Louisiana, and Mississippi is 500 lbs.; in 
Georgia, 375 lbs.; and in South Carolina, 
362^ lbs. • at Alexandria, in Egypt, 228 lbs. ; 
Surat, 382 lbs. ; Bengal, 300 lbs.; Brazil, 
1G2 lbs. Practically, however, in packing 
cotton, these weights are only approximate. 
The average weight of the bales of all 
kinds of cotton arriving at Liverpool is 
about 400 lbs. 

Baleeia, the name given by sailors to 
the whalebone of commerce. 

Bale lasliiiags, cordage used in 
packing goods in bales. Hoop iron is now 
much used for cotton bales, for which 
purpose it is imported in lengths of about 
10 feet. 

Bale rope, a loosely manufactured 
hempen or other kind of rope, used for 
securing bales of merchandise. 

Bali sue, a kind of coarse canvas for 
packing. 

Bailing' paper, a name for stout 
wrapping or packing paper. 

Balize, a mast or pole erected on a 
bank for a landmark ; a buoy or sea-bea¬ 
con. 

Balks, logs of square timber, which 
may vary in length from 20 feet upwards, 
and square not less than 8 inches. 



42 


BALL. 


BALSAM PERU. 


IS all, a signal hoisted on a flagstaff ; 
a bullet or ball of metal for cannon ; a 
ball for play ; a ball of thread, Ac. 

Ballast, a shipping term for stone, 
pig iron, sand, coal, or other heavy mate¬ 
rial placed in the hold of a ship to steady 
it in the water. A ship which leaves 
a port without a cargo is said to be in 
ballast. It was held by the Secretary of the 
Treasury that stone ballast, even if un¬ 
merchantable, if landed from a vessel from 
a foreign port, must pay duty as on a non- 
enumerated article. Let. to Col. at Pen¬ 
sacola , April 6, 1869. 

Bill last age, a toll paid for the pri¬ 
vilege of taking up ballast from the bottom 
of the port. 

Ballast 1 agister, a boat employed in 
conveying ballast to a vessel. 

Ballatoosis, large, heavy luggage 
boats in Russia, used in the transport of 
timber. 

BaSliage, a duty paid to the corpo¬ 
ration of London on certain foreign goods 
or commodities exported. 

Ball oss, a package of various kinds of 
goods; thus, a ballon of paper in France is 
twenty-four reams; a ballon of white 
glass, twenty-five bundles of six plates 
each; of colored glass, twelve bundles of 
three plates each. 

Ballone, in Italy, a large bale of 
goods. 

Ballot, a term in Sweden for ten 
reams of paper; and in the wool, silk, and 
other trades, for a small bale or package. 

BaBiii of Gilead, another name for 
the balsam of Mecca or of Syria. The bal¬ 
sam has a yellowish or greenish color, a 
warm and somewhat bitter aromatic taste, 
and a fragrant smell, and is the produce of 
a tree (amysis gileadensis ) indigenous to 
Arabia and Abyssinia. It is valued as an 
odoriferous ointment or cosmetic by the 
Turks. It is said that the quantity of bal¬ 
sam yielded by one tree is only about sixty 
drops in a day ; it is therefore very scarce, 
and can with difficulty be procured in an 
unadulterated state, much of which, sold 
under the name, being nothing more than 
dried Canada balsam. The term Balm of 
Gilead is also applied to a species of Amer¬ 
ican poplar, the populvs ba Isam if era; also to 
a fir-tree, the aides balsamea , from which a 
resin is obtained and sold as Canada balsam. 

Balmorals, a heavy skirting of wool¬ 
len or worsted in bright colors, sometimes 
mixed with cotton, in imitation of the skirt 
worn by the Swiss peasants; the name is 
taken from the Scotch country residence 


of Queen Victoria, by whom it was there 
worn, and thus rendered fashionable. Up¬ 
wards of fifty different styles or patterns 
are manufactured in the United States. 

Balsa, a kind of float or raft used on 
the coasts of South America for landing 
goods through a heavy surf. It is formed 
of two seal-skins sewn up so as to form two 
large bags, and covered with pitch, to make 
them air-tight. They are inflated with air 
and fastened together at one end, which 
forms the prow of the vessel, the other 
ends being kept about four feet apart by 
means of a small plank ; and the raft is # 
completed with small sticks covered over 
with matting, having thus the shape of a 
wedge or triangle. It is propelled by a 
double-bladed paddle, and the conductor, 
on approaching the shore, contrives to 
keep the balsa on the top of the highest 
wave till it is thrown on the beach. By 
this means cargoes are landed from mer¬ 
chant vessels where the violence of the surf 
prevents ordinary boats from passing. 

Balsams, oily, aromatic, resinous sub¬ 
stances, obtained by incisions from trees 
and plants, some solid, others liquid. Sev¬ 
eral of them enter largely into commerce. 

Balsam Copaiva, or Copaiba, 
a liquid, resinous juice, obtained from the 
stem of a tree called copaifera officinalis, 
or c. mullijuga , growing in Brazil, Cay¬ 
enne, and the West India islands, used in 
medicine and in the arts. It is imported 
in casks containing from 100 to 1501bs., and 
is said to be frequently adulterated with 
castor-oil and turpentine. 

Balsam fir, the Canadian balsam. 

Balsa mi to, a tincture or essence of 
balsam, made from balsam Peru and rum, 
and much used in Central America. 

Balsam Mecca, the balm of Gilead 
balsam. 

Balsam of ToIbb, a liquid balsam 
from the Tolu tree, which grows on the 
mountains of Tolu, Timbacca, and other 
places in South America. When fresh it 
is of the consistence of turpentine, but be¬ 
comes hard and brittle by age. It is fre¬ 
quently adulterated. Usually brought to 
this country from Carthagena, in cala¬ 
bashes, earthen jars, or glass vessels. 

Balsam Bern, a liquid balsam ex¬ 
tracted from the myroxylon peruiferum , a 
tree which grows in Peru, Central Ameri¬ 
ca, and Mexico. There are two kinds in 
commerce, the white and the black. It is 
usually imported in tin canisters ; that 
which comes in the shell of the cocoa-nut 
is sometimes called balsam en coque. 




I 


BALSAM-TREE BALSAM. 

Balsa in-tree lialsain, a resin 
obtained from the balsam-tree growing in 
Jamaica and South America. 

Baltic Sir, the timber and lumber 
of the firs from the countries about the 
Baltic, largely used in England for build¬ 
ing purposes. 

Baltic oak, a valuable species of 
oak exported from the Baltic, and used 
chiefly for ship-building. 

Baltimore, one of the principal 
commercial cities in the United States, sit¬ 
uated on a bay which connects with the 
Patapsco River, about 12 miles above its en¬ 
trance into the Chesapeake Bay. The 
harbor is safe, commodious, and ample, 
with a sufficient depth of water for mer¬ 
chant ships drawing 22 feet. The foreign 
trade is large, the principal exports being 
petroleum, tobacco, and naval stores. 
Other exports are wheat, flour, com, ba¬ 
con, candles, soap, oysters, etc. The an¬ 
nual sale of oysters in kegs, cans, and 
otherwise, amounts to over 5 millions of 
dollars, and over 1,000 vessels of 50 tons 
or under, and 600 to 700 larger vessels, are 
employed in this trade alone. The mer¬ 
chants of this city have secured and sus¬ 
tain a very large wholesale trade with 
country merchants and dealers in the 
Southern and Western States. They em¬ 
ploy, also, a large amount of shipping in 
the West India trade, and, as a general 
rule, West India products can be pur¬ 
chased on more favorable terms in Balti¬ 
more than in New York or Philadelphia. 
For the number of merchant sailing ves¬ 
sels, steamboats, etc., and amount of ton¬ 
nage belonging to the port of Baltimore, 
see Vessels. 

Commercial Regulations adopted by the Board of 
Trade of Baltimore, to obtain where no express 
agreement to the contrary exists. 

COMMISSIONS ON BANKING. 

On purchase of stocks, bonds, and all 

kinds of securities... X per cent. 

On purchase of stocks, bonds, and all 
kinds of securities, including the 
drawing of bills for their payment.. 1 “ 

On sale of stocks, bonds, and all kinds 
of securities, including remittances 


in bills and guarantee. 1 “ 

On purchase or sale of specie and bul¬ 
lion. X “ 

Remittances in bills of exchange. X “ 

Remittances in bills of exchange, with 

guarantee. 1 

Drawing or endorsing bills of ex¬ 
change . 1 “ 

Collecting dividends on stocks, bonds, 

or other securities. X “ 

Collecting interest on bonds and mort¬ 
gages. % “ 


BALTIMORE. 43 

Receiving and paying moneys on which 
no other commission is received. X per cent. 

On issuing letters of credit to travel¬ 
lers, exclusive of foreign bankers’ 
charges. “ 

Brokerage on foreign bills of ex¬ 
change . M%X “ 


COMMISSIONS ON GENERAL BUSINESS. 

On sales of foreign merchandise. 2X per cent. 

On sales of domestic merchandise, not 

otherwise provided for. 2X “ 

On guarantee. 2X “ 

On selling flour and meal. 2X “ 

On selling grain received by vessels_per bus.l^c. 

On do. by railroad or steamboat, ex¬ 
clusive of expense of delivery.per bus. 2 to 3c. 

On purchase and shipment of mer¬ 
chandise, on cost and charges with 

funds in hand. 2X per cent. 

On collecting delayed and litigated 

accounts. 2X “ 

On landing, reshipping, or delivering 
goods from vessels in distress, on 

value of invoice. 1 “ 

On procuring or obtaining money on 
bottomry or respondentia bond on 

vessels.:.1 “ 

Landing and reshipping, on specie 

and bullion. X “ 

Receiving and forwarding merchan¬ 
dise entered at Custom-House, on 

invoice value. 1 “ 

On consignments of merchandise withdrawn or re¬ 
shipped full commissions are to be charged, to the ex¬ 
tent of advances or responsibilities incurred, and 
one-half commission on the residue of the value. 

The risk of loss by robbery, fire (unless insurance 
be ordered), theft, popular tumult, and all other un¬ 
avoidable occurrences, is in all cases to be borne by 
the owners of the goods, provided due diligence has 
been exercised in the care of them. 

Merchandise Brokers on cargo sales \ per cent, and 
government tax ; on other sales % to 1 per cent, as to 
character and amount. 


< 

SHIPPING. 

On purchase or sale of vessels. 2X per cent. 

On disbursement and outfit of vessels.. 2X “ 

On collecting freight. 2X P er cent. 

On collecting insurance losses of all 
kinds. 2X “ 


On chartering vessels, or procuring 
freight and passengers on amount of 
freight actual or estimated, to be 
considered as due when the charter 
parties are signed, including broker¬ 
age. 5 “ 

No charter to be considered binding till a mem¬ 
orandum or one of the copies of the charter has been 
signed. 

On giving bonds for vessels under at¬ 
tachment in litigated cases, on ain't 

of liability. 2X per cent. 

The foregoing commissions are exclusive of auction 
duty, and commissions, brokerage, storage, and every 
other charge actually incurred. 


FREIGHT AND FREIGHTING. 

If a vessel is freighted by the ton, and no special 
agreement is made respecting the proportions at 
which each article shall be computed, the following 
shall be the standard of computation, viz.: 


































BALTIMORE. 


44 BALTIMORE. 


2,240 

2,240 

1,880 

1,508 

1,307 

1,120 

1,110 

952 

784 

072 

1,120 

1,344 

900 


2,240 lbs. Pig and Bar Iron, Lead, Copper, Coal,' 
Logwood, Fustic, and other heavy 

Dye-Woods. 

Nicaragua and Braziletto wood. 

net Sugar and Rice in casks. 

“ Coffee in bags. 

“ do. in casks. 

“ Cocoa in bags or bulk. 

“ do. in casks. 

“ Pimento in bags. 

“ do. in casks. 

“ Ship Bread in bags. 

“ do. in casks. 

“ Dried Hides. 

“ Dried Codfish in casks. 

“ wt. Green Teas and China Raw- 

Silk. 

1,120 “ “ Bohea and other Black Tea. 

8 bbls. Flour of 196 net. 

6 “ Beef, Pork, and Tallow. 

7 “ Naval Stores and Pickled Fish. 

200 gals, wine measure—estimating the full 

contents of the cask of Oil, Wine, 

Brandy, &c. 

22 bus. Grain, Peas, Beans, &c., in casks.... 

36 “ do. do. do. in bulk. 

31 “ St. Ubes, Cape de Yerds, &c., in bulk. 

31 “ West India Salt, in bulk. 

10 sacks of Liverpool. 

40 cubic feet of Plank, Boards, Timber, bale 

goods, packages, and boxes. 

In estimating the contents in cubic feet of various 
packages and goods, the following shall be the 
standard:— 


B 


feet. 


A Flour Barrel. 5 

A tierce of Rice. 15 

A hhd. of Flaxseed. 12 

A hhd. of Virginia Tobacco or Stems. 50 

A hhd. of Kentucky. 55 

A hhd. of Maryland and Ohio. 40 

5 bushels of Grain in bulk or bags. 5 


In computing boxes of Candles and Soap, kegs of 
Butter and Lard, Hams and Bacon, and generally all 
similar articles, 200 lbs. net wt. shall be equal to 
a barrel of 5 cubic feet. 

All goods brought to this port on freight must 
be delivered at the expense of the vessel bringing the 
same. The consignee of a cargo, or the larger 
portion of a cargo, has the right to designate the 
place of discharge on any wharf within the city limits 
accessible to the vessel. A delivery, after due notice, 
on any good wharf at Fell’s Point, dui-ing business 
hours, is a delivery in the port of Baltimore. Hides, 
or any other merchandise prohibited to be landed in 
the city at certain periods, must be landed where the 
public authorities may direct. 

In all cases when vessels are obliged (by the quar¬ 
antine regulations or city authorities) to discharge 
their cargo in the stream, the expense of delivering 
the same shall be borne by the carrier only. 


TAKES AND WEIGHTS. 

Tares shall be allowed as follows:— 

Sugar, in hhds., or tierces, or bbls., 12 per cent.; in 
boxes, 15 percent.; do., in linen bags, 3, and mats, 5 
per cent.; and in all other packages, the actual tare. 

Coffee, Java, in gunny and grass bags, 2 percent.; 
Rio and other bags, 1 per cent.; and all other pack¬ 
ages, actual tare. 

Cocoa, in bags, 2 per cent. 

Pepper, in linen or single gunny bags, 2 per cent.; 
in other packages, the actual tare. 

Pimento, in linen or single gunny bags, 3 per cent.; 
other packages, the actual tare. 

Rice, in tierces and half tierces, 10 per cent. ; and 
In bags, actual tare. 

Copperas, in hhds. or bbls., actual tare. 


Teas, green, w r hole chests, 20 lbs., and in all other 
packages, Canton tare. 

Cassia, in mats, 9 per cent.; boxes and other pack¬ 
ages, the actual tare. 

Indigo, in ceroons, in single hides, 9 per cent.; in 
all other cases, the actual tare. 

Ginger, 2 per cent., and Cloves, 9 lbs. per bale. 

Alum, Brimstone, Nutmegs, Mace, Almonds, Figs, 
Cheese, Soap, Candles, Chocolate, Currants, Prunes, 
Starch, and all other articles not above mentioned, 
the actual tare, or the marked tare for packages if 
imported. 

For a sack of ground Alum Salt, 214 lbs. gross shall 
be considered as a fair average weight. 

Grain, Seeds, &c.—Standard weight per bus.: For 
Wheat, 60 lbs.; Com, 56 lbs.; Rye, 56 lbs.; Oats, 32 
lbs. ; Beans, 62 lbs.; Cloverseed, 64 lbs.; Timothy, 45 
lbs.; Flaxseed, 56 lbs.; Buckwheat, 48 lbs.; Barley, 48 
lbs. ; Peas, 50 lbs.; Potatoes, 60 Ins.; Com on the cob, 
70 lbs.; Onions, 57 lbs. ; Chestnuts, 56 lbs. 

No charge shall be made for casks, barrels, boxes, 
or other original packages. 


STORAGE. Cts. per 

month. 

Hogsheads of Sugar. 30 

Do. Tobacco, Maryland and Ohio. 25 

Do. do. Virginia and Ky.... 30 

Do. Molasses. 40 

Rum, Oil, and pipes of Wine, Brandy, and Gin 30 
Hhds. Coffee, Copperas, Codfish, and Tallow. 20 

Tierces of Sugar, Molasses, and half pipes... 20 

Do. Rice, Coffee, Flaxseed, Alum, &c. 12)4 

Barrels of Rum, Whiskey, Sugar, Fish, 

Cheese, Oil, and quar. casks Wine. 6 

Barrels of Molasses. 10 

Barrels of Flour and Coffee, and other dry 

articles. 3 

Boxes of Cuba Sugar. 10 

Boxes of Fish, Wine, Oil, Lemons, and 

Oranges. 3 

Boxes of Soap, Candles, Cheese, and Tin. 1 

Raisins, in boxes, and Figs, in drums. }4 

Bags of Coffee, Cocoa, Pepper, and Pimento.. 2 

Bales of Cotton. 20 

Indigo in ceroons, 4c.; in cases. 10 

Tea, in chests. 3 

Kegs of Butter, Tobacco, Nails, and Raisins.. 1 

Hides, dry. 1 

Hemp, per ton. 50 

Iron and Lead, per ton. 20 

Crates of Earthenware. 20 

Salt, per sack. 2 

Do. per bushel... 3^ 


All goods stored to be subject to one month’s sto¬ 
rage; if over one month, 10 days or less, half a 
month additional. 

The owners of goods to be at the expense of putting 
them in store and delivering them. 

Wharfage, see list of City Rates. 

RATES OF CHARGES ADOPTED BY THE PROVISION 
TRADE. 

On Storage per Month , viz. : 


Bacon or Bulk Meats, in hhds.15 cts. 

Pickled Meats, in hhds.20 “ 

“ “ “ tres.’ 6 “ 

Bacon, in tres..5 “ 

Lard, Pork, and Beef, inbrls. 4 “ 

“ in tres. 5 “ 

“ “ kegs. 2 “ 

Bulk Meats, in cellar, per 1000 lbs.".20 “ 

.Charges: 

For receiving or delivering, per hhd.5 “ 

“ “ “ “ “ tre.3 *« 

“ “ “ “ “ brl. 2 “ 

“ “ “ “ “ keg. u « 


“ loose meat p. 1000 lbs.20 “ 






































































BALTIMORE, 


BAMBOOS 


45 


For Salting or resalting (salt extra) loose 

meat per 1000 lbs.40 cts. 

For packing meats in slack casks, including 

cooperage.40 

For packing do. in tight casks.37>£ 

For weighing loose meat per 1000 lbs.20 

For weighing meat in casks. 7% 


No extra 
charge 


75 


For smoking Should's or Hams,' 

“ “ Sides 

“ Joles or Tongues.I-for recei- 

“ inspecting and repacking... | vingand 
Beef and Pork per brl ... J deliv’ing 
including all charges except storage. 

For inspecting Bacon or Bulk Meat per 1000 lbs., 
20 cts. 

Scalage on Bacon % per cent. ; on Bulk Meat 1 per 
cent. 

Tares on Bacon and Bulk Meat, actual. 

Pork and Beef to be packed or x - epacked in accord¬ 
ance with existing city ox-dinances. 


BALTIMORE CITY WHARFAGE RATES. 


Cents. 

Anvils. 1 

Anchors, large, with 

Chain. 25 

Anchors, medium, 

with Chain. 12% 

Anchors, small, with 

Chain. 6% 

Bales Cotton and To¬ 
bacco . 5 

Bales Domestics, 

Bags, and Hay... 4 

Bags Wool and Rags. 2 
Bags Coffee, Ginger, 

and Nuts. 1 

Bags Pepper and 

Bread. 1 

Bags Shot and Salt, % 
Bags Buckwheat.. . % 

Barrels containing 
Merchandise i n 

general. 2 

Barrels, Empty. 1 

Half Barrels con¬ 
taining Merchan¬ 
dise in general.... 1 

Boxes Sugar. 6 

Boxes Lemons and 

Oranges. 2 

Boxes Wines and 

Oil.. 2 

Boxes Soap and Cho¬ 
colate. % 

Boxes Candles and 

Pipes. % 

Boxes Raisins and 

Cheese. % 

Boxes Tin, Herring, 
and Window Glass % 
Boxes Tacks, Nails, 

and Screws. 1 

Bottles, per hamper. 4 

Bark, per cord. $% 

Bark, per bag. 1 

Bricks, per M. 20 

Rutter Tubs, large, 

per 100. 50 

Butter Tubs, small, 

per 10C. 25 

Bolts of Duck. % 

Bundles Merchan¬ 
dise, large. 1 

Bundles Merchan¬ 
dise, small. % 

Bureaus. 6% 

Bedsteads, large.... 6% 


Cents 

Bedsteads, small... 3 
Bookcases and Sec¬ 
retaries. 6% 

Cases Dry Goods... 3 
Cases Glassware and 

Indigo. 3 

Cases Matches and 
Domestic Boots.. 3 

Ceroons Indigo. 2 

Chalk, Coal, Cast¬ 
ings, Cord age, Dye- 
Woods, and Hemp, 

per ton. 15 

Crates Earthenware, 8 

Crates Bottles. 4 

Chests Tea, large... 4 

Chests Tea, small.. 2 

Copper and Lead, 

per pig. 1 

Potatoes, Onions, 

Lime, Salt, and all 
articles sold by 

bushel. % 

Casks and Tierces 

Glassware. 4 

Cattle and Horses... 12% 
Chairs, Rocking and 

Office, p. bdl. 3 

Chairs, small. 2 

Com-Shellers and 

Straw-Cutters_ 3 

Cradles. 2 

Cultivators, large.. 5 
Cultivators, small.. 2 

Chums. 1 

Covered Buckets, 
lai'ge, per 10 U.... 20 
Covered Buckets. 

small, per 100 .... 10 
Cocoa Nuts, per 

M. 20 

Cedar Logs, per 100, 25 

Drams Fish. 4 

Drums Figs. % 

Desks. 6% 

Fish, per quintal... 1 

Furnaces. 25 

Grindstones, large.. 5 
Grindstones, medi¬ 
um . 3 

Grindstones, small.. 1 

Grindstones, very 

small. % 

Hogsheads Tobacco, G% 
Hogsheads Sugar, if 


Cents. 

taken from wharf 

when landed. 6 % 

Hogsheads Bacon, 
Lampblack, and 

Glassware. 6% 

Hogsheads, Empty.. 3 
Hoop Poles, Hogs¬ 
head, per M. 20 

Hoop Poles, Barrel, 

per M. 12% 

Horns, per M. 20 

Hides, per 100.30 

Hides, wet, each... 1 

Harrows. 3 

Jars, Jugs, Pots, 
Kettles, Skillets, 
Ovens, and all ar¬ 
ticles of same de¬ 
nomination, each. 1 
Kegs containing 
Merchandise of all 

kinds. % 

Laths and Shingles, 

per M. 5 

Lumber, per 1,000 

feet. 20 

Leather, per 100 

sides.: 15 

Leather, per bundle 

and roll. 1 % 

Millstones, each.... 25 
Nests Tubs, Boxes, 

Pails, Buckets, 
and Wooden-ware 
in general, per 

nest. 1 

Oranges, per M.... 20 


Cents 

Oars, per 1,000feet. 10 
Paper, per ream or 

bundle. % 

Ploughs. 2 

Pianos.25 

Plaster, per ton.... 10 
Pig Iron, per ton... 5 

Salt, per sack. 1 

Slates, per M. 10 

Shovels, Spades, and 
Forks, per doz.... 2 

Scythes and Snaths, 

per bundle. 1 

Stone of all kinds, 

per ton. 10 

Steel and Wrought 
Iron of all kinds, 

per ton.15 

Staves, Hogshead, 

perM. 20 

Staves, Barrel, per 

M. 12% 

Shooks and Heads.. 2 

Stands, small. 2 

Sofas and Lounges. 10 

Sinks. 2 

Stoves, large. 12% 

Stoves, small. 6% 

Tranks. 3 

Tables, large. 6% 

Tables, small. 3 

Threshing Machines 50 

Wash-Stands. 3 

Wheat Fans. 12% 

Wood, per cord.... 6% 

Wheat-Cutters. 12% 


RATES FOR STORAGE, LABOR, ETC., UPON BONDED 
MANUFACTURED TOBACCO. 



Storage. 

Labor. 

Tierces. 

50 cts. 

50 cts. 

Half Tierces. 

25 “ 

25 “ 

Quarter Tierces. 

15 “ 

18 “ 

Kegs. 

12 “ 

14 “ 

Cases. 

16 “ 

20 “ 

Three-Quarter Boxes. 

10 “ 

12 “ 

Half Boxes. 

8 “ 

10 “ 

One-Third and Quarter Boxes.. 

5 “ 

6 “ 

Caddies. 

3 “ 

4 “ 


Other packages at proportionate rates. 

Baltimore clipper, a sailing ves¬ 
sel modelled and constructed with special 
reference to fast sailing, with raking 
masts and heavy canvas. First modelled 
and built at Baltimore. 

Balzariue, a light, mixed material 
of worsted and cotton, for ladies’ dresses. 

Baiiil>a, a Singhalese measure equal 
to about 2 yards. 

Bamboos, tall plants of the reed or 
cane kind, growing in the East Indies and 
some other warm climates, and extensively 
used for various manufactures in China, 
where there is scarcely a domestic article 
in which they do not form a component 
part. They are largely imported into the 
United States, where they are used for 













































































































46 


BAMBOU. 


BANK-BOOK. 


chair-seats, fish-poles, wicker-work, and a 
variety of purposes. 

Bambou, a variable dry measure in 
Eastern countries; an Indian maund of 
rice of 75 lbs. contains 21 bainbous; in the 
Moluccas the bambou of rice weighs only 
1 lb. 10 oz. As a measure of length in Pe¬ 
gu it is 45 yards. 

Belli, a kind of smooth, fine muslin 
manufactured in the East Indies. 

Belli ii ii as, the fruit of the plant 
musa mpimtum , which includes also the 
plantain, growing in the West Indies. The 
fruit grows in clusters, and the bunches 
vary in size, some of them containing not 
more than 8 or 10, and some as many 
as 90 or 100 bananas, and weighing from 
4 to 40 lbs. Cargoes of them are im¬ 
ported at New York and other northern 
cities, generally in a green state; but the 
fruit rapidly ripens and as rapidly decays. 

Bana*ta, in Spain a large basket 
made of twigs or laths. 

BaiK'iil, an Indian weight of about 
17 drachms avoirdupois 

Banca till, the name for the tin ob¬ 
tained originally from the island of Banca 
exclusively; but now procured throughout 
the Malay Islands, and sent to Singapore 
and Batavia, from whence it is shipped to 
different parts of the world. 

Banco, a commercial term used at 
Hamburg to distinguish bank money from 
the common currency; a word of Italian 
origin signifying a bank. 

Band, a weight for gold-dust in some 
parts of the coast of Western Africa, equal 
to about 2 oz. Troy. 

Bandal, or handle, a cloth meas¬ 
ure of about 18 inches, used in Ireland. 

Banda la, a fabric made in Manilla 
from the outer layers of the abaca or musa 
textilis. 

Bandana, a commercial term for 
a style of calico printing in which white 
or bright spots are produced on a red or 
dark ground. Originally a silk or cotton 
handkerchief dyed of a bright uniform 
color from India ; but now manufactured 
in England and Scotland. 

Bandbox, a thin, light, wooden, 
paper, or pasteboard box, used mostly by 
milliners. Many thousands of them are 
made in Philadelphia and New York annu¬ 
ally. 

Bandstring twist, small lashing 
done up in papers of about 408 yards each. 

Bang, the name given to the leaves 
and capsules of a species of hemp growing 
in Hindostan and other parts of the East, 


from which an intoxicating drink is ob¬ 
tained. 

Bangby-waSlala, an Indian porter 
who carries his load in two light boxes 
swung on a pole borne over the shoulder. 

Bangkok, the capital of Siam, sit¬ 
uate on the river Meinam, about 30 miles 
from where the river empties into the Gulf 
of Siam. It is one of the chief commer¬ 
cial cities of Asia. The population is es¬ 
timated at near 400,000, one-half consist¬ 
ing of Chinese settlers. The trade of the 
city is chiefly with China, Singapore, Java, 
and Cochin China; but merchant vessels 
from the United States and from Europe 
occasionally visit the port, with cotton 
piece goods, and brass and copper ware, 
opium, gold leaf, machinery, Mexican dol¬ 
lars, etc. From China the imports are 
quicksilver, tea, crapes, raw silk, porce¬ 
lain, spelter, etc. The principal exports 
are rice, sugar, pepper, sapan-wood, 
paddy, feathers, skins, hides, salt, mussels, 
cardamoms, sticklac, etc. 

Gold and copper are not used as money, and the 
currency consists only of cowrie-shells and silver. 
The denominations are as follows: 200 bia or coteries 
make 1 p'hai-nung; 2 p'hai-nungs, 1 sing-p'hai; 2 
sing-p'hais , 1 fuang ; 2 fuangs, 1 salting ; 4 saltings , 

1 bat or tical; 80 ticals, 1 cuttle ; 100 catties, 1 picul. 
The standard coin is the bat, which Europeans have 
called the tical; but there are also coins of the lower 
denominations. They are, however, nothing more 
than small bits of a silver bar bent, and the ends 
beaten together, and impressed with stamps. The 
value of the bat or tical is about 2 s. 6 cl. (61 cents). The 
cattie and picul represent merely weights of silver, 
and are only used for the calculation of large sums. 
The Siamese cattie is double the weight of the Chinese, 
which is well known to be 1% lb. avoirdupois. The 
picul is the same, consisting in the one case of 50 
catties, and in the other of 100. McCulloch, 

Bangles, anklets and bracelets made 
of shell, glass, gold, etc. 

Bangor, an important seaport city of 
Maine, situate on the Penobscot River, 
about 60 miles from its mouth. It has a 
large foreign and domestic trade in general 
merchandise ; and is especially noted for 
its lumber business, not far from 2,000 
vessels being employed in the trade. 

Bangra, a hard, stiff hempen cloth, 
made in Nepaul, from the fibre of a species 
of nettle. 

Banian, a merchant or agent, in 
Bengal. 

Bankable, funds which are received 
as cash at their par value by banking in¬ 
stitutions. 

Bank balance, 'the amount on de¬ 
posit in bank, subject to draft. 

Bank-book, the book given out 
from a bank to a depositor, in which are 






BANK CLERK. 


BANKRUPT ACT. 


47 


entered the amounts deposited from time 
to time, the date of the deposit, and the 
initial of the teller who receives it, and 
the net proceeds of discounts and collec¬ 
tions. It forms the depositor’s voucher 
for the money deposited in the bank. 

Hank clerk, an assistant in a bank¬ 
ing-house. Outside of the bank, all below 
the cashier are usually termed bank 
clerks ;—in the bank they are designated 
as tellers, discount clerks, book-keepers, 
etc. 

Hank director, a stockholder 
chosen or elected as one of a committee 
or board of management to conduct the 
affairs of a bank. In most of the banking 
institutions in the United States the direc¬ 
tors are elected annually by the stock¬ 
holders, and are usually chosen from among 
those who are deemed wealthy and of 
good reputation, and of commercial ex¬ 
perience. 

Hanker, a dealer in money; one who 
is intrusted with the care of the funds of 
others; also, the name for a vessel employ¬ 
ed on the Newfoundland banks in cod fish¬ 
ing. Those fitted out from Nova Scotia 
are from 20 to 50 tons, those from 
American ports and Newfoundland are 
larger. 

Hank fishery, the cod fishery on 
the banks of Newfoundland. 

Hank hours, the time within which 
business is transacted at a bank or banking 
house. In New York and Philadelphia the 
hours are from 10 A.M. till 3 p.m. Boston 
in summer from 9 A.M. till 2 P.M.— in 
winter from 10 A.M. till 2 P.M. 

Haok-note deteeter, a periodical 
publication containing a list of all counter¬ 
feit bills on the various banks of the coun¬ 
try, with such a brief description of them 
as may enable one to detect them. 

Hank-note reporter, a periodical 
publication containing a list of all the 
banks in the country, with the rates of 
discount at which the bills are received, 
and usually a description of counterfeit 
bills on any of the banks, notices of new 
banks, failures of old ones, and other bank¬ 
ing intelligence. 

Hank-notes, promissory notes for 
money to be paid on demand by a bank or 
banking company, called also bank-bills. 
Bank-notes, as a general rule, have only a 
local circulation, and do not pass current 
in districts remote from the place where 
they are issued. Notes of Philadelphia 
banks are at a discount in Portland or 
Boston, and the notes of the Portland or 


Boston banks are not received at par in 
Philadelphia. Bills or notes of the Bank 
of England, though current everywhere in 
England, are not so in France. The de¬ 
nominations of bank-notes are generally 1, 
2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 dol¬ 
lars. The provisions of the acts of Congress 
authorizing the issue of national bank-notes 
are at variance with some of the features 
of the incorporated banks of the States; 
but the material variances are exceptional 
and temporary and do not change the gen¬ 
eral principles. What was deemed tem¬ 
porary when the foregoing was written, 
now appears to be permanent; and under 
the new system the bank-notes of the 
country are current at any point, however 
remote from the place of their issue. See 
National Banks. 

Hiiaek porter, a messenger employ¬ 
ed by a bank or banker. He is usually 
intrusted with the counting and carrying 
the specie and the exchanges. The 
position is one of trust and respon¬ 
sibility. 

Hsuikrupt, the original signification 
of this term is a broken up and ruined 
trader; a person whose banco , counter, or 
place of business is broken up, bancus rup- 
tus. In the United States it is applied to 
a merchant or trader who fails or becomes 
insolvent, and is unable to pay his debts. 
In England a distinction is made between a 
bankrupt and an insolvent debtor, but in 
the United States no well-defined distinc¬ 
tion exists. The term bankrupt is, how¬ 
ever, generally applied only to traders or 
merchants; and insolvent or insolvency to 
other persons. A man may be a bankrupt 
and yet perfectly solvent, that is, eventu¬ 
ally able to pay all his debts; or he may 
be insolvent, and in consequence of not 
having done, or suffered, an act of bank¬ 
ruptcy, he may not be a bankrupt. 

Haafiknept act. —The Constitution 
of the United States authorizes Congress 
u to establish uniform laws on the subject 
of bankruptcies throughout the United 
States.” Under this authority a general 
bankrupt law was ]>assed in the year 1841, 
but was soon repealed. Various attempts 
and repeated efforts to re-enact such a law 
were made under different administrations 
of the Government; but it was not until the 
year 1867 that these efforts were success¬ 
ful. By this act Congress constitutes the 
several district courts of the United States 
Courts of Bankruptcy, and gives to them 
original jurisdiction in their respective 
districts. Both Voluntary and Involun- 



48 


BANKRUPT ACT. 


BANKS. 


tary Bankruptcy are provided for. In the 
former the bankrupt applies by petition, 
setting forth, under oath, his inability to 
pay all his debts in full, and annexing 
thereto a schedule or statement in detail 
of his debts, and a like schedule of his 
assets. Notice is given to the creditors, 
an assignee is appointed to take charge of 
the effects of the debtor, proof taken of 
the claims, and a distribution of the bank¬ 
rupt’s estate is made pro rata , without any 
priority or preference, except wages due to 
operatives, or clerks, or house-servants, to 
an amount not exceeding $50. Finally a 
notice is given to all the creditors to ap¬ 
pear and show cause why a discharge 
should not be granted to the bankrupt; 
and if no just cause to the contraiy is 
shown, and if it appear that the bankrupt 
has in all things conformed to the require¬ 
ments of the law, the court will grant him 
a Discharge from all his debts. It is pro¬ 
vided, however, that no debt created by 
the fraud or embezzlement of the bank¬ 
rupt, or by his defalcation as a public offi¬ 
cer, or while acting in a fiduciary charac¬ 
ter, shall be discharged under this act. 
The provisions of the act for Involuntary 
Bankruptcy, by which a man may be de¬ 
clared or adjudged a bankrupt, are, among 
others, the following:—When a debtor is 
absent from the State in which he is an 
inhabitant, with intent to remain absent, 
or shall conceal himself to avoid the ser¬ 
vice of legal process, or shall conceal or 
remove any of his property to avoid its 
being attached, or shall make any transfer 
of his property with intent to defraud his 
creditors; or who, being bankrupt or in¬ 
solvent, or in contemplation of bankruptcy 
or insolvency, shall make any payment, 
conveyance, or transfer of money or other 
property; or who, being a banker, mer¬ 
chant, or trader, has fraudulently stopped 
or suspended, and not resumed payment 
of his commercial paper within a period 
of fourteen days; or if he commit certain 
other acts mentioned in said law, shall be 
deemed to have committed an act of bank¬ 
ruptcy, and, subject to the conditions pre¬ 
scribed, shall be adjudged a bankrupt, on 
the petition of one or more of his credit¬ 
ors, the aggregate of whose debts, provable 
under this act, amount to at least two 
hundred and fifty dollars. Provided such 
petition is brought within six months after 
the act of bankruptcy shall have been 
committed. If the facts set forth in the 
petition are found to be true, the court 
will adjudge the debtor to be a bankrupt, 


and a warrant will issue to take possession 
of his estate. 

JS;a.BBks, corporate institutions, gene¬ 
rally established under the sanction of law 
for the convenient transaction of mone¬ 
tary operations, with authority to receive 
money on deposit, to discount promissory 
notes or bills of exchange, and, under limi¬ 
tations, to issue notes for circulation. 
Banks are convenient as places for mer¬ 
chants to deposit their money from day to 
day, and from whence they may draw it 
on their checks from time to time as oc¬ 
casion requires. They are indispensable 
to every merchant whose business is of 
any considerable magnitude. The mer¬ 
cantile transactions of the city of New 
York amount to many millions of dollars 
per day. To transact business of this ex¬ 
tent without the intervention of banks 
would be simply impossible. Banks af¬ 
ford protection to the merchant in his 
business; liabilities to mistakes in count¬ 
ing, or the risks of losing money in its 
transmission, or of a messenger being rob¬ 
bed on his way to make a payment, are 
substantially avoided by payments being 
made by checks drawn to the order of the 
parties for whom the money is intended. 
They afford no inconsiderable assistance 
to the merchant in keeping the run of his 
available cash balances, by the simple re¬ 
ference to his check-book. They are not 
unfrequently the means of detecting errors 
or omissions in the accounts with individu¬ 
als, or of furnishing evidence of payments, 
or of other important facts. They afford 
facilities to the merchant, by discounting 
or advancing him money on his bills re¬ 
ceivable. They present and collect for 
merchants notes or drafts lodged for col¬ 
lection, either without charge or charging 
for the service the lowest rates. On the 
other hand, banks are frequently the source 
of incalculable injury to merchants, espe¬ 
cially to young merchants. AVhen money 
becomes scarce, suddenly and without any 
cause apparent to the dealer, the banks 
reject the offerings which up to that time 
were always freely discounted; and the 
dealer who reckoned on his usual bank 
facilities to meet his engagements is com¬ 
pelled, at the most inauspicious moment, 
to call upon his friends for aid, or to sub¬ 
mit to unexpectedly heavy rates of dis¬ 
count or interest on his business paper 
from note-brokers. Succeeding in raising 
the money he requires, the next week he 
again makes an offering at his bank. At 
the Board, one of the directors states that 




BANKS. 


it has come to his knowledge within a few 
days past that the young merchant is veiy 
hard up for money, and though the paper 
he offers is considered fair, yet upon the 
whole the bank should be very careful how 
it discounts for parties who are compelled 
to raise money at high rates of interest in 
the street. It is a curious fact that much 
of the paper which in times of an easy 
money market is deemed good, is looked 
upon with distrust just so soon as the 
bank finds itself unable to give its cus¬ 
tomers their usual accommodation. James 
S. Gibbons, Esq., in his book entitled 

Banks in New York,” lays down the fol¬ 
lowing rules for the guidance of merchants, 
which have a value beyond what is implied 
in the heading to the chapter. 

“ HOW TO TRANSACT BUSINESS WITH A 
BANK. 

“ If you are a stranger to the officers, and wish to 
open an account, get some respectable person who is 
known to them to introduce you either to the presi¬ 
dent or cashier. Do not ask him to vouch for any¬ 
thing beyond your integrity and fairness in dealing. 
Tell your own story about capital, business, property, 
and other matters which pertain to your commercial 
prospects—and exaggerate nothing. There is nothing 
that will recoil upon yourself so surely as an attempt 
to palm oil big tales on a bank officer. Your deposit- 
tickets, your checks, your bills receivable, your in¬ 
dorsements, and your ledger account, make together 
a history that dispels all shams, and leaves little to 
say. A man who begins with an exaggerated account 
of himself is measured by it afterwards, and appears 
relatively small. 

“ Borrow no money of your neighbors to swell your 
first deposits. This is a common practice, with the 
idea that it will make a favorable impression on the 
officers. They see through it at once, and take it as 
a proof of weakness. 

“Never try to bargain for special indulgences, 
such as the certification of your checks before your 
deposit is made, or the discount of your paper by 
the officers without its submission to the Board of 
Directors. The character of your account will settle 
these matters much more satisfactorily to all parties. 

“ Let your intercourse with the officers be candid 
and respectful, and be sparing in your personal soli¬ 
citation for discounts. Choose the earlier hours of 
the day for your interviews, and especially avoid the 
last hour before three o’clock. 

“Write your signature with the same freedom 
that you do in your own office and never vary the 
style of it. ....... 

Make your deposit as early in the day as possible. 
If you are accustomed to have many checks or large 
packages of bank-bills, it is better to make two de¬ 
posits—one at an early hour—than to hand in all at 
once just at three o’clock. Never change checks 
with other people merely to make larger figures. It 
causes needless labor to the bank clerks, makes you 
responsible for the debts of others, and is a real pre¬ 
judice to your credit. 

“ Never make deposits without your bank-book, if 
you can help it. Avoid all unnecessary conversa¬ 
tion with the clerks, especially with the tellers. 

“ Never get angry if the paying teller examines 
your account before certifying your check; nor if he 
keeps you waiting a few seconds before he can pay 
it. 


BAR. 49 

“Make it a rule to give checks only out of your 
own check-book, and at your own office. 

“ Never give out checks dated ahead. Keep your 
check-books out of sight and reach of strangers. 
Never give a stranger a check unless you have some 
evidence that he is not seeking it for fraudulent pur¬ 
poses. Never draw checks against your account, on 
the ground that you have sent some abroad that will 
not return immediately. Always consider a check 
paid when you give it out. 

“ Do not put off the offering of notes for discount 
until the last day of your need. It is better to keep 
from ten days to a fortnight ahead, and to let your 
balances remain in the bank until you require them. 
The loss of interest is very trifling at best. You lose 
more by anxiety and unfitness for business. 

“If the bank ledger shows a larger balance in your 
favor at any time than your own check-book, ac¬ 
quaint the book-keeper with it immediately. As you 
value your credit with the bank, never take advan¬ 
tage of deposits wrongly entered to your account, but 
let your dealings be strictly honorable. 

“ If you have any cause of complaint against the 
clerks, state it directly to the officers. The clerks act 
under their instructions, which they dare not dis¬ 
obey. 

“If the drawers of any notes lodged as collaterals 
to loans or discounts should fail, do not wait for the 
bank officers to discover it, but substitute good notes 
for them without delay.” {See National Banks.) 

Bank stoek, the paid-up capital of 
any bank, which usually is divided into 
shares of a certain amount, and for which 
certificates are given, and which may be 
transferred by assignment. Bank stock 
has always been a favorite mode of invest¬ 
ing money in the United States, and, upon 
the whole, it has probably proved as profit¬ 
able as any other mode, and excepting in¬ 
vestments made on bond and mortgage, 
quite as safe. The losses sustained by 
banks are in most instances the result of 
deliberate frauds and abuses of trust 
made by bank officers. The business of 
banking is safe and reasonably profitable 
when conducted with intelligence and 
honesty ; no business can long be success¬ 
ful conducted on other principles. 

Baimcttc, a French commercial 
term for a certain number of hides; a 
bundle of hides. 

Bimtam work, gaudily varnished 
Japan work. 

Banyan, a Hindoo merchant or 
trader; a confidential cashier or broker for 
a mercantile firm. 

Bar, an arbitrary commercial term and 
monetary standard of value on the West 
Coast of Africa. Certain goods are said to 
be equal to a bar in different localities, 
but the trade value of the bar varies from 
about half a dollar in Sierra Leone to six 
cents in Old Calabar. It is also the French 
name for the millier, a weight. Bar, as 
usually applied to metals, in commerce, 
means a piece which has much greater 


4 



50 


BARACARA SEEDS. 


BARLEY. 


length than diameter. But when the term 
bar-iron is used, it may refer to the class 
of iron or state of manufacture, as well as 
to the form of the piece. 

Baracara seeds, the red seeds of 
the baracara tree of Demerara, used for 
beads and other ornamental purposes. 

Kara!, a liquid measure ; for wine, in 
the south of .France, 6f gallons; for oil, at 
Montpellier, 9-| gallons; at Toulouse, a lit¬ 
tle more than 13^ gallons. 

Baraqae, the name for a small store 
or shop in France. 

Barbadoes is aits, the fruit of the 

Jatropha curcas , of South America and 
Asia, which from their medicinal qualities 
are also called physic-nuts. 

Barbadoes tar, a species of petro¬ 
leum or bituminous oil, obtained in Barba- 
does. 

Barbary gam, a gum procured 
from the Acacia gummifera , called also 
Morocco gum. Imported from Tripoli, 
Barbary, and Morocco. 

Barberry root, the root of a shrub¬ 
by plant, which contains a yellow coloring 
matter, employed in the manufacture of 
morocco leather. 

Barbone, a silver coin used in Lucca 
of the value of about 7 cents. 

Barca, a Portuguese two-masted ves¬ 
sel. 

ISarelaillla, a grain measure of Spain ; 
at Valencia a little less than % a bushel.. 

Barcoa, a kind of boat used by trav¬ 
ellers for carrying baggage and articles of 
various kinds, not merchandise, on the 
Mediterranean. 

Bar copper, unrefined copper in 
bars. 

Bardiglio, or toardelEa, a blue 
Sicilian marble. 

Bare, when an article of merchandise 
is scarce at a particular place, the market 
at that place is said to be bare; which, 
however, does not always imply high, or 
even improved prices, as the article may 
not be in demand. 

Barege, a thin material for ladies’ 
dresses, originally a woollen fabric which 
took its name from the valley of Bareges, 
in France, where it was first manufactured. 
Much of it is now woven with a warp of 
silk, and cheap bareges are made with 
cotton and wool. 

Bargain, an agreement or verbal con¬ 
tract ; a sale or purchase ; an advantageous 
purchase, as, I have bought such a lot of 
goods at a bargain. 

Barge, a large flat-bottomed boat or 


vessel of burden, used mostly on rivers 
in the transportation of heavy merchan¬ 
dise. 

ISariSe, a Sicilian and Italian cask; 
as a liquid measure, varying in different 
localities. At Corsica, 37 gallons; for wine, 
at Florence, 12 gallons, and for oil, 9f gal¬ 
lons ; at Genoa, 19 , fi oths for wine, and for 
oil, 17 gallons; at Leghorn and Pisa, for 
wine, 12 gallons; at Rome, 15?ths gallons. 
As a weight for salt, at Cephalonia, 67^r 
pounds; and for fish, at Leghorn, 75 
pounds. 

Barilla, an alkali of commerce called 
soda ash ; an impure carbonate of soda, 
manufactured on the eastern coast of 
Spain and the shores of the upper Med¬ 
iterranean. It is made by burning sea¬ 
weeds, or certain plants that grow upon 
the sea-shore, some of which are cultivated 
for the purpose, in Spain, Sicily, and the 
Canary Islands. The plants are obtained 
and dried like hay, and then burned in 
holes in the ground. It is used in the 
manufacture of glass and soap, and by 
bleachers; but since the manufacture of 
carbonate of soda directly from sea-salt, 
the use of barilla has very much de¬ 
clined. 

Barilla, an inferior sort of Spanish 
silk. 

Bar-iron, iron advanced in manu¬ 
facture from the pig, made malleable, and 
drawn out and shaped into bars (under the 
trip-hammer or by the rolling-mill) of vari¬ 
ous lengths and thicknesses, for the differ¬ 
ent uses to which it is intended to be ap¬ 
plied. 

Barkers, in London called touters ; 
disreputable persons employed at mock 
auctions to induce country people and 
strangers to enter the salesroom. In New 
York these fellows are called Peter 
Funks. 

Barking, a technical name for color¬ 
ing sails, nets, cordage, etc. 

Barks, the outer covering of plants 
and trees, many of which enter largely 
into commerce, and are used by tanners, 
by dyers, in medicine, and for their 
fibre. 

Barley, a grain of which there are 
several cultivated varieties, used chiefly 
for malting, also for culinary purposes 
after it has undergone the process of pearl¬ 
ing. This is done by machinery which re¬ 
moves the husk for pot barley, and a por¬ 
tion of the outside of the kernel for pearl- 
barley, leaving the remainder smooth and 
round. It is extensively raised in the 



BARLOW KNIFE. 


BARUS CAMPHOR. 


51 


Northern and Middle States, and in the 
Canadas, and in most of the European 
countries. In the United States it is 
mostly in demand for malting- purposes in 
the manufacture of ale and beer. The 
bushel consists of 48 lbs. The exports 
for each of the years 1865 and 1866 were 
about 20,000 bushels, while for the year 
1867 they amounted to upwards of 2,000,- 
000 bushels, for 1868 to upwards of 3,000,- 
000 bushels, and for 1869 to 5,000,000 
bushels. 

Barlow knife, the name given to a 
very cheap kind of pocket-knife with one 
blade and a rough bone handle. The size 
of blade and style of handle are all that 
remain of this once celebrated manufac¬ 
ture of “ Barlow ,” the name of the original 
maker of a superior knife, of which the 
kinds now sold are worthless imita¬ 
tions. 

Barmiiiliaiis, a trade name for a 
kind of fustian. 

Barotti, a weight in the Molucca 
islands of 12 lbs.; a grape basket used in 
France. 

Barque, a three-masted vessel, which 
differs from one ship-rigged in carrying no 
square sails on her mizzenmast. 

Barracan, a thick coarse camlet, of 
wool or mixed material, used for cloaks 
or outer garments, chiefly made in 
France. 

B arracoon, the name of a slave 
warehouse on the coast of Africa, where 
slaves are confined until they are sold and 
placed on board vessels. 

Siarra^e, a linen fabric interwoven 
with worsted flowers, made in Nor¬ 
mandy. 

Barral, the Spanish name for a large 
bottle capable of holding four gallons. 

Barratry, any species of cheating or 
fraud in a shipmaster, or on the part of 
mariners, by which the owners or insurers 
are injured, as by running away with the 
ship, sinking or deserting her, or by em¬ 
bezzling the cargo or vessel. Acts of bar¬ 
ratry committed by u any captain or mar¬ 
iner of any ship or vessel,” are by the laws 
of the United States punishable by death, 
as for piracy. 

Barrattees, a kind of plain silk. 

Barrel, a round vessel or cask of 
more length than breadth, and bulging in 
the middle, made of staves and heading, 
and bound with hoops; those for flour, 
grain, or other dry articles have wooden 
hoops ; those for liquors and liquids gen¬ 
erally have iron hoops. 


Barrel, a measure of capacity;—the 
quantity which a barrel contains, which 
varies with different articles and at differ¬ 
ent places. A barrel contains—of wheat 
flour, 196 lbs.; lime, 320 lbs.; fish, 220 lbs.; 
beef, 200 lbs.; pork, 200 lbs. Liquid capa¬ 
city, for oil, at Cincinnati, 43 gallons ; wine 
and brandy, United States and Great Bri¬ 
tain, 31^ gallons ; for port wine, at London, 
34£ gallons; sherry, 32£ gallons. The laws of 
the State of New York require all barrels in 
which any beef or pork shall be repacked, to 
be made of good seasoned white oak or 
white ash staves and heading, and each 
barrel shall contain 200 lbs. The bar¬ 
rels shall measure 17£ inches between 
the chimes, and be 28 inches long, and 
hooped with 12 good hickory, white 
oak, or other substantial hoops; if it 
be made of ash staves it shall be hoop¬ 
ed with 14 hoops at least. The staves 
and heads shall be made of good thick stuff, 
the heads not less than £ of an inch thick, 
and the staves at the bilge shall not be less 
than £ an inch. Half barrels shall con¬ 
tain not more than 16, nor less than 15 
gallons, and shall contain one-half the 
quantity of beef and pork of the whole 
barrel. 

Barrel SmSk, in shipping, a measure 
of capacity for freight, equal to 5 cubic 
feet; 8 barrels bulk or 40 cubic feet mak¬ 
ing one ton of measurement. 

Barrelled, put up or packed in a 
barrel. 

Barril, a measure for honey; at Havana 
containing 6 gallons; at Lisbon, a measure 
of capacity equal to 78f gallons; for 
raisins at Malaga, a weight of 50|ths 
pounds. 

Barrique, a cask or hogshead of 
variable capacity employed for liquids, 
varying from 40 to 83 gallons. 

Barrow, a light hand carriage for re¬ 
moving goods in the warehouse, as the 
wheelbarrow, the porter’s barrow. 

Bar silver, fine silver melted into 
bars or ingots. 

Bar steel, steel in bars. 

Barter, to traffic or trade by exchang¬ 
ing one commodity for another. A con¬ 
tract for barter is always of goods for 
goods, whereas a sale is an exchange of 
goods for money; a mode of trade which 
is gradually giving way to sale and pur¬ 
chase. 

Bar a ay, a commercial weight, at 
Madras of 500 pounds; at Mysore, 485£ 
pounds. 

Barus camplior, in Sumatra the 



52 


BARUTH. 


BATAVIA. 


best camphor is obtained in a district called 
Barus—hence the name. 

Bariltil, an oriental measure for pep¬ 
per, equal to about 56 lbs. 

Barutine^ a manufacture of silk in 
Persia. 

Barwood, a red dye-wood, obtained 
from a species of bapMa growing - in West 
Africa. It is imported from Angola and 
Gaboon. This wood in the state of a coarse 
powder is of a bright red color, without 
any odor or smell. It is nearly allied to 
sanders wood, but contains about 6 per 
cent, more red coloring matter. 

Barytes, a mineral, some varieties of 
which are ground and mixed with white 
lead as an adulteration ; for which purpose, 
besides what is produced in our own coun¬ 
try, considerable amounts are imported 
from England. The price of barytes in 
England before grinding is usually about 
$5 per ton. Its low price and great 
weight cause it to be introduced into the 
manufacture of many articles to increase 
their weight. Nitrate of barytes is used 
in pyrotechny for making green fire ; the 
carbonate is employed in color manufac¬ 
tories, in the manufacture of plate-glass, 
and in the preparation of beet-root sugar. 

Bas-relief, sculptured representa¬ 
tions raised upon a flat surface in such 
a manner as to project from it less than 
one-half the general depth of the figures ; 
statues or statuettes of terra-cotta, marble, 
or other material in bas-relief are not re¬ 
garded as statuary; the Treasury Regu¬ 
lations require that an article to be class¬ 
ed as statuary must be in full relief. 

Bashee, a money of Persia, worth 
about 29 cents. 

Basil oil, an aromatic oil, obtained 
from the roots of the basil, a fragrant pot¬ 
herb. 

Basin, a wet dock or harbor enclosure 
for ships or canal-boats. 

Baskets, vessels made of willow, 
palm leaf, rushes, splits of ash, hickory, 
or other flexible materials. They are used 
for the conveyance of merchandise, fruits, 
vegetables, etc. In Burmah the basket is 
a measure for rice which contains about 2 
bus., and weighs from 55^ to 58^ lbs., ac¬ 
cording to the quality of the rice. In 
Boston, New York, and Philadelphia a 
basket of peaches, green peas, or potatoes 
is about equal to j|ths of a bu. 

Bjiss liBjire, a fibre obtained from Bra¬ 
zil, and used as a substitute for bristles by 
brush-makers. It is usually called Pias- 
saba , which see. 


Bass, or l>ast mats, matting made 
from the thin layers of the bark of the 
lime or linden-tree in Russia, and used by 
gardeners and upholsterers for packing 
furniture, etc. A full-sized Russian bass 
mat weighs about five lbs. when new and 
dry, and is seven feet long and four feet 
broad. They come, however, in all 
sizes, and are very largely imported, in 
bales. 

Bassia kuiler, a name given to the 
solid oil from bassia butyracea ; called also 
Galam butter. 

Bass rope, cord made from the bark 
of the bass or linden-tree ; frequently im¬ 
ported in ropes, and when separated the 
strands are used for tying cigars and for 
other like purposes. 

Basswood, a name given to the 
American linden. The wood is white, 
soft, flexible, and easily worked, and 
is used by carriage-makers, chair-makers, 
and for a great variety of wooden manu¬ 
factures. It is also made into a pulp and 
used for the manufacture of paper, as a 
substitute for rags. 

Bastar sag-ar, a low grade of sugar 
made by reboiling low syrups; a product 
of the manufacture of loaf-sugar. Some¬ 
times called Bastards. 

Bat, a name for the tical of silver in 
the East, weighing 236 grains. 

Batavia, a city and seaport of the 
island of Java, the capital of the Dutch 
possessions in the East Indies. It is the 
great commercial emporium of the Malay 
Archipelago. Ships anchor in the harbor 
at about l-£ miles from shore. Among the 
principal resident merchants are Dutch, 
English, Americans, French, and Germans. 
The exports of the produce of the Eastern 
Archipelago are arrack, coffee, spices, cop¬ 
per and copper wares, fancy wares, cowand 
buffalo hides, india-rubber, indigo, iron 
wares, linen and cotton manufactures, oil¬ 
cake, rattans, rice, loaf and brown sugar, 
tin, tobacco, cigars, and wine. Most of the 
exports go to Holland, the Moluccas, Bor¬ 
neo, South-west Coast, and Singapore. 
Shipments to Great Britain, France,and the 
United States, are inconsiderable. The 
chief imports are cotton, linen, and woollen 
goods, provisions, hardware, and other 
European manufactures, most of which 
articles are subject to a customs duty of 
from 10 to 16 %. ad valorem. Spirits and 
tobacco pay a specific duty. 

The accounts are kept in the florin or guilder, di¬ 
vided into centimes or 100 parts, represented by a 
copper coinage or doits. The florin is a new coin 



BATCH. 


BAY RUM. 


53 


made expressly for India, but of the same value as 
the florin current in the Ketherlands. The correct 
par of exchange is 11 florins 58 centimes per £ ster¬ 
ling. The Chinese weights are invariably used in 
commercial transactions at Batavia, and throughout 
Java and other Dutch possessions in India. These 
are the picul , and the cattle which is its 100th part. 
The picul is commonly estimated at 125 Dutch, or 
133% lbs. avoirdupois, but at Batavia it has been 
long ascertained and considered to be equal to 136 
lbs. avoirdupois. ( McCulloch .) 

Biitc*li, a small coin of Switzerland, 
worth about 3 cents. 

Bateau-h-vapeur, the French 
name for a steamship or steamboat. 

Bafli, a city and port of entry on the 
Kennebec River, in Maine, celebrated for 
its extensive ship-building. 

Until bricK, a polishing brick made 
of a peculiar kind of clay, a calcareous 
substance deposited from the river or estu¬ 
ary at and near Bridgewater, in England. 
The water is conveyed into vats or pits at 
the high spring-tides, and is left there until 
the clay deposits itself at the bottom of 
the vats, when the water is drawn off at 
low tide. It is then manufactured into 
bricks, dried and burnt; they are of the 
form and nearly the size of common build¬ 
ing brick, and are largely imported into 
the United States, and are used mostly for 
cleaning table-knives. 

Hatli metal, an alloy of copper and 
zinc, containing more zinc than ordinary 
brass. Some authorities give nearly equal 
parts of these two metals. 

Balli post, a kind of letter-paper. 

Batb towels, rough cotton towels 
with a linen nap or surface. 

Hatlmi’St, a seaport town of West 
Africa, where vessels trading on the coast 
procure in exchange for manufactured 
goods suitable for that market, gum, wax, 
tortoise-shell, hides, ivory, palm-oil, etc. 

Batiste, the French name for cambric 
or lawn, named after Batiste, who first 
made it at Cambray; also a fine kind of 
cloth of mixed silk and woollen, manufac¬ 
tured in Flanders and Picardy. 

Batman, a weight; at Constantinople, 
19^ lbs.; at Smyrna, 16£ lbs.; at Tauris, 5 
lbs. ; at Bokhara, 291 lbs. 

Battel, a dry measure of capacity in 
the Philippine Islands, 13£ inches high, 
and the same in diameter; also a weight 
of 40 lbs. 

Batten ends, pieces of scantling or 
timber under 6 ft. in length, and of the 
width and thickness of battens. 

Battens, pieces of timber not less 
than 6 ft. long, 2£ or 2f in. thick, and 
generally about 7 in. broad. The battens 


exported from Christiania and St. Peters¬ 
burg are 6 to 7 inches wide by 2£ to 2-J 
inches thick, and from 16 to 20 feet long. 
They are sold by the St. Petersburg 
standard, that is, i20 battens 12 feet long 
and 7 x 24 inches are the recognized stand¬ 
ard for 100 battens. 

Batting, cotton in sheets prepared 
for bedcovers, or for interlinings, etc. 

Batts, carded cotton prepared in 
sheets and sold as batting. 

Battlllate, to interdict commerce. 

Batty, a measure for rice in Mysore, 
equal to 120 lbs. 

Batz, a small base silver coin of Berne, 
in Switzerland, worth between 3 and 4 
cents. 

Bauge, a kind of drugget of thick 
spun thread and coarse wool, made in 
France. 

Baugee, a dry measure used in Ben¬ 
gal; a baugee of paddy weighs about 8 
lbs., and of rice about 9i lbs. 

Baotscia, BtlSClit, a German term 
in the paper trade for 181 sheets of paper. 

Bawbee, in Scotland and the north 
of England, a money value of about one 
cent. 

Bawsili, leather made from sheep¬ 
skin. 

Bayal, a find kind of cotton. 

Bay berries, an aromatic fruit from 
the Mediterranean; also the fruit of the 
wax or candle-berry myrtle of the United 
States. 

Bayetes, coarse common baize, made 
in Spain. 

Bay-Iatirel blitter, the expressed 
oil of the berries of the bay-laurel, used 
in the manufacture of fancy soaps. 

ESay berry tallow, afragrant green 
wax obtained from the candle-berry myr¬ 
tle. 

Bay-leaves, the leaves of the sweet 
bay, lauris nobilis. They have a sweet, fra¬ 
grant odor and an aromatic taste, and are 
used in cookery and by confectioners. 

Bay oil, an oil obtained by expres¬ 
sion from the fresh ripe berries of the bay- 
tree, probably the lauris nobilis , a shrub 
which grows in Italy to the size of a tree. 
It is exported in considerable quantities, in 
barrels, from Trieste, and is used mostly 
in the preparation of veterinary embroca¬ 
tions. 

Bayoque, a copper coin of Rome of 
the value of 14 cent. 

Buy I'tfiHB, a refreshing and agreeable 
perfume, distilled from an undefined 
species of bayberry leaves, the myrcia 



54 


BAY RUSH. 


BEARER. 


acris , in Jamaica or Santa Croix ram. 
A fictitious article is said to be produced 
by the use of a very small portion of the 
essential oil of the leaf with common 
spirits. Bay rum 54° strength is regarded 
as a compound of which distilled spirits is 
a component of chief value. Let. Sec. 
Tr'y to Col. at New Orleans , May, 1868. 

Bay rush, a farinaceous plant in the 
Bahamas. 

Bay-salt, a large-grained salt obtained 
by the spontaneous evaporation of sea¬ 
water ; the larger crystalline salt of com¬ 
merce. 

Bay wood, an inferior kind of ma¬ 
hogany, growing along the shores of the 
bay of Honduras. 

Bazaar, among the Turks and Per¬ 
sians, a kind of exchange, or place where 
stuffs and other wares are sold; a general 
market-place, or collection of various shops 
or stalls ; a fancy repository. 

Bazaar hbuuucS, a commercial 
weight used in Calcutta, equal to 82£ lbs. 

Bazaar weight, the Indian bazaar 
maund is over 82 lbs., while the factory 
maund is 74f lbs., hence this distinction of 
bazaar weight. 

Bazat, a long finespun cotton from 
Jerusalem, called also Jerusalem cotton. 

Bazgendges, the name of a sub¬ 
stance used by the Turks and other Eastern 
nations in scarlet-dyeing. 

Bdellium, a gum resin, obtained in 
Arabia and Persia, from a tree which has 
a fragrance like myrrh, with which latter 
article it is sometimes adulterated ; an¬ 
other kind is found in Senegal, which has 
a feeble odor and a bitter taste. Used in 
perfumery and sometimes in medicine. 

Beacon, a signal, a buoy, or light 
for the guidance of mariners, erected and 
sustained by government. 

Bead ornaments, trimmings of 
glass bugles, beads, or pendants, used on 
ladies’ dresses, cloaks, &c. 

Bead-proof, a standard of strength 
among distillers for alcoholic liquors, ascer¬ 
tained by means of a proof bottle,—now 
superseded by alcoholmeters. 

Beads, perforated balls or globes of 
glass, porcelain, amber, coral, bogwood, 
seeds, or other substances which may be 
strung and worn for ornaments. They 
form a large article of commerce in East¬ 
ern countries, and Africa, and with the 
Indians of North America. They are 
principally produced at Vienna. 

Bead-tree berries, the fruit of the 
Mclia azedarach , a large tree in the south 


of Spain and Italy, cultivated and known 
in the southern portion of the United 
States as “ Pride of India.” It produces 
pale yellow berries, which are poisonous, 
but the pulp encloses a nut which is bored 
and strung as beads. 

Beak, a weight used in Mocha for 
gold and silver, equal to H oz - dhoy. 

Beam-filling, that portion of a ves¬ 
sel’s cargo which is stowed between the 
beams. 

Beam timber, an extremely hard, 
compact, and tough wood, from the Pyrus 
aria , or beam-tree; the timber is used 
in England for axletrees, naves of wheels, 
and the cogs of machinery. 

Bean cod, a pilot-boat or fishing 
vessel used on the coasts of Portugal. 

Beail-meaB, the flour of beans; not 
a commercial article in the United States. 
In England it is used for fattening hogs, 
and in some places for adulterating wheat 
flour. 

Beans, a vegetable which forms a 
large article of food and an extensive arti¬ 
cle of commerce. They are largely ex¬ 
ported from the United States. A bushel 
is required to weigh 62 lbs. 

Bear, to bear a price, is to fix upon a 
price at which the article can be sold ; also, 
to bear a good price; to bear date, is to 
have the time noted when the bond or let¬ 
ter was written or executed ; a wild animal 
which forms an object of commerce mainly 
for its skin and grease ; a stockbroker or 
dealer in stocks or exchange who has an 
interest in depressing the prices in order to 
buy at lower rates than the price at which 
he sold, to deliver at a future day. ‘ ‘ It was 
the practice of stockjobbers, in the year 
1720, to enter into a contract for transfer¬ 
ring South-Sea stock at a future time for a 
certain price; but he who contracted to 
sell had frequently no stock to transfer, 
nor did he who bought intend to receive 
any in consequence of his bargain; the 
seller was therefore called a bear , in allu¬ 
sion to the proverb, ‘ He who sells that of 
which he is not possessed is said to sell the 
skin before he has caught the bear. 1 ” 

Bearberry leaves, the leaves of 
this tree, a species of arbutus, are im¬ 
ported from England and used in medi¬ 
cine. 

Bearer, the person presenting for 
payment a bond, note, or check, which is 
drawn and made payable to the bearer. 
Notes, bonds, and checks thus drawn are 
negotiable, and and may be indefinitely 
transferred without indorsement. 



BEAR-OIL. 


BEER. 


55 


Bear-oil, same as bear’s-grease, much 
used as an ingredient in hair-oils. 

Bcsir’s-grcase, an oil obtained from 
the fatty portions of the black or white 
bear. 

Bear-skins, the skins of the various 
kinds of bears ; they are dealt in by fur- 
dealers, and used for robes, sleigh cover¬ 
ings, etc., and form a considerable item in 
commerce. Calmucks made of wool are 
called bear-skins; also a kind of heavy 
cloth with a long nap. 

Beal, in trade, to lower the price by 
argument and importunity—to beat down. 

Beaver, a kind of broadcloth ; a name 
for a hat. 

Beaver elotlis, a kind of heavy 
felted woollen cloths made at Huddersfield 
and Bradford, England, and at various 
places in Belgium, France, Germany, and 
in the United States ; especially in use for 
overcoats. 

Beaver fair, a valuable thick, glossy 
fur. Among traders the skins are usually 
distinguished into three classes. 1st, The 
fresh beaver, which is obtained in win¬ 
ter, before the animal has shed any of its 
hairs. 2d, The dry or lean beaver, which 
is captured in summer when the animal is 
moulting. 3d, The fat beaver. The first 
is the most esteemed by furriers ; the last 
is the kind chiefly used in hat-making. 
See Furs. 

Beaverteeil, a kind of fustian fa¬ 
bric made of coarse twilled cotton which is 
shorn after dyeing. 

Beberilie, an alkaloid obtained from 
the bitter bark of the bebeeon tree of 
Demerara, and used like quinine. 

Beclaer, a dry measure, and also a 
liquid measure in Switzerland and Germany, 
of varying capacity. At Basel and Lucerne 
about bushel; at Berne about F gallon. 

Becoming, a term used in the retail* 
trade, to express the adaptation of an 
article of dress to the person purchasing 

Beczka, a liquid measure in Poland 
of about 2G£ gals. 

Bedoor, a weight in Malacca, rather 
less than 2£ lbs. 

Bed ticking, a strong heavy fabric 
of cotton or linen, usually striped, used to 
hold the hair, feathers, moss, or other 
material of a bed. See Tickings. 

BeecSiamt oil, a fat oil obtained 
from beechnuts; a bushel of nuts, it is 
said, will produce about a gallon of oil. 
The oil is used in cooking as a substitute 
for olive-oil, which it resembles. 

Beech-wood, an American timber 


extensively used for shoe-lasts, carpenters’ 
tools, screws, bowls, tool handles, etc. 
The beech of England, when green, is the 
hardest of British timbers, and is used in 
England by cabinet-makers, coach-build¬ 
ers, and turners. 

Beef, the beef of commerce is the 
salted flesh of neat cattle—oxen and cows. 
It is packed in barrels which contain 200 
lbs. In New York, beef is usually quoted 
under the general head of “Provisions,” 
and the classification is mess, prime, mess 
extra, India, India mess. On the river 
Plate, within about three miles of Buenos 
Ayres, are immense establishments for 
killing cattle and salting and drying the 
meat. They are called salederos, or salt¬ 
ing-places. Thousands of miles of the 
finest pasturage in the world are spread 
over the pampas or plains of South Amer¬ 
ica ; and upon them browse, nearly in a 
wild state, innumerable oxen and cows, 
which being caught by the lasso are 
brought down to the salederos to be killed, 
skinned, and salted, and distributed to 
every commercial quarter of the globe. 
When the animal is slaughtered the two 
back pieces, the two shoulder pieces, and 
the two breast pieces—six joints only—are 
preserved for salting and packing. The 
meat having been washed, dried, and re¬ 
moved from the bones, is cut into pieces, 
arranged in layers in square piles, each 
layer being covered with salt. It is after¬ 
wards removed to be dried, and when dry 
is ready for exportation. From this source, 
chiefly, Brazil and Cuba obtain the dry 
and salted beef which is the staple food of 
their laboring population. 

Beefs’ t ongaaes, the cured and dried 
tongues of beeves ; in which a large trade 
is carried on in the tongues of the cattle 
killed in South America. 

Beef-wood, an Australian hard, 
close-grained, and red-colored wood, used 
for ornamental work; it is sometimes 
called swamp oak, and also Botany Bay 
oak. It is usually imported into England 
in logs of about 9 ft. long by 13 inches 
thick. 

Beer, a fermented beverage made 
from malt and hops ; in Europe commonly 
from barley, in India from rice, but in the 
United States from wheat as well as bar¬ 
ley ; it may also be made from corn or 
oats. It is prepared by malting and the 
use of hops. Lager-beer is the most ex¬ 
tensively used in the United States of any 
kind of malt liquor. The beer barrel of 
the United States contains 3G gallons. 



56 


BEESWAX. 


BELOTES. 


Beeswax, the substance which forms 
the cells of bees. It is used for making 
candles, sealing-wax, polishing furniture, 
electrotyping, etc. It is bought and sold 
by the lb., and is largely produced in North 
Carolina and the Western States, and ex¬ 
tensively imported from British Gambia, in 
Western Africa, from Cuba, and the East 
Indies. The candle-makers find more 
difficulty in bleaching the wax from Gam¬ 
bia and Cuba than that from other sources. 
England obtains her supplies chiefly from 
the Baltic, the Levant, the coast of Bar¬ 
bary, and some from the United States. 
Bleached or white wax is generally adulte¬ 
rated with more or less spermaceti, and 
sold at different prices accordingly. 

Beet Be shirtings, cotton goods 
finished to imitate linen shirtings. 

Beetles’ wings, the wing-cases of 
brilliant-colored beetles. In Brazil they 
are used in making head-dresses for ladies 
and for decorating muslin, scarfs, ball- 
dresses, etc., and find ready sale at large 
prices. 

Beets, or beet root, a garden and 
field vegetable cultivated for culinary 
purposes, and from one variety of which 
is manufactured the beet-root sugar of 
commerce. 

Beet sugar, a sugar of commerce 
largely manufactured in France, Germany, 
Belgium, and Russia. The root which pro¬ 
duces the largest quantity of saccharine is 
reputed to be the Silesian beet (beta alba). 
The annual product of beet sugar in France 
is about 250,000,000 lbs.; and about the 
same amount for the States of Germany ; 
of Russia, 80,000,000 lbs.; and of Belgium, 
about 35,000,000 lbs. Twelve hundred 
lbs. of beet roots produce one hundred 
lbs. of sugar. The manufacture of sugar 
from beets has commenced in the Western 
States, and is likely to grow into a business 
of great commercial importance. 

Beforehand, a state of accumula¬ 
tion ; assets in excess of liabilities. 

Beggud, the East Indian name for 
tin-foil, usually shipped in packages of 
2,000 leaves. 

Behindhand, a trader who is losing 
money in his business is said to be going 
behindhand —one who is not prompt in his 
payments is behindhand in his payments; 
in arrears. 

Bel ge, a French coarse cloth. 
Belandre, bylander, a French 
coasting vessel. 

Belgian laees, the fine and peculiar 
laces made in Belgium. Each of the lace¬ 


making towns of Belgium excels in the 
production of one particular description of 
lace; in other words, each has what is tech¬ 
nically called its own point. The French 
word point, in the ordinary language of 
needlework, signifies simply stitch ; but in 
the terminology of lace-making, the word 
is sometimes used to designate the pattern 
of the lace, and sometimes the ground of 
the lace itself. Hence the terms, point de 
Bruxelles, point de Malines (Mechlin lace), 
point de Valenciennes, etc. In each town 
there prevail certain modes of working, 
and certain patterns which have been 
transmitted from mother to daughter suc¬ 
cessively for several generations. Many 
of the lace-workers live and die in the same 
houses in which they were born, and most 
of them understand and practise only the 
stitches which their mothers and grand¬ 
mothers worked before them. Thus cer¬ 
tain points have become unchangeably 
fixed in particular towns or districts. 
Fashion has assigned to each its particular 
place and purpose. 

The spinning of the fine thread used for 
lace-making in the Netherlands is an op¬ 
eration demanding so high a degree of 
minute care and of vigilant attention that it 
is not likely ever to be effected by machin¬ 
ery. The very finest of this sort of thread 
is made in Brussels, in damp, underground 
cellars; it being so extremely delicate 
that it is liable to break by contact with 
the dry air aboveground. 

The prices-current of the Brabant spin¬ 
ners usually include a list of various sorts 
of thread suited to lace-making, varying 
from 60 francs to 1800 francs per pound. 
Instances have occurred in which as much 
as 10,000 francs have been paid for a pound 
of this fine yarn. So high a price has 
never been obtained for the best spun silk. 

Belladonna, a poisonous medicinal 
plant, known also as the deadly night¬ 
shade. 

Be Bimetal, an alloy of copper and 
tin: 78 parts of the former and 22 parts of 
the latter constitute the bellmetal of 
commerce. Other proportions are fre¬ 
quently used by bell-founders. Let. Sec'y 
Treas'y, Mar., 1867. 

Belts, hollow-shaped, sonorous, metal¬ 
lic instruments of various sizes, made of 
brass, steel, or bellmetal. 

Belmont wax and sperm, a 
commercial name for a superior class of 
candles produced at the Belmont Candle- 
Works, London. 

B elates, the edible nuts or acorns of 



BELT. 


BERGAMOT. 


57 


a species of oak, growing in southern 
Europe. 

Belt, an article of dress of various ma¬ 
terials, embracing sword-belts, ladies’ belts, 
shoulder-belts, waist-belts, cross-belts, etc. 

Belting, the prepared material—gut- 
ta percha, leather, etc., of different widths 
and strength—for belts for machinery. 

Belts, strips of leather, gutta-percha, 
india-rubber, iron wire, or other material 
used in machinery. 

Beml-lea.llier, a superior kind of 
leather made in England and Germany; a 
term used in the leather trade for a hide 
cut in two. 

BcRMln., an irregular West African 
weight, generally of about 2£ oz. 

Beiule, a kind of abelmoschus, also 
called gombo ; used in cookery. 

Bentfiky, a coin current in Morocco, 
of the value of $2. 

Bene Hi, a woollen cap made in Tus¬ 
cany and worn by the Turks. 

Bene plant, a medicinal plant intro¬ 
duced into the Southern States by the ne¬ 
groes from Africa. It yields a valuable oil, 
and the plant is hence also known as the 
oil-plant. 

ISengal-liglats, a species of firework 
generally called blue-lights, and used as 
night signals by ships. 

B engals, a thin woven fabric of silk 
and hair for women’s apparel, originally 
from Bengal. 

Bengal stripes, ginghams ; a kind 
of cotton cloth woven with colored stripes, 
and manufactured in England and in the 
United States, so called from the cottons 
formerly imported from Bengal. 

BenjamiBi, a common commercial 
name for gum benzoin. 

Ben-mits, the seeds contained in the 
leguminous pods of a tree which grows in 
India, Ceylon, Arabia, and Egypt, the mo- 
ringa aptera, and also, it is said, from an¬ 
other species of moringa, which grows in 
the West Indies, and known as the horse¬ 
radish tree. 

Be si, oil of, an inodorous, colorless 
oil obtained from the seeds of the horse¬ 
radish tree, or the nicker-tree, a species of 
moringa or guilandina , used by watch¬ 
makers for lubricating watch machinery, 
and as the basis of some perfumes, and al¬ 
so in medicine. It is mostly prepared in 
Europe, from the seeds brought from Egypt 
or the West Indies. 

Blill-teiik, a name for an inferior 
kind of teak; also, a close-grained wood 
used in India by carriage or wagon makers. 


Bent timber, oak and other kinds of 
timber bent by steam processes and ma¬ 
chinery, for ship-builders and other manu¬ 
facturing purposes. 

Bciizisic, a hydro-carbonic oil com¬ 
mercially known as benzoline. 

Benzole aetd, an acrid aromatic 
acid obtained from benzoin, used in mak¬ 
ing pastilles and perfumed incense. 

Benzoin, the gum benjamin of com¬ 
merce ; an odoriferous gum resin obtained 
from a cultivated tree, the Sty rax benzoin , 
which grows in Java, Sumatra, Santa Fe, 
and in Siam. The gum is used in per¬ 
fumery, in medicine, and for church in¬ 
cense, and enters into the composition of 
certain varnishes. It is also used in the 
manufacture of court-plaster, and for 
other purposes. It is of a yellowish gold 
color, with occasionally white almond-like 
masses in it; there are two or three varie¬ 
ties which enter into commerce ; what is 
called the sorted benzoin is very impure. 
Importations in the U. S. are prohibited 
unless the drug affords 80 per cent, of 
resin, or 12 per cent, of benzoic acid. 

Benzole, another name for benzine. 

Benzoline, the commercial name for 
benzine or benzole, a highly inflammable 
volatile oil, obtained mostly from coal 
naphtha. It is used for illuminating pur¬ 
poses, as a solvent in manufacturing 
chemistry, for extracting grease, paint, or 
tar from cloth and silk fabrics and from 
leather, for cleaning kid gloves, and in the 
preparation of varnishes, etc. When used 
for illuminating purposes or as a substitute 
for gas, it is frequently called gasaline. 

Berberiiae, a powder obtained from 
the root of berberis vulgaris , used as a sub¬ 
stitute for quinine, and also for coloring 
cotton and silks. 

Here, the four-rowed barley grown in 
Scotland, also called bigg, used for the 
distillation of whiskey. 

Bergamo, a coarse kind of tapestry, 
named from the town Bergamo, in Italy, 
where it was first made. 

Bergamet, a coarse tapestry, manu¬ 
factured with silk floss, wool, cotton, cows’ 
or goats’ hair, made in Italy. 

Bergasiiot, a species of citron, pro¬ 
duced abundantly in the neighborhood of 
Nice; an essential oil obtained by distilla¬ 
tion from the fruit. The essence of 
bergamot, which enters most largely into 
commerce, is obtained by rasping the peel 
of the fragrant citron and collecting the 
essences thus disengaged. It is apt to be 
adulterated with oils of orange and lemon 



58 


BERGEN. 


peel. One hundred bergamots of Nice 
yield 2£ ounces of oil. 

Bergen, the chief commercial city of 
Norway, situate on a bay on the Atlantic, 
about 190 miles from Christiania. Codfish, 
salted or dried, is the principal article of 
export, averaging annually from 25,000,000 
lbs. to 30,000,000 lbs. Herrings, whale- 
oil, skins, lobsters, rock-moss, bones, tar, 
etc., are also largely exported. Considerable 
timber is also exported, but the deals and 
plank are inferior to those of Christiania. 
The moneys, weights, and measures are 
those of Christiania. 

Berlin bine, a blue mellic pigment; 
a fine variety of the Prussian blue. 

Berlin gloves, a style of thread or 
cotton summer gloves manufactured first 
at Berlin. 

Berlin liosiery, a peculiar kind of 
hosiery made at Berlin. 

Berlin iron, a very fusible variety 
of iron, from which figures and other deli¬ 
cate articles are manufactured at Berlin 
by the Royal Prussian Iron Foundry under 
the name of Berlin iron goods. These are 
often stained or lackered in imitation of 
bronze. 

Berlin iron goods, fancy articles 
of Berlin iron, such as card-receivers, 
watch-stands, statuettes, etc., bronzed, and 
made to imitate bronzes. 

Berlin wool, the name, given to 
various kinds of beautifully colored, soft, 
elastic woollen yams used for knitting and 
fancy work. Sold by the lb. 

Berlin work, a kind of colored 
woollen embroidery from designs or pat¬ 
terns produced by the artist designers at 
Berlin. 

Bermillians, stout linen or fustian 
fabrics. 

Berquct, or berkowitz, a Russian 
weight for hemp and other gross goods; at 
Narva, 412flbs.; at Riga, 368f lbs.; at St. 
Petersburg, 360J lbs. 

Berries, the fruits and seeds of cer¬ 
tain plants. Several kinds of berries 
enter into commerce, some of which fur¬ 
nish coloring matter, others enter into phar¬ 
maceutical preparations, and some are 
used in the preparation of cordials and in 
cookery. 

Berry wax, a wax obtained from 
the seeds of the candle-berry myrtle. 

Bersiiul Belli, a kind of green silk 
used for sewing and embroidery. 

Berlin, the place where a vessel is 
moored or anchored, either in the dock or 
alongside the pier. 


BETEL-NUT. 

Beryl, a mineral or gem of moderate 
price, the colors of which are generally 
blue or yellow, the finest clear sea-green, 
or sky blue—the emerald and the aqua¬ 
marine are the most valuable varieties. 
Found in England, Ireland, Scotland, 
France, Sweden, at Acworth and Grafton, 
N. H., and at Royalston, Mass. 

Be§limet, a grape jelly, sold inboxes, 
largely used by the Turks in Asia Minor. 

Beslie, a Turkish money equal to 3 
cents; also a silver coin worth about 73 
cents. 

Be§Oll, a liquid measure of Augsburg, 
not quite equal to 2\ gallons. 

Bes§emer steel, steel made directly 
from cast-iron, by removing a portion of 
the carbon which the latter contains, by a 
process discovered by Bessemer of Eng¬ 
land. The process admits of producing 
any intermediate grade between iron and 
steel. Bessemer iron, Bessemer steel, 
steel-iron, iron-steel, and half-steel are all 
terms denoting kinds of steel, salable at 
different prices, and applicable to different 
purposes. 

Bet«I-leaf, the leaf of the pepper 
vine, piper betel , extensively cultivated in 
the islands of the Indian Archipelago, and 
used as a wrapper for the areca nut, in 
the preparation of the commercial article 
known as betel-nut. 

Betel-nul, the leaf of the betel pep¬ 
per, and the nut of the areca palm, to¬ 
gether, constitute an article of commerce 
which is called betel-nut, because the nut, 
as a masticating article, is always used 
with the betel pepper leaf. The habit of 
chewing this compound is almost universal 
throughout central and tropical Asia. The 
nut is sliced or crushed, and wrapped in 
the leaf with a sprinkle of chunam, or 
shell-lime, to give it flavor. It gives to 
the tongue and lips a scarlet hue, and 
turns the teeth perfectly black. The 
Malays have a hideous appearance from 
its use ; but the Chinese are very careful 
to remove the stain from the teeth. Per¬ 
sons of rank carry it in splendid cases 
worn at the girdle, and offer it to each 
other as people of Europe or America 
would offer snuff. The nut is about the 
size of a nutmeg, and in the Bombay 
market there are found three kinds. The 
white, which is the most valuable; the red, 
worth about half the price of the white; 
and nuts of both white and red in the 
husk—these are sold by the thousand. It 
is estimated that about 4,000 tons are 
shipped annually from Ceylon to different 





BETSO, 


BILANDER. 


59 


quarters, and it forms a large item in the 
exports of Cochin China. 

JBetso, a small Venetian coin equal to 
about i a cent. 

Better and worse. On the autho¬ 
rity of Tate’s Cambist it appears that this 
phrase is in use in the Exchange business 
in England, though probably very rarely if 
ever used in the United States. ‘ ‘ The terms 
Better and Worse, as applied to rates of 
exchange, are convertible according to 
their application, and they must not 
be confounded with those of higher and 
lower prices. Thus 5 francs 40 centimes 
per dollar give a better rate for drawing, 
and a worse rate of remitting, than 5 
francs 80 centimes, the former being the 
dearer and therefore the better rate for 
selling than the latter, which is the cheaper, 
and therefore the better rate for buying.” 
The terms are also used at the Mint and by 
dealers in bullion to express a variation in 
purity of gold or silver above the standard. 
The term Better is also used by merchants 
to express an advance in prices, as, I am 
getting better prices; or an increase or 
improvement in business, as, My business 
is now better. 

Beiterness and worsened, the 

comparative difference in purity between 
assayed bullion and the legal standard. 
Betterness means better than standard, 
worseness means worse than standard. The 
terms are used by bullion brokers. 

Betty, a pear-shaped bottle, wound 
round with straw, in which olive-oil is im¬ 
ported. 

Betuline, a resin or gum extracted 
from birch bark. 

Bezare, white or striped cotton 
cloth, manufactured in the East In¬ 
dies. 

Bezoar, a concretion found in the 
stomach of animals; that obtained from 
the camel is much prized by the Hindoos 
as a yellow paint; the finest is brought to 
India from Borneo and the Persian Gulf, 
where it is sold as a drug. 

Bhang, an intoxicating drug, pro¬ 
duced in India from the hemp plant. 

BStans*, a Surat weight of 900 lbs. 

BSiy an gee, a kind of sheep’s wool 
obtained in Little Thibet. 

Bia, a name for the cowry shell at 
Bangkok ; a money of account. 

ISsaz, a cotton material resembling 
linen, manufactured in Central Asia, both 
for native use and for exportation to Rus¬ 
sia. The best kind, the Bokharian, is 
purchased for the Russian market, and 


sold in pieces from 12£ to 16| yds. in length, 
and 10^ inches wide, at about 36 cents a 
piece. The quantity imported into Rus¬ 
sia for a period of 10 years, was 1,600,000 
pieces, or averaging 320,000 pieces annu¬ 
ally. 

155carbonate of potash, an al¬ 
kaline salt containing a double quantity of 
carbonic acid. 

Bicarbonate of soda, an alkaline 
salt containing a double quantity of car¬ 
bonic acid ; used in medicine, in the pro¬ 
duction of effervescing drinks, baking 
powders, etc. 

Bice, a blue pigment; the blue carbon¬ 
ate of copper, called also mountain blue. 

Bicliet, biebot, a variable grain 
measure of Switzerland; at Geneva, 1, L 0 - 
bu.; at Strasburg a little more than Ao bu. 

Bichromate of potasli, a chemi¬ 
cal salt used in calico printing, in pre¬ 
paring pigments, and in bleaching tallow, 
palm-oil, etc. 

Bid, an offer made to pay a specified 
price for an article about being sold at 
auction. 

Bidagova, a name in Brazil for the 
seeds of the Cassia occidentalism used as a 
substitute for coffee. 

Bidder, one who makes the bids or 
purchases at an auction sale. The bidder 
is required to act in good faith, and a 
combination between him and others to 
prevent a fair competition would avoid 
the sale made to himself. Till the bid is 
accepted the bidder may retract it. 

Bidcry ware, articles made from a 
metallic alloy named bidery, from Bider, a 
city in Hindostan. Some of these articles 
are remarkable for the elegance of their 
form and the gracefulness of their en¬ 
graved patterns, and command very high 
prices. The alloy is said to consist of 16 
parts of copper, 4 of lead, and 2 of tin, to 
which spelter is added. 

BiSS, a name for the Scotch barley 
known as bere. 

Bigoncia, a Venetian liqixid measure 
equal to 34£ gals. 

Bihnl, a name in the Himalayas for 
a bark used for making ropes. 

Bijou, an elegant ornament; a small 
jewel; a trinket or little box. 

Bijoiltry, jewelry, trinkets, etc. 

Bilan, a book in which merchants 
write a statement of all they owe, and all 
that is due to them ; a balance-sheet. 
The term is used in France and in Louisi¬ 
ana. 

Bilander, a vessel used in Dutch 





60 


BILBOES. 


BILL OF EXCHANGE. 


canals for the carriage of goods ; a small 
coasting vessel. 

Bilboes, shackles of iron for the feet, 
used on slavers and on vessels of war. 

Bildsteiii, a mineral used for carving 
into Chinese figures. 

Bilge, the swell or protuberant part of 
a barrel or cask. 

Bill, an account rendered ; an accept¬ 
ance ; the items of a purchase with the 
amount to be paid ; an account presented 
for payment; the formal clerical state¬ 
ment, in detail, of a purchase is called a 
bill; one merchant makes a bill with an¬ 
other when he purchases a line of goods 
from him; promissory notes are called 
bills ; foreign and inland bills of exchange 
are called bills; the circulating issues of 
banks or bank-notes are bills ; a collector 
of book or other accounts presents bills 
for payment. 

Bill-book, a book in which entry is 
made of the particulars, as the date, day, 
and place of payment, etc., of bills or notes 
payable and receivable. 

Bill-lieauls, a printed form, with 
name and address, used by merchants 
when they make out their bills or render 
their accounts. Two kinds of blanks 
should be kept by merchants. The one to 
be used for present purchases should be as 
follows: 

John Thompson, 

Bought of - 

And the other, to be used when a bill of 
items is made out from the books of ac¬ 
count, should be : 

John Thompson, 

To-, Dr. 

Billiard cloths, green woollen close¬ 
ly woven and felted broadcloths, manufac¬ 
tured to cover billiard-tables; piece dyed, 
and usually from 72 to 81 inches wide. 

Billion, in some countries one thou¬ 
sand millions, 1,000,000,000; in Great 
Britain and the British provinces a million 
of millions, 1,000,000,000,000. The term 
is only properly used in astronomical calcu¬ 
lations and does not belong to mercantile 
figures. Its use in expressing the debt of 
a country (which is often done) is inac¬ 
curate and improper. 

Bill of entry, a written account or 
inventory of goods entered at the custom¬ 
house, whether imported or intended for 
exportation. 

Bill of exchange. When or where 
bills of exchange were first used is not 
certainly known. The Jews and Italian 
merchants, the latter known as Lombards, 


established themselves in London as money- 
dealers about the middle of the 13th 
century, and it is probable that in their 
money transactions with Venice and other 
Italian cities they used some kinds of bills 
of exchange instead of transporting coin 
back and forth. Macpherson gives in¬ 
stances of letters of credit as early as 
1200 ; and mention is made of negotiable 
bills of exchange in an instrument bearing 
date 1364; and in 1400 bills were drawn in 
sets and worded exactly as at the present 
time. The common bill of exchange is 
an order drawn on a person (or banking- 
house) requesting him to pay money to 
some person, or to the order of some per¬ 
son therein named. The person who 
draws the bill or draft is called the drawer ; 
the person on whom the demand is made 
is called the drawee; and the person to 
whom the money is directed to be paid is 
called the payee. The indorser is he who 
writes his name on the back of the bill ; 
the indorsee is he to whom it is transferred 
by indorsement; and the holder is in gen¬ 
eral any one who is in possession of the 
bill and entitled to receive payment. The 
bill must be in writing, and for the pay¬ 
ment in money and not in merchandise. 
The payment must be subject to no con¬ 
tingency, but the money must be paid at 
all events. It must be properly dated as 
to place and time of makirig; and if 
the time of payment is omitted it is pay¬ 
able on demand. The drawer may pre¬ 
scribe a particular place of payment, and 
unless restricted by the drawer, the drawee 
may fix a place of payment by bis accept¬ 
ance. The bill should be addressed to the 
full Christian and surname of the drawee, 
or by the full style of the firm on which it 
is drawn. A bill of exchange generally 
consists of several parts, as many in num¬ 
ber as may be requested by the payee, 
called a set; each part containing a con¬ 
dition that it shall be paid if the others re¬ 
main unpaid, the whole set, however, 
making but one bill. As a matter of pre¬ 
caution, the drawer of a foreign bill may, 
in order to prevent expenses, require the 
holder to apply to a third person, named 
in the bill for that purpose, when the 
drawee refuses to accept the bill. This is 
usually done in these words : “In case of 

need apply to Messrs. -, at- 

The drawer may also add a direction, that 
in case the bill is not honored by the 
drawee, it shall be returned without pro¬ 
test, by subscribing the words, “ retour sans 
protetf or u return without protest ” When 









BILL OF EXCHANGE. 


BILL OF EXCHANGE. 61 


the drawer of the bill is debtor to the 
drawee, it is usual to insert in the bill 
these words: and “put it to my account; ” 
but when the drawee or the person to 
whom it is directed is debtor to the 
drawer, then he inserts, “ and put it to 
your account; ” and where a third person 
is debtor to the drawee, it is sometimes 
expressed thus : and “ put it to the account 
of A. BA But although, the foregoing- 
forms are in frequent use, they are not 
necessary. When the drawer is desirous 
to inform the drawee that he has drawn 
a bill, he inserts in it the words, “ as per 
advice but when he wishes the bill paid 
without any advice from him, he writes, 
“ without further advice A In the former 


case the drawee is not authorized to pay 
the bill till he has received the advice; 
in the latter he may pay before he has re¬ 
ceived advice. The words for “ value re¬ 
ceived ,” although not absolutely required, 
because it is implied that every bill and 
indorsement has been made for value re¬ 
ceived as much as if it had been so ex¬ 
pressed in words, yet, as the term is in 
almost universal use, it is better to insert 
it. The drawer may limit the amount of 
damages by making a memorandum on the 
bill that they shall be a definite sum ; as, 
for example : “In case of non-acceptance 
or non-payment, re-exchange and expenses 
not to exceed dollars. ” The following 
is the usual FORM of a Banker’s Foreign 


BILL OF EXCHANGE. 


Exchange for New York, 

£1000.January 10th, 1871. 

Sixty days after sight of this First of Exchange {second and third unpaid), 

pay to the Order of 

.'. George S. BoutweU , . 

. One thousand pounds sterling ,.. 

Value received, and charge the same to account 
To Hugh McCulloch, 

London. 

No. 100. John S. Spinner. 


Exchange for New York, 

£1000.January 10th, 1871. 

Sixty days after sight of this Second of Exchange ( first and third unpaid), 
pay to the Order of 

. George S. BoutweU ,. 

. One thousand pounds sterling .. 

Value received, and charge the same to account 
To Hugh McCulloch, 

London. 

No. 100. John S. Spinner. 


Exchange for New York, 

£1000.January 10th, 1871. 

Sixty days after sight of this Third of Exchange ( first and second unpaid), 
pay to the Order of 

. George S. BoutweU .. 

. One thousand pounds sterling ,. 

Value received, and charge the same to account 
To Hugh McCulloch, 

London. 


No. 100 


John S. Spinner. 
























62 BILL OF EXCHANGE. 


BILL OF LADING. 


The following from Tate’s Cambist, 
on Bills of Exchange , though written for 
England, is in the main applicable also to 
this country :— 

A Foreign Bill is properly one which is payable in 
a foreign country, in reference, in the first instance, 
to the Drawer of the Bill, and subsequently to any 
Holder of the Bill. Thus a Bill upon Paris, wherever 
drawn from, is considered in London as a Foreign 
Bill in all exchange transactions. But a Bill drawn 
from Paris upon London, though frequently in Lon¬ 
don termed also a Foreign Bill, is correctly called a 
Bill Receivable by the Holder, and a Bill Payable by 
the Payer is the same. 

The amount of a Foreign Bill is usually expressed 
in the money of the country where it is to be paid ; 
but sometimes it is drawn in the money of the 
country of the Drawer of the Bill. 

A Biil of Exchange is transferred from one party to 
another by endorsement or signature of the Trans¬ 
ferer on the back of the Bill. This endorsement is 
of two kinds, Special and General. It is called 
Special when it is made payable to the order of the 
transferee, which order, or his endorsement, must 
therefore be given by him when he parts with the 
Bill. A common form of such endorsement is this :— 

Pay to the order of Messrs. Reed <fc Carter , 

William Jones. 

The endorsement is called General, when only the 
signature of the Transferer is given, as 

Reed dt Carter , 

for the next endorsement to the above; but the for¬ 
mer is the safer practice, especially when transmitted 
by post; and in foreign endorsements the place and 
date are likewise often stated, as well as when ne¬ 
gotiated, and whether the value has actually been 
received, or has only been received in account, which 
also is commonly placed upon the Bill by the Drawer, 
together with a direction as to what account it is to 
be carried, and whether it is to be accepted “with or 
without Advice.” 

Bills of Exchange are generally drawn in sets of 
two or more Bills, either of which being paid, dis¬ 
charges the debt upon the other two. They must be 
drawn on a Stamp if the law of the place so requires 
it in order to make them legal documents. The first 
set (when they are intended to be put in circulation, 
or sold by one party to another) is commonly sent un¬ 
endorsed to a correspondent in the place drawn upon, 
in order to get it accepted, and to be kept until it is 
demanded by the holder of one of the other Bills, the 
address of the party in whose hands is the accepted 
or first Bill being put on the Bill or Bills in circula¬ 
tion, as in this form :— 

First with Messrs. Smith & Jones, to whom in case 
of need. 

The endorsed Second and the accepted First, when 
watered or fastened together, become one Bill, or 
have the same validity. 

The times for which Bills are drawn vary, in some 
measure, according to the usages of different places; 
but more generally they are according to the purpo¬ 
ses for which they are drawn. Bills at sight, or to 
be peremptorily paid on their being presented are 
for reimbursements on account, commonly, of re¬ 
turned or dishonored Bills. Those at short sight, 
as three days’ sight, are usually for returns for opera¬ 
tions in Bills, Bullion, and Foreign Stock. Bills at 
one month have no particular character; those at 
two months are commonly Mercantile Bills; and 
those at three months, for Banking Operations, which 
latter Bills are drawn at this long period in order to 
afford full time for waiting to take advantage of any 
rise in the rates of exchange, or for their being sent 
about from place to place, wherever there is a prob¬ 
able opportunity of making a profit. 


See Foreign Bills of Exchange. Inland 
Bills of Exchange are more commonly 
called Drafts , which see. Also, see Ex¬ 
change. 

Bill of health, a certificate from 
the mayor of a city, board of health, con¬ 
sul, collector of the port, or other proper 
authority, as to contagious diseases in the 
port, and to the state of health of a ship’s 
company at the time of her leaving. 

(FORM.) 

DISTRICT OF NEW YORK. 

To all to whom these Presents shall 
come: 

Whereas, the ship Slate of New York, 
of New York, of which Hoffman is Mas¬ 
ter, is now ready to depart from the Port 
of the City of New York, for London, 
and other places beyond the sea, with 
twenty-five persons, including the Mas¬ 
ter of the said ship— 

We therefore, by these presents, do 
make known and certify, that no plague, 
or any dangerous or contagious disease, 
at present exists in the said port. 

Given under our hands and seals of 
office, this 12th day of January, 1871, 
and in the ninety-fifth year of the In¬ 
dependence of the United States of 
America. 

Bill of lading, a written instrument 
signed by the master or mate of a vessel, 
acknowledging that he has received in good 
order on board of his ship or vessel certain 
cases, packages, or quantities of goods,usu¬ 
ally “ contents unknown,” and promising to 
deliver them in like good order at the place 
directed, dangers of the sea excepted, to 
the consignee therein named or to his 
assigns, he or they paying freight for the 
same. It contains the number of cases or 
packages, the marks of the merchandise, 
the name of the shipper, the place of de¬ 
parture and discharge, the name of the 
ship, and the master, and the price of the 
freight. The master signsthree of the bills, 
one of which he keeps, one is kept by the 
shipper, and one is sent, usually by mail, to 
the consignee. The receipt of a railroad 
freight agent, or captain of a canal boat, is 
equivalent to a bill of lading as between 
the original parties, but in the hands of 
assignees there is a distinction. The bill 
of lading is assignable, and the assignee is 
entitled to the goods, subject, however, to 
the shipper’s right; the transfer may be 
either by blank or special endorsement, 
like bills of exchange. There being three 
bills of lading, it is possible there may be 
conflicting demands upon the captain by 
the different holders. The captain is only 
required to act in good faith and to the best 
of his judgment, and he may make de- 


Thomas 

Mukphy, 

Collector. 


M. Grin- 

NELL, 
Naval Offi¬ 
cer. 




BILL OF PARCELS. 

livery of the goods to the person who first 
demands them of him upon presentation 
of the bill of lading, provided the circum¬ 
stances be not such as to justify a suspicion 
of his having improperly got possession 
of it. 

{FORM.) 

SHIPPED, in good order and condi¬ 
tion, by John Smith, on board the ship 
called the United States, whereof Grant 
is Master, now lying at the Port of New 
York, bound for London. To say : One 
hundred cases of Refined Petroleum, 
being marked and numbered as in the 
margin, and are to be delivered in the 
like oi'der and condition at the port of 
London (the dangers of the seas only 
excepted), unto John Jones, or to his 
assigns, he or they paying freight for the 
said one hundred cases of Refined Petro¬ 
leum, at the rate of with 

primage and average accustomed. In 
witness whereof, the Master or Purser 
of the said vessel hath affirmed to 
three Bills of Lading, all of this tenor 
and date, one of which being accom¬ 
plished the others to stand void. 

Dated in New York, the 12th day of 
January, 1871. 

JAMES MUNROE, 

For American Union Line of 
London Packets; or 
John Grant, 

Master. 

Bill of Parcels, an account of 
goods sold, given by the seller to the pur¬ 
chaser, containing a specification of the 
several articles purchased, with the price 
of each, the place and date, and, usually, 
the terms, whether for cash or credit. 

Bill of sale, a writing given by the 
seller of goods or merchandise to the 
purchaser, by which the seller conveys away 
the right and interest he has in the goods 
therein named. In England required to 
be under seal, but in the United States it 
may be without seal. 

Bill of sale of a vessel, a writ¬ 
ing given by the seller to the purcha¬ 
ser, describing the vessel by a copy of the 
register, or enrollment, which states when, 
where, and by whom built, her class, ton¬ 
nage, country, ownership, etc.; and the 
sale of the vessel includes ‘ ‘ the masts, 
bowsprit, sails, boats, anchors, cables, and 
all other necessaries thereunto belong¬ 
ing.” 

Bill of §iglit, in England, an order 
obtained by the consignee of goods, of the 
quantity and quality of which he is igno¬ 
rant, to enter them by bill of sight. 

BiBloaa, gold or silver coined below 
the standard value ; a composition of gold 
or silver alloyed with copper, which latter 
predominates. 


BIRCH TIMBER. 63 

Billot, gold or silver in the bar or 
mass ; bullion before it is coined. 

Bills payable, the outstanding un¬ 
paid notes or acceptances made or issued 
by an individual or firm. 

Bills receivable, the unpaid pro¬ 
missory notes or acceptances held by an 
individual or firm. 

Billy-boy, a river barge ; a kind of 
coasting craft. 

Biliary, two and two. 

Binary Arithmetic is that in 
which two figures only, 0 and 1, are used. 
Thus, 1 is one ; 10 is two ; 11 is three ; 100 
is four; 101 is five; 110 is six; 111 is 
seven; 1000 is eight; 1001 is nine; 1010 
is ten. Used by the Chinese. 

Biliary division, the divisions of 
the old Spanish dollar afford a good illus¬ 
tration of this term :—The dollar divided 
into two parts makes 2 half dollars, the 
half dollar into two makes 2 quarter dol¬ 
lars, the quarter into two makes 2 eighths 
of a dollar, the eighth divided into two 
makes 2 sixteenths. 

Bind, a term used in the London 
markets in the fish trade, and means the 
number of 250, or ten strikes, each strike 
containing a bunch of 25. 

Binders, the wooden straps or hoops 
which pass round and secure sugar or 
molasses shooks. 

Binders’ boards, heavy pasteboards 
used for book covers by bookbinders. Sold 
by the lb. 

Binll, a weight of Anam of 68$ lbs. 

Binnacle compass, a compass 
kept on the deck of a vessel to steer by. 

Binoxaiate of potash, a salt ob¬ 
tained from the juice of sorrel, manufac¬ 
tured on a large scale in Switzerland. 

Bipontine, editions of classic authors 
printed at Deux Ponts, Germany. 

Birch timber, Norway birch is used 
for common articles of furniture, and in 
ship-building. The American black, or 
cherry birch, largely exported to England 
from New Brunswick, is used for floorings 
and parts of ships which are constantly 
under water. The timber is also used for 
herring barrels, butter tubs, turnery ware, 
etc. The bark is used for tanning, and the 
sap for making vinegar. The bark of the 
birch is that from which the Indians build 
their canoes and manufacture various 
ornaments. The yellow birch which is 
found in the forests of Maine and in New 
Brunswick is used by cabinet-makers. It 
is said to be from the bark of this tree 
that the oil is extracted from which pre- 


ABC.rjl 

to 100. 




64 BIRCH-BROOMS. 

/ 

pared Russian leather obtains its peculiar 
odor. Other kinds of birch abound in the 
Eastern States, and the timber, which is 
very cheap, is used for staves for codfish 
barrels, the young saplings for hoop-poles, 
etc. 

Bircli-tirooms, brooms made from 
the young shoots or twigs of the birch,— 
they are used in the cities for sweeping the 
streets, and for stable-brooms. 

Bircli-wiaie, a medicinal drink made 
from the sap of the birch-tree. 

Bir<tliaig-picce, a long fowling-piece 
for shooting wild-fowl. 

Birdlime, a glutinous substance, 
is prepared from mistletoe, the young 
shoots of elder, and some other plants, but 
chiefly extracted by boiling from the mid¬ 
dle bark of the European holly, and mixed 
with nut-oil. It is used for entangling 
birds by smearing the viscid substance over 
a bush, and it is so tenacious that small 
birds alighting upon sticks daubed over 
with it are unable to escape. It is also 
used for destroying insects. The best, 
which comes from India, is prepared from 
the artocarpus integnfolia , or jack, a tree 
of the islands of the Indian Archipelago, 
the juice of which is milky, and not unlike 
caoutchouc. 

Bird-pepper, the small capsicum or 
fruit obtained from a shrub, capsicum fru- 
tescens , or baccatum , from which Cayenne 
pepper is chiefly made. 

Birds are classified in the tariff laws 
of the United States as living animals, 
and when imported in quantities, authori¬ 
zing the belief that they are intended for 
sale, they are to be considered as merchan¬ 
dise. 

Birdseed, canary, hemp, millet, and 
other small seeds sold and used for feeding 
caged birds. 

Birds’ eyes, artificial glass eyes for 
stuffed birds. 

Bird’s-eye crape, a thin material 
made for the East India markets. 

Bird’s-eye diaper, a well-known 
kind of linen for towelling, etc., made 
chiefly in Ireland and Scotland. 

Bird’s-eye maple, a fine cabinet 
wood, found in old sugar maples, formed 
by a peculiar inflexion of the fibre produ¬ 
cing spots in the wood resembling the eye 
of a bird. 

Bird-skins, skins of birds of bright 
plumage are stuffed as ornaments or illus¬ 
trations of natural history, and sale is 
found for them for museums and for 
private cabinets. Some kinds are also 


BISA. 

used for trimmings and lining garments, 
and also as ornaments for ladies’ bon¬ 
nets. 

Birds’-nests, edilde, the nests of 
a species of swallow. They form a large 
article of commerce in the eastern seas, 
being highly prized by the Chinese for 
their muco-albuminous properties. The 
swallow gathers from the coral rocks of 
the sea a glutinous weed or marine fucus, 
which it swallows and afterward disgorges, 
and then applies this vomit with its bill to 
the sides of deep caverns, both inland and 
on the sea-coast, to form its nest. When 
complete the nest is a hollow hemisphere 
of the dimensions of an ordinary coffee- 
cup. When fresh made the nest is white, 
and then esteemed most valuable,—second 
quality when the bird has laid her eggs,— 
and third quality when the young are 
fledged and flown. They are served at the 
close of great entertainments in the pro¬ 
portion of a nest and a half to each guest. 
These nests are obtained in Java and the 
islands eastward, on the coasts of Borneo, 
and in the Philippines. Singapore is the 
chief mart. The yearly product is from 
40 to 50,000 lbs., nearly all of which is sold 
at Canton at prices varying from $6 to $25 
per lb. The use of the article is consi¬ 
dered a whimsical culinary fancy of the 
Chinese alone, and they appear to be 
willing to pay for their caprice. See a 
similar instance of such a fancy in the 
article of Camphor. 

Birds-of- Paradise. The skins and 
plumage of these remarkably beautiful 
birds are imported from the islands of the 
eastern seas, where they have long formed 
a high-priced article of export. Batavia 
and Singapore are the chief ports whence 
they are exported. The skins of these 
birds, as imported, are divested of their feet, 
and generally of their wings, which gave 
rise to the strange speculations of early 
naturalists, who described them as desti¬ 
tute of feet or any of the ordinary organs 
of locomotion, dwelling constantly in the 
air, wafted about in the bright beams of 
the sun, and nourished with dew and the 
nectar and odor of flowers. To beings 
thus imagined to be raised above the dull 
earth, and to enjoy ethereal food and a 
perpetual habitation in the air, no name 
could be more appropriate than Birds-of- 
Paradise. 

Birot5lie, a kind of silk from the Le¬ 
vant. 

Bisa, a Birmese coin worth about 27^- 
cts. 







BISACCIA. 


BLACK CLOTH. 


65 


BisRCcia, the bushel measure of Si¬ 
cily, equal to lyyV bu. 

Biscuit, an unglazed white porcelain 
ware, with which groups and figures are 
formed as statuettes to imitate marble; 
also, baked flour cakes of different kinds, 
as ship’s biscuit, sea or pilot biscuit, etc. 
Ship’s biscuit are made by machinery; 
they contain no leaven, and when properly 
baked they suffer little change during a 
long voyage. They are made in the chief 
commercial cities on a very extensive scale. 

BisliO|>s ? liiwu, a fine, wiry-threaded 
cotton lawn. 

BESiucriuiml, a weight at Copen¬ 
hagen of 13 k lbs. 

BisimatBE, a yellowish-white metal, ob¬ 
tained chiefly in Saxony from the mines at 
Schneeberg. It is used in the formation of 
various alloys, in the manufacture of pearl- 
white or pearl-powder, and in medicine. 

BiscjnsiI sb, a French name for a 
sheep’s skin dressed with the wool on. 

Bistre, a brown pigment, used in 
water-colors, made from soot; also a car¬ 
peting of wool and cotton used to fill up a 
room round a carpet. 

Mat, a term applied to a circular piece 
of silver cut out of the centre of the dollar; 
also to an old Spanish silver coin of the 
value of i of a dollar, and another of the 
value of -jV of a dollar; the former called 
in Pennsylvania and Ohio the eleven-penny 
bit , the latter the five oi' JVpenny bit. 

Bitter ale, the trade name for a 
clear, strong ale, chiefly brewed at Burton- 
upon-Trent. 

Bilterai, a composition of cocculusin- 
dicus, quassia, licorice, tobacco, and sul¬ 
phate of iron, said to be used by brewers 
in adulterating beer. 

Bitters, stomachic drinks prepared 
with spirits, in which bitter barks, worm¬ 
wood, gentian, or other ingredients have 
been steeped. The same duty is imposed 
upon bitters composed of alcohol and 
aromatic substances as upon spirituous 
liquors. Let. Sec. Tr'y , Jam ., 1865. 

Bitter-sweet, a common name for 
the Solarium dulcamara or woody night¬ 
shade, a dangerous narcotic drug. 

Bitterwood, a name for a tree of 
the West Indies, the xylopia glabra , the 
wood, bark, and berries of which have an 
agreeable bitter taste. 

JBitil*11 eii, a name for a number of in¬ 
flammable mineral substances, as naphtha, 
mineral tar, pitch, asphalte, etc., etc. 

Bit aaEBfiioous coal, a soft mineral 
coal, containing a large amount of bitu¬ 


men ; coal which bums with a smoky flame. 
Found in great abundance in England, 
Scotland, Wales, and the Western and 
some of the South-western States. It 
varies very much in its character and value. 
That obtained in the neighborhoed of Pitts¬ 
burg, Pa., is probably the most valuable 
for all purposes of any found in the United 
States. Bituminous coal is called dry 
or fat , according to the amount of bitu¬ 
men it contains. The varities are called 
pitch or caking coal, cherry coal, splint 
coal, flint coal, parrot or cannel coal, 
coking coal, brown coal, etc. Pittsburg 
is the principal shipping point for the 
supply of the Mississippi valley. Much of 
it is floated down the Monongahela and 
Ohio Rivers in large arks or rudely con¬ 
structed plank boats called broadhorns; 
the boats are broken up when they reach 
a point where a sale can be made of the 
coal. That which reaches the Atlantic 
cities is chiefly carried over the Baltimore 
and Ohio and the Pennsylvania railroads. 
It is imported also from England, Scotland, 
Wales, and Nova Scotia, chiefly for the 
use of gas companies. 

m RCk, the darkest of colors used in 
painting or dyeing. The opposite extreme 
from white. The substances sold and em¬ 
ployed as paints and dyes for producing 
black are: black-lead, blue-black, Frank¬ 
fort-black, ivory-black, Indian-ink, lamp¬ 
black, marking-ink, Spanish-black, and 
writing-ink. 

Block Ranker, the name given by 
the Prussian amber-diggers to pitch coal, 
because it is found accompanying amber. 
It is manufactured into various jet-like 
ornaments. 

Block iifcla, crude carbonate of soda. 

BSock-kolS, a kind of blacking for 
shoes. 

15lack IdrbuI, a variety of the car¬ 
bonates of iron,—perhaps the most valua¬ 
ble kind of clay-iron ore, and the one from 
which the greater part of the Scotch iron 
has been made since its discovery by M. 
Mushet, in 1801, and to which the iron 
manufacture of Scotland owes its impor¬ 
tant position. It is said to be found in 
great abundance in North Carolina. 

Black cisa8k, a kind of clay con¬ 
taining a large amount of carbon ; it is 
found in England, France, Spain, and 
Italy. The finer kinds are made into 
artists’ crayons and used for drawing on 
paper; also, a preparation of ivory-black 
and clay, used also in crayon drawing. 

Block clot la, woollen broadcloth 



66 


BLACK CURRANTS. 


BLACKS. 


dyed black, either in the wool or in the 
piece. 

Black currants, a common garden 
fruit, used for making into jellies, wine, 
and jam, and for medicinal preparations. 
In the markets they usually bring about 
double the price of red currants. 

Black dye, a dye composed of log¬ 
wood, galls, fustic, verdigris, green vitriol, 
sulphate of iron, or other ingredients, ac¬ 
cording to the quantity of the black re¬ 
quired, and the kinds of fabric on which 
the dye is to be produced. 

Black ebony, a hard, heavy wood, 
from the East Indies, which takes a high 
polish. 

Bi ack extract, a preparation of 
cocculus indicus, said to be used in adul¬ 
terating beer. 

Black giai^er, a variety of zingiber, 
the ordinary ginger of commerce. Import¬ 
ed from Calcutta, Africa, and the West 
Indies. 

B lack-heart, a timber or cabinet- 
wood of Demerara. 

Black-heart ebony, a hard, heavy 
wood of Jamaica. 

Black-heart lid die-wood, a 

Jamaica cabinet-wood. 

Black-helmet, a shell used by 
cameo-cutters,—a species of mollusk. In 
the Paris market they were formerly worth 
about $1.20 each, but the demand and the 
price have fallen off. 

Blacking, a polishing paste, or 
liquid, which consists of a black coloring 
matter, generally bone-black, sperm or 
other oil, sugar or molasses, vinegar, sul¬ 
phuric acid, etc. It is used for blacking 
and polishing boots and shoes, and enters 
into foreign as well as domestic com¬ 
merce. 

Black-iroil, malleable iron, in con¬ 
tradistinction to that which is tinned, and 
called white-iron. 

Black-jack, sulphuret of zinc; 
caramel, or burnt sugar, used to color 
spirits, vinegar, etc.; a trade name for 
adulterated butter; a species of shrub 
oak which grows in the Southern States. 

Black japan, a varnishing material 
made with tar and alcohol, or with lamp¬ 
black and resins. 

Black-lead, a mineral of a dark, 
steel-gray color, composed of carbon, with 
a small portion of iron ; called also graphite. 
It is used for pencils, and as a polish¬ 
ing material for iron, stoves, etc. It is 
adulterated to an enormous extent with 
sulphuret of antimony, with micaceous 


iron ore, and with lamp-black. Much that 
is sold for the purpose of brightening or 
polishing stoves contains from 50 to GO per 
cent, of lamp-black. 

This mineral is found only in a state of 
purity in Borrodale, in Cumberland, Eng¬ 
land, the mines in which have been wrought 
since the daj r s of Queen Elizabeth. The 
lead is not found in veins, but in detached 
pieces, so that the supply is very irregular, 
the miners being frequently employed for 
a lengthened period in seeking at random 
for the lead. Its quality also differs very 
widely. The best is that which is lightest, 
and the trace of which on paper is easily 
and completely removed by the application 
of India-rubber. The mine is opened at 
intervals. When the mine is open the 
trade is supplied at sales held on the first 
Monday of each month, in Essex Street, 
Strand, London. Its commercial value 
ranges from $2,000 to $15,000 per ton. 
See Plumbago. 

Black-lead peiacils, pencils form¬ 
ed of black-lead, encircled with cedar. 
The best pencils are made from the genu¬ 
ine Cumberland lead, but its scarcity and 
very high price cause spurious and inferior 
kinds to be extensively employed in their 
manufacture. The easy and complete ob¬ 
literation of the strokes of the pencil by 
the use of India-rubber is said to be a good 
test of a genuine Cumberland lead-pencil. 

Black oak, the quercus tinctoria of 
the United States, its inner bark constitu¬ 
ting the quercitron of commerce. 

Black oclire, a mineral black; a 
variety of plumbago combined with iron 
and clay. 

Black pa mis, the darkest pigments 
used ; such as ivory-black, burnt charcoal, 
lamp-black, etc., for oil-colors; and Indian- 
ink for water-colors. 

Black pepper, the name for the 
dried berries of the piper nigrum , the 
pepper of commerce. 

Black plates, the thin sheets of 
iron prepared for coating with tin. 

Black-piid<liog, sausages made of 
sheep and pigs’ blood, goats’ suet, etc., en¬ 
closed in the dried intestines of swine and 
boiled, forming a description of food much 
consumed by the lower classes in England 
and Scotland, where it is estimated that 
5000 tons are made every year. 

Blacks, a name for a kind of ink used 
in copper-plate printing; also, pigments, 
etc., such as Frankfort, ivory, Spanish, 
Harts, lamp, wheat, Cologne, and bone 
blacks. 




BLACK SALT. 

Blaek salt, muriate of soda mixed 
with the berries of a species of myrobalan, 
a popular medicine in the East Indies. 

Black Spanish leather, a mo¬ 
rocco leather made from Mogador and 
East Indian goat-skins, so named from the 
first supplies having been obtained from 
Spain. 

Black spruce, a tree which fur¬ 
nishes masts and yards for ships; also the 
spruce deals of commerce. 

Black-Strap, a name for bad liquor; 
vile port wine ; the common name for the 
inferior wines of the Mediterranean. 

Black tea, a general name for a va¬ 
riety of teas ; those imported into the Uni¬ 
ted States are commercially known as 
Oolongs and Souchongs. Of the former 
are Oolong, Formosa, Pekoe, Ankor, and 
Ponchong, and of the latter are Souchong 
and Congou. See Tea. 

Black till, tin ore beaten into a black 
and fine powder ready for the smelter. 

Black wadd, an ore of maganese, 
sold to glass-makers and potteries, and 
used as a drying ingredient in paints. Ob¬ 
tained at Devonshire and Cornwall, in Eng¬ 
land. 

Black walnut, the name for the 
timber of a large and magnificent tree of 
North America, the juglans nigra. It is 
perhaps the most valuable of any of the 
cabinet-woods growing in the United 
States, and for furniture and ornamental 
work in houses, is preferred to the best 
qualities of mahogany. It is not found 
north of New York. 

Black walnuts, the fruit of the 
juglans nigra. These nuts are edible, and 
sold in the cities of the United States in 
considerable quantities. They usually bring 
in the New York market about $2 per 
bushel. 

Blackwell Hall factors, agents 
in London for woollen manufacturers; they 
are so called from Blackwell Hall, which 
is the metropolitan seat of the wool and 
woollen traders in England. 

Bladder green, a pigment pre¬ 
pared from Persian berries. 

Bladders, the urinary vessels of hogs, 
oxen, and other animals, which are pre¬ 
pared and used for holding snuff or lard, 
and for securing jars, bottles, etc. They 
are mostly purchased by the drug 
houses. 

Blade-metal, metal prepared for 
swords or blades. 

Blades, a commercial name for the 
shell-plates of the sea-turtle. 


BLEACHING. 67 

Ilia muse, a money of account in some 
parts of Germany, worth about 7| cts. 

Blanca, a petty money of account in 
Malaga, being equal to 5 cts* 

Blanc d’argent, white silver; a 
false appellation for a white-lead, called 
also French white. 

Blancliinieter, an instrument for 
measuring the bleaching powers of chloride 
of lime and potash. 

Blank-books, account-books, letter- 
books, memoranda or pass-books, and all 
other kinds of unwritten books, made of 
writing paper, and either ruled or unruled, 
and bound with flexible or stiff covers ; 
—manufactured and sold by stationers. 

Blank credit, an authority to draw 
on an individual or firm to any extent 
within a certain amount. 

Blankets, soft, loosely woven wool¬ 
len-stuff pieces; or “ cotton warp and wool 
loosely woven,” mostly used for bed cover¬ 
ings, etc. Yorkshire, in England, is the chief 
seat of blanket manufacture; the wool 
generally used is the long staple. They 
are woven in wudths varying from 4 quar • 
ters to 20 quarters, and in lengths of webs 
from 60 to 100 yards, of course including 
many separate blankets. The manufac¬ 
ture is also extensive in France, England, 
and in the United States. They are usual¬ 
ly sold by the lb., and derive their name 
from having been first made in the year 
1340 by one Thomas Blanket, of Bristol, in 
England. The more commonly designated 
blankets of commerce are bed, cradle, crib, 
army, horse, and printers’ blankets,—the 
latter being closely woven or felted. 

Blanket wool, long staple or comb¬ 
ing wool, of the quality between the short 
fine and the long coarse. 

Blare, a Swiss coin worth about 2 
cents. 

Blasting oil, nitro-glycerine, also 
called glynoin oil and nitroleum, or nitrat¬ 
ed oil, a highly explosive and powerfully 
expansive substance used for blasting pur¬ 
poses, but so dangerous to transport, that 
by an Act of Congress it is prohibited from 
being carried on cars, or Ships, or wagons, 
or other vehicles employed in transporting 
passengers ; fine not to exceed $10,000. 

Blasting powder, a coarse kind of 
powder for mining and quarrying purposes. 

Blay linens, linens beetled in the 
manufacture, and slate-colored. 

Bleaeliiaag, the chemical process of 
whitening or removing the color of linen 
or cotton cloth or other fabrics, and also 
from straw, wax, and other substances, 





68 BLEACHED COTTONS. 


BLUBBER. 


and leaving them perfectly white. In 
bleaching, cotton goods lose one-tenth of 
their weight, and linen goods one-third. 

Bleaclicd cottons, the trade name 
for most of the bleached cotton fabrics 
used for shirtings, sheetings, lining mus¬ 
lins, etc. They vary from 3 to 12 quarters 
in width, and their weight generally deter¬ 
mines their price, though the manufactures 
of some mills of established reputation 
command something over the average price 
which would be fixed by weight alone. 
Imitation merino shirts, composed of cotton 
on which a nap had been raised and a fine 
woolly surface and a close imitation of me¬ 
rino produced, was decided to be bleached 
cotton goods. Letter Sedy Treasury to 
Collector Schell, July, 1860. 

15 leads a ng powder, chloride of 
lime made by exposing slaked lime to the 
action of chlorine, and used for bleaching 
linens, cotton, and paper stock; also em¬ 
ployed as a disinfectant and desiccant. The 
annual imports from England and Ireland 
into the U. S. are about 20,000,000 of lbs. 

Bleak-lisli scales, these scales are 
used for making the essence of pearl, or 
essence d'orient, with which artificial pearls 
are manufactured. In the scale of the fish 
the optical effect is produced in the same 
manner as in the real pearl. The fish are 
caught in the rivers of France. 

Blende, a metallic ore; sulphuret of 
zinc, the black-jack of miners. 

Bleu de Liyou, a name for an ana- 
line blue coloring matter. 

Bleu de Baris, an aniline blue dye. 

Blister steel, wrought steel which 
has blisters on the surface, owing to the 
evolution of gas from the interior of the 
bar. 

Bloater, a commercial name for a 
slightly cured and smoked herring. 

Blockade, the official closing of a 
port of entry, during war, by guarding 
and watching it with vessels of war to pre¬ 
vent commercial intercourse. A notice of 
30 or 60 days, or some other time, is usually 
given by proclamation to the mercantile 
world of the coffimencement and raising 
of a blockade. 

Block-till,' metallic tin cast into 
blocks or ingots ; tin ore which has been 
treated, and is ready for smelting. A 
block of tin weighs usually from 375 to 
392 lbs., sometimes 420 lbs. 

Blond-lace, a species of silk lace, 
white or colored. 

Blond-metal, a peculiar kind of 
clay iron-stone found near Birmingham, in 


England, which when smelted is used for 
making tools. 

Blood, the blood of animals is used 
by sugar-refiners, calico-printers, and ink- 
manufacturers, and is made into animal 
charcoal, into albumen, and employed as a 
fertilizer of land. In England it is col¬ 
lected by the butchers in two different 
ways, and sold thus: 1. Stirred blood ( i.e ., 
agitated whilst cooling, to prevent coagula¬ 
tion) is run into casks of about 100 gal¬ 
lons each, and sold to sugar-refiners for 
clarifying at about $4 50 to $5 per cask. 
2. Coagulated blood is put into casks, gen¬ 
erally old molasses puncheons, and sold 
to calico-printers for dyeing “ Turkey-red,” 
and to chemical manufacturers for pre¬ 
paring red liquor for calico-printers’ use. 
The price in England is about $3 to $3.40 
per cask of 80 gallons, where it is estimated 
that about 6,000 tons are sold annually. In 
New York, but a small part of the blood 
from the slaughter-houses is utilized, the 
chief demand for it being for the sugar- 
refineries. 

Blood-juice, the sap of a tree of 
Norfolk Island, in the Pacific, which makes 
an indelible marking-ink, and is said to be 
used as a dye for calicoes. 

Blood-root, another name for blood- 
wort. 

Blood-stone, a jasper variety of 
quartz, of a deep green color, interspersed 
with red spots like drops of blood; on ac¬ 
count of its beautiful color and hardness 
it is much used for seals, rings, etc. The 
name for a species of hard hematite, which 
is made into burnishers and employed for 
laying on gold or silver leaf, and for other 
purposes. 

Blood wort, a plant which abounds 
in Canada, the sanguinaria canadensis, 
used in dyeing. It is the juice of this 
plant which is commonly used by the In¬ 
dians to stain their faces. 

B loo mi raisins, a fine quality of 
sun-dried grapes. 

Blotter, the name of an account-book 
of original entries, a kind of rough day¬ 
book. 

Bloitiiig-kook, a book with sheets 
of unsized paper for drying the ink on new¬ 
ly written documents. 

Blotting-paper, unsized paper; 
filtering paper used for drying the ink on 
freshly written manuscripts. 

Blufober, the membrane or fat casing 
which contains the oil or fat of the whale 
or other large sea animals. It was former¬ 
ly the practice to manufacture the train- 









BLUE. 


BOCALE. 


69 


oil from the blubber at the places where the 
whales were caught; but the practice now 
is to bring the blubber home in casks, and 
to prepare the oil afterwards. 

IS 1 ue, one of the primitive colors. Bee 
Blue 'pigments. 

Ml iic-bac*k$, a name for herring; 
also, a variety of the money cowry of 
Africa. 

Mine-black, a color neither blue nor 
black, but in which both are blended ; it is 
produced on woollen goods by being first 
dyed blue and then black. 

Mlue clay, a kind of clay formed of 
a very fine pulverized slate. 

MB lie cloth, a name given to a cotton 
fabric from Madras. 

Mine copperas, the commercial 
name for sulphate of copper. 

Mine copper, an ore of copper of an 
indigo-blue color, called by mineralogists 
covelline. 

Ml lie dyes, indigo, Prussian blue, etc. 

Mine gum-wood, a tree of Austra¬ 
lia, the timber of which is used for ship¬ 
building. 

Mining, the process of heating met¬ 
als until they assume a blue color. 

Mine ink, a writing fluid, usually 
made with sulphate of indigo. It should 
not be permitted on the counting-house 
desk, as it is not fit to be used for commer¬ 
cial entries. 

Mlne-jolm, a name for an esteemed 
variety of what is known in England as 
Derbyshire marble, and which is made up 
into vases and other ornaments. 

Ml lie lead, a variety of galena. 

Mlne-liglat, a composition burning 
with a blue flame, used as a night signal 
on ships. It consists of saltpetre 4 parts, 
sulphur 2 parts, red orpiment 1 part. 

Mine mass, a preparation of mercury, 
from which is formed the blue-pill, largely 
used in the Western States. 

Hlue-peter, a square flag with a 
white centre and blue border, which in 
some ports is hoisted at the foremast head 
of a ship to denote her intended depar¬ 
ture for sea. 

Mine pigments, the blue pigments 
of a metallic nature in commerce are, 
Prussian blue, Berlin blue, mountain blue, 
Bremen blue, iron blue, cobalt blue, and 
smalt or powder blue ; the blues of vege¬ 
table origin are indigo and litmus. 

Mine-stone, a common name for sul¬ 
phate of copper and vitriol. 

Mine verditer, a greenish blue pig¬ 
ment, the Bremen blue. 


Mlue-vitriol, the sulphate of cop¬ 
per, used for dyeing and electrotyping, and 
in some preparations of medicines. 

Ml link, a Scotch name for a heavy 
cotton cloth. 

Board, a managing committee, or 
board of directors. 

Board, the deck of a ship, as, “ on 
board” to go “ a board” to enter a ship ; 
merchandise delivered ‘ ‘ on board ” a ship; 
goods still “ on board” etc. 

Moarding officer, an officer of the 
customs who boards a vessel as she enters 
the harbor. 

Board of trade, in commercial 
cities there is usually a body of intelligent 
and discreet merchants, either a self-con¬ 
stituted and voluntary association, or 
created by law, and acting under a charter 
as a body corporate, to whom the general 
rules for the regulation of their business is 
confided; and to whom are submitted 
questions of local commercial policy, the 
adjustment of port charges, commissions 
for mercantile services and settlements of 
disputed claims not provided for by con¬ 
tracts, etc. In the city of New York the 
board acts under the title of ‘ ‘ The Cham¬ 
ber of Commerce.” The awards and de¬ 
cisions of these boards, although without 
legal force, are seldom appealed from to 
the judicial tribunals, and in course of 
time their rules and maxims, repeatedly 
acted upon and recognized by merchants, 
become a part of the law of the land in 
the form of the law merchant, or lex mer- 
catoria. See Arbitration , and Tribunal 
oj Commerce. 

IS oar(h, sawed lumber of any length 
or width, and of less thickness than or 
1^ inch; when above that thickness they 
are called plank. In Tennessee boards 
are strips of wood from two to four feet 
in length riven from blocks. All sawed 
stuff in the South-western States is called 
plank. 

Moatswain, a subordinate officer on 
a merchant ship, having charge of the sails, 
ropes, etc. 

Moll)bill, a hank of Russian flax; a 
spool or wooden pin used to wind thread 
or silk on ; a narrow twilled tape. 

Mobbiliet, a machine-made cotton 
lace, made of different widths, chiefly at 
Nottingham, in England, but also in 
France and Belgium. 

Mocale, a liquid measure of Italy,— 
at Florence and Leghorn, for wine, 
fifths gal.; for oil, -jVoths, and varying 
at other places from 1 to 2 quarts. 




70 


BOOKING. 


BOLTING-CLOTHS. 


Iloeking, a kind of baize or coarse 
woollen cloth, either plain or stamped 
with colored figures, used to protect car¬ 
pets ; also a name for red herring. 

Boc»y, the name fora cask, in Cuba, 
holding 36 gallons. As a package for 
coffee, sugar, etc., the bocoy varies. The 
large coffee cask, the bocoy grande, con¬ 
tains 40 arrobas, and the bocoy pequino 
28 arrobas. 

Hodlc, a small coin, a Scotch penny 

Body, strength, or characteristic qual¬ 
ity ; consistency. 

Body-varni$ll, a thick and quick¬ 
drying copal varnish. 

fiSojj-Bmtter, a mineral resin found 
in peat-swamps. 

HogSiesMt coal, a very valuable 
kind of brown cannel coal, found at Bog¬ 
head, near Bathgate, in Scotland. 

1505? irosi-os*C, an ore of iron formed 
from the decomposition of rocks contain¬ 
ing iron, by the action of water charged 
with carbonic acid ; the water, being im¬ 
pregnated with a vegetable acid formed 
from decaying vegetables, dissolves the 
iron in the rocks over which it flows, or 
stands, and having reached the lower parts 
of the country, or being poured into hol¬ 
lows, becomes stagnant and evaporates, 
leaving the iron-ore. 

f logos, counterfeit, false, fraudulent. 

Hog-woosl, the trunks and larger 
branches of trees dug up from peat bogs. 
The bog-oak, the bog-yew, etc., from the 
bogs of Ireland, are manufactured into 
ornaments. 

Hog-wood jewelry, brooches, 
rings, chains, etc., made from bog-wood. 

Bog-woad oniaiiivi^s various 
kinds of statuettes, models, and orna¬ 
ments made from bog-wood, imported 
from Ireland. 

IS oilr, an Arab weight of about 110 lbs. 

IS oil on, one of the two species of the 
tea plant in China; also the commercial 
name for a kind of black tea imported into 
England, but not known in the United 
States. 

ESoliemiasi glass, the fine orna¬ 
mental colored glass-ware of Bohemia, 
largely imported into the United States. 

Holiest* inn ware, imitation gems, 
fine stone, earthen, glass, wooden, and wil 
low ware, manufactured in Bohemia. 

ISoliiiieii, a money of account in 
Prague, equal to about 2 cents. 

B§ oiled oil, a drying oil made by 
boiling a small quantity of litharge in lin¬ 
seed-oil. 


ISoiler-iroBi, flat plates or sheets of 
iron, varying in thickness from -|th to |ths 
inch, used for making steam-boilers, ves¬ 
sels, bridges, tanks, etc. 

SSoiseSieQie, a name for a ship-build¬ 
ing timber in St. Domingo, literally oak- 
wood. 

ISois durei, the commercial name for 
an artificial hardwood which receives a 
very fine polish and resembles jet. It is 
made from, rosewood, mahogany, ebony, 
or other fine-grained sawdust, which is 
formed into a paste with blood and pressed 
into moulds. 

Ooissosi, a common wine in France 
made from the husks of grapes. 

ISokliara IIBis’e, a strong fibre ob¬ 
tained from the meliotus arborea. 

Bokhara sliawls, most of the 
genuine fine camels’-hair shawls found in 
Europe and America are brought from the 
city of Bokhara in Central Asia, and are 
hence called Bokhara shawls. 

Hole, a fine clay or earthy mineral, 
colored by oxide of iron of various shades, 
as yellow, black, brown, and bright red, 
which forms a paste when moistened with 
water. The red or Armenian bole is used 
as a tooth-powder, and for giving a color 
to pickled anchovies. Powdered bole is 
used in veterinary practioe. In Germany 
bole is calcined, washed, and ground for a 
paint. The paint known as Sienna, or 
burnt Sienna, is a preparation of a variety 
of bole from Sienna, in Italy. The names 
of the different varieties of bole are Arme¬ 
nian, Bohemian, French, Blois, Lemhan, 
and Silesian. 

Boleta, a Spanish name for cigarettes 

ISoll, a measure for flour in England, 
equal to 140 lbs. or 10 stone. The boll of 
peas or beans weighs 280 lbs. ; of oats, 264 
lbs. ; of barley, about 320 lbs. ; of oatmeal, 
140 lbs. In Scotland, for wheat, it is 4-jV 
bu., and for barley a little less than 6 bu. 

ISologim ssoasuge, a dried sausage 
made of bacon, veal, and pork. 

Bolognese piiosphorns, a pre¬ 
paration made by mixing the powder of the 
Bolognese stone with gum. 

ISologaaese stone, a variety of 
barytes, which when calcined and dried 
emits a phosphorescent light. Found near 
Bologna. 

Holt, a roll of canvas containing about 
40 yards. 24 inches in width, and varying 
in weight according to its thickness; a bolt 
of silk is a long narrow roll. 

Holts llg-eSoila*, wire, hair, silk, and 
other sieve-cloths of different degrees of 





BOMB AX WOOD. 


BONDED WAREHOUSES. 71 


fineness, usually imported in pieces of 40 
yards in length and 39£ inches in width, 
and used by millers for sifting flour. The 
bolting-cloths used in the United States 
are made in France. 

SSoiaiSnix wood, the timber of the 
silk cotton tree of Brazil and the West and 
East Indies. The bombax ceiba is one of 
the tallest trees of both Indies. Canoes 
are made of the trunks, which carry from 
15 to 20 hogsheads of sugar from 0 to 1,200 
lbs. each. The bark is tough, and is man¬ 
ufactured into ropes. 

Bombay, a seaport on the western 
coast of British India, and, next to Calcutta 
and Canton, is the principal commercial 
emporium in the East. The harbor is one 
of the safest and most commodious in 
India. The external trade is principally 
carried on w r ith Great Britain, France, 
Arabia, Persia, China, and the island of 
Mauritius, in British and other European 
vessels. The principal articles of import 
from Great Britain consist of coal, cotton 
goods, metals, chiefly copper and iron, ma¬ 
chinery, malt liquors, manufactured met¬ 
als, woollen stuffs, books and stationery, 
etc. From France, wines and spirits, 
furniture, books, jewelry, musical instru¬ 
ments, clocks, etc. From China, raw silk 
and silk goods, sugar and sugar-candy, tea, 
glassware, tobacco, etc. From the Arabian 
and Persian Gulfs, horses, cotton-wool, 
gums, fruits, grain, precious stones, wool, 
etc., and from Mauritius, sugar. The ex¬ 
ports to Great Britain consist of raw 
cotton, cashmere shawls, seeds, spices 
from Africa, silk and silk goods, hides and 
skins, opium, coffee, ivory, gums. To 
France, coffee, seeds, and shawls. To 
China, cotton goods and opium. To 
Mauritius, grain; and to the Arabian and 
Persian Gulfs, cotton goods, sugar, sugar- 
candy, tobacco, tea, grain, etc. Of 315 
foreign vessels arriving at Bombay in a 
year, 268 were British, 19 French, 7 
American, and 19 from other countries; 
and of native craft, 5,567. 

Accounts are kept in rupees; each rupee being: 
divided into 4 quarters, and each quarter into 100 
reas. The rupee is also divided into 16 annas, or 
50 pice. An urdee is 2 reas ; a doreea, 6 reas; a sin¬ 
gle pice, 4 reas ; a fuddea, or double pice, 8 reas ; a 
paurchea is 5 rupees ; and a gold mohur, 15 rupees. 
The annas and reas are imaginary moneys. The 
coins are the mohur , or gold rupee ; the silver, or 
government rupee, and their divisions; also the 
double and single pice; the urdee and the doreea, 
which are copper coins. The gold mohur weighs 180 
grs., of which 165 are pure gold. The silver rupee 
weighs 180 grs., of which 165 are pure silver. [The 
value of the rupee in London is generally assumed to 
be 2s. sterling ; it is fixed by law in the U. S. at 44^ 
cents.] The Bombay maund. of 40 seers is 28 lbs.; 


the candy of 20 maunds is 560 lbs. The candy or 
khandi , for cotton, is 784 lbs., or 7 cwt. For measures 
of length, the English [American] yard is in general 
use. (M'Culloch.) See Moneys , also, Weights and 
Measures. 

Bombay ducks, the commercial 
name in India for a kind of dried fish 
when packed and ready for export. 

ISoBiiImy hemp, a name for the 
fibre obtained from crotaloria jiincea. 

SSaimibay slid Is, a name for shells, 
the bull's mouth , imported at Bombay from 
Africa and reshipped to England and to 
France for cutting into cameos. 

Bombazet, a woollen or worsted 
fabric, woven plain, or twilled, for ladies’ 
dresses. 

Soaiiiliazme, a twilled dress material 
made of silk and worsted, the warp being 
of silk, the weft of worsted. It is much 
used as mourning material for ladies’ 
dresses. 

Bombic acid, a product obtained 
by distilling silk with sulphuric acid. 

I3«m-koais, sugar-plums; small con¬ 
fections. 

Bond, an engagement by written in¬ 
strument under seal; an executed deed 
under seal whereby the party who executes 
it binds himself to pay a certain sum of 
money to another at a certain day,—this 
is a single bond; but bonds are usually 
given for double the sum intended to be 
paid, with a condition that if the obligor 
pays a smaller sum (the actual sum due), 
the bond or obligation is void. The penal¬ 
ty in a bond, the double sum mentioned, 
is for the purpose of securing the full debt 
with interest, and costs, if necessary. 

Bosided, secured by bond. Foreign 
goods or merchandise are said to be bond¬ 
ed when the payment of the duties is 
secured by a bond; or when warehoused in 
a government store and under the control 
of the collector of the port until entered 
for consumption and the duties paid. 

Boiadcd warehouses, buildings or 
warehouses in which imported merchan¬ 
dise is stored until the importer makes en¬ 
try for withdrawal for consumption and 
pays the duties ; or until he withdraws the 
merchandise for re-exportation to a for¬ 
eign country without paying the duties. 
These stores are owned and conducted by 
private individuals who engage in the 
business of storing dutiable merchandise, 
or in what is usually termed the storage 
business. Such stores are required to be 
first-class fire-proof buildings, and have to 
be used solely for the storage of warehouse 
goods, and of unclaimed and seized goods, 





72 BONDED STOREKEEPER. 


BOOK-DEBT. 


and they have to he previously approved 
by the Secretary of the Treasury. All the 
labor is performed by the owner of the 
store, for which and for the storage he 
looks only to the owner of the goods or im¬ 
porter. Before merchandise can be de¬ 
posited in a store of this description the 
owner or occupant has to give a bond, with 
proper securities, that he will comply in 
all respects with the provisions and require¬ 
ments of the warehousing laws, and hold 
the United States and its officers harmless 
from, or on account of any risk, loss, or 
expense connected with the keeping of 
any imported merchandise received by him 
for storage; and that he will pay to the 
collector the salary of the government offi¬ 
cer who shall be placed in charge of said 
store; and that he will not remove, or 
suffer to be removed, any goods from said 
store without lawful permit, and without 
the presence of the custom-house officer in 
charge. 

For the storage of wood, coal, mahog¬ 
any, dye-woods, lumber, molasses, sugar 
in hogsheads and tierces, railroad, pig, and 
bar iron, anchors, chain-cables, etc., yards 
or sheds of suitable construction may be 
used, to be bonded in the same manner as 
the stores. These yards must be enclosed 
by substantial fences, not less than 12 feet 
in height, with gates provided with suitable 
bars and other fastenings, so as to admit of 
being secured by customs locks, and must 
be exclusively for the storage of ware¬ 
housed goods. 

B5osa<le<2 stare keeper, the officer 
of the customs detailed to take charge of 
a bonded warehouse, and under whose su¬ 
pervision bonded goods are received and 
delivered from the store. 

Bondsman, one who is bound or 
gives security for the faithful performance 
of any contract or money payments. 

SSone-n^ls, calcined bones,—used by 
assayers for making cupels and for clean¬ 
ing articles of jewelry, and for the manu¬ 
facture of phosphorus. 

ISone-klaek, a name for animal 
charcoal; the black carbonaceous residue 
obtained by the distillation of bones, or by 
charring them in close vessels. It is main¬ 
ly used to deprive syrups or other solu¬ 
tions of their coloring matter. It is also 
used as a black pigment, and when prepared 
for this purpose it is sold as ivory-black. 

Bone-dust, crushed or ground bones, 
used as a fertilizer. 

Bo&ie-eartli, a term sometimes used 
for bone-ash. 


Bome-Iaee, a fine Brussels lace. 

Bone-oi!, Dippel’s oil. 

Bones, the bones of animals enter 
largely into commerce. In the arts they 
are employed by turners, cutlers, manu¬ 
facturers of animal charcoal, and, when 
calcined, by assayers for making cupels. 
They are also used for gelatine, for sizing 
used by dyers and finishers of fustians, 
velveteens, etc. In agriculture they are 
employed as a manure. Bones for manu¬ 
facturing purposes are imported into Eng¬ 
land and the United States, chiefly from 
Brazil and other ports of South America ; 
but England imports them also in con¬ 
siderable amounts from France, India, 
and Australia ; and for agricultural pur¬ 
poses from Russia, Germany, Turkey, 
and the South American States, to the ex¬ 
tent of 50 and 60,000 tons annually. 

Bonification, an allowance made 
in form of a discount. Don is used in the 
same sense, but generally for difference of 
measure. 

Bonnet, a lady’s covering for the 
head, made of a great variety of material. 
Those made of straw are the only kind 
properly belonging to trade—those made 
from silk, velvet, lace, crape, etc., are 
properly millinery articles. 

Bonnet-box, a kind of pasteboard 
or thin wooden box ; those made of paper 
are called bandboxes, and those of wood 
or leather are usually called hat-boxes. 

b on net frames, foundations for 
ladies’ bonnets, shaped and ready to be 
covered and trimmed, thus prepared by 
frame-makers and sold to merchants who 
supply millinery goods. 

filonaaet pepper, a species of cap¬ 
sicum. 

Bnnnet-xvire, wire specially prepar¬ 
ed for the frames and trimmings for ladies’ 
bonnets and sold as a millinery article. 

Booboot, a weight in the Sunda Isles 
of about 61 lbs. 

Book ae counts, the debtor balan¬ 
ces on a merchant’s books, due or to be¬ 
come due from his customers. Usually 
unsecured. 

Bookbinders’ elotSi, colored cot¬ 
tons, enamelled or embossed, and made to 
imitate leather or morocco,—used instead 
of leather for binding books. Manufac¬ 
tured in England. 

Book-case, a case or rack in the 
counting-room for the account-books. 

Book-debt, an entry or charge on the 
day-book or ledger for goods supplied; a 
book account. 







BOOKED. 

Booked, entered in a book; duly 
charged. 

Book-keeper, an accountant, one 
who records mercantile transactions in 
books kept for that purpose. 

Book-keeping, the art of record¬ 
ing, in a regular and systematic manner, the 
transactions of a commercial house, and 
exhibiting in a clear and concise method 
the exact state of its pecuniary affairs. Dr. 
Johnson remarks, 1 ‘ that the counting-house 
of an accomplished merchant is a school 
of method, where the great science may be 
learned of ranging particulars under gen¬ 
erals, of bringing the different parts of a 
transaction together, and of showing at 
one view a long series of dealing and ex¬ 
change. Let no man (he adds) venture 
into large business while he is ignorant of 
the method of regulating books ; never let 
him imagine that any degree of natural 
ability will enable him to supply this de¬ 
ficiency, or preserve a multiplicity of affairs 
from inextricable confusion. 1 ’ The general 
system of book-keeping is precisely the 
same in principle, and is essentially the 
same in practice, in all well-conducted mer¬ 
cantile houses. The Books and Accounts 
are kept in the money of the country in 
which the business is located, and two 
modes of keeping them are practised—one 
by what is termed Single, and the other 
by Double Entry. The latter mode is the 
most comprehensive and most accurate, 
and the one in most general use by first- 
class merchants. At the Commercial Col¬ 
leges, now happily established in various 
parts of our country, the science of Book¬ 
keeping is one of the branches of educa¬ 
tion which receives special attention. 

Book-keeping l>y double en¬ 
try. This is called the Italian method, 
because it was first practised in the com¬ 
mercial cities of Italy. By this system 
every entry is double, that is, it has both a 
debtor and a creditor side ; and the total 
aggregate of the several accounts on the 
debtor side must agree with the total of 
the accounts on the creditor side. This 
agreement is a test of accuracy. 

Book-keeping by single entry. 
This system is chiefly confined to the busi¬ 
ness of retail dealers, and the books con¬ 
sist only of a Day-book and Ledger. In 
the day-book the dealer enters his sales 
and purchases, and in his ledger he carries 
the former to the debit of his customers, 
and the latter to the credit of the mer¬ 
chants who supply him with goods. 

Book muslin, a thin kind of muslin 

10 


BOOK-STORE. 73 

for ladies’ dresses,—including tarlatans, 
lenos, etc. 

Book publishing. This is a dis¬ 
tinct business from that of bookselling, 
though the two are frequently combined. 
The publisher may be regarded both as a 
manufacturer and as a merchant. The 
business is one of large risks and of large 
profits; and conducted, as it usually is, by 
men of more than average intelligence, it 
has proved itself, in all countries where a 
taste for reading has been cultivated, emi¬ 
nently lucrative. The chief publishing 
houses of the world are at Leipsig, Paris, 
London, New York, Philadelphia, and 
Boston. 

Books, a regular set of merchants’ 
books consists of a Day-book or Journal, 
Ledger, Invoice-book, Cash-book, Bill- 
book, Bank-book, Check-book, and Re¬ 
ceipt-book. Various other petty account 
and memorandum books are found in most 
counting-rooms, but the essential ones are 
those named. 

Books, printed volumes bound or un¬ 
bound, as sold by the booksellers. When 
sold unbound they are either in sheets , or 
folded and collated. The annual imports 
of boupd and unbound books for four 
years, from 1858 to 1861, inclusive, ave¬ 
raged about $858,000; for four years 
from 1862 to 1865, inclusive (during the 
war), the average yearly imports were 
about $350,000. The imports for 1866 
were about $1,000,000 ; for 1867, 
$1,250,000; for 1868, $1,225,000; for 
1869, $1,600,000. The exports for 1865 
were $1,200,000; for 1866, $975,000; for 

1867, $900,000; for 1868, $875,000; for 
1869, $400,000. 

Books printed 20 years prior to impor¬ 
tation are admitted free of duty; also 
books bought abroad by a person for use 
in his profession. Let. Sec. IV., June 30, 

1868. 

Book-sellers, dealers in printed 
books, to which they frequently add the 
business of selling blank books and sta¬ 
tionery, and also that of book publishing. 
Selling books, like selling any other manu¬ 
factured products, is a regular commercial 
pursuit, modified somewhat by peculiar 
circumstances, and subject to the caprices 
of the reading public, in like manner as 
many other branches of business are af¬ 
fected by the caprices of fashion. 

Book-Store, in its usual acceptance, 
is a place where are kept for sale the cur¬ 
rent literature, and general miscellaneous 
and scientific books, including also school- 



74 


BOOK-TRADE. 


BORDEAUX. 


looks and stationery articles. The sale of 
law-books is usually restricted to a store 
where only that class of goods is sold, and 
is hence called a law-book store. Other 
hook-stores are always designated by the 
class of books to tvhich their business is 
restricted, as a medical-book store, a blank- 
book store, a toy-book store, &c. 

Boak trade, the business of print¬ 
ing, publishing, and selling books. 

I$o ait Cobb nails, cut nails from the 
nail factory at Boonton, N. J. 

Booraga, a gum obtained in the East 
Indies from a species of bombax. 

Boorjokc, a name for a kind of 
beads used as small money in Abyssinia. 

Boort, or hoart, or t>ort, a term 
used by diamond-merchants to designate a 
kind of imperfectly crystallized diamonds. 
Boort forms from two to ten per cent, 
of the rough diamonds exported from the 
Brazils, and is used as a material for po¬ 
lishing other stones, for which purpose it 
is broken and reduced to a powder; it is 
also used for engraving on hard stones. In 
the London market it can be bought for 
$5 or $6 per carat. 

Boot, a term used in trading or barter¬ 
ing ; a compensation for difference in value. 

Boot fl>a<*ks, the leather backs of 
boots, prepared and sold ready-shaped for 
making up. 

Bootee, a white, spotted, East India 
muslin ; a half-boot. 

Boot fYoatts, the calf-skin leather 
fronts for long boots, cut, shaped, and 
crimped,—largely sold in France and ex¬ 
ported both to England and the United 
States. 

Boot and slioe lacings, cotton 
or silk braid with ends secured and covered 
with tin. 

Boots and shoes. Besides consti¬ 
tuting a very important industry of our 
country, the trade in boots and shoes is 
one of great magnitude both for home con¬ 
sumption and foreign export. They are 
usually shipped in cases containing 12 
pairs of boots, or 60 pairs of shoes, and of 
children’s shoes either 60 pairs or 120 pairs. 
Boston is the chief mart, though ship¬ 
ments of them are made from New York to 
South America, the West Indies, the Pacific 
Coast, and indeed to nearly every part of 
the world. 

Boquin, a coarse sort of Spanish baize. 

Boracic acid, a saline substance, 
found at Sasso or Sesso, in the Florentine 
Territory, and hence sometimes called 
sassolin or sessolin ; the great supplies are 


obtained from the volcanic districts of 
Tuscany, from whence 3,000,000 lbs. are 
annually produced ; it is used to combine 
with soda in forming borax, for which 
purpose it is chiefly imported into the 
United States ; it is also used in manufac¬ 
turing a paste for artificial gems, in mak¬ 
ing enamel, as a flux in metaflurgic oper¬ 
ations, and in pharmacy. 

Boras, sacks or bags used in India for 
holding rice. 

Borassus sugar, a sugar obtained 
from the sap of a kind of palm-tree which 
grows in India. 

Borate of lsine, a mineral found on 
the surface and in the soil of some parts of 
Peru. It contains nearly 50 per cent, of 
boracic acid, and is imported into the 
United States and is used in the manufac¬ 
ture of refined borax. It was first dis¬ 
covered and brought into notice by Mr. 
Blake, a Boston merchant. Several full 
cargoes have been brought into Boston and 
New York. It is a cheap article, costing at 
the place of shipment only about 1 or 2 
cents per pound. 

Borax, a salt formed by the combina¬ 
tion of boracic acid with soda. In a crude 
state it is imported from India under the 
name of tincal, and from Tuscany under the 
name of boracic acid, and from Peru under 
the name of borate of lime, and is here 
manufactured into the refined borax of 
commerce. It is used in the arts, chiefly as 
a flux for metals, and in the manufacture 
of enamels, glazes, and glass. 

Bordeaux, a city of France, on the 
river Garonne, about 60 miles from its 
mouth. Its harbor is spacious, and ships of 
600 tons can come up to the docks at all 
stages of the tide. The city has an extensive 
commerce, but the chief commercial inter¬ 
est centres in the wine trade, the average 
annual sales of which exceed 50.000,000 
of gallons. The annual exports direct 
from the port of Bordeaux, in round num¬ 
bers, as averaged for 5 years, are— 

To the United States.2,000,000 gallons. 

“ Great Britain.1,300.000 “ 

“ The Hanse Towns.1,200,000 “ 

“ Holland.1,000,000 “ 

“ Belgium.1,000,000 “ 

‘ ‘ Biver Plate.1,500,000 “ 

“ British Colonies.1,500,000 

“ French Colonies .1.200,000 “ 

“ Uruguay.1,000,000 “ 

“ Brazil. 350,000 “ 

“ Peru. 200,000 “ 

“ Mexico. 200,000 “ 

“ Russia, Sweden and Nor¬ 
way. China, Chili, Ve¬ 
nezuela, Denmark, & 
various other coun¬ 
tries. from 50,000 to 100,000 “ 


















BORDEAUX WINES. 


The exports of brandy from the port of 
Bordeaux, as averaged for 5 years, were, 
for each year :— 

To Great Britain. 157,670 gallons. 

“ To other parts of Europe.. 263,508 “ 

“ To the United States. 454,235 “ 

“ The British, French, and ] 

Dutch Colonies, to the I “ 

River Plate, China, }• 1,750,831 
Mexico, Africa, Peru, I 
and other countries. J 

Prunes, almonds, French walnuts, and 
apples are also articles of export. 

The commissions charged by brokers are—: 


SELLER. 

1 p. c. 

2 p. c. 

IX p. c. 

1 p. c. 


Brandy, per cask of 4 hectolitres, 

Cognac, “ “ 5 “ 

44 44 44 ^ 44 

44 44 44 2 44 

“ per case of 12 bottles, 12% p. c 
Wine, 2 per cent, paid by the seller per tun of 4 
hogsheads. When sold under 150 francs the tun, 3 
francs per tun by the seller. 

Merchants’ commissions, 2 per cent, on current 
business. 


BUYER. 

1 p. C. 

2 p. c. 
IX P* C. 

1 p. c. 
12X p. c. 


Accounts are kept in francs, the par of 
exchange on London being 25 francs the 
pound sterling. The weights and measures 
are the French decimal system. 

Bordeaux wines the commercial 
name given to the wines produced in the dis¬ 
trict of the Gironde, including the famous 
wines of Chateaux Margaux, Lafitte, II aut- 
brion, and Latour. All grades of red and 
white wines are produced in this district, 
and they are generally purchased by the 
Bordeaux wine merchants just as soon as 
they can judge their character. They are 
then taken to the private establishments 
of the purchasers, where they are kept in 
an equable temperature throughout the 
year, and undergo the different processes 
of fining, racking, mixing, &c., considered 
necessary to bring them to the requisite 
' condition for sale. 

Bore, one who is tedious in his mode 
of doing business; or one who, during busi¬ 
ness hours, enters a merchant’s counting- 
room or store and enters into conversation 
without having business to transact,—or 
having business, remains after he is through 
with it. 

Borrow, to receive on credit for a 
time, from one who lends ; a merchant who 
owes borrowed money which is to be paid 
back at any moment, or within a day or 
two, and has to borrow again to meet his 
engagements, is said to be on the borrow. 

Borseillialle, the merchants’ Ex¬ 
change, or place of meeting; the term 
used on the Continent for the Exchange 
building. 

Bo*li, a trade name in England for 
adulterated butter. 


BOSTON. 75 


Bosse, a liquid measure at Neufchatel. 
241-2- gals. 

Boston, the capital and principal city 
of Massachusetts. As a commercial city, 
second only to New York. The harbor is 
easy of access, and affords good anchorage 
for vessels of the largest class. The 
wharves and warehouses are on a scale of 
great magnitude, and for convenience and 
solidity of structure are not surpassed by 
those of any other city in the United States. 
The foreign trade of the city is extensive, 
but the products of the New England 
Cotton, Woollen, and other Manufactures, 
and of the Fisheries on the New England 
coast, which are mainly controlled by the 
merchants of Boston, give to the city its 
chief commercial significance. The article 
of Ice is also of considerable importance, 
both in its foreign and domestic trade. 
The foreign commerce of Boston is with 
the East Indies, China, the Spice Islands, 
Africa, South America, &c. But the larger 
amounts of the shipments from the port 
are to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, 
Richmond, Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, 
New Orleans, and other southern and west¬ 
ern cities. 

The actual expenses of Wharfage, Truck¬ 
age or Cartage, and Weighing, cannot be 
given under their respective heads for 
want of uniformity in prices. The Boston 
rates are therefore taken as fair average 
charges, by which merchants may regulate 
or compare the prices for similar services in 
other places. From these Tables merchants 
in the interior may also derive information 
concerning certain elements in the cost of 
commodities growing out of the handling of 
goods in seaport cities, which it would be 
difficult to make appear in any other way. 

The usual commissions on sales of merchandise, 
disbursements, collecting freights, &c., is 2% per cent., 
with an additional 2X per cent, for guarantee in case 
of sales. Commission houses having the agency for 
the sale of the products of large mills receive IX per 
cent. A ton measurement is 40 cubic feet—dead¬ 
weight for cargoes, 2240 lbs. The pilots are commis¬ 
sioned by the Governor of the State, on the nomina¬ 
tion of the Boston Marine Society, and the latter So¬ 
ciety appoints the port-wardens. 

Regular Merchandise Brokerage IX per cent., Jute 
1 per cent., and Lumber 2X per cent. 


Bates for Towing Ships, Barks ancl Brigs about the 
Harbor below Bridges; and for Towing vessels to 
sea; or from wharf to moJce sail or anchor; or for 
getting vessels under way in stream. 


250 tons and less.. §7 00 
250 to 300 tons.... 8 00 

300 to 450 tons.... 10 00 


450 to 600 tons.... $12 00 
600 to 1000 tons... 15 00 
1000 to 1500 tons.. 18 CO 


Over 1500 tons.$20 00 

Barks and Brigs less than 300 tons, $1.00 less than 
above when light. 

Steamers same price as above, unless over 1500 tons; 
a special bargain will then be made. 










76 


BOSTON". 


BOSTON". 


Schooners and Sloops. 


Less than 100 tons. $5 00 

300 to 400 

tons, 


100 to 150 

tons, 

loaded.... 


$8 00 

loaded.... 

. 6 00 

Light. 


7 00 

Light. 

. 5 00 

400 to 600 

tons, 


150 to 300 

tons, 

loaded. 


9 00 

loaded. 

. 7 00 

Light. 


8 00 

Light. 

. 6 00 





Additional charges for passing vessels 
through bridges. Vessels called light when 
empty, and when partially loaded with out¬ 
ward cargo. All partially loaded with in¬ 
ward cargo, to be considered loaded. 


Wharfage and Dockage. 

The Wharfage on all goods shipped by or consigned 
to parties not residing in Boston, is required to be 
paid by the master, owner, or agent of the vessel re¬ 
ceiving or landing such goods. 

When the words “Boston Wharfage” are placed in 
the bill of lading or receipt, to be collected with the 
freight money, at the port of discharge, the amount 
of Wharfage due will be payable by the vessel or 
owners of the vessel, on demand of the Wharfinger, 
before sailing. 

The words Boston Wharfage can only be inserted 
in bills of lading of vessels bound to coastwise ports, 
and not in any instance in bills of lading of vessels 
bound to foreign ports. 

Vessels to discharge cargo will take precedence 
over vessels to load. 

Vessels being loaded and coming from or going to 
other wharves will be charged double rates of dock¬ 
age. 

No vessel with unslaked lime or other cargo of a 
dangerous character on board will be allowed to lie at 
the wharf without special permission of the Wharf¬ 
inger. 

Vessels will be charged wharfage for the day of 
their arrival, but not for the day of their departure. 

Vessels to load will be allowed lay days as follows, 
free from charge of Dockage :— 


Under 150 tons, 12 days. 

150 tons to 200 “ 15 “ 

200 “ 500 “ 20 “ 

500 “ 800 “ 25 “ 

800 “ 1100 “ 35 “ 

1100 “ 1500 “ 40 “ 

Over 1500 “ 45 “ 

Vessels to discharge will be allowed lay days as fol¬ 
lows, free from charge of Dockage :— 

Under 150 tons, 5 days. 

150 tons to 200 “ 6 “ 

200 “ 500 “ 7 “ 

500 “ 800 “ 10 “ 

800 “ 1100 “ 15 “ 

1100 “ 1500 “ 20 “ 

Over 1500 “ 25 “ 


At the expiration of. the specified number of lay 
days allowed to load or discharge cargo, Dockage 
will in all cases be charged at the established rate, in 
addition to Wharfage rates on cargo. Calendar time 
will be computed in all cases of lay days and Dock¬ 
age. 


RATES OF DOCKAGE. 

Steamers and Steam Tugs. 

One cent per day per Ton Register or Measure¬ 

ment. 


Vessels. 

Under 200 Tons Measurement or Register, 75 cent3 
per day. 

Over 200 Tons Measurement or Register, one-half 
cent per day per Ton Register or Measurement. 


Vaclits. 


Under 

10 Tons. 


10 Tons to 20 

tt 

.85 “ 

20 “ 

40 

(6 

.50 “ “ 

40 “ 

60 

U 

.75 “ “ 

Over 

60 

(l 



per Ton Measurement or Register. 


RATES OF WHARFAGE. 

The rates for wharfage are fixed by a 
regular tariff of prices, and are presented 
below in sufficient detail for general pur¬ 
poses of information and comparison. Like 
commissions, storage, and other charges, 
in Boston, it frequently happens that more 
favorable terms are obtained by special 
agreement. 

The following named articles are charged 40 cents per 
Ton of 2240 lbs : 

Boxwood, boilers, brimstone, loose; rags, Ken¬ 
tucky hemp, flax, hide cuttings, and gam bier in 
bales; barytes, steel, marble, car-wheels, castings, 
chalk, chemicals, iron cisterns, copper; chains, cop¬ 
peras, and hollow-ware in casks; hay, iron, ivory, 
last blocks, copper, iron hoops, rods, pipes, railroad, 
pig. and Russian iron ; lead, steel, over 800 lbs. ; pipe¬ 
clay, drain-pipe, power-presses, timber,' tire-wheels, 
whalebone, ebony, granadillo. and logwood, &c. 

The following 30 cents per Ton : 

Antimony, arsenic, anvils, bale-rope, ballast, bone, 
and fire-brick; guano, gums, gutta-percha, Pari 3 
white, rice, saltpetre, sugar, and shot in bags, cotton 
waste in bales, whiting in baiTels; sugar in baskets 
or in boxes, coal, cordage; alum, bleaching-powder, 
chemicals, madder, ore, terra umber, in casks; 
gravel, grindstones, guano in bulk, india-rubber 
hose, j unk ; brimstone, broken glass and metals, for¬ 
eign sugar in hogsheads. 

For the following articles , the prices specified: 

Boards or plank, per M. 40 c. ; clap-boards and 
pickets, per M, 30 c. ; blindstuff, per M, 25 c. ; joists, 
per M, 40 c. ; masts, 50 c. each; laths and shingles, 
per M, 10 c. ; hoops, per doz., 2 c.; ice, per cord, 30 
c. ; bricks per M, 40 c. ; freight cars, $2.00 ; passen¬ 
ger cars, $5,00; hand cars, 25 c. ; cooking ranges, 
15 c. ; bristles in casks, 10 e., in half-casks, 7 c. ; 
crockery ware, glassware, &c., in crates, 15 c.; bar¬ 
rel shooks, 1 c.; hogshead shooks, 3 c.; soap-box and 
fruit-box shooks, \ c.; baskets, boxes, and buckets, 
in nests, 2 c. ; trunks and tubs, in nests, 6 c.; olives 
in hogsheads, 15 c. ; onions, per 100 bunches, 15 c. ; 
oranges, in cases, 4 c.; calf, goat, nutria, seal, sheep, 
and zebra skins, loose, per 100, 10 c.; tile, earthen 
or slate, per 100, 40 c.; marble slabs, per ton of 12 ft., 
30 c. ; mill-stones and soap-stones, per ton of 12 ft., 
30 c.; marble tiles, per 100, 40. c.; cassia, per 100 
mats, 25 c. ; gunny, loose, per 100 bags, 4 c. ; bread, 
liquor, or oils in pipes, 15 c. each; carpets and oil¬ 
cloth, for each roll, 6 c.; salt, 3 c. per sack, or 8 c. per 
hogshead of 8 bushels ; stoves, each 10 c.; bark, per 
cord, 30 c. ; axe-handles, per doz.. 1 c.; fork and 
shovel handles, per doz., 1 c. ; willow chairs and 
cradles, each 4 c.; tree-nails, per M, 40 c. ; type, per 
100 lbs., 2 c.; cheese, 1 in tin case. 1 c.; barouches, 
$1; buggies and cabs, 25 c. ; drays and trucks, 25 c.; 






















BOSTON. 


BOSTON. 


77 


coaches, $ 1 ; bread, cement, crackers, currants, fish, 
flour, fruit, grain, lamp-black, nuts, plaster, vegeta¬ 
bles, varnish, vinegar, lard, and meal, each per bar¬ 
rel, 4 c. Per bag: Rio coffee, 3 c.; chiccory, 4 c.; 
flour, 250 lbs., 1 c.; grain, 2 bush., 2 c. ; ginger, 
2 c. ; cutch, 2 c. ; potatoes, 2 bush., 2 c. ; nutgalls, 
6 c. In bales , per bale: baskets, 12 c. ; buffalo 
robes, 4 c.; paper, cotton goods, carpets, paper-cut¬ 
tings, snake-root, tobacco-stems, crash, cocoa mat¬ 
ting, cloves, deer-skins, duck, diaper, palm-leaf, nut- 
galls, quills, senna, and twine, each 6 c. In barrels : 
liquor, spirits, oil, lime, each 5 c. In boxes and cases : 
aloes, annatto, arrow-root, brimstone, axles, camphor, 
candies, soap, caps, cards, chairs, cardamoms, china- 
ware, clocks, clothing, crackers, eggs, fans, figs, furs, 
gamboge, glass vials, gum arabic, damar and benzoin, 
hats, sago, silks, slates, sponge, tapioca and wax, 
each 6 c. ; bedsteads, feather-beds, children’s car¬ 
riages, cradles, school-desks, mattresses, rocking- 
horses, and wash-sinks, each 4 c. In baskets: figs, 
champagne, fruit, claret wine, 2 c. Lounges, refri¬ 
gerators, sewing-machines, sofas, wardrobes, and 
divans, each 10 c. ; melodeons and side-boards, each 
15 c.; pianos, billiard-tables and standing desks, 
each 25 c. ; trunks of dry-goods, or of boots and 
shoes, or trunks containing American merchandise, (i 
c. each ; trunks with foreign merchandise, 12 c. In 
bundles: blinds, fishing poles, sashes, each 6 c. ; 
brooms, 1 doz.; trunk boards, coir yarn, hair, over 
10 lbs.: handspikes, 1 doz., liquorice root, maps per 
doz., oakum, pails per doz., printing paper per ream, 
sarsaparilla, sieves, and wire per 100 lbs., each 2 c. ; 
bottles, potatoes, mineral waters, and other kinds in 
hampers, for each hamper 10 c. ; empty crates and 
butts or casks, 7 c. each ; empty oyster-kegs, per 100 
kegs, 20 c. ; empty white-lead kegs, 50 lbs., per 100 
kegs, 25 c. ; of 25 lbs., per 100 kegs, 20 c. ; tool- 
chests, 5 c. ; trunks, 4 c. ; empty hogsheads, 7 c.; ale 
hogsheads, 4 c. ; jugs, 1 c. ; carboys, 2 c. ; liquor 
cases, 1 c.; large cans, 4 c. 


STORAGE. 

The accommodations for storage in Boston are not 
inferior to those of any other city in the Union. The 
warehouses, built with massive blocks of granite, are 
spacious, conveniently located, and constructed with 
special reference to safety and economy of labor. 
But the charges, though usually reasonable enough, 
are so uncertain, frequently varying on the same 
articles, 30, 40, or even 50 per cent., that any Table 
of Rates that could be given might rather tend to 
mislead than to give precise information. 


TRUCKAGE RATES AT BOSTON”, 1871. 

About To & fr’m 
Town. Railroad. 

Almonds, per frail, Apples, per bbl... 5 6 

do. inboxes... 4 5 

do. seroon. 15 17 

Alum, cask, per ton, Argols, Do. 75 1.00 

do. bbl. 10 12 

Aloes, in case. 17 20 

Ale, in butts.... 20 25 

do. inbbls...,. 8 10 

Alcohol, bbl. 10 12 

Apples, dry, per ton. 75 1.00 

Batting, per bale, in quantities. 6 8 

Blankets, per bale (foreign). 38 50 

do. do. (domestic). 25 38 

do. Kerseys, per bale. 20 25 

Boiler tubes, per ton.I.75@y2.50 75@-2.00 

Burlaps, per bale.50@2.00 

Bleaching powders, per ton of 2000 lbs. 88 1.00 

Beef, bbls. 8 10 

do. half bbls. 5 6 

Beef, in tierces. 12 15 


Beans, in bbls. 7 9 


Boots and Shoes, per case. 

. 3 

5 

Butter and cheese, per ton. 

. 75 

1.00 

do. do. in hhds. 

,.38@1.00 

1.00 

Brimstone, in bbls. and cases_ 

. 10 

12 

Broom Corn, per bale. 


20 

Bristol Brick, per M. 

. 4.00 

4.00 

Bottles, in crates (domestic).., 
Barley, per bushel. 

. 15 

20 


2 

Buckwheat Flour, 100 lb. bags.. 

. 3 

4 

do. do. 1201 b. bags.. 

. 4 

5 

Blacking, in bbls. 

. 10 

12 


Chain Cables, 2 tons or less.1.00@1.50 1.50 

Cigars, per case. 25 


do. loose boxes . 


X 

Clove Stems, per sack. 

. '8 

10 

Car Wheels, per ton . 

Cape Goat Skins, per bale_ ___ 

. 15 

20 

Cloves, per bale . 

. 10 

12 

Cloths, in bales and trusses. 


33X@75 

Carpeting, Oil Cloth, in cases. ... 

.75@3.00 

3.00 

do. domestic, do. 

...18@25 

50 

do. do. per roll_ 


15@30 

Carpets, per roll. 

. 6 

8 

Cocoa, per bag. 

. 5 

7 

Coffee, per bag. . 

. 5 

6 

do. Rio. 


7 

do. in pockets . 

Copper (foreign), per case . 

do. (domestic) do . 

do. Ingots, per cask . 

do. Bolts, per ton . 

do. Sheets, loose, per ton _ 

do. Pigs, per ton . 

Citron, in cases . 

.2@3 

. 40 

. 30 

. 38 

.... 1.00 

_ 1.50 

. 1.00 

. 25 

30 

Calf Skins, in Rough, per bale ... 

.... 12 

20 

Crash, per bale . 

.... 15 

20 

Cordage, Cotton, Cutch, per ton . 

.... 1.00 

1.25 

Copperas, per ton . 

.... 75 

1.00 

Cream Tartar, per ton. 

.... 75 

1.00 

Carboys . 

.... 12 

15 

Cement, per cask. . 

8 

10 

Corn, per bag. 

4 

5 

do. per bushel. 

2 

3 

Canton Matting, per roll. 

6 

8 

Cheese, loose, per ton. 

Candles, per box. 

Cun-ants, bbls. 

.... 1.50 

7 

8 

Carriages and Coaches, in boxes .. 

.... 1.50 

4.00 

Cedar, per M . 

.... 2.50 

3.00 

Chiccory, in bags . 

5 

(i 

do. in sacks . 

.... 10 

12 

Cassia, in mats, per 100 mats . 


62 

do. in cases . 

6 

7 

Chair Stock, per case . 

.... 62 

75 

Dates, per frail . 

5 


Dry Goods, in trusses . 

. ..25@75 

25@75 

30 

do. in cases.. .12, 15, 18, 

20. 22, 25 

do. do. extra size . 

.38@1.00 

1.00 

do. do. foreign . 

.... 25 

75 

do. per ton . 

.... 1.00 

1.25 

do. single package . 

.... 25 

38 

do. Wadding, large . 

.. 6 , 8 , 10 

10 

do. do. small . 

. 2@3 

5 

do. Wicking . 

.2@3 

5 

Domestics, in bales.. 8 , 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 

do. incases . 12, 15, 18. 22, 25 

do. per ton . 1.00 

1.25 

do. less than 3 packages. . 

Duck, in packages . 

.... 38 

8 

do. per bolt . 

Demijohns, per crate . 

.... 3@4 
.... 15 

20 

Diaper, in bales . . . 


25 

Dye Liquor, per cask . 

.... 63 

87 

Earthen Ware, in crates and hhds 
do. single package . ., 

do. from whfs to R.R. 

...40@,60 

75 

...50@70 

50 

do. do. do. single pkge. 

75 


































































































78 


BOSTON. 


BOSTON. 


Emery Stone, loose, per ton 2000 lbs. 

1.25 

1.50 

Emery, in casks. 

10 

12 

Empty Hogsheads. 

12 

15 

do. 

Oil and Liquor Bbls. 

5 

6 

do. 

Pork Bbls. 

4 

5 

Fish, 

in tierces. 

10 

12 

do. 

in hhds. 

38 

50 

do. 

in drums, on wharf.. 

15 

18 

do. 

in half-drums. 

12 

15 

do. 

in quarter-drums. 

5 

6 

do. 

in barrels. 

7 

9 

do. 

in half-barrels. 

4 

5 

do. 

in quarter-barrels. 

2 

2X 

do. 

in kitts. 

2 

^X 

do. 

in sugar boxes. 

15 

20 

do. 

in 100 lb. boxes. 

5 

6 

do. 

in half-boxes. 

3 

4 

do. 

in quarter-boxes. 

1 ^ 

2X 

do. 

in bundles. 

4 

5 

do. 

loose, per quintal. 

6 

7 


Fish Drums, empty. 7 


do. 

do. 

half-drums, empty... 

6 

do. 

do. 

quarter, do. ... 

3 

do. 

do. 

in nests, do. ... 

8 


Fish Barrels, empty. 3 4 

do. do. half-bbls., empty. 2 


do. do. qr. do. do. & Kits. 1 

do. do. tierces, do. 5 


Figs, in cases. 

...12@15 

20 

do. in drums, per 100 drums... 

.... 62 

1.00 

do. in bags, per 100 bags. 

.... 75 

1.00 

do. in hhds. 

. 40 

60 

Feathers, per bale. 

. 12 


Fuller’s Earth, per cask. 

. 88 

1.00 

Flour, per barrel. 

6 

8 

Fire-Brick, per M. 

.... 4.00 


Fresh Fish, in boxes. 

. 20 

25 

Furniture, per load. 

.... 2.00 


Granadilla Wood, per ton. 

.... 1.00 


Grapes, per cask. 

4 

5 

do. per half-cask. 

2 

3 

Gunny Cloth. 

.... 25 

30 

Gunny Bags, bales. 

.... 15 

20 


Gunny Bundles. 5 6 

do. in rolls. 8 9 

Ginger, per bag. 5 6 

Glass, per box. 2 2 X 

Guano, per ton. 1.50 

Gum Copal, per case. 20 25 

Gambier Gas Pipes, per ton. 1.00 

Grindstones, per ton. 75 1.50 

Gum Arabic, per sack. 15 20 

Glass Ware, per case. 8 10 

Hair, per bale. 50 75 

do. chiquor. 18 25 

Hard Ware, in casks. 38 50 

Hemp, Manilla, per bale. 9 12 

do. Russia, per ton 2000 lbs. 2.00 2.50 

do. Kentucky do. do . 80 1.00 

Hides, loose, dry (Western). IX 

do. do wet. 2 

do. bales, cow. 38 50 

do. casks, salted. 50 62 

do. bales, Buffalo. 50 60 

do. dry salted... 2 

do. slaughtered. 3 

do. cuttings. 15 18 

do. African, per hundred. 1.00 1.25 

do. in bundles. 6 

Hams, in hhds. 38 50 

do. in barrels. 8 10 

do. in tierces. 10 12 

do. loose, per hundred. 1.00 

do. boxes, shoulders and sides.. .20@,25 30@35 

Hoops, per M. 1.50 2.00 

Hops, per bale. 8 10 

Hay, per ton. 1.00 1.25 

Hogs, round, per ton. 88 

Herrings, in boxes. 1 2 


Horns, per M. 1.00 1.50 

Heading (Sugar and Molasses). IX 

do. (Fish Drums). 1 

Iron, Bar and Rail Road, per ton. 1.00 

do. Pig, per ton. 75 

do. Hoop. 1.25 

do. Scrap. 88 

do. Wire, per bundle. 8 10 

do. Russia Sheet, per pack. 10 12 

do. English Sheet, per bundle. 7 8 

do. Sheet and Boiler Plate. 1.25 1.50 

Indigo, per case.:. 15 18 

do seroons. 10 12 

Jute, per bale. 10 12 

Junk, per ton. 88 1.00 

Lead, black, per ton 2000 lbs. 1.25 

do. Pigs, per ton. 80 1.00 

Linen, in bales and trusses.50@75 75@1.00 

Lignumvitae, per ton. 88 1.00 

Lemons & Oranges, per box. 3 4 

Liquor, in pipes. 40 50 

do. in three-quarter pipes. 35 40 

do. in half-pipes. 24 30 

do. in quarter-pipes. 12 15 

do. in eighth-pipes. 7 9 

do. in hhds. and puncheons. 40 50 

do. in boxes of 1 dozen. 4 5 

Lac Dye, per case. 12 18 

Linseed, per bag. 7 8 

Lard, in bbls. 8 10 

do. in tierces. 10 12 

do. in kegs. 2 X 3 

do. in cases.5, 6 , 7 

do. in half-barrels. 5 6 

Lasts Blocks, per M. 2.00 

Leather, per hundred sides. 75 1.00 

do. per roll, sole. 9 10 

do. curried, per roll. 3 

do. rough, do. 7 10 

do. in crates. 38 50 

Licorice, cases.8@20 20 

Lime, cask. 7 8 

Lancewood. 7 

Logwood, per ton. 75 88 

do. in barrels. 7 8 

Locomotive Tire Iron, per ton. 1.25 1.50 

do. Tires, welded , 1 each. 75 

Locomotive Wheels, per ton. 1.25 

Marble, in Slabs, per ton. 1.50 

Marble, in head & foot stones, per ton. 1.50 
Machinery, foreign, per ton 2000 lbs... 1.50 2.00 

Mahogany, per ton. 1.00 

Moss, Southern, per bale. 17 

do. Irish, per bbl. 3 4 

Molasses, hhds., Boston wharf to 

Northern Railroads. 1.00 

do. to Southern do. 80 

do. to Stores and Wharves.... 80 

do. in tierces. 50 65 

do. in barrels. 20 

do. in half-barrels. 12 


Molasses, hhds., from Charleston to 

Southern Railroads. 1.00 Nrth. 80 

do. to Stores and Wharves_ 80 

do. in tierces. 50 65 

do. in barrels. 20 

do. inhalf-barrels. 12 

do. hhds. to stores and wharves 60 

do. stores to railroads. 80 

do. single hhd., from store... 75 1.00 

do. single hhd., from Boston 

wharf. 1.25 

do. in tierces, from wharf to 

. store. 40 50 

do. in barrels, from wharf to 

store. 15 20 

Madder, large casks. 75 1.25 

do. small. 50 75 

Merchandise, per ton, R. R. 1.00 





















































































































































BOSTON. 


BOSTON. 


79 


Mill-stones. 

Mills, portable, each. 

Mouldings, in cases. 

Nails, per bag. 

.2.00®2.50 
.1.25@2.00 
....30® 50 

12 

do. per cask, foreign. 


6 

do. ner cask, domestic. 

. 4 

5 

Nuts, per bag. 

. 5 

7 

do. per bale. 

. 12 

15 

do. pea, per bag. 


(i 

Nutmegs, per cask. 

.10® 40 

40 

do. per case. 

. 8 

10 

Nutgalls, per bag. 

. 18 

20 

Nitric soda, per ton. 

Opium, per case. 

. 15 

17 

Oil, per lihd. and cask, foreign. 

.50® 75 

1.00 

do. per barrel. 

. 10 

14 

do. cases, castor. 

. 12 

15 

do. casks, per bbls. of 40 gallons.... 12 

15 


do. when in boxes and baskets. 4 

do. boxes, 10 gallons. 5 

Oil casks, empty, per bbl. 40 gallons.. 5 

Oats, per bushel. 1 

Old copper metal, loose, per ton. 2.00 

Pipes, boxes. 3 

Palm leaf, per bundle. 2 

do. per bale. 10 

Palm leaf hats, in bales. 5 

Pitch and rosin, per barrel. 8 

Plaster, per ton. 75 

Potatoes, per bushel. 2)£ 

do. per barrel. 5 

Ploughs. 4@6 

Porter, quarts, pints.8® 10 

Potash. 15 

Pepper. 5 

Paper cases. 25 

do. per ton of 2000 lbs. 88 

Paper stock, per ton. 1.00 

Peas, per bag of 2 bushels, in ]4 bbls. 

do. per barrel. 

Pork, in barrels. 

do. in barrels, dry salted. 

do. in half-barrels. 

do. in cases, per ton. 1.25 

Phosphate of lime, per bag. 

do. do. per barrel.... 

Pipe clay, loose, per ton. 1 50 

Palm and peanut oil, per ton. 1.00 

Rattan, per ton. 2.00 

Raisins, in boxes. 

do. in half-boxes. 

do. in quarter-boxes. 

do. in casks. 

do. in tierces. 12 

do. in barrels. 

Rice, casks. 

do. per bag (2 sizes). 

do. barrels. 

do. half barrels. 

do. liquor barrels. 

Rum, in hhds. 

do. in barrels. 10 

Rags, per ton, bales, pressed. 

do. per ton, unpressed. 1.00 

Russia mats, per dozen. 

Steel, single cases. SO 

Steel, double cases. 

do. bundles, per ton. 

Sarsaparilla, per bale. 0 

Sapan Wood, per ton. 2.50 

Shellac, per case. 15 

Saltpetre, per bag. 7 

Sumac, per bag. ^6 

Soda Ash, per ton of 2000 lbs. 

Soda Bicarbonate, per keg. 

Soda, in barrels, Sago, in cases. 8 

do. in half-barrels. 

Sal-soda, in casks, per ton. 

Salt, per bag. 6 


6 

6 

1 

2.50 

4 

3 

12 

6 

10 

1.00 

6 

12 

20 

6 


Salt, loose, per hhds. 25 30 

do. in hhds. 50 

do. in gunny bags. 5 6 

do. 20 lb. bags, per 100 bags. 88 

Soda Caustic, per cask. 20 25 

Sheep Skins, per bale. 12 15 

Skins, salted, per cask. 50 02 

do. tanned, bale.10@14 10 

Syrup, New Orleans and refined, per 

barrel. 17 20 

Salmon, per tierce. 15 20 

do. in boxes. 4 

Sails, per load.2.00@4.00 

Starch, in casks and bags, per ton_ 88 1.00 

do. per box. 3 

Shooks and Heading. 6 7 

do. Sugar Box. 3 4 

Saleratus, per cask. 15 20 

do. per barrel. 8 0 

Soap, Castile, per box. 3 4 

do. Brown, do. 4 5 

Sulphur, in casks, per ton. 88 1.00 

do. in bags. 10 12 

do. per barrel. 8 10 

do. per case. 8 9 

Staves, per M.2.00@4.00 

Seed, Red Top, per bag. 3 

do. Timothy, per bag... 4 

do. per barrel. 7 8 

do. Clover, per bag. 5 6 

do. Canary, per bag. 8 10 

do. do. per sack. 15 18 

Sheep Pelts, per 100. 50 60 

Stoves and Furnace Castings, per ton 1.25 1.50 

Stove Brick, loose, per ton. 1.75 


88 


Sumac, American, per ton. 

.. 80 

1.00 

1.00 


Sugar, in hhds. 

.. 60 

80 

4 

5 

do. in boxes . 

.. 15 

20 

7 

9 

do. in bags. 

6 

7 

8 

10 

do. in barrels .. 

7 

9 

8 

9 

do. from Boston wharf to Northern 


5 

6 

Railroads, per hhd. 

.. 1.00 


1.25 


do. to Southern Railroads. 

.. 80 


5 

G 

do. boxes, do. . 

20@25 


8 

10 

do. stores and wharves, hhds... 

.. 80 


1 50 


do. north Commercial whf., do.. 

.. 88 


1.00 

1.25 

do. Manilla, per bag. 

5 

G 

2.00 


do. Calcutta, do., Pernambuco, do. 7 

8 

1>£ 

2 

Shoddy, Flocks and Noils, per bale. 

.. 40 


1 


Tallow and Stearine. 

.. 75 

1.00 

% 


Tapioca, in baskets. 


6 

3 

4 

Tin, Pig, per ton. 

.. 1.00 


12 

15 

do. in boxes. 

6 


6 

10 

Tobacco, foreign, per bale. 

6 

7 

20 

25 

do. domestic, per bale. 

4 

5 

8®9 

9@10 

do. per hhd. 

.. 62 

80 

7 

9 

do. per case. 

8 

10 

4 

5 

do. per box. 

5 

6 

8 

10 

do. per case, domestic. 

.. 20 

25 

50 

50 

Twine, per ton, 1.00 ; bale, 15 ; ball. 

3 


10 

12 

Tar, per barrel, do. 

.. 10 

12 

88 

1.00 

Turmeric, per pocket. 

1 


1.00 

1.25 

Tea, in caddies. 

2 

3 

4 


do. per chest over 100 lbs. 

5 

6 

SO 

55 

do. per % chest under 100 lbs. 

4 

5 

80 

1.00 

do. per Vz do. 60 lbs. 

3 

4 

1.25 

1.50 

Venetian Red, per cask. 

.. 12 

15 

6 

8 

Woollens, in trusses. 

.. 30 

38 

2.50 


Wool, foreign, per ton. 

.. 1.00 

1.25 

15 

18 

do. in ballets. 

5 

7 

7 

8 

do. in bags. 

. . 10 

14 

6 

7 

do. California, in bags. 

.. 12 

15 

88 

1.00 

do. or Cotton Waste. 

12®25 

30 

5 

6 

Wine, in pipes. 

.. 50 

62 

8 

10 

do. in half-pipes. 

.. 25 

30 

5 

6 

do. in barrels.. 

.. 10 

12 

88 

1.00 

do. in baskets or cases. 

4 

5 

6 

8 

Whiting, per ton of 2000 lbs. 


88 






















































































































































80 


BOSTON. 


BOTTICHER WARE. 


Whiting, in barrels. 10 12 

White Lead and Zinc, per ton. 88 1.00 


VV UUUj pt/f LOIU. • • • • • i • • ••••••••! 

Water Wheels, Cast Iron.1.00(5*1.75 

Water Wheel Spiders.1.25@,2.50 

Yarn, in winches. 18 20 

Yellow' Berries, per bale. 12 15 

Yellow Ochre, per cask. 20 25 

Zinc, per cask, 50, cases, 40, % casks, 25 

Goods Trucked in Bond to and from East Boston. 

Wools, 1.50 per ton. 

Gunny Cloth, per bale. 35 40 

Gunny Bags, per bale. 25 30 

Manilla Hemp, per bale. 12 15 

Jute, per bale. 12 15 

Saltpetre, per bag. 10 12 

Indigo, per case. 18 22 

Lac Bye, per case. 15 20 

Shellac, per case. 18 23 

Linseed, per bag. 10 12 

do. pockets. 3 4 

Castor oil, per case. 15 18 

Palm and Pea-Nut Oil, per ton. 1.25 1.50 

Hides, Cow. per bale. 60 70 

do. Buffalo, per bale. 70 80 

do. Loose, per hundred. 1.75 2.00 

do. Dry Salted, per hundred. 2.50 3.00 

Molasses, per hhd. 90 1.10 

Sugar, per hhd. 90 1.10 

do. Manilla, per bag. 7 9 

do. Calcutta and Pernambuco, per 

bag. 10 12 

Bussia Iron, per pack. 12 15 

English Iron, per bundle. 10 12 

Coir Yarn, per bale. 17 20 

Rice, per bag. 9 11 

Goat Skins, per bale. 30 35 

Russia Hemp, per ton. 2.00 2.50 


Tariff of Prices of Weighers of City of Boston—the 
ton 2,000 lbs., except otherwise stated. 


Anchors, per ton 

$1 00 

Alum, per cask_ 

20 

Almonds, per bale. 

10 

“ per frails 

5 

“ per box. 

3 

Boxwood, per ton 

50 

Brimstone, per ton 

1 00 

Brimstone, per cask 

25 

Camphor, per case. 

15 

Chiccory, per ton 

50 

Cassia, per ton. 

1 50 

Cassia, per case 

10 

Cochineal,per seroon 25 

Chain cables, per 


ton, $1 to. 

3 00 

Cocoa, in bags, ton 

50 

Coffee bags. 

5 

Coffee in bags, ton. 

. 40 

Copper pig, per ton 

40 

Copper ore, per ton 

50 

Copper, loose, ton 

3 00 

Corks, bale. 

15 

Cordage, per ton 

50 

Cork wood, per ton 

2 00 

Cntch bags. 

8 

Cotton bale. 

15 

Currants, per bbl... 

8 

Canary seed,per ton 
Dye-wood, logwood 

40 

per ton 2,240 lbs. 
Dye-wood, fustic, 

50 

per ton 2,240 lbs. 
Dye-wood, sapan, 
per ton 2,240 lbs. 

50 

2 00 


Dye-wood, Brazi- 


letto, per ton 

2,240 lbs. 1 50 

Figs, loose, drums, 
per ton 2,000 lbs. 1 25 

Figs, loose, boxes, 

per ton 2,000 lbs. 1 00 
Figs,skeleton cases, 10 

Gunny cloth, bales 15 

“ “ rolls. 10 

“ bags, bales.. 10 

Gambier bales, ton. 40 

Granadilla wood, 
per ton 2,000 lbs. 50 

Goat skins, E. I. 

bales. 20 

Goat skins, Cape 

Good Hope. 15 

Goat skins, Chili.. 15 

Ginger, bag. 5 

Ginger, per ton_ 50 

Hemp, Russia loose 

2,240 lbs. 1 00 

Hemp, Russia bale, 

2,240 lbs. 50 

Hemp, American, 

bale. 15 

Hemp, Manilla, bale 8 

Hides, dry, loose, 

per ton . 1 00 

Hides, green, ton 75 

Hides, buffalo, bales 40 

Hides, cow, bales.. 40 

Hops, bale. 10 

Iron, bar, per ton 

2,240 lbs. 40 


Iron, pig, per ton 
2,240 lbs. 

40 

Iron, railroad, per 
ton 2,240 lbs. 

1 00 

Iron, scrap, per ton 
2,240 lbs.,$l to.. 

2 00 

Iron, bar, in casks, 
per ton 2,240 lbs. 

50 

Iron, Russia, in 
packgs. 

40 

Indigo, cases. 

15 

“ seroons.... 

15 

Junk, Russia cable, 
per ton. 

75 

Junk, loose, per ton 
75 c. to. 

1 50 

Jute, per bale. 

8 

Lead, pig, per ton 

40 

Lard, tierces, bbls. 

8 

Lard, kegs, ton.... 

50 

Linseed, per ton 

35 

Linseed, pockets, 
per ton. 

50 

Lignumvitag, ton 

50 

Lac dye, case. 

10 

Mace, case. 

10 

Madder, casks. 

50 

Nitrate soda, ton 

40 

Nuts, bales, ton.... 
Nuts, bags. 

40 

5 

Nutmegs, boxes... 

8 

Nutmegs, casks.... 

25 

Oil, Castor, cases.. 

15 

“ Linseed, casks 

50 

** 14 cake 

per ton 2,000 lbs. 

35 

Oil, Palm, per ton 

30 

Pitch, bbls. 

Pepper, bags, ton 

8 

50 

Pepper bags, each. 

5 

Pimento, bags, each 
“ “per ton 

5 

50 

Palm leaf, per ton 

1 00 

Prunes, boxes. 

3 

“ casks . 

50 

Rattans, loose, ton 

1 50 


Rice, casks. 10 

Rice, bbls.. 8 

Rice, bags, per ton 50 

Rice-meal, bags, ton 50 

Rags, bales, 15 c. to 20 

“ Russia, bales, 

per ton. 50 

Rubber, bales, ton 50 

Rosewood, per ton 60 

Redwood, per ton 

2,240 lbs. 50 

Sugar, hhds. 25 

“ boxes. 10 

“ bbls. 8 

“ bags, per ton 40 

“ baskets, ton 50 

“ Brazil, boxes 50 

Sarsaparilla, bale, 
per ton 2,000 lbs. 75 

Shellac, cases. 10 

Saltpetre, per ton 40 

Soda Ash, casks... 25 

Sheepskins, bale.. 15 

Soap, Castile, boxes 3 

“ “ cases. 10 

Sponge, bale.. 15 

“ cases. 50 

Sumac, per ton 50 

Tin, pig, per ton 40 

Tobacco, per hale. 10 

“ per hhd.. 1 00 

“ per box.. 6 

“ per case. 10 

Tow, Russia, per 

ton 2240 lbs. 75 

Tow, bale. 15 

Tea, chests. 5 

Tallow, casks. 25 

“ bbls. 8 

Wool. South Ameri¬ 
can, bale. 25 

Wool, other foreign 

bale,. 15 

Wool, domesticb’le 12^ 

Whalebone, per ton 1 00 

Yams, hemp. 10 


Bo’t, the common abbreviation of 
bought. 

Botany Bay Gimi, the concrete 
juice of the brown gum-tree of Australia ; 
a variety of kino. 

Botany Bay Oak, a tree of Aus¬ 
tralia, the wood of which is used in cabi¬ 
net-work and for inlaying. 

Botar^o, the dried and cured spawn 
of the mullet; an article of export at 
Tunis. 

Botsclika, a liquid measure of Rus¬ 
sia, equal to 130 gals. 

Botta, a variable Italian liquid mea¬ 
sure, at Rome 246-$,- gals., at Messina 108 
gals., at Naples 128£ gals., at Palermo 
113* gals. 

Bottc, the French name for a boot; a 
truss or bundle. 

Bottk'lier ware, a kind of reddish 
brown pottery, polished in a lathe, and 
covered with a black varnish enriched with 
painting and gilding, but not fixed by 



























































































BOTTLED. 


BOX SUGAR. 


81 


fire. This ware is in demand by collectors 
of old china. It derives its name from an 
eminent chemist, who first manufactured 
the ware in Saxony, and who afterwards 
established the famous manufactory which 
produced the Dresden china. 

Bottled, wines and other commercial 
liquors put up in bottles. 

Bottle a common, coarse kind 

of dark green glass for botties. 

Bottles, earthen ware or glass vessels 
of various sizes for holding liquors, inclu¬ 
ding vials, which are of the smallest size 
of glass bottles, and used by apothecaries. 
The latter are largely manufactured in the 
United States, the former are mostly made 
in Germany and France, from whence they 
are imported, sometimes empty in ham¬ 
pers, but usually filled with wine or other 
liquor. In the large cities the empty bot¬ 
tles are bought up by thousands and sold 
to bottlers. Broken bottles have a com¬ 
mercial value as old glass, and are bought 
by glass manufacturers. 

Bottom, that part of a ship which is 
under water, or the ship itself, as in the 
expression, trade in foreign bottoms ; or as 
where the bottom of a ship is mortgaged— 
meaning thereby the ship itself. 

Bottomry bond, a contract or ob¬ 
ligation in the nature of a mortgage of a 
ship, as security for the repayment of 
money advanced to the master or owner, 
to enable him to fit out the ship, or to pur¬ 
chase a cargo for a voyage, he pledging 
the bottom of the ship as security. If 
the ship be lost, the lender loses the whole 
of his money ; but if it arrive in safety the 
lender receives back his principal and the 
interest agreed upon, which may be far 
above the legal rate, and without any re¬ 
gard to usury laws. Both the party bor¬ 
rowing and the ship are liable. The 
peculiarity of bottomry loans is, that the 
money is at the risk of the lender during 
the voyage ; in other cases the money is at 
the risk of the borrower. 

Boucaut, the French name for a 
large cask or hogshead. 

Bought, wares and merchandise are 
bought; houses and lands may be either 
bought or purchased. A country mer¬ 
chant, however, who lays in his stock or as¬ 
sortment of goods, is said to have made his 
‘purchases; but in all cases of purchase, 
where a bill is made out, the word bought 
is used in the bill, the word purchased never. 

Bought on time, a purchase made 
on credit, usually a stipulated time, as 1, 
2, 3, 4, 6 or 12 months. 

6 


Bought to arrive, a purchase of 
goods on the sea, to be delivered to the 
buyer on their arrival. 

Bought ii]>. Where speculators buy 
up and clear the market of any given ar¬ 
ticle of produce or merchandise, the article 
is said to be bought up. 

Bounty, a sum of money as a pre¬ 
mium given by the government to certain 
persons in order to encourage special pur¬ 
suits,—as the bounty allowed to fishing 
vessels engaged in the cod and mackerel 
fisheries. 

Bounty l>oats, a name given to the 
fishing boats engaged in cod fishing off the 
coasts of Maine and Massachusetts. 

Boiirhcs, a copper coin and money of 
account in Tunis. 

Bourhon whiskey, whiskey dis¬ 
tilled from Indian corn previously mat¬ 
ted and kiln-dried,—so named because of 
the reputation of the corn-whiskey distil¬ 
leries in Bourbon Co., Ky. 

BourdcBaas wines, the red Bor¬ 
deaux wines known in England and the 
United States as claret wines, and the 
white wines known as Sauterne, Barsac, 
&c. 

Bourse, a name given in Paris and 
other continental cities to the Stock Ex¬ 
change, or public edifice where the mer¬ 
chants and brokers meet to consult and 
transact business. 

Bovello, a Persian coin, worth about 
$3.62. 

Bow r -StrillgS, hatters’ bow-strings, 
fiddle and harp strings, strings for archery 
bows, &c., prepared usually from the in¬ 
testines of sheep, and sold under the name 
of catgut; also a name for a fine hemp 
from which bow-strings are made in India. 

Box, a case of rough boards in which 
goods are packed for conveyance or trans¬ 
portation; a quantity, number, or weight 
that a box contains; soap, candles, &c., 
are sold by the box, in boxes of various 
sizes, but charged by the lb.; raisins and 
cigars are sold in boxes, half-boxes, and 
quarter-boxes, the former containing so 
many tbs., the latter so many in number ; 
boxes are also made of paper, tin, and 
other materials, as band-boxes, pill-boxes, 
match-boxes, fancy boxes, &c. 

Box sugar, sugar imported in boxes 
from Cuba, and known as clayed sugar ad¬ 
vanced beyond the muscovado. The boxes 
usually contain 450tbs., and are made of 
pine shooks shipped from the United 
States, chiefly from New York ; these cost 
in Cuba from $1 to $1.25, but they are 



82 


BOX-WOOD. 


BRANDY. 


always charged at from $2.75 to $3.25, 
without reference to their cost, the charge 
being in fact so much additional to the cost 
of the sugar. 

Box-wood, a pale yellowish, fine¬ 
grained wood obtained from the buxus ba- 
learica , or buxus sempervirens . It is used 
by turners, wood engravers, mathematical 
and musical instrument-makers, and also 
for carpenters’ rules, for combs, knife- 
handles, &c. It is mostly brought from 
the Mediterranean, and is sold by the lb. 
The timber of the dog-wood tree, cornus 
Jtarida , is commonly called box-wood in 
the United States, and is used also by tur¬ 
ners, but is comparatively cheap and is 
sold by measure. 

Braack, an inspecting office for clas¬ 
sifying flax and some other staple exports 
in Russia. 

Braackcr§, official inspectors who ex¬ 
amine and report upon the quality of goods 
to be shipped from Russian ports. 

Brabant ell, a measure of length 
used in the Prussian States, about £ of a 
yard, or accurately -uhht of a yard, or 
27Auf inches. 

Braeeio, a variable cloth measure of 
Austria and Italy, ranging from to £ of a 
yard, and in some places is equal to 36 inch¬ 
es or a full yard. Importing merchants 
should not permit their invoices of silks or 
woollens to be made out in this measure. 
There are not less than thirty different 
lengths expressed by it. 

Bl"l(I*, small thin nails, with a slight 
or projecting head on one edge. 

Brahma’s pressing machine, 
a hydrostatic press used by packers for 
pressing goods. 

Brahmins’ heads, the stones or 
seeds cleaned from the pulp of the elcecar- 
pus serratus, which are used by the Brah¬ 
min priests ; they are also set in gold and 
made into necklaces, bracelets, &c. 

Braid, a narrow, plaited, twisted, or 
woven binding or trimming, made of silk, 
worsted, linen, or cotton. 

Brail, the exterior husk or coat of the 
seed of wheat, rye, oats, &c., which, after 
grinding, is separated from the flour by 
bolting. It has a commercial value in 
tanning, calico printing, for filling dolls, 
&c. 

Brand, a mark made with a hot iron, 
a metal hand tool called a branding iron, 
on a cask or case; a trade-mark written, 
engraved, or printed. The commercial 
value of many articles of merchandise is 
governed by the brand, and the manufac¬ 


turer or merchant is protected in the use of 
any original mark or brand which he adopts. 
By the laws of the State of New York, 
every person who shall alter or counterfeit 
any brand-marks, whether State or private, 
shall forfeit the sum of one hundred dol¬ 
lars for every cask, the brand of which 
shall be so altered or counterfeited; and 
every person who shall put any flour or 
meal in an empty cask, branded by an in¬ 
spector, and offer the same for sale in such 
cask, without first cutting out the brands, 
shall for each cask forfeit the sum of five 
dollars ; and every person who shall coun¬ 
terfeit or fraudulently alter or deface the 
brands or other marks put upon any hogs¬ 
head,barrel, or half-barrel, containing flour, 
meal, beef, pork, pot or pearl ashes, fish, 
fish oil, liver oil, or distilled spirits, by the 
owner thereof, shall be deemed guilty of a 
misdemeanor, punishable by fine not ex¬ 
ceeding $500, or by imprisonment not ex¬ 
ceeding one year. 

Brand marks, letters or charac¬ 
ters burnt on the coats of animals, logs of 
timber, implements of husbandry, &c., for 
the purpose of identification. 

Brandy, an alcoholic liquid of about 
50 per cent, strength, produced by distil¬ 
lation from light colored wines and the 
skins of grapes, manufactured chiefly in 
the south of Europe. Brandies are disting¬ 
uished from each other by their peculiar fla¬ 
vor or aroma, arising in part from essential 
oil, previously existing in the fruits from 
which they are derived. It is asserted 
that a good judge of brandy can determine 
from what place it is derived—in other 
words, from what fruit, and may even dis¬ 
tinguish minute shades of difference in the 
qualities of different brandies from the 
same source. In Germany and elsewhere, 
the term brandy is applied to distilled 
liquors derived from fermented grain, 
potatoes, grapes, and other fruits ; but in 
the United States and England, in general 
commerce it is restricted to distilled wines 
or the distilled marc of the grapes. 
French brandy is colorless, and so sold in 
France. The pale brandy acquires the slight 
color which it possesses from the cask. 
Brown brandy is colored by caramel. By 
the revenue act of 1799 importation of 
brandy was prohibited except in casks of 
the capacity of 90 gallons or upwards. In 
1827 this law was modified, and it was per¬ 
mitted to be imported in casks of a capa¬ 
city not less than 15 gallons ; in 1866 the 
law was again changed, requiring the casks 
to be not less than 30 gallons. It is 





BRANDY-FRUIT. 


BRAZIL-WOOD. 


83 


usually imported in what are called £ casks, 
which contain about 40 gallons. The for¬ 
eign value of new commercial brandies is 
very uniform, varying from 10 to 40 
francs per velt (2 gallons), according to 
vintage and quality; the price increasing 
with the age of the brandy each year, 
equal to the interest, storage, leakage, &c. 
The French brandies imported into the 
United States are known as Cognac and 
Rochelle , both kinds of which have particu¬ 
lar trade brands generally designated by 
the name of the proprietors or manufactu¬ 
rers, as, the Otard , Dupuy & Co. , or Re¬ 
nault & Co. of the first named, and the 
Seignette or 0. Dumas of the Rochelle ; but 
those also of Armagnac, Languedoc, Anjou, 
Bordeaux, Charenton, Orleans, Burgundy, 
and Champagne have a high commercial 
reputation. Considerable quantities of 
brandy from grapes are made in California, 
Ohio, New York, and other States, for 
which a local demand is established; but 
at this time (1868) these brandies have not 
acquired any general commercial charac¬ 
ter. The alcoholic strength of brandy is 
expressed by degrees, according to Trade’s 
hydrometer; when the term proof is used, 
first proof is understood to be from 50° to 
54° ; second proof, 54° to 53°; third proof, 
58° to 61° ; fourth proof, 61° to 70° ; 
above 70, fifth proof. 

Brandy-fruft, fruits put up and 
preserved in brandy. 

Brass, a commercial metal, and one 
of the most useful of the metallic alloys. 
It is composed of copper and zinc. For 
different uses different proportions are 
used, and different names are given to it. 
as tombac, similor, pinchbeck, &c. It is 
produced at Hegermuhl, in Prussia; Stol- 
berg, Germany; Jemmapes, France; Bir¬ 
mingham, England, and other places. The 
composition of good brass is about two 
parts of copper to one of zinc, but other 
kinds contain a larger proportion of cop¬ 
per, and some a larger proportion of zinc. 
It Is sold in pigs, in sheets, in bars, and 
in wire, and old brass for re-manufacture 
is a recognized commercial commodity. In 
the New England States it is manufactured 
on a very large scale, especially in Connec¬ 
ticut. In Boston, New York, and Phila¬ 
delphia, the brass-founders generally make 
their own brass, adapting it to the particu¬ 
lar purposes of their manufacture. Very 
little is imported. 

Brass bars, bars or rods rolled from 
brass—used for various mechanical pur¬ 
poses. 


Brass foil, see Dutch leaf. 

Brass leaf, leaf made of copper, or 
alloys of copper, beaten into very thin 
plates, and afterwards rendered yellow. 
The German artists of Nuremburg and 
Augsburg give to these thin plates a fine 
yellow color like gold, by exposing them 
to the fumes of zinc. The plates are put 
up in books, like gold leaf, and used for 
the inferior kinds of gilding. 

Brass nails, small nails of brass, 
with large convex heads, or iron nails with 
brass heads, used for hanging pictures, 
fastening covers on furniture, and other 
purposes. 

Brass wire, wire made from soft 
brass, free from lead or tin. Brass com¬ 
posed of about 66 copper and 34 zinc is 
used for the purpose. 

Bra ii Is, an Indian cloth with blue and 
white stripes, otherwise called turbans. 

Brazileill, a coloring matter obtain¬ 
ed from Brazil-wood, slightly different 
from brazilian. 

Braziletto-wood, the timber of 

the ccesalpinia brasileto of Jamaica, one 
the cheapest and least esteemed of the 
red dye-woods; it is also used to some ex¬ 
tent as an ornamental cabinet-wood. 

Brazilian pebbles, lenses for 
spectacles, ground from colorless quartz or 
rock crystal obtained from Brazil. 

Brazilian tea, a tea prepared from 
the leaves of a species of bastard vervain, 
and also from the leaves of the lantana. 

Brazilin, the name for a coloring 
matter obtained from Brazil-wood. 

Brazil-nuts, the fruit of a genus 
of trees of large size, called bertholletia , 
which grow on the banks of the Orinoco. 
The fruit is enclosed in a spherical case 
about six inches in diameter, with four 
cells, in each of which are six or eight nuts 
of an irregular triangular form and with a 
very hard shell. The Portuguese of Para 
send cargoes to French Guiana, whence 
they are shipped to England and Spain. 
But the principal exports are to the United 
States. The Spanish name for these nuts 
is almendron. 

Brazil-wood, a valuable dye-wood 
obtained from the ccesalpinia crista , and 
deriving its name from the place whence 
it was first imported into England. It has 
also the names of Pernambuco, St. Martha, 
and Sapan, according to the places which 
produce it. It yields a red or yellowish 
color, according to the mordant used. The 
wood is also used for turnery and for violin 
bows. From 4,000 to 5,000 tons are an- 




84 : 


BREAD. 


BREMEN BLUE. 


nually exported, chiefly from Pernambuco, 
and shipped to England and the United 
States. 

Bread, the bread of commerce is the 
sea biscuit, pilot-bread, and some varieties 
of crackers, all made from wheat flour. 

Bread-corn, a term used in England 
for grain used for bread, in contradistinc¬ 
tion to cereal crops raised for cattle and 
for malting; bread-stuffs. 

Bread-fruit, the fruit of the bread¬ 
fruit tree. It is green, equal to a large 
melon in size, and of many different forms, 
and the seeds are large and nut-like. The 
, fleshy receptacle of the nut, when roasted, 
becomes soft and white, and of the con¬ 
sistence of new bread. It is eaten only 
when fresh. 

Bread-fruit tree, a native of the 
South Sea Islands, the artocarpacce , grow¬ 
ing to the height of forty feet, and about 
twelve inches in diameter. The fruit fur¬ 
nishes a salable article of food; a cloth is 
made of the fibre of the bark; the wood is 
used for building boats; the leaves are 
used as towels and table-cloths, and to wrap 
provisions in ; the catkins serve as tinder, 
and the juice is employed as bird-lime. 

Bread-uut, the fruit of the brosimum 
alicastrum , which, when roasted, tastes 
something like the chestnut; and when 
boiled with meat or fish, it is considered a 
wholesome food, and is used in Jamaica in 
times of scarcity. 

Bread-stuffs, an American term for 
grain, flour, and meal, or for the grains or 
products of commercial cereals or food- 
plants used as food. In England the word 
corn is used as a general name for all sorts 
of grain used for human food. The United 
States Government Returns, under the head 
of Bread and Bread-stuffs , include bread 
and biscuits, Indian corn, Indian com meal, 
rye flour, rye, oats, rice, barley, wheat, 
and wheat flour. To which, also, with 
doubtful propriety, they have added pota¬ 
toes, vermicelli, macaroni, and other pre¬ 
parations from bread-stuffs used as food, 
and also, sometimes, peas and beans. 
Buckwheat should be included. 

Break, to stop business by reason of 
insolvency—to make bankrupt; in Virginia, 
a regular sale of tobacco at the breaking or 
opening of the hogsheads. 

Breakage, a customary allowance 
made by the shipper or seller, on certain 
descriptions of cheap fragile goods. In the 
assessment of duties, actual breakage is 
allowed on all importations of malt, 
spirituous, or other liquors, provided the 


importer declare his option at the time of 
entry; otherwise, he is entitled to the allow ¬ 
ance fixed by law, which on malt liquors in 
bottles is 10 per cent., and all other liquors 
in bottles is 5 per cent. 

Breaker, a small cask for holding 
water. 

Breaking bulk, opening the hat¬ 
ches of a vessel and commencing to dis¬ 
charge a cargo. The commander of any 
vessel must make oath that he has de¬ 
livered into the post-office every bag, par¬ 
cel, or package of letters that were on 
board; and for breaking bulk before due 
delivery of ail the letters, the commander 
becomes liable to a penalty of one hundred 
dollars. 

Breccia, a pudding-stone marble 
found at Breccia, in Italy. The columns 
in the old House of Representatives at 
Washington are of a species of American 
breccia. 

Bremen, one of the four free cities 
of Germany ; important as a chief com¬ 
mercial emporium, and as a great European 
shipping port for emigrants to the United 
States. 

The Moneys of Bremen are :— 

5 Schwaren = 1 Grote. 

72 Grotes = 1 Rix dollar or Louis d’or dollar. 

The value of the Rix dollar of Bremen, by act of 
Congress passed March 3,1842, is fixed at 78% cents. 

The Bremen pound is 49SJ$ French grammes, or 
7693.85 grains troy. The Bremen Centner is 116 lbs.; 
the Liespfund is 14 lbs. ; the Schiffspfund is 2% 
Centner, or 290 lbs. ; the Pfundschvver is 22 Lies¬ 
pfund, or 308 lbs. ; the Wage of iron is 120 lbs. ; the 
Stein or stone of Flax is 20 lbs. 

100 Bremen lbs. = 109.912 lbs. avoirdupois. 

100 lbs. avoirdupois = 90.983 Bremen lbs. 

100 Bremen Centner = 113.837 cvvt., U. S. 

100 owt., U. S., = 87.844 Bremen Centner. 

In wine measure the Ahm contains 44 Stubchen, 
each of 4 quarts, or 16 Mingeln. The Ahm of Rhein 
wine is 45 Stiibchen. The Oxhoft contains 6 Anker 
or 30 Viertel, each of 2% Stubchen. In beer meas¬ 
ure the Tonne contains 45 Stubchen, the Half-Tonne 
24 Stiibchen. The contents of the Stubchen are 
equal to 851-1000 of a gallon. 

100 Stubchen = 88.103 gals. 

100 Gallons = 138.108 Stubchen. 

The Tonne of train oil of 6 Stekannen, each of 16 
Mingeln by weight = 216 Bremen lbs. net, or 237.4 
lbs. avoirdupois. 

The Last of corn contains 40 Scheffel, the Bremen 
Scheffel being equal to a slight fraction over 2 1-10 
bush. 

The Bremen Ell is 22.789 inches, and 6 Bremen 
Ells are reckoned as equal to 5 Brabant Ells, and 8 
Bremen Ells are equal to 5 U. S. yards. In the reck¬ 
oning of Deals, &c., the great hundred consists of 2 
Schock, 6 Stiege, or 120 pieces; of Skins, &c., 1 
Decher consists of 10 pieces, 1 Timmer of 4 Decher, 
or 40 pieces. 

Bremen blue, a greenish blue co¬ 
lor obtained from carbonate of copper, 
mixed with alumina and lime; verditer 
blue. 





BREMEN GREEN. 


BRITISH GUM. 


85 


Bremen green, a pigment; a mix¬ 
ture of carbonate of copper with alumina 
and chalk or lime ; also called Brunswick 
green. 

IS re ib I a, an Italian liquid measure of 
various capacity; in Milan, equal to 20 
gals. ; in Turin, 14£ gals. ; at Parma, 19 
gals. 

Brewers’ grains, the refuse malt 
of a brewery. 

Brickbat elieese, a Wiltshire 
cheese, so named from the square shape 
in which it is formed. 

Brick-dust, the powdered Bath 
brick, used for cleaning cutlery, etc. It is 
rarely imported. (See Bath brick.) 

Brick, a block or mass of baked clay, 
usually 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and 2 
inches thick, employed for building pur¬ 
poses. The bricks manufactured in Balti¬ 
more, Philadelphia, Milwaukee, and on the 
Hudson, form the principal bricks of com¬ 
merce in the United States. Those man¬ 
ufactured on the Hudson are inferior in 
appearance to those of Baltimore and 
Philadelphia. 

Brick tea, a kind of tea sold in some 
parts of Asia, formed from the refuse tea- 
leaves and sweepings of granaries. 

Brier-wood pipes, smoking-pipes 
made of the roots of the sweet-brier, ma¬ 
nufactured largely in New York and in 
Germany and France, from whence many 
thousands are imported annually into the 
United States. 

Brig, a square-rigged merchant vessel 
with two masts.. 

Brigantine, a two-masted vessel, 
square-rigged forward and schooner-rigged 
aft; the term is applied to vessels differ¬ 
ently rigged in different countries, and 
was originally applied to piratical vessels. 

Brightening, a process of rendering 
the color of prints more brilliant, by boil¬ 
ing in soda, etc. 

Brilliants, diamonds cut into angles, 
to increase their lustre. 

Brilliants, fancy muslins figured in 
the loom, self-color or white. 

Brimstone, the commercial term for 
refined sulphur; the name usually given 
to sulphur which has been run into moulds. 
Imported from Sicily. 

Brisk business, a lively or quick 
trade. 

Bristles, the strong hairs from the 
back of the hog, used by brushmakers, 
saddlers, shoemakers, and others. Those 
from the wild boars of Russia are most 
esteemed. They are collected by agents 


and conveyed to the great fairs which are 
held periodically in Russia, and at those 
fairs merchants from St. Petersburg and 
Odessa make their purchases. The bristles, 
varying from 3 or 4 to 9 or 10 inches in 
length, vary much also in quality. The 
white are better than the yellow ; the yel¬ 
low better than the black ; the wiry are 
better than the limp, and the moderately 
long are better than the very long. The 
bristles are tied into bundles, and the 
bundles are packed into casks containing 
400 or 500 lbs. each. Besides those from 
Russia, large amounts are furnished by 
France, Westphalia, Belgium, and the 
United States. The quality of bristles 
appears to decrease in proportion to the 
improvement in the breed of hogs, so that 
the best kind of these animals in England 
and in the United States produce only 
those of inferior quality. England imports 
from two to three million lbs. annually. 

Bristol board, a very heavy draw¬ 
ing or card paper, so called from Bristol in 
England, where it was first made. The 
sizes are cap, demy, and medium, and of 
two sheets and three sheets thickness. In 
England, Bristol boards are the second 
quality of drawing-boards, the first quality 
being known as London boards. 

Bristol stone, a kind of quartz or 
rock crystal, found near Bristol, England ; 
used for vases, urns, mirrors, etc., and when 
cut and polished, called Bristol diamond. 

British brandy, brandy distilled in 
England from malt spirit, to which the fla¬ 
vor of French brandy is imparted by the 
use of various drugs. The best malt spirit 
is the basis of all the British brandies, and 
the flavor, color, and degree of strength 
are brought by the addition of some of 
the following ingredients: water, red tar¬ 
tar, acetic ether, French vinegar, French 
plums, wine bottoms, tincture of catechu, 
oak shavings, bitter almonds, burnt sugar, 
tincture of vanilla, oil of cassia, rum, &c., 
each manufacturer having a favorite re¬ 
cipe of his own. It is said that where 
black tea is cheap, it is often employed to 
give an imitative brandy-roughness to 
colored spirits. 

British goods, manufactured ar¬ 
ticles of any kind, manufactured in and 
imported from Great Britain. 

British glim, roasted wheat starch, 
or the calcined starch of wheat or potatoes, 
used for stiffening fabrics by calico-print¬ 
ers, and also for adhesive substance on 
postage and other stamps. In chemistry, 
and frequently in commerce, it is called 





86 


BRITISH PLATE. 


BRONZED. 


dextrine. It is imported from England in 
considerable quantities for the cotton 
manufactories of the Eastern States. 

Briti§li plate, imitation silver, or 
white metal. 

British wines, raisin, gooseberry, 
and other wines made in England. 

Brit anil i a, a mixed metal—Britan¬ 
nia metal. 

Britannia metal, an alloy of tin in 
various proportions, with about 10 to 15 
per cent, of antimony, and small quanti¬ 
ties of zinc, bismuth, and copper. Called 
also prince’s metal. 

Britannia ware, articles made of 
block tin, with a little copper added to give 
hardness to the metal; also, manufactures 
of Britannia metal. 

Broadeloth, a fine kind of woollen 
cloth for men’s garments, usually 54 inches 
or 6 quarters in width. 

Broad glass, a coarse kind of win¬ 
dow-glass. 

Broad-horns, flat boats on the Ohio 
and Mississippi rivers, generally used for 
floating down coal; they are rudely made 
of plank, and contain usually about 10,000 
bushels; they are broken up at their des¬ 
tination down the river, and sold as lumber. 

Broad leaf, a name in Jamaica for 
a native tree, the wood of which is used 
for boards, scantling, shingles, and staves; 
it is sometimes mistaken for the almond 
tree, from the shape of its fruit. 

Brocade, a rich, stout silk; a name 
for any kind of rich fabric upon which 
raised flowers are embroidered. The name 
is also given to a cloth of silk and gold; 
also a silk fabric with figures or flowers 
woven in, not embroidered. 

Brocatelle, the French name for 
linsey-woolsey ; a silk material for drape¬ 
ry, linings, carriages, &c.; a fabric of silk 
and linen or cotton, or both, used for up¬ 
holstery purposes. 

Brocatelle marble, an artificial, 
variegated kind of marble, made from 
fragments of natural marbles united by 
means of cement. 

Brogans, rough heavy shoes, made 
chiefly for laborers and miners. 

Broke, failed in business; bankrupt 
or insolvent. 

Brokeai-baeked, a term applied 
to a vessel which is hogged or loosened so 
as to drop at each end. 

Broken merchant, a merchant 
who has failed and is insolvent. 

Broken up, business closed by rea¬ 
son of insolvency. 


Broker, a middle-man between buy¬ 
ers and sellers; a dealer on the stock 
exchange; one who purchases or sells 
goods for others. In relation to ordinary 
commercial dealings, a broker is a person 
employed in the negotiation of mercantile 
transactions between other parties, and 
generally engaged in the interest of one of 
the principals, either the buyer or the sell¬ 
er, but sometimes acting as the agent of 
both. Brokers generally apply themselves 
to negotiations for the purchase and sale 
of some particular article or articles with 
which they are most familiar, and in which 
they thus become experts. Their intimate 
knowledge of the qualities and values of 
the goods in which they deal, and their 
acquaintance with the sellers and buyers, 
well as with the state of supply and demanu, 
enable them to bring the dealers together, 
and to negotiate between them with ad¬ 
vantage to both parties. There are sepa¬ 
rate brokers in large commercial cities for 
nearly all the leading articles of mer¬ 
chandise ; there are also ship-brokers, 
exchange-brokers, note-brokers, custom¬ 
house brokers, insurance-brokers, stock¬ 
brokers, etc. 

Broma, a preparation of chocolate. 

Bromide of silver, a salt formed 
by bromide and nitrate of silver, much 
used in photography. 

Bromine, a poisonous chemical pro¬ 
duct, obtained from sea-water, used in 
medicine and in photography. 

Bronze, a compound metal or alloy 
of copper and tin, with sometimes small 
quantities of zinc and lead added. To 
constitute bronze, copper and tin must be 
the chief constituents. The alloy is much 
harder than copper. It is used for casting 
statues, basso-relievos, and works which 
are exposed for atmospheric influences, as 
well as for fine ornamental statuettes and 
figures used as ornaments in dwellings. 
The proportions of the metals vary. The 
bronze composed of 10 per cent, of alu¬ 
minium and 90 per cent, of copper is said 
to be a most valuable alloy, with a color 
near that of gold, and taking a polish 
equal to that of steel. Bronze may be 
composed of 88 to 92 parts of copper, with 
8 to 10 parts of tin; and for bell-metal it 
is sometimes composed of copper, 80 ; tin, 
10; zinc, 5; lead, 4 ; for medals, 100 cop¬ 
per, and 7 to 11 of tin, with a minute 
portion of zinc. But these proportions 
vary. 

Bronzed, articles of metal, ivory, 
clay, wood, plaster, etc., to which an ap- 



BRONZE PAINT. 

plication is made of bronzing powder to 
produce a bronze-like surface, in imita¬ 
tion of bronze ; or, as with copper vessels, 
to give them a more agreeable appearance, 
by coating them with a film of suboxide 
of copper. 

Bronze p^int, also called gold 
paint, is a mixture of gold-colored bronze 
powder with turpentine divested of its acid. 

Bronze-powders. Bronzing pow¬ 
ders are prepared of every shade, from 
that of bright gold to orange, dark cop¬ 
per, emerald, green, etc., by the use of 
alloys of copper and zinc of various pro¬ 
portions ; the fine leaf alloy being reduced 
to a powder by levigation with oil, to pre¬ 
vent oxidation. These powders, which re¬ 
semble gold-dust, were invented by a monk 
at Furth, in Bavaria, as early as 1648, he 
using the scraps of Dutch-leaf and grind¬ 
ing them with honey for the purpose. 
Furth is still the place of their chief man¬ 
ufacture, and the scraps, cuttings, and 
fragments of Dutch-leaf are the chief ma¬ 
terials for all the German bronze-powders. 
These powders are used in japanning, in 
bronzing tin and iron goods, ornamental 
works of paper, wood, oil-cloth, leather, 
etc. 

Bronzes, the common name for 
bronze statuettes, figures, and other orna¬ 
mental bronze goods. 

Bronzing 1 , a species of painting on 
metals, wood, plaster, etc., by the use of 
gold-powder or bronze-powder. 

Broom, the greenwood or dyers’ 
broom, genista tinctoria , a dwarf shrub, 
the flowers of which yield a bright yellow 
coloring matter, in high esteem by dyers. 
The shrub grows wild in most parts of 
Europe. 

Broom corn, the sorghum vulgaris , 
a kind of grass, the stalks of which re¬ 
semble corn-stalks, chiefly cultivated for 
its stalk, to make brooms. It is exten¬ 
sively grown in the United States ; the 
Mohawk flats and some parts of New Jer¬ 
sey being especially suited for its culture. 
The tops only are merchantable ; generally 
cut about two feet long, packed in bales, 
and sold by the 100 lbs. 

Broom handles, slight, round, 
wooden sticks, made of ash, pine, poplar, 
or other light wood, manufactured in all 
the Middle and Eastern States, and sold in 
bundles by the 100 or by the 1,000. 

Brooms, in the East they are made 
of cocoa-nut and date-palm leaves ; in Ame¬ 
rica. of hickory saplings made into splits, 
and of broom com ; in Great Britain, of 


BRUSHES. 87 

sedge, birch twigs, the common heath or 
broom, etc. 

Brown coal, a species of bituminous 
coal of a brownish black color, and is usu¬ 
ally called pitch coal; it presents in some 
cases the texture of wood, and it is then 
called lignite. Beds of this coal are found 
upon the borders of Cheesequake Creek, 
in Middlesex Co., New Jersey. 

Brown colors. The usual substances 
employed as paints or dyes for producing 
brown are, asphaltum, catechu, Antwerp 
brown, bistre, chestnut brown, extract of 
logwood, ivory brown, neutral tint, sepia, 
sienna, Spanish brown, umber, Vandyke 
brown, etc. 

Brown cottons, the trade name for 
the unbleached muslins used for sheetings, 
shirtings, etc. They vary in width from 
27 to 108 inches, and their relative prices 
are governed by their weight and the repu¬ 
tation of their trade name or mark. 

Brown hemp, a name in Bombay 
for a valuable fibre obtained from the 
hibiscus carmabiiiU’S. 

Brown Holland, an unbleached 
linen fabric used for clothing and in uphol¬ 
stery, chiefly imported from Scotland. 

Brown oclire, the soft and decom¬ 
posed varieties of brown iron ore, being a 
dark-colored yellow ochre. 

Brown sheeting's, unbleached plain 
woven cotton cloth, used for bed sheets, 
of different widths. 

Brown shirtings, unbleached plain 
woven cotton cloth, used for men’s shirts. 

Brown Stone, a popular building- 
stone, being a dark variety of the red sand¬ 
stone, much used in New York. It is 
mostly brought from the quarries on the 
Connecticut river. 

Brown stout, a fermented liquor, 
the flavor and color being given by highly 
roasted malts or caromel 

Brown sugar, strictly muscovado, 
or common dark unrefined sugar ; but 
the common use of the term embraces all 
grades of sugar which are not whitened by 
the refining sugar-house processes. Thus 
New Orleans and West India sugars, ad¬ 
vanced by claying or by the centrifugal 
process, even as high as No. 20 Dutch 
standard, are still called brown sugars. 

Brunswick green, a pigment ob¬ 
tained from copper filings and sal ammo¬ 
niac ; the same as Bremen green, and of 
various shades of color. 

Brushes. They are usually made of 
hair or bristles, and those most extensively 
sold are the domestic house or floor brush, 




88 


BRUSH WARE. 


BUCKSHOT. 


horse-brush, hair, paint, tooth, hat, shoe, 
and lather brushes. For scrubbing, shoe, 
clothes, tooth, and nail brushes, stiffness 
of the root end of the bristles is most de¬ 
sirable ; while for dusting, sweeping, or 
laying on color, the softness of the taper 
ends, which are cut as little as possible, is 
preferable. Artists’ brushes are made from 
the tail of the camel, sable, marten, or 
other soft-furred animal; hat brushes, of 
horse hair and goats’ hair. The piassaba 
fibre and the Mexican grass are largely 
substituted for bristles, and have much re¬ 
duced the cost of brushes. 

Brasil ware, a term not much in use 
in the U. S., but common in the trade in 
England. It includes all kinds of brooms 
and brushes, and handles for brushes, and 
articles used in cleaning mats, etc. 

Brussel S, the principal city and capi¬ 
tal of Belgium. Its trade is chiefly con¬ 
fined to the products of the kingdom. In 
some branches of industry, especially in 
the article of fine laces, it has no rival; 
while its manufactures of chemicals, fine 
linens, ribbons, gold and silver embroider¬ 
ies, and various other articles, give to the 
city considerable commercial importance. 
It is connected by a canal with Antwerp, 
and has railroads radiating from it in all 
directions. 

Belgium belongs to the French Mone¬ 
tary Union, and the official moneys of ac¬ 
count in Brussels and in Antwerp are in 
francs and centimes, 100 centimes being 
equal to 1 franc. The Weights and Mea¬ 
sures are also those of France or the 
Netherlands, but with some difference in 
the denominations ; as livres for kilo¬ 
grammes or ponden ; Utrons for litres or 
kaunen ; and ciunes for metres or ells. 

Brussels carpeting - , a kind of car¬ 
peting which has a basis composed of warp 
and woof of strong linen thread. In the 
warp there are added to every two threads 
of linen ten threads of woollen of different 
colors. The use of the linen is to bind the 
worsted together, and it is not visible on 
the upper surface. The woollen threads 
are from time to time drawn up in loops 
to form the figures ; each row passes over 
a wire, which is withdrawn without cut¬ 
ting the yam. These carpets are largely 
imported from England, and are also ma¬ 
nufactured on a large scale in the United 
States. A cheaper kind of Brussels carpet 
is produced by printing the figures and 
colors in the worsted, instead of weaving 
them in the piece. 

Brussels lace, the most expensive 


and esteemed kind of lace made. ‘‘ Brussels 
point ” has the network made by the pil¬ 
low and bobbins, and a pattern of sprigs 
worked with the needle. ‘ ‘ Brussels gremn d ” 
has a six-sided mesh formed by twisting 
four flaxen threads to a perpendicular line 
of mesh. ‘ ‘ Brussels icire ground ” is of silk; 
the meshes are partly straight and partly 
arched, and the pattern is worked separately 
by the needle. The finest qualities of lace 
manufactured at Brussels are usually worth 
from $000 to $800 per lb. Notwithstand¬ 
ing the supply of imitations which modem 
ingenuity has created, real Brussels lace 
has maintained its value, like the precious 
metals and the precious stones. In the 
patterns of the best bone lace, the change¬ 
ful influence of fashion is less marked than 
in most other branches of industry. Fre¬ 
quent experiments have been tried to im¬ 
prove the quaint old patterns of former 
times by the introduction of slight and 
tasteful modifications, but these experi¬ 
ments have not been successful. 

Buaze fibre, a flax-like fibre ob¬ 
tained from the twigs of a plant found in 
Mozambique, which is made into fishing- 
nets, cord, etc. 

Bucellas, a light French wine. 

Bubble, a fraudulent or chimerical 
project, carried on for the purpose of en¬ 
riching the proprietors at the expense of 
those who subscribe for shares. The term 
as thus applied originated with the collapse 
of the famous South Sea scheme. 

Bucbu or Bucku leaves, the 
dried leaves of barosma betulina , a dwarf 
evergreen shrub. They are classed with 
drugs, and imported from the Cape of Good 
Hope. In the London market the price 
ranges from 7 to 13 cents per lb. for the 
broad leaves, and from 18 to 25 cents per 
lb. for the long narrow leaves. 

Bucket, a lifting pail or vessel for 
holding water,—of wood, tin, leather, or 
other material; the term bucket is now 
mostly applied to the vessels used in the 
rough work of a house and in stables—they 
are heavier and stronger than the water or 
milk pail. Wooden buckets are largely 
manufactured in the Eastern States and in 
Western Pennsylvania. 

Buckingham lace, a common 
description of lace resembling Alengon 
lace. 

Buckram, a strong linen cloth made 
very stiff with size. 

Bucksliot, a coarse shot used by 
hunters for large game; the seeds of a spe¬ 
cies of canna. 



BUCKRIO. 


BUHL. 


89 


Buckrio, Chinese root, a drug 1 which I 
enters into the commerce of Japan. 

B ait* k§ kin, the tanned or dressed 
skins of the common deer. Various kinds 
of manufactured articles are sold for buck¬ 
skin which are made of sheep, goat, calf, 
and other skins. 

Buekthorn, the wood of the rliam- 
nus erythroxylon , which yields the bright 
red color known to dyers under the name of 
red-wood. 

Buckthorn berries, the fruit of 

the rhamnus catharticus , known in com¬ 
merce as French berries; the fruit of the 
rhamnus infectoria are known in commerce 
as Avignon berries. 

Buck wax, a name for the inspissated 
juice of the candle-wood tree, used as pitch. 

Buckwheat : there are several spe¬ 
cies of grain so called, but the common 
buckwheat cultivated in the United States 
is the only one known to our commerce. It 
is used on the tables of the rich and the 
poor, and, next to Indian corn, is esteemed 
the most valuable food for cattle. It forms 
a very important cereal product in the Mid¬ 
dle States. The bushel is fixed by the 
laws of the State of New York at 48 lbs. 

Buckwheat dye, one species of 
buckwheat yields a coloring matter, for 
w r hich purpose it is extensively cultivated 
in China and Japan. 

Buck yam, the dioscorea triphylla, 
grown in the West Indies for its tubers. 

Buenos Ayres, a seaport city of 
South America, situate at the head of 
the estuary of the La Plata. The harbor 
is neither safe nor commodious. The trade 
of the city, however, is considerable. The 
principal exports are hides, tallow, and 
wool; but horns, bones, salt meat, grease, 
hide cuttings, feathers, etc., are also ex¬ 
ported to a large amount. The imports 
are wines, silks, and jewelry, from 
France; iron, cotton, and woollen manu¬ 
factures from England; and coarse cotton 
cloths, spirits, soap, provisions, tobacco, 
furniture, machinery, etc., from the United 
States. The legal currency is government 
paper money, which is redeemed by the 
Government Bank (since Jan. 1867) at the 
rate of twenty-five paper dollars for one 
hard dollar. 

Buffalo, a port of entry, and large 
manufacturing and commercial city situate 
at the eastern extremity of Lake Erie, in 
the State of New York, and about 475 
miles north-west of the city of New York, 
with which city it connects by several rail¬ 
roads, and by water communication via I 


the Erie Canal and Hudson River. It is a 
great entrepot of Eastern and Western com¬ 
merce, commanding the bulk of the trade 
of the Great Lakes by its steam and sail¬ 
ing vessels, and controlling a large West-, 
em business by its numerous railroad 
facilities. Separated from Canada only 
by the river Niagara, its foreign trade with 
that Province is also very large. The Canal 
Imports amount annually to from $30.- 
000,000 to $40,000,000, and the Exports to 
$60,000,000. The leading articles received 
and distributed at this port—those which 
swell its trade to such large proportions— 
are flour, wheat, corn, barley, oats, hogs, 
pork, bacon, cattle, tallow, wool, butter, 
lard, cheese, lumber, salt, castings, iron, 
etc. The number of vessels in the harbor, 
the bustle in the business streets, and the 
crowded state of the wharves, constantly 
remind one of the active seaport cities on 
the Atlantic. The Board of Trade of Buf¬ 
falo is an incorporated body, whose officers 
are elected annually from among the most 
enlightened merchants of the city. The 
Appeal and Arbitration Committees hear 
and decide all questions or matters grow¬ 
ing out of commercial transactions which 
are submitted to them by the Reference 
Committee, very much in the same man¬ 
ner in which like matters are disposed of 
by the Chamber of Commerce of New York. 

The usual rates of storage on grain in elevators is 
1 cent for 5 days, and % cent for each and evejy 5 
days after first term; on each bushel the commis¬ 
sions are, 1 cent per bushel for selling grain, and 2>^ 
per cent, on flour, provisions, etc. Commissions for 
reshipping grain, % per cent, per bushel. 

Buffalo hides are extensively ex¬ 
ported from Manilla and other eastern 
ports, and are worth, usually, at Manilla, 
about $6| per picul of 140 lbs. They are 
the hides of the tame buffalo, or oxen, of 
India. 

Buffalo robes, the unshorn, furry, 
dressed skins of the buffalo of the regions 
of the Rocky Mountains, thousands of 
bales being annually forwarded to the 
Montreal, New York, and other markets. 

Buff leather, a sort of leather pre¬ 
pared from the skin of the buffalo, dressed 
with oil, after the manner of chamois. The 
skins of elks, oxen, and other like animals, 
when prepared in the same' manner, are 
also called buff. 

Bugis, a kind of trading boat found 
at Singapore. 

Bugles, a kind of glass beads or pipes 
cut into various lengths, and used for 
ornamenting dresses, 
i Buhl, unburnished gold 



90 


BUHL-WORK. 


BURI. 


Buhl-work consists of inlaid veneers 
of wood, shell, brass, or mother-of-pearl 
in decorative scroll work or ornamental 
furniture. It takes its name from Buhl, 
a celebrated cabinet-worker in France. 

Builders’ materials, lime, ce¬ 
ment, hair, sand, laths, etc. 

Builders’ measurement, a dis¬ 
tinction in the admeasurement of mer¬ 
cantile tonnage ; builders’ measurement 
differing from the legal, registered ton¬ 
nage of a ship. 

Buke muslin, called also buck mus¬ 
lin and book muslin, a fine muslin for 
ladies’ dresses. 

Bu kkum-wood, a name for the 
ccesalpinia sapan , a dye-wood. 

Bulk, whole dimensions. The whole 
contents of a ship’s hold for the storage of 
goods; in a mass or solid state ; having 
the cargo loose in the hold, as wheat or 
com in bulk, that is, not enclosed in bags 
or boxes; a sale of goods by bulk, is a 
sale of goods as they are, without weight, 
count, or measure. 

Bull, a stock exchange term, applied 
to one who, believing it will rise in market 
value, contracts to take a certain number 
of shares of a given stock, at a future 
day, at a price agreed upon at the time 
of the contract. The seller of the stock, 
who is called a Bear , contracts to sell 
what he does not own, and what the 
buyer does not want to receive. When the 
time for delivery arrives, if the stock has 
increased in value, the buyer receives the 
difference between the market value on 
that day and the contract price. But if 
the stock is worth less on that day than 
the contract price, the buyer has to pay 
the difference to the seller. In the inter¬ 
vening time it is the interest of the seller, 
the bear , to depress the stock; of the buyer, 
the bull, to enhance its price. To effect 
the one or the other of these results fre¬ 
quently taxes the financial ingenuity of 
the operators, and often leads to curious 
and complicated money transactions, in¬ 
volving many interests outside of the 
parties operating, or of the stocks which 
form the basis of the contract. 

BiHIeii snails, nails with round heads 
and short shanks, tinned and lackered, 
used principally in the hangings of rooms. 

Bullet-wood, a building timber of 
the West Indies. 

Bullion* the commercial name for 
uncoined gold or silver, either when smelt¬ 
ed and not perfectly refined, or when re¬ 
fined and melted down in bars or ingots. 


Bullion-brokers, dealers in gold 
and silver, either in the form of gold-dust, 
bars, ingots, or coin. 

Bulloeks’ hides, the commercial 
name given to the raw hides of cattle. 

Bulloot* the commercial name, in 
India, for a kind of acorn. 

Bull’s mouth, the name of a shell 
used very extensively for cameos. 

Bully -tree timber, a valuable wood 
of Demarara. 

Bulrushes, the leaves of a marshy 
plant, employed for making mats and 
chairs, and by coopers for putting between 
the staves of barrels, etc. For shipping 
they are usually packed in bundles of 
about 12 inches thick. 

Bum boat, a small boat for carrying 
provisions to a ship at a distance from shore. 

Bummalos, small fish caught in the 
Indian seas. When dried they are much 
esteemed by Europeans and Hindoos, and 
are facetiously termed Bombay ducks, 
under which latter name they are best 
known in trade. 

Buuuuarees, a speculative class of 
dealers in fish at Billingsgate. 

Bunch, a cluster; a number of the 
same kind ; bananas, for example, are sold 
by the bunch. 

Bunch raisins, a superior quality of 
raisins, carefully dried and packed in 
bunches. The best come from Malaga, in 
Spain. 

Bunder-boat, a boat employed at 
Bombay for landing passengers. 

Bundle, a package ; two reams of 
printing paper. 

Bunting, thin woollen or worsted 
stuff, of which a ship’s signals, flags, and 
colors are made. 

Buoy, a floating mark or sea beacon, 
anchored over some rock or bar, or placed 
at certain spots to mark the channel, or 
the course a ship is to steer. 

Burden, the weight or measure that 
a sea-going vessel wall carry or contain. 

Burgee, a three-cornered flag or dis¬ 
tinguishing pennant used by merchant 
vessels. 

Burgundy, alight French wine, the 
most renowned of which are Romane- 
Conti, Clos Yougeot, Chambertin, Riche- 
bourg, and Chablis, the last-named being a 
white wine. The annual produce is esti¬ 
mated at 7,000,000 gallons. 

Burgundy pitch, a resin obtained 
from the spruce fir. 

Buri, a valuable palm of the Philippine 
Islands. Sugar and brandy are made from 




BURLAPS. 


the sap, mats from the leaves, bread from 
the pith, chaplets and rosaries from the 
seeds, and cloth from the fibrous stems. 

Burlaps, a woven fabric of jute or 
hemp, used for bagging- ; manufactured 
very largely at Dundee, and also in Maine. 
The usual width is 40 inches, and the pieces 
contain about 180 yards; weight, from74 
to 12^ ozs. to the yard. 

Buriiiitt£ fluid, a highly explosive 
and very dangerous illuminating liquid—a 
mixture of alcohol and camphene (the pure 
oil or spirits of turpentine), made with 
varying proportions of the ingredients, and 
called by various names, as well as by the 
general name of burning fluid. 

XBurilfdied, articles polished and 
brightened by the use of a burnisher, a 
blunt, smooth tool of agate, ivory, po¬ 
lished steel, etc. 

Bunot carmine, the carmine of 
cochineal partially charred till it resembles 
in color the purple of gold. 

Burn! sices oua, the sienna earth 
burnt an orange russet color; used as an 
artist’s paint. 

IS 11 rut Starcll, British gum, or dex¬ 
trine. 

Burnt suga r, caramel. 

Burnt umber, a pigment; a fine 
brown color. 

Burr or butirstone, rough, hard, 
honey-combed silicious stones quarried at 
numerous localities near Paris, also in the 
island of Sardinia, and Germany, which, 
from their strength and hardness, and 
wearing in such a manner as always to 
expose a rough cutting surface, are used 
by millers for grinding-stones. Good mill¬ 
stones, say 6^ feet in diameter, are worth, 
in Paris, about 1,200 francs, or $250. 
Tolerably good millstones are obtained in 
Western Pennsylvania; but none have been 
found in any country equal to the French. 
When not found of sufficient size, pieces 
are fitted together, cemented, and bound 
with an iron hoop. 

Burton ale, an ale brewed at Bur- 
ton-upon-Trent, in England. 

Bus, a money of Japan, equal to 3% 
cents. 

Bushel. By law or usage the English 
Winchester bushel is established in most 
of the United States as a grain measure. 
This is a cylindrical vessel 18-J inches in 
diameter, and 8 inches deep inside ; the 
capacity is 2150‘42 cubic inches. The 
standard measure furnished by the U. S. 
Government to the States is “ one-half 
bushel, containing 1,075 inches and 21 


BUSHIRE, or ABUSHIRE. 91 


hundredths of a cubic inch; ” and the 
State of New York, by statute, adopted 
this standard, and provided that the bushel 
for coal, ashes, marl, Indian com in the 
ear, fruits, and roots of every kind, and 
for all other commodities commonly sold 
by heap measure, shall be the half-bushel 
and its multiples and subdivisions; and the 
measures used to measure such commodi¬ 
ties shall be made cylindrical, with plain 
and even bottom, and shall be of the fol¬ 
lowing diameters : From outside to outside 
the bushel, 19| inches; half bushel, 1 Si- 
inches. All commodities sold by heap mea¬ 
sure shall be duly heaped up in the form 
of a cone, the outside of the measure by 
which the same shall be measured to be 
the limit of the base of the cone, and such 
cone to be as high as the article will admit. 
“ Whenever wheat, rye, Indian corn, buck¬ 
wheat, barley, oats, beans, peas, clover- 
seed, timothy-seed, flaxseed, or potatoes, 
shall be sold by the bushel, and no special 
agreement be made by the parties as to 
the mode of measuring, the bushel shall 
consist of 62 lbs. of beans, 60 lbs. of wheat, 
peas, clover-seed, or potatoes, 58 lbs. of 
Indian corn, 56 lbs. of rye, 55 lbs. of flax¬ 
seed, 48 lbs. of buckwheat or barley, 44 
lbs. of timothy-seed, and 32 lbs. of oats.” 
The foregoing weights, however, are not 
universally recognized. Wheat is almost 
always reckoned at 60 lbs. ; but the weight 
of the bushel of other kinds of grain and 
commodities varies in different localities. 
The following is perhaps as near the recog¬ 
nized standard throughout the U. S. as 
can be ascertained :— 


Wheat. 60 lbs. 

Rye.53 “ 

Corn, shelled.56 “ 

Corn in the cob.... 70 “ 

Oats.36 “ 

Barley.48 “ 

Buckwheat.52 “ 

Hemp-seed.45 “ 

Flaxseed.56 “ 

Blue grass-seed... .14 “ 


Rock Salt. 

..65 lbs. 

Potatoes. 

..60 

44 

Sweet potatoes.. 

..50 

41 

Onions. 

. .57 

44 

Beans . 

..60 

44 

Bran. 

. .20 

44 

Clover-seed. 

..64 

44 

Timothy-seed.... 

..45 

4 4 

Dried peaches... 


44 

“ apples. 

. .22 

44 


The capacity of the present bushel of 
England, called the imperial bushel, is 
about 3 per cent, greater than the U. S. 
bushel, or 1.031 bu. 

Buslilre, or Abusliire, a seaport 
town of Persia, its principal trade being 
with Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. Its 
merchants supply almost all Persia with 
Indian commodities, as also with a good 
many of those brought from Europe. Of 
the imports from India, indigo, sugar, 
sugar-candy, and spices are the most im¬ 
portant ; the steel of India is preferred in 
Persia to every other, especially for sabres; 






















92 BUSHIRE, or ABUSHIRE. 

tin is brought from Banca ; and coffee is 
principally supplied by Mocha and other 
ports on the Arabian Gulf. English cotton 
goods, notwithstanding the admitted infe¬ 
riority of the red dyes—a color in great 
esteem in Persia—have already gone far 
to supersede those that were formerly 
brought from Hindostan ; and the demand 
for them is rapidly extending, and is 
thought to be susceptible of an almost 
indefinite increase. Besides those import¬ 
ed at Bushire, a good many are introduced 
through Bossorah, and some through 
Turkey and Russia, the latter by way of 
the Black Sea, the former by Smyrna and 
Constantinople. Woollen goods, cutlery, 
watches, etc., sent to India from England, 
are thence exported to Bushire. The ex¬ 
ports principally consist of raw silk, Ker¬ 
man wool, Kerman and Cashmere shawls, 
carpets, horses, silk goods, dried fruits, 
grain, wine, turquoises, asafoetida, gall- 
nuts, pearls, and other articles of minor 
importance. Turkey annually supplies 
Persia with a very considerable amount of 
bullion, most part of which is sent to India. 
Of the Persian exports raw silk is the 
most important. It is produced to some 
extent in every province. Dried fruits 
and dates are sent in considerable quanti¬ 
ties to India. Horses are largely exported 
to India both by sea and land, to serve for 
mounting the English cavalry, and for sup¬ 
plying the private demand that always 
obtains in Hindostan for this animal. 
Though neither so swift nor so beautiful 
as those of Arabia, the Persian horses are 
larger and more powerful, and, all things 
considered, better for cavalry. They are 
capable of supporting an extraordinary 
amount of fatigue. Persian tobacco, yel¬ 
low dye-berries, turquoises, asafoetida, and 
various sorts of drugs, rosewater, with 
other minor articles, form part of the ex¬ 
ports. Sheeps’ and goats’ wool is also 
exported. The best is that of Kerman. 
The down furnished by the goats of this 
province is almost as fine as chat of the 
Thibet or shawl goats. Cotton is exten¬ 
sively produced in Persia; the Russians 
carry away some, but the greater part is 
used in the country. Grain is sent to 
Muscat, but not in large quantities. The 
pearl trade is now centred at Muscat. 
The copper exported from Bushire is prin¬ 
cipally the product of Persian mines, 
mixed, however, with some Russian cop¬ 
per from Georgia. Of manufactured 
articles the principal are carpets, of the 
most beautiful fabric; shawls, partly 


BUSINESS HOURS. 

native and partly brought from Cashmere ; 
velvets, silk goods, and gold and silver 
brocades. The trade between Persia and 
Russia by the Caspian Sea is not very con¬ 
siderable. Most part of the paper used in 
the former is supplied by the latter. The 
furs of Russia find a ready market in 
Persia. The Russian provinces on the 
Caspian derive their supplies of indigo 
from Persia, by the way of Bushire. 

Money. —Accounts are kept in tomans of 50 abas- 
ses, or 100 mamoodis. The toman is a Persian gold 
coin, according to the report of the Bombay mint, 
from 71-5 to 67 grs. pure metal, being consequently 
equal to from 12s. 7 %d. to 11s. 11 d. sterling. The 
toman of Bossorah is worth about 36s., and that 
of Gombroon about 24s. These, with Persian and 
foreign silver coins of all denominations, are found 
at Bushire; but the rates of the foreign coins 
are perpetually varying, and the weight of the 
native coin is also subject to frequent changes. 
Weights and Measures.—Gold and silver are weighed 
by the miscal of 2 dwt. 23,7-12 gr., or 3 dwt. very 
nearly. The commercial weights vary according to 
the commodities sold, and the places where they are 
sold. The maund tabree weighs 6 % lbs. avoirdupois 
at the custom-house, but only 614 at the bazaar. 
This weight is used by dealers in sugai-, coffee, cop¬ 
per, and all sorts of drugs. The maund copra is 7% 
lbs. at the custom-house, and 7% to at the bazaar. 
Dealers in rice and other articles of provisions use 
this weight. The maund shaw is double the maund 
tabree, or 13% lbs. Pearls are weighed by the abbas= 
2.25 gr. Troy. The artaba, or principal corn-measure, 
is equivalent to about 2 Winch, quarters, or 16 
bushels.— McCulloch. 

JSllsincsi, calling or profession; in 
trade this word has an extensive use and 
follows the qualifying term, as, such a man 
is in the lumber business, liquor business, 
shipping business, etc. etc. ; while the 
word dealer usually precedes the qualifying 
term, as dealer in lumber, etc. It is also 
used to express the quality or character of 
trade, as a good or prosperous business, a 
large or small business, a safe or precarious 
business, wholesale or retail business, etc. 

ISlB sill CSS cards, cards on which are 
printed the name, place, and style of busi¬ 
ness of a merchant. 

ISasmcss hours, in New York City, 
from 10 a.m. till 3 P.M. This applies par¬ 
ticularly to banks and other public institu¬ 
tions, and to importers and wholesale 
dealers. The principals of mercantile houses 
are expected to be found at their respec¬ 
tive places of business during these hours. 
Junior partners and head-clerks remain to 
a later hour to adjust the books, copy the 
letters, etc., in the counting-room ; and in 
jobbing stores to make out the bills, pack 
the goods sold, and prepare for the next 
day’s business. In respect to the time of 
presentment and demand of bills and notes, 
business hours generally range through the 
whole day, down to the hours of rest in the 



r 


BUSINESS-LIKE. 

evening, except when the paper is payable 
at a bank or by a broker. 

Bn siliess-liKe, doing business pro¬ 
perly, in the manner in which it should be 
done. 

Business man, one who under¬ 
stands bis business and performs it prompt¬ 
ly and in a business-like manner. 

Business tact, an aptness or readi¬ 
ness in doing business. 

Business way, done in a business¬ 
like manner. 

Buss, a small sea vessel used in the 
herring fishery. 

Bussorali, a city of Arabia, situate 
on a river formed by the junction of the 
Tigris and the Euphrates. This city is the 
principal inlet on the east through which 
the East Indian products find their way 
into the Turkish Empire. Its imports 
from India and Europe are similar to those 
at Bushire. From Persia it imports shawls, 
and coffee from Mocha. Its exports are 
bullion, pearls, dates, grain, wool, horses, 
gall-nuts, and drugs. The commerce of 
the interior is conducted by means of cara¬ 
vans to Aleppo and Bagdad. The only 
money in circulation is Persian coin. The 
commercial weights used by Europeans at 
Bussorah are the Maund Atteree , which is 
284 lbs. avoirdupois, and the Maund Sofy , 
which is 904 lbs., and for indigo, the Gutsa , 
which is 138 lbs. 14 oz. The Arabians use 
different weights, or, if of the same de¬ 
nominations, differing in their actual 
weight. The Aleppo yard of 2 feet fth 
inches is used for silks and woollens, and 
the Hadad yard of 2 feet' 10.=,th inches for 
cottons and linens, and the Bagdad yard 
of 2 feet 7i%th inches for all other pur¬ 
poses. 

Bussu, a Brazilian name for a palm, 
used for making cloth and bags. 

Busy, activity in trade, busy season of 
the year, etc. 

Blltea kino, ruby-colored gum resin 
which affords a permanent dye. It is ob¬ 
tained from dhak-tree of Hindostan. 

Butt, a large cask for liquids. The 
English beer butt contains 132 gallons. 
For sherry wine, 130 gallons. 

Butt, in the leather trade, the tanned 
whole hide sole leather, with the belly and 
shoulders cut off. 

Butter. The butter of commerce is 
the solid oil produced from the milk of the 
cow, and is used on the table and in cook¬ 
ery. It is usually put up in tubs of about 
50 lbs. each, or in kegs or firkins of from 
56 to 110 lbs. The fresh butter of eastern 


BUTTONS. 93 

Pennsylvania is esteemed the best pro¬ 
duced in the United States, and probably 
is not excelled in any part of the world. 
It finds a ready and exclusive market in 
Philadelphia, and commands exceptionally 
high prices. That which is produced in 
the counties bordering on the Hudson 
river, in the State of New York, especially 
in Dutchess county, has long been recog¬ 
nized as the highest standard of packed or 
salted commercial butter ; though of late 
years, from the greater care in its manu¬ 
facture, the butter of the northern and 
south-western counties of the State have 
entered into fair rivalry and competition 
with the best Dutchess county. Ohio, 
and indeed all the Western and Middle 
States are large producers, and the article 
enters very largely into the domestic com¬ 
merce of the country, and also to some ex¬ 
tent into foreign trade. The annual pro-, 
duct of the State of New York alone is 
estimated at 100,000,000 of lbs. And yet 
while Holland exports annually to Great 
Britain about 38,000,000 lbs., and France 
upwards of 45,000,000, the exports from 
the United States seldom exceed 3,000,- 
000 of lbs. It would seem that the people 
of this country prefer to use butter on 
their own tables rather than to supply 
those of other countries. 

Butternut, a species of walnut, the 
juglans cinerea , a fine tree growing in all 
parts of the United States. The nuts are 
highly esteemed, and the bark of the tree 
makes a yellow dye ; the timber is used for 
coach panels, for which it is well adapted, 
being both light and tough, and susceptible 
of a fine polish. It is used also in cabinet 
work, and is esteemed for its handsome 
grain, and the ease with which it is work¬ 
ed. 

Butter of cacao, an oil obtained 
from the seeds of theobroma. 

Butter of Canara, a white solid 
oil from the vateria indica ,—it is some¬ 
times called piney tallow, and is made 
into candles. 

Butter powders, a preparation 
which, added to the milk at the time of 
churning, is said to produce butter in less 
time, in larger quantities, and of superior 
flavor. 

BllttOll-cIotll, mohair cloth or silk 
twist. 

Buttons are made of metal, wood, 
horn, shell, porcelain, glass, bone, mother- 
of-pearl, ivory, india-rubber, etc., and are 
either plain or covered with silk, mohair, 
thread, or other ornamental materials; 



94 


BUTTS. 


BUYING AND SELLING. 


those called agate buttons are made of 
porcelain. Buttons intended to be covered, 
perforated in the centre, and made from 
refuse chips of bone too small for other- 
purposes, are termed molds ; the larger 
molds are made of hard wood. The most 
important button manufactories in the 
United States are at Waterbury, Conn.; 
Newark, N. J.; Springfield andEasthamp- 
ton, Mass. 

Butts, the commercial name for door 
hinges. 

Buy all, the name for the indigo blue 
Maz : manufactured at Bokhara, Khiva, 
and Tarhkend, in Central Asia. 

Buy, to purchase ; to bargain for. Buy 
and purchase are not exactly synonymous. 
Buy is the simpler word, and except in 
some of the larger transactions between 
merchants, will generally be found prefer¬ 
able. I buy my goods where 1 can get the 
best terms, is better than to say I purchase. 
I can buy a cargo of rice—not purchase. 

Buyer, a purchaser ; the purchases of 
most of the leading importing houses, and 
many of the jobbing houses in New York, 
are made by partners or employes who 
are termed the buyers, and who transact 
no other part of the business. 

Buying and selling, the transi¬ 
tion of merchandise from one person to 
another, in consideration of a price or re¬ 
compense in value. Much of the philoso¬ 
phy of trade is embraced in the term 
“buying and selling.” To buy “cheap 
and to sell dear,” is neither an elegant 
phrase nor a wise maxim. We think a 
wiser rule or maxim might, as a formula, 
be expressed thus :—Sell at the lowest 
prices which will give the largest net profit 
at the close of the year, or of a period of 
time longer than a year. The most emi¬ 
nent and successful merchant in New York, 
if not in the world, more than twenty 
years ago told the author of this work 
that soon after he commenced business in 
Broadway, he laid down a rule “ to sell as 
cheaply as possible,” and that he continued 
to direct his efforts to that end. To sell 
cheaply and at the same time profitably, 
implies economical expenditures, careful 
attention to business, good judgment and 
good credit in purchasing, and good faith 
in selling. The efforts of a buyer to 
undervalue the goods he wants to buy, or 
the devices of a seller to get more than a 
fair price for the goods he wishes to sell, 
are rarely successful. In the sketch of 
London merchants, drawn by the author 
of the “ Fable of the Bees,” a century 


ago, how many merchants of the present 
day may see a picture of their own arts 
in trade ! 

“ Decio, a man of great figure, that had 
large commissions for sugar from several 
parts beyond sea, treats about a consider¬ 
able parcel of that commodity with Alcan- 
der, an eminent West India merchant; 
both understood the market very well, but 
could not agree. Decio was a man of sub¬ 
stance, and thought nobody ought to buy 
cheaper than himself. Alcander was the 
same, and not wanting money, stood for 
his price. Whilst they were driving their 
bargin at a tavern near the Exchange, Al¬ 
cander’s man brought his master a letter 
from the West Indies, that informed him 
of a much greater quantity of sugars 
coming for England than was expected. 
Alcander wished for nothing more than to 
sell at Decio’s price before the news was 
public ; but being a cunning fox, that he 
might not seem too precipitant, nor yet 
lose his customer, he drops the discourse 
they were upon, and putting on a jovial 
humor, commends the agreeableness of the 
weather; from whence falling upon the de¬ 
light he took in his gardens, invites Decio 
to go along with him to his country-house, 
that was not above twelve miles from 
London. It was in the month of May, 
and as it happened upon a Saturday in the 
afternoon, Decio, who was a single man, 
and would have no business in town be¬ 
fore Tuesday, accepts of the other’s civil¬ 
ity, and away they go in Alcander’s coach. 
Decio was splendidly entertained that 
night and the day following; the Monday 
morning, to get himself an appetite, he 
goes to take the air upon a pad of Alcan¬ 
der’s, and coming back meets with a gentle¬ 
man of his acquaintance, who tells him 
news was come the night before that the 
Barbadoes fleet was destroyed by a storm ; 
and adds, that before he came out it had 
been confirmed at Lloyd’s Coffee-house, 
where it was thought sugars would rise 
twenty-five per cent, by ’change time. 
Decio returns to his friend, and immedi¬ 
ately resumes the discourse they had bro¬ 
ken off at the tavern. Alcander, who, 
thinking himself sure of his chap, did not 
design to have moved it till after dinner, 
was very glad to see himself so happily 
prevented; but how desirous soever he 
was to sell, the other was yet more eager 
to buy; yet both of them, afraid of one 
another, for a considerable time counter¬ 
feited all the indifference imaginable, till 
at last Decio, fired with what he had heard, 





BUYING AND SELLING. 


BYZANT or BYZANTINE. 95 


thought delays might prove dangerous, 
and throwing a guinea upon the table, 
struck the bargain at Alcander’s price. The 
next day they went to London ; the news 
proved true, and Decio got five hundred 
pounds by his sugars. Alcander, whilst he 
had strove to overreach the other, was 
paid in his own coin : yet all this is called 
fair dealing ; but I am sure neither of 
them would have desired to be done by 
as they did to each other.” 

It was once said in the House of Com¬ 
mons, “ That commerce tends to corrupt 
the morals of a people.” kt If we examine 
the expression,” says Mandeville, “ we 
shall find it true in a certain degree. 
Perhaps every tradesman can furnish out 
numberless instances of small deceit. His 
conduct is marked with a littleness, which, 
though allowed by general consent, is not 
strictly just. Both seller and buyer take 
an equal share in the deception. Though 
neither of them speak their sentiments, 
they well understand each other. Whilst 
a treaty is agitating, the buyer pronounces 


against the article ; but when finished the 
seller whispers to his friend, ‘ It is well 
sold,’ and the buyer smiles at the bargain. 
The commercial track is a line of minute 
deceits. But, on the other hand, it does 
not seem possible for a man in trade to 
pass this line without wrecking his repu¬ 
tation, which, if once broken, can never be 
made whole. The character of a mer¬ 
chant or tradesman is valuable—it is his 
all; therefore, whatever seeds of the 
vicious kind may shoot forth in the mind, 
they are carefully watched and nipped in 
the bud, that they may never blossom into 
action.” 

15 y. In bookkeeping by single entry by 
is improperly used instead of for—thus, 
A. B., Dr. or Cr. by 100 bushels of potatoes, 
is used instead of “ for 100 bushels.” 
In double entry it is properly used, be¬ 
cause one account is debited or credited by 
another. To sell by the pound, to buy by 
the quantity, etc. 

Byzant or ESy/aiitinc, a Turk¬ 
ish gold coin of the value of $06 



SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 


OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 

O. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Cable 

Cable 

Kabel 

Kabel 

Gomena; cappio 

Cable 

Cacao 

Cacao 

Cakao 

Cacao 

Caccao 

Cacao 

Cadiz 

Cadix 

Cadix 

Cadix 

Cadice 

Cadiz [put 

Cajeput-oil 

Huile de cajeput 

Cajeputoe 

Kajapoetolie 

Oglio di cajeput 

Aceite de caya- 

Calf-skins 

Peaux de veau 

Kalbsfelle 

Ivalfsvellen 

Pelli di vitello 

Becerros 

Calico 

Calicot 

Calicot 

Calicot 

Tela bambagina 

Calicote 

Camels’ hair 

Foil de chameaux 

Kameelhaar 

Kemeels haar 

Cameloo capelli 

Camelo cabellos 

Cameos 

Camees 

Cameos 

Kameos 

Cammeo 

Camafeos 

Camphor 

Camphre 

Campher 

Kamier 

Camfora 

A lean for 

Canal 

Canal 

Kanal 

Kanaal 

Canale 

Canal 

Candle 

Chandelle 

Lichter 

Kaarzen [gen 

Candelle 

Velas 

Cantharides 

Cantharides 

Canthariden 

Spaanscbe vlie- 

Canterelle 

Cantaridas 

Cape of Good 

Cap de bonne es- 

Cap der guten Hoff- 

Kaap de goede 

Capo di buona 

Capo de buena 

Hope 

perance 

nung 

hoope 

speranza 

esperanza 

Capital 

Capital 

Kapital 

Kapitaal 

Capitale 

Capital 

Cargo 

Marchandise a 

Frachtgut 

Vrachtgoet 

Roba di trasporto 

Generos para ex- 


expcdier 




pedir 

Carpets 

Tapis 

Teppiche 

Tapijtem 

Tappeti 

Tapices 

Cash 

Caisse 

Kasse 

Ivas 

Cassa 

Caja [cion 

Cast iron 

Fer de fonte 

Eisengusswaaren 

Gegotenijzer 

Ferro di fusione 

Hierro de fundi- 

Castor-oil 

Huile de castor 

Ricinus ol 

Castoor olie 

Olio di ricino 

Aceite de castor 

Caviare 

Caviar 

Kaviar 

Kaviaar 

Caviale 

Cabial 

Cedar-wood 

Bois de cedre 

Cedernholz 

Cederhout 

Legno cedrino 

Madera de cedro 

Cement 

Cement 

Cement 

Cement 

Cemento 

Cemento 

Chains 

Chaines 

Ketten 

Kettingen 

Catene 

Cadenas 

Chalk 

Craie 

Kreide 

Krijt 

Creta-bianca 

Greda 

Charter-party 

Charte-partie 

Certepartie 

Chartepartij 

Contratto di no- 

Contrata de fleta- 


V bon marchd 



leggio 

mento 

Cheap 

Billig 

Billijk 

A. buon mercato 

Arreglado 

Cheese 

Fromage 

Kase 

Kaas 

Forinaggio 

Queso 

Chicory 

Chicoree 

Cichorie 

Cichorei 

Cicoria 

Escarola 

China [ments 

Chine 

China 

China [menten 

Cina [Chinese 

China [la China 

Chinese orna- 

Chinoiseries 

Chinoiserien 

Chinesche orna- 

Figurette alia 

Curiosidades de 

Chocolate 

Chocolat [plomb 

Chokolade 

Chocolade 

Cioccolata 

Chocolate [mo 

Chrome yellow 

Chromate de 

Chrom gelb 

Chroom geel 

Giallo di chromo 

Amarillo de cro- 

Cigars 

Cigares 

Cigarren 

Sigaren 

Sigari 

Cigarros 

Cinnabar 

Cinabre 

Zinnober 

Cinnaber 

Cinabro 

Cinabrio 

Cinnamon 

Cannelle 

Zimmt 

Kaneel 

Canneile 

Cinnamona 

Citrons 

Citrons 

Citronen 

Citroenen 

Ccdri 

Litnones 

Clocks 

Horloges 

Uhren 

Klokken 

Oriuoli 

Relojes 

Cloth 

Drap 

Tuch 

Laken 

Panr.o 

Pafto 

Cloves 

Clous de girofle 

Gewiirznelken 

Nelgtjes 

Garofani [f oglio 

Clavillos 

Clover-seed 

Graine de trifle 

Kleesamen 

Ivlaverzaad 

Semenza di tii- 

Grano de trebol 

Coal 

Charbon 

Kohlen 

Kolen [ven 

Carboni 

Carbones 

Coasting trade 
Cobalt 

Faire le cabotage 
Cobalt 

Kustenhandel 

Kobalt 

Kusthandel drij- 
Kobalt 

Far cabottaggio 
Cobalto 

Hacer el cabotaje 
Cobalto 

Cochineal 

Cochenille 

Kochenille 

Konzenilje 

Cocciniglia 

Cochenilla 

Cocoa-nuts 

Cocos 

Kokosniisse 

Kokosnooten 

Cocci 

Cocos 

Codfish 

Morue 

Stockfisch 

Stokvisch 

Stoccofisso 

Bacalao 

Coffee 

Cafb 

Kaffee 

Koflfij 

Caffe 

Cafe 

Coins 

Monnaie 

Mirnze 

Munt 

Zecca 

Moneda 

Cologne 

Cologne 

Koln 

Keulen 

Colonia 

Colonia 

Cologne water 

Eau de cologne 

Kolnischeswasser 

Eau de cologne 

Acqua di collonia 

Agua de colonia 

Color 

Couleur 

Farbe 

Kleur 

Colore • 

Color 

Collector of Cus- 

Receveur de la 

Zolleinnehmer 

Ontvanger van 

Riscotitore dela 

Aduanero 

toms 

douane 


de belastingen 

gabella 

Combs 

Peignes 

Kamme 

Kammen 

Pettini 

Peines 

Commerce 

Commerce 

Handel 

Handel 

Commercio 

Comerc'O 

Commercial 

Sous les rapports 

Commerziell 

Commercieel 

In quanto al com- 

Bajo el punto de 


de commerce 



mercio 

vista comercial 

















COMMERCIAL SYNONYMS. 


97 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Commission 

Commission 

Auftrag 

Commissie 

Commissione 

Comision 

Commission busi- 

Affaires en com- 

Commissi onsge- 

Commissie-zaker 

Affari per com- 

Ramo de comi- 

ness 

mission 

schafte 


missioni 

sion 

Consignee 

Consignataire 

Consignatar 

Consignataris 

Consegnatario 

Consignatario 

Consignment 

Consignation 

Consignation 

Consignatie 

Consegnazione 

Consignation 

Consignor 

Expediteur 

Absender 

Afzender 

Speditore 

Despachador 

Consul 

Consul 

Consul 

Consul 

Console 

Consul 

Contract 

Contrat 

Contract 

Kontrakt 

Contratto 

Contrato 

Copal varnish 

Vernis de copal 

Kopallack 

Copal-lak 

Vemice di copale 

Laca copal 

Copper 

Cuivre 

Kupfer 

Koper 

Rame 

Cobre 

Corals 

Coraux 

Korallen 

Koralen 

Coralli 

Corales 

Cords 

Cordonets 

Litzen 

Klossen 

Cordelline 

Condones 

Corks 

Li&ge 

Kork 

Kurk 

Sughero 

Corcho 

Correspondent 

Correspondant 

Correspondent 

Correspondent 

Corrispondente 

Correspondiente 

Cotton 

Coton 

Baumwolle 

Katoen 

Cotone [tone 

A’godon 

Cotton thread 

Coton retors 

Baumwollenzwirn 

Getwijnd Katoe- 
nen garen 

Filo torto de co- 

Hilo de algodon 
[don 

Cotton yam 

Coton fil6 

Baum wollen ga rn 

Katoenen garen 

Cotone filato 

Hilado de algo- 

Credit 

Credit 

Credit 

Krediet 

Credito 

Credito 

Crockery ware 

Fayence 

Fayence 

Halfporselein 

Majolica 

Loza de fayanza 

Currency 

Circulation 

Current geld 

Kontant geld 

Correntia moneta 

Circul’n moneda 

Currants 

Raisins de Corin- 

Corinthen 

Krents 

Uve passo line 

Pasas de Corinto 

Custom-House 

Douane [the 

Zoll-haus 

Tolkantoor 

Doeana 

Aduana 

C u s t o m-H ouse 

Droit de douane 

Zollamtspesen 

Tolregten 

Spese didoganna 

Derechos de adu- 

charges 


[aren 

[werk 

[najo 

ano 

Cutlery 

Coutellerie 

Messerschmied wa- 

Mess enmakers j 

Lavori di coltelli- 

Cuchilleria 


O- 


C, a Roman numeral representing one 
hundred, CC, two hundred, and so on; it 
has no special technical use in American 
or English commerce. In France C is the 
abbreviation for compte ,' account; CC. 
com.'pte courant , account current. 

Cabal, a wine of Portugal. 

Caballiae aloes, a coarse inferior 
kind of aloes, used for horses. 

Caban, or Cavan, a measure of 
capacity,—in the Philippines,—for rice it 
is 133 lbs. ; for cocoa, 83£ lbs. ; at Ter- 
nati, for rice, it is 100£ lbs.; and at 
Manilla, for rice, about 123 lbs. ; and for 
paddy, about 85 lbs. 

Cabaretlas, unmanufactured raw 
skins, called also hair-dry skins, imported 
from the Cape of Good Hope. 

Cabbage, a valuable culinary vege¬ 
table extensively cultivated for the mar¬ 
kets of large cities, and from which is 
made sour-crout, or sauer-kraut, an article 
which acquires commercial importance 
from its use as an anti-scorbutic on ships 
or vessels which are a long time at sea; 
cloth purloined by one who cuts out gar¬ 
ments. 

Cabbage-WOOil, an ornamental, but 
not a highly esteemed cabinet-wood, ob¬ 

7 ' 


tained from the cabbage palm growing in 
the mountainous parts of the West Indies. 

Cabeca, a name for the finest silks of 
the East Indies; a nominal money of ac¬ 
count in some parts of the west coast of 
Africa, represented by cowry shells. 

Cabinet ware, the furniture of a 
house or counting-room, made from ma¬ 
hogany, rosewood, walnut, maple, or any 
other wood used by cabinet-makers. 

Cabinet woods, the various kinds 
of ornamental woods suited for the pur¬ 
poses of the cabinet-maker; these woods 
are usually colored, variegated, and sus¬ 
ceptible of a polish, and include mahog¬ 
any, rosewood, walnut, butternut, ebony 
cedar, chestnut, bird’s-eye and curly maple, 
satin, camphor, lance, calamander, grana- 
dilla, eagle, box, zebra, cannela, lignum- 
vitae, perroba, arriba, and such like 
woods. 

Cabin passengers, those who oc¬ 
cupy and pay for the best apartments and 
accommodations on a vessel. 

Cabins, apartments or rooms in ships 
or other vessels for the officers and cabin 
passengers. 

Cable, a strong rope or chain for 
anchoring a ship, usually about 100 or 120 















98 


CABLE-LENGTH. 


CAEN STONE. 


fathoms long, and from one to eight inches 
in diameter; a rope cable is composed of 
three strands, each strand of three ropes, 
and each rope of three twists, the number 
of threads in the twists varying according as 
the cable is to be made thick or thin. But 
very large cables, or those used by the 
largest ships, are usually formed by a com¬ 
bination of smaller ropes twisted round 
their common axis. For ships or large 
vessels, chain cables are now used instead 
of rope. The iron cable is not simply a 
chain, but is strengthened by a cast-iron 
stay-piece across each link, or each alter¬ 
nate link. A chain cable made of 2\ inch 
rod iron weighs 272 lbs. per fathom. The 
largest ever made was for the Great Eastern, 
which was from 2$ inch rod iron. The sub¬ 
marine telegraph cable consists of conduct¬ 
ing wires, enclosed in gutta-percha, pro¬ 
tected by an external covering of wires. 

Cable-length, 120 fathoms or 240 
yards, a measure of distance used by sailors. 

Cable tow, a small stream cable. 

Cabocle, a brick-red mineral resem¬ 
bling red jasper, found in Brazil, in the 
Province of Bahia. 

Cabot, an uncertain measure used in 
the island of Jersey for wheat, potatoes, 
apples, etc. 

Cabotage, coasting trade, petit cabo¬ 
tage is with vessels below 70 tons, and for 
short voyages; grand cabotage is with 
larger vessels, and to distant ports. The 
term is derived from the word cabo , cape, 
and in nautical language means, along the 
coast, or from cape to cape. 

Cabritillas, dressed or tanned sheep¬ 
skins. 

Cab liras, small lines made of spun- 
yam, to bind cables, seize tackles, etc. 

Cacao, the small nuts or seeds of the 
theobroma cacao , of which chocolate is 
made. In commerce usually but impro¬ 
perly called cocoa, and popularly con¬ 
founded with the latter article. The pod 
resembles a cucumber in shape, and con¬ 
tains from 20 to 80 nuts or kernels, which 
in shape somewhat resemble almonds. 
The tree grows in the West Indies and 
South America. 

Cacao blitter, a yellowish solid fat 
expressed from the nuts of the cacao. 

Caclie, a place of concealment for 
merchandise or provisions; usually a hole 
dug in the ground for that purpose. 

Cacliolong, a variety of opal, of a 
bluish white color, found on the banks of 
the river Cach, in Bucharia. 

Cacliumlc, a paste flavored with 


musk and other aromatics sold in Spain ; a 
Chinese aromatic stimulant. 

Cactine, a red coloring matter, ob¬ 
tained from some species of cacti. 

Cactiraclio, a low grade of sugar; 
the top of the cone after claying. 

Cadarp, a liquid measure of Tortosa, 
a little more than half a gallon. 

Cadarso, a name in Spain for a coarse 
silk. 

Caddies, worsted galloon ; a kind of 
ribbon or tape. 

Caddy, a small chest or box for hold¬ 
ing tea. 

Cade, or Cado, a keg or small bar¬ 
rel ; a dry measure used in Santa Maura, 
about If bushel ; also a variable fish 
measure; 500 herrings or 1,000 sprats 
make a cade. 

Cadce, a long measure of 21 inches, 
used in Morocco. 

Caddie, a low-priced carpet from the 
Levant. 

Cade oil, an oil obtained by distilla¬ 
tion from a species of cedar, and used in 
veterinary medicine. It is a thick, black 
liquid, and of a smell analogous to tar ; 
prepared in Germany and France. 

Cad ger, a huckster, or hawker of 
small wares, or dealer in dairy produce. 

Cadis, a French name for a kind of 
coarse serge. 

Cadiz, an important commercial city 
and seaport of Spain. The wines of Xeres 
(sherry wines) form the principal exports, 
amounting annually to about 4,000,000 of 
gals., and varying in price from 40 cts. to 
$3 per gal., averaging, however, over $1 
per gal. The other articles of export are 
quicksilver, brandy, oranges, salt, wool, 
etc. The imports are fish, hides, cotton 
manufactures, iron, coal, staves, tin, in¬ 
digo, spices, etc. 

For commercial purposes the money of account is 
in reals, called reales de vellon ; 20 reals = 1 hard dol¬ 
lar (the word vellon is equivalent to the French 
billon , copper money, base money). The real is 
divided into 100 centenos. Doubloons and half-doub¬ 
loons are in circulation, and French live-franc pieces, 
called “ Napoleons,” are current at 19 reals. For 
coins of Spain see table under head of Coins. The 
measures are the quintal of 100 lbs. = 4 arrobas — 
101.44 lbs. avoirdupois; the yard or vara — 33.38 
inches ; the at'roba, as a measure for wine, is 4.26 
gals. 

Cadmium, a white metal, extracted 
from some of the ores of zinc ; its scarcity 
prevents its use in the arts. 

Cadmium yellow, the commercial 
name for the sulphide of cadmium, a fine 
and permanent yellow pigment used by 
artiste. 

Caen §tone, a fine yellowish-tinged 





CAFA. 


CALAMANDER-WOOD. 99 


stone, obtained near Havre, in Normandy. 
It is very soft when quarried, and can be 
sawed into any form or shape, and becomes 
harder by exposure to the atmosphere ; 
much used in Paris as a building material, 
and, to some extent, in New York. The 
Nassau bank is probably the most conspi¬ 
cuous building of this material in this 
country. 

€afa, a cotton cloth made in Spain. 

CaflTa, colored and figured cotton 
cloths, manufactured in the East Indies 
and sold at Bengal. 

Cafllr coral, a variety of sorghum, 
cultivated in Southern Africa for its 
seed. 

Caflise, or Caftlso, a measure of 
capacity used mainly for oils; at Malta it 
is 5| gallons; at Messina and Palermo, a 
little more than S-^-th gallons ; at Trieste, 
3^rth gallons; at Algiers, as a dry measure, 
it is equal to about 9 bushels, and at Tunis 
15 bushels. 

Catiila, or Cafilali, the Persian 
name for a kind of caravan, or a company 
of travellers or merchants (usually under 
the protection of some sovereign or go¬ 
vernment trading company), who join 
together for protection while conveying 
merchandise through some parts of Asia or 
Africa. 

Cag, a small cask; a keg; it is barrel¬ 
shaped, and usually contains from 5 to 10 
gals. 

Cagliari, a seaport on the Mediterra¬ 
nean, aud the capital and principal com¬ 
mercial city of the island of Sardinia. The 
fisheries on the coasts are productive. Salt 
and tobacco are government monopolies. 
Wheat, barley, beans, and peas, are annu¬ 
ally exported to the amount of about 
500,000 bushels in the aggregate. Wine, 
flax, linseed, hides, oil, saffron, and rags, 
are also exported to some extent, chiefly 
to the neighboring Italian provinces. The 
imports consist of soap, earthenware, fur¬ 
niture, coffee, drugs, spices, clothing, 
and dress goods, very little of anything 
being manufactured in the city or on the 
island. 

Accounts are kept in lire, reali, and soldi, 5 soldi 
= 1 reale, = 4%d. ; 4 reali = 1 lira, = Is. 6d. ; 10 
reali = 1 scudo, 3s. 9rt., or about 91 cents. Farm pro¬ 
duce and the coarser metals are weighed by thepesi di 
ferro. 12 Sardinian oz. = 1 lb., = 14 oz. 5 dr. avoirdu¬ 
pois ; 26 lbs. = 1 rubbo ; 4 rubbi = 1 cantarro,= 93 lbs. 
0 oz. 8 dr. avoirdupois. The stareilo, or corn measure, 
is equivalent to 1 bus. peck Eng. [or 1 %bush.U.S.] 
The palm = 10X inches.— McCulloch. 

Callier, a term employed in the paper 
trade in Europe for the fourth or fifth 
part of a quire; 5 or six sheets put loosely 


together ; portions of a work when printed 
in parts or numbers. 

Caliinca-root, the roots of a medi¬ 
cinal plant growing in Brazil. 

Calliz, a variable dry measure in 
Spain; in Aragon, 5£ bu. ; in Castile, 18£ 
bu. ; in Valencia, 5f bu. ; in Alicant, 7 
bu. 

Calioiin-liuts, the fruit or nuts of a 
kind of palm which grows in Honduras. 

Callonil-oil, an oil extracted from 
the nuts of a palm of British Honduras, 
which resembles that of cocoa-nut, and is 
used as a lamp oil. 

Caincte, an acid obtained from the 
bark of a Brazilian shrub. 

Cairgor m, or Cairngorm 
stone, a topaz or rock crystal from 
Cairngorm mountain, Scotland, made into 
seals, necklaces, and other trinkets. 

Cajeput, an essential oil, with an 
odor analogous to camphor, obtained by 
distillation of the leaves and twigs of a 
shrub found in the island of Bouro, in the 
Australian archipelago; imported from the 
East Indies in glass bottles, and used in 
medicine. 

Cake eocliineal, a name given to 
an inferior variety of this drug, produced 
in the Argentine Republic. It comes in 
flat cakes about i of an inch thick. 

Caking coal, those kinds of bitumi¬ 
nous coals which have a tendency to cake 
or run together in the fire. 

Calabar-bean, the produce of the 
physostigma venenosa , imported from Afri¬ 
ca, where it is used medicinally, and as an 
ordeal in cases of suspected crime. It is 
very poisonous. 

Calabar-skin§, a trade name for the 
Siberian squirrel skins, of various colors, 
used in making muffs, trimmings for 
clothes, etc. 

Calabashes, the shells or hard rind 
of the calabash-tree of the West Indies ; 
used for utensils of various kinds, as cups, 
saucers, dishes, baskets, bowls, etc. ; ves¬ 
sels made of dried gourd-shells. 

Calabassi, a red fez or military cap, 
made in Tunis and worn by the Turks. 

Calamanco, a glossy woollen stuff, 
checkered in the warp, either ribbed or 
plain; manufactured in Bradford, Eng¬ 
land. 

Calamander-wood, a hard and 
beautiful fancy wood from Ceylon. It 
exhibits a great variety and richness of 
color, and is so hard that it cannot be 
worked with edge-tools, but has to be 
shaped by rasps and files. It is a scarce 



100 


CALAMBAC. 


CALCUTTA. 


wood, and has only been imported into 
England by private gentlemen returning 
from the colony, for their own use. It is 
said to be by far the most beautiful of all 
the fancy woods. 

Calainbac, aloes-wood or eagle-wood. 

Calambour, a name for a variety of 
eagle-wood ; a colored aloes-wood, slightly 
fragrant, used by cabinetmakers and in¬ 
layers. 

Calamine, an ore of zinc. 

Calamus, the name of a genus of 
palms which yield the canes or rattans of 
commerce. 

, Calamus oil, an oil made from the 
roots of the sweet flag, used in per¬ 
fumery, and also as a drug. 

Calcarella, a sweet white wine of 
Lisbon. 

Calcidera, a bark used by the ne¬ 
groes of Gambia in the treatment of the 
fevers peculiar to that country. 

Calcined, substances reduced to a 
powder by the action of heat. 

Calcium, a rare silver-white metal. 

Calco, a weight in the Ionian Islands 
of 24 gr. troy. 

Calculate, to compute, to reckon, to 
adjust by computation. 

Calculation, computing by num¬ 
bers, by addition, subtraction, multiplica¬ 
tion, or division, for the purpose of arriving 
at a result. 

Calcutta, the principal commercial 
city of Hindostan, chief city of the Presi¬ 
dency of Bengal, and capital of the British 
dominions in India. The city is situated 
on the river Hooghly, a branch of the 
Ganges, and is about 100 miles from the 
sea. Large vessels sail up the river, 
and anchor off the city in 30 or 40 feet of 
water. The commerce, both foreign and 
domestic, is very extensive. “ The prin¬ 
cipal foreign business is conducted by Eng¬ 
lish merchants ; but other parties also, 
either in partnership with the English or 
on their own account, speculate largely in 
Europe, America, and especially to China. ” 
According to the statement of Mr. 
McCulloch, from whose work the view here 
presented of the commerce of Calcutta is 
chiefly derived, “ the regular merchants 
or traders consist of British and other 
Europeans, Portuguese born in India, 
Armenians, Jews, Persians from the coast 
of the Persian Gulf (commonly called 
Parsees), Moguls, Mohammedans of Hin¬ 
dostan, and Hindoos, natives of Bengal.” 
From this it would appear that the enter¬ 
prise of our countrymen has not extended 


itself in that direction so far as to furnish 
any United States (Yankee) resident mer¬ 
chants in this great mart of East India trade 
and products. 1 he permanent introduc¬ 
tion of a Boston, New York, or Philadel¬ 
phia trading element, if of the right kind, 
accomplished and elevated, may hereafter 
mark an epoch in the commercial inter¬ 
course of our country with India. The 
principal articles of import are cotton 
goods, metal, railroad materials, and bul¬ 
lion. Taking the year 1864 as an average 
year, the Bengal Imports (Calcutta being 
the only port of importance) were, in round 


figures: — 

Books and stationery... . $1,000,000 
Cotton goods man’factured 21,000,000 
Cotton twist and yam.... 3,000,000 

Coals and Coke. 650,000 

Fruits and nuts. 300,000 

Jewelry and precious stones 500,000 

Machinery. 1,875,000 

Malt liquor. 1,000,000 

Metals, manufactured.... 800,000 

Metals (raw), copper, iron, 

tin, spelter. 6,200,000 

Salt. 1,500,000 

Silk goods. 600,000 

Railway materials. 2,500,000 

Liquors. 1,750,000 

Wearing apparel. 1,000,000 

Woollen goods... 1,350,000 

The gross imports of mer¬ 
chandise, say.$50,000,000 

And of bullion. 25,000,000 

The Exports for the same period were, 
in round numbers : — 

Cotton, amount exception¬ 
al (during the war in 

the United States).$15,000,000 

Cotton goods, twist, and 

yarn. 500,000 

Indigo. 1,475,000 

Dyes other than indigo.. 280,000 
Rice (this probably in¬ 
creased by shipment to 

the U. S.). 10,660,000 

Grain. 1,140,000 

Gunnies and gunny bags. 525,000 

Hides and skins. 3,500,000 

Jute. 7,500,000 

Lac. 1,200,000 

Oils. 230,000 

Opium (all to China). 26,000,000 

Saltpetre. 3,450,000 

Seeds of all kinds. 5,675,000 

Cashmere shawls. 350,000 

Raw silk.. 4,500,000 

Silk goods. 400,000 

Sugar and sugar candy... 2,000,000 
































CALCUTTA. 


CALF-SKINS. 


101 


Tea.$1,000,000 

Timber and woods. 275,000 

Tobacco. 100,000 

Gross exports of merchan¬ 
dise, say.$93,000,000 

Bullion or treasure. 3,400,000 

The foregoing tables of Imparts and 
Expwts were made from and to the fol¬ 
lowing countries, as follows: — 

Imports from Exports to 


Mdse. Treasure. Mdse. Treasure. 


England $41,000,000 $2,275,000 $47,000,000 $00,000 

America.... 270,000 . 3,750,000 

Arabian and 


Persian 

Gulfs. 280,000 

Ceylon. 100,000 

China. 835,000 

France.... 1,320,000 
Mauritius & 
Bourbon.. 20,000 

New South 


90,000 950.000 

1,225,000 1,950,000 3,200,000 
1,375,000 22,000,000 
5,000,000 2,750,000 

190,000 4,000,000 


Wales... .1,750,000 9,000,000 800,000 

Straits Set¬ 
tlements. 1.500.000 3.000,000 6.000,000 90,000 

Suez. 475,000 280,000 500,000 

The balance is made up from ports on 

the Mediterranean, the West Indies, Africa, 
Spain, Portugal, and other European ports. 
We ship no coin or bullion to Calcutta. The 
payment for the excess of our imports over 
our exports is made by bills on London. 

Of the articles enumerated in the fore¬ 


going Table of Exports, the bulk of the 
cotton was exported to England, the rest 
of it to China and France ; the indigo was 
sent to Great Britain, the United States, 
France, and Germany ; the jute to Great 
Britain, Europe, and the United States ; 
the raw silk to France and England ; the 
rice to different parts of Europe, America, 
Mauritius, and ports on the Arabian and 
Persian Gulfs; the saltpetre to Great 
Britain, France, United States, and China ; 
sugar and tea to Great Britain and Australia; 
opium to China; the seeds (of which lin¬ 
seed and the castor bean constitute the 


bulk) to Great Britain and the United 
States; and the spices to England, United 
States, Mauritius, and the Straits Settle¬ 
ments. 


Tariff on Imports. 

Spirits of all kinds. per imp. gal. 3 rupees. 

Ale, porter, beer, etc,. “ “ 1 anna. 

Cotton twist. ad valorem 3X perct. 

Grass & other cloth of China “ “ 5 “ 

Woollen piece goods. “ “ 5 “ 

Tobacco. “ “ 10 “ 

Iron railway materials. “ “ 1 “ 

Telegraph stores of iron.... “ “ 1 “ 

Shawls, silk piece goods, and 
other piece goods not de¬ 
scribed. “ “ 5 “ 

Iron beams and bars, and all 

other kinds of iron. “ “ 1 “ 

Stic-lac, undefined seeds,and 

undefined woods. “ “ IX “ 

Anchors, cables, etc. Free. 


All other articles, 74 per cent, on a fixed 
valuation, or the same rate of duty ad va¬ 
lorem. Thus, for example, cassia is sub¬ 
ject to a duty of 7\ per cent., and the fixed 
valuation by government, for the purpose 
of assessing the duty, is 38 rupees per cwt. ; 
on quinine the value is fixed at 50 rupees 
per lb., and so on. 


Tariff on Exports. 

Indigo. permaund. 3 rupees. 

Grain of all sorts. “ “ 5 annas. 

Lac-dye, on a valuation of 45 

rupees per cwt. 4 per ct. 

Other soits of lac, at different 

but fixed valuations. 4 “ 

Linseed, on a valuation of 18 

rupees per cwt. 3 “ 

All other commodities, on 

fixed values, or ad valorem . 3 “ 

Accounts are kept in rupees, with their sub-divi¬ 
sions, annas and pice. 12 pice = 1 anna ; 16 annas 
= 1 rupee. The silver coins are, the Rupee , half 
rupee, quarter rupee, or 4-anna piece, and the eighth 
rupee, or 2-anna piece. The rupee is coined at the 
mints of the territory of the East India Company, and 
is 1 tolah, or 180 grains troy—165 grains pure silver, 
and 15 grains of alloy. The gold coin is the Mohur , 
or 15-rupee piece. The value of the silver rupee, as 
fixed by Tates’ London Cambist, is Is. 10.29d. ster¬ 
ling, and the gold mohiir, 29s. 2 7-10 d. sterling. The 
value of the silver rupee, according to the report of 
the Director of the U. S. mint at Philadelphia, is 
46 6-10 cents, and of the gold mohur, $7.08. The 
Act of Congress of March, 1843, establishes the value 
of the rupee, in computations at the Custom-house, 
at 44X cents. For convenience, the anna is fre¬ 
quently reckoned at 3 cents, and 16 annas a rupee 
of 48 cents. The Weights and Measures are— 

1 Maund = 40 seers = 640 ehittacks. 

1 Factory maund = 74 2-3 lb. avdp. 

1 Bazaar maund = 82 2-15 lbs. 

1 Guz of 2 cubits = 1 yard. 

10 Bazaar maunds = 11 factory m’nds. 

3 Factory maunds = 2 cwt. avdp. 


Calencast, a kind of calico. 

Calendar months, the twelve 
divisions of the year, which in commercial 
entries and correspondence are usually 
written, Jan., Feb., Mar., April, May, 
June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec. ; 
and by many of the Philadelphia mer¬ 
chants, First, Second, Third. Fourth, 
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, 
Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth months. 

Calendered, goods or fabrics of any 
kind which have been made smooth and 
glossy by passing through the rollers of a 
calender machine. 

Calendering, the process of finish¬ 
ing cotton goods or paper by passing them 
between smooth cylinders. 

Calendiiline, a gum obtained from 
the marigold. 

Calf, a term applied to calf-skins pre¬ 
pared for bookbinders; books bound in 
calf-skin are said to be in calf. 

Calf-skin§, the hides or skins of the 
calf; the tanned hide of the calf, one of 


































102 


CALIBAN-SKINS. 


CALIFORNIA STEAMERS. 


the most valuable kinds of leather. The 
best calf-skins for boot-makers are import¬ 
ed from France; those from Belgium and 
some parts of Germany are said to be less 
carefully taken from the young animal. 
They are also extensively manufactured in 
the United States, and, when the proper 
amount of labor is bestowed upon their 
manufacture, they are said to be equal to 
the French. The high price of labor, 
however, prevents that amount of ma¬ 
nipulation in their production which is the 
chief cause of the superiority of the 
French skins. 

Caliban-sltins, a name sometimes 
used for the calabar-skins. 

Calico, in England a general term for 
plain white cotton cloth, or fabrics coarser 
than muslin. In the United States the 
term is applied only to printed cotton 
cloths upon which colored patterns are im¬ 
pressed by the use of dyes. The name is 
derived from Calicut, on the Malabar coast, 
whence the goods were first imported. 
The calico interest of the United States is 
an important one. The total product in 
1826 was about 8,000,000 yards. In 1886 
it reached 120,000,000. In 1855 upwards 
of 350,000,000 yards. The total produc¬ 
tion of printed goods in 1860, according 
to the census of that year, was estimated 
at about $8,000,000. There are 6,000,000 
cotton spindles now in operation in the 
United States, of which over 2,000,000 are 
running on cloths for printing, and produce 
450,000,000 yards. 

The following extract from Postle- 
thwaite’s Diet, of Trade and Commerce, 
published in London in 1757, is curious, and 
as a historical reminiscence is of permanent 
interest:— “Callicoe is a kind of linen 
manufacture, made of cotton, chiefly in 
the East Indies. There is a great trade in 
the Province of Bengal in this commodity, 
which is transported in prodigious quanti¬ 
ties into Persia, Turkey, Arabia, Muscovy, 
and all over Europe. Some of them are 
painted with flowers of various colors; and 
the women in the Indies make veils and 
scarfs of them, and of some, coverlets for 
beds, and handkerchiefs. At Seconge they 
are said to make the best sort of callicoes; 
in all other parts the colors are neither so 
lively nor lasting, but wear out with often 
washing; whereas those made at Seconge 
grow the fairer the more you wash them. 
This is said to arise from a peculiar virtue 
of the river that runs by the city, when 
the rain falls; for the workmen, having 
made such prints upon their cottons as the 


I foreign merchants give them, by several 
patterns, dip them into the river often, 
and that so fixes the colors that they will 
always hold. There is also made at 
Seconge a sort of calicut, so fine, that, 
when a man puts it on, his skin shall ap¬ 
pear as plainly through it as if he was quite 
naked; but the merchants are not per¬ 
mitted to transport it, for the governor is 
obliged to send it all to the Great Mogul’s 
seraglio, and the principal lords of the 
court, to make the sultanesses and noble¬ 
men’s wives shifts and garments for the 
hot weather. * • * 

“ This manufacture is brought into this 
nation by the East India Company, which 
is re-exported by private merchants to 
other parts of Europe and America. 

“ The general wear of stained or printed 
India callicoes in this nation having, in 
the year 1719, become a general griev¬ 
ance, and occasioned unspeakable distress 
and calamity upon our own manufactures, 
especially the weavers, the following acts 
of parliament very justly took place, to 
prevent the wear of this manufacture: — 

“ By stat. 7, Geo. I., chap. 7. If any 
person shall use, or wear, in any apparel, 
any printed, painted, stained, or dyed cal¬ 
licoe, being convicted thereof by the oath 
of one or more witnesses, before a justice 
of the peace, they shall forfeit the sum of 
5 1. to the informer—the penalty to be 
levied by distress and sale of goods. 

‘ k If any mercer or draper shall expose 
to sale any such callicoe, or any bed, chair, 
window-curtain, or other furniture, made 
up, or mixed with callicoe (unless it be 
for exportation), every such person shall 
forfeit the sum of 201., and persons using 
the same are liable to the like penalty : 
but callicoes made into furniture in fami¬ 
lies are exempted ; and this act shall not 
extend to callicoes dyed all blue. And 
not to extend to linen-yarn or cotton-work, 
manufactured and printed in Great Britain, 
provided that the warp thereof be entirely 
of linen yam.” 

Cali clad, a fine quality of Cuban 
tobacco. 

California sold, gold-dust obtained 
from the gold mines of California; gold 
bars from California. 

California nntiness, a fruit de¬ 
rived from the torreya California , which 
in appearance resembles the tme nutmeg, 
but possesses none of its valuable proper¬ 
ties, and cannot be substituted for it. 

California strainers* steamships 
sailing between New York and Aspinwall 




CALIFORNIA WINES. 

or Nicaragua, carrying passengers and 
mails for California, and connecting at 
Aspinwall by railroad with the Pacific 
steamers for San Francisco. 

Culifbruiu wines made in 

California from the native grape. See 
Wines. 

Calimaiico, a check woollen or 
worsted stuff, so woven that the check is 
visible from one side only,—used for 
women’s wearing apparel. 

Calm, an alloy of lead and tin, used 
by the Chinese for canisters. 

Calisaya bark, a valuable bark ob¬ 
tained from the cinchona calisaya , a Boliv¬ 
ian tree; a species of the cinchona of 
Peru, or Peruvian bark tree ; the commer¬ 
cial name for the yellow cinchona, a vari¬ 
ety and one of the best of the species of 
Peruvian barks. The tree grows to a great 
height, and is found upon the declivities of 
the Andes, in Bolivia, and the southern¬ 
most part of Peru. The great value of 
this bark has led to fraudulent admixtures 
with it of less valuable varieties. 

C«tikill£, the process of driving tarred 
oakmn into the seams, between the planks 
of ships, to make the joints water-tight. 

Calking materials, oakum and 
pitch. 

Call, the demand for payment of an 
instalment due, or subscriptions for shares 
of stock in any joint-stock company; a 
stock-broker’s term where sales are made, 
and the stocks are to be delivered on call 
at any time within a given period. 

Call and put, a stock-broker’s term 
fora transaction such as the following:— 
A., anticipating the rise of a given stock, 
puts up $100 with D. for the privilege of 
calling upon the latter for 100 shares of 
the stock at or within a given time, say 
30 or 00 days. If the stock rises, he calls 
for his 100 shares and takes the difference 
between the price agreed upon and the 
price on the day he calls. If the stock 
falls, the transaction is closed by the for¬ 
feiture of the $100. On the other hand, 
if A. believes a given stock will fall, he 
puts up say $100 and agrees to deliver to 
D. say 100 shares, at a given time at a 
given price. If the stock falls below 
the price agreed upon, he calls upon D. 
for the difference ; if it rises, the transac¬ 
tion is closed by the forfeiture of the $100. 

Callenmiidra, a woollen fabric of 
Spain. 

Call ill, to collect, or to draw from 
circulation. 

Callipcva scales, the scales of a 


CAMBRIC. 103 

fish of the West India seas, used for mak¬ 
ing into ornaments. 

Call oil, to make a demand of a 
debt. 

Cal in licks, a kind of hair-cloth. 

Calomel, a preparation of mercury 
used in medicine. 

Cal on, the Polish inch, equal in Cra¬ 
cow to l^th inch. 

Calotype paper, paper chemically 
prepared for the calotype process. 

Calotype pictures, photogenic 
drawings, or pictures produced on paper 
or other substances by the action of light 
upon certain salts of silver. 

Calumba, the root of a bitter medi¬ 
cinal plant growinginthe island of Mozam¬ 
bique ; the columbo. 

Cal via, a grain measure of Venetian 
Lombardy, about £ of a bu. 

Calves’ bail’, the hair taken from 
the hides of the calf, and used by saddlers 
and others for stuffing. 

Camagoil-wood, an inferior kind 
of ebony, obtained in China. 

Cainauoiica, a kind of Spanish 
stuff used for linings. 

Camara, a storehouse for grain ; a 
valuable timber found in Essequibo. 

Camaspce, a money of account in 
Mocha, of the value of a little less than 2 
cents. 

Caniatiua, very young acorns, used 
for tanning. 

Cainbaycs, cotton cloths made at 
Bengal and Madras. 

Cambay stones, agates and corne¬ 
lians from Cambay, a district in India. 

Cambist, a banker, a person skilled 
in exchange; a dealer in bills of exchange ; 
a book descriptive of moneys, weights, 
and measures. 

Cam bray oil, a Spanish name for a 
kind of coarse cotton goods. 

Cambric, a very fine white linen, 
manufactured from flax, first made in Cam- 
bray, Flanders, whence its name ; a fine 
cotton fabric in imitation of the linen ; its 
varieties are glazed, white and colored 
(for linings), twilled, figured, striped, and 
corded. Cotton cambrics for dresses, 
called French cambrics, are white or 
printed ; Scotch cambric is also an imita¬ 
tion cambric made from fine hand-twisted 
cotton. As in the article of calico, so in 
cambrics, the British Government conceiv¬ 
ing that the annual buying of French 
cambrics to the amount of £200,000 was 
a national extravagance, by statute (13 
Geo. II.) enacted, “that it shall not be 



104 


CAMBRIC MUSLIN. 


CAMPHENE. 


lawful for any person to wear in Great 
Britain, in any garment whatsoever, any 
cambric or French lawn, under the penalty 
of £5.” “ And any person who shall vend, 

utter, sell, and expose, any cambrics or 
French lawns, made or not made up (ex¬ 
cept for transportation only), shall forfeit 
£5.” 

Cambric mu si ill, a very fine and 
thin cotton fabric; an imitation of cam¬ 
bric ; also the trade name for a thin glazed 
muslin which comes in different colors,— 
used for linings; and a thinner kind called 
paper cambric, also highly glazed, and used 
for a lighter kind of linings. The latter 
kind always comes in rolls. 

Camel, a wooden float; a contrivance 
for lifting ships over bars or shoals. 

Camel, a beast of burden; a stout 
Arabian camel will travel at the rate of 2£ 
or 3 miles an hour, with a load of 500 or 
600 lbs., but not for a long distance. 
In the East, distance is measured by the 
time it takes a camel to travel it. 

Camel load, the usual load for a 
camel is from 400 to 500 lbs. on short, 
and from 300 to 400 lbs. on long journeys. 

Camelot, a kind of cloth. See Camlet. 

Camel’s Si air is imported occasion¬ 
ally into the United States, in bales, from 
Persia via England, .or directly from 
Russian ports, and is mostly used in the 
manufacture of pencils for drawing and 
painting. Camel’s hair is longer than 
sheeps’ wool, and often as fine as silk. 
There are three kinds or colors, black, red, 
and gray, the darkest of which is con¬ 
sidered the most valuable. It is said that 
the hair on a camel weighs about 10 lbs. 
In Bokhara the camel is watched while the 
fine hair on the belly is growing; this is 
cut off so carefully that not a fibre is lost, 
and when sufficient has been collected it 
is spun into a yarn unequalled for softness, 
and then dyed all manner of bright colors, 
and used chiefly for shawls. The Arabs 
and Persians make of camel’s hair, of a 
less valuable kind, stuffs for carpets, tents, 
and wearing apparel, and cloth is made of 
it in Persia. 

CameCs-hair pea ells, small brush¬ 
es used by painters in water-colors, made 
of badger’s hair, camel’s hair, and other 
suitable materials, usually imported from 
Constantinople and Alexandria. 

Cainel’s-liair sliawls, shawls made 
from the finest hair of the camel. Bok¬ 
hara, in Central Asia, is the chief point 
where they pass directly from first hands. 
The hair, after being dyed, is woven in 


strips about eight inches wide ; these strips 
are then sewed together so skilfully as to 
elude detection, and form those beautiful 
shawls which, for brilliancy of colors and 
beauty of pattern, are as yet unrivalled by 
Europeans. The costly merchandise is 
then delivered to traders, who convey it 
thousands of miles to the borders of Rus¬ 
sia, where they are met by agents from all 
parts of the world who purchase them, 
and through whom they find their way to 
the Paris, London, Brussels, Berlin, and 
New York markets. 

CanKilVliay, the name given to the 
dried rush imported as a drug from Tur¬ 
key and Arabia. 

Cameos, small bas-reliefs, manufac¬ 
tured of a material composed of various 
colored layers, and so carved in relief as 
to exhibit different colors in the several 
parts or elevations of the work. The 
cameos of commerce, whether of stone 
or shell, always exhibit those character¬ 
istics of relief and colors. The shells used 
are known as the bull’s-mouth, black and 
horned helmet, and the green conch. Im¬ 
itation cameos are formed of porcelain, or 
other plastic material, by moulding ot 
pressure ; and gems of different kinds are 
cut in relief and called cameos. 

Camionage (French), cartage or 
dray hire. 

Camlet, a thin cloth or worsted stuff, 
made originally of silk and camel’s hair, 
now chiefly of goat’s hair, sometimes 
mixed with silk, cotton, or flax ; the real 
camlet is made from Angora goat’s hair. 

Camomile flowers, the flowers of 
the common garden plant; they are pur¬ 
chased and sold by druggists, and quoted 
at 20 to 40 cts. per lb. 

CampaBBilli, a kind of Spanish mar¬ 
ble, so called because when worked it imi¬ 
tates the sound of a bell. 

Campeaehy-wood, a dye-wood, 
better known as logwood, brought from 
Central America and the West India 
islands. The best quality is obtained near 
Campeachy, a seaport town of Yucatan, 
whence it is exported in logs. 

Camp I'll mi I are, articles of cab¬ 
inet-work, such as camp-stools, bedsteads, 
etc., made compact, light, and portable, 
for facility of transport. 

Camp lienc, a name for the purified 
oil or distilled spirits of turpentine, used 
for purposes of illumination, but on ac¬ 
count of its explosive properties considered 
dangerous. It is used in printing-offices 
to clean the ink-rollers. 





CAMPHOR. 


CANADA SNAKE-ROOT. 105 


Camphor, a concrete, acrid drug-, 
obtained from trees in China, Japan, and 
the islands of Formosa, Sumatra, and 
Borneo. Two kinds are known in com¬ 
merce ; one of these is entirely mono¬ 
polized by the Chinese, who set a fictitious 
value upon it, from 70 to 100 times the 
price of the other variety; it is known as 
the Malay camphor, and is the product of 
a large tree which grows in Sumatra and 
Borneo. This tree attains a height of 
100 feet, and a diameter of 6 or 7 feet, 
and even much larger in rare instances. 
The camphor is found in this tree in con¬ 
crete masses, secreted in fissures and 
crevices in the heart wood, and is extract¬ 
ed by splitting the trunk in pieces and 
picking out the lumps with a pointed in¬ 
strument. The product of a large tree is 
rarely as much as 20 lbs. ; while many fine 
trees are cut and split up which furnish 
none: hence its high price. The Chinese 
pay for it from $7.50 to $25 per lb., ac¬ 
cording to its quality, while the Japan 
camphor obtained in their own ports, and 
known as Chinese camphor, is sold for 9 or 
10 cts. per lb. Of the cheaper kind of 
camphor there are two commercial varie¬ 
ties: one, the Dutch, Japan, or tub cam¬ 
phor ; and the other, the Chinese or For¬ 
mosa, which is carried in junks to Canton, 
where it is packed in square chests lined 
with lead, and thence finds its way to 
Europe and the United States. It is a 
crude article, in dirty gray grains, massed 
in lumps, and contains many impurities. 
The tub camphor is obtained in Batavia, 
whence it is exported in tubs containing 
100 lbs. or more. These tubs are covered 
with matting and an outside tub. This 
kind is in pinkish-colored grains, coarser 
and generally purer than Chinese camphor; 
both these varieties are obtained from the 
same tree, the laurus camp/iora, an ever¬ 
green resembling the American linden, 
and bearing a red berry. All parts of the 
tree possess the odor of camphor. The 
camphor is obtained from the chipped 
wood, roots, and leaves, by distillation, 
and condensed by sublimation into a solid 
form. All the camphor of commerce is a 
crude article, requiring purification before 
it is fit for use. The annual exports of 
camphor from China to Europe and Amer¬ 
ica are from 3,000 to 4,000 piculs, at prices 
ranging from $19 to $25 per picul of 
133£ lbs. An artificial substance, much 
resembling camphor, is obtained by the 
action of hydrochloric acid on oil of tur¬ 
pentine. 


Camplior-oII, a fragrant oil, obtain¬ 
ed in large quantities by heating the wood 
of the Malay camphor-tree, and at about 
the same cost as spirits of turpentine, for 
which it may be used as a substitute; con¬ 
crete camphor reduced by nitric acid to 
oil is a different kind. 

Camphor-wood, the timber of the 
camphor-tree, used for trunks and articles 
of furniture, and is said to be a protection 
against moths and other annoying insects. 

Canipoi, a kind of tea. 

Camwood, a hard, red dye-wood ob¬ 
tained in Sierra Leone and the interior of 
Africa. It gives a finer and more durable 
red than Brazil-wood. 

Caaa, a tin vessel; a liquid measure of 
Siam, equal to 25- quarts; as a weight in 
Annam, If lb. 

Cist Bin, a long and superficial measure 
of Italy and some parts of France, of va¬ 
riable dimensions; at Aragon it is a little 
over 2f yds., at Barcelona it is something 
less than If yd., and for cloth only about 
f of a yd.; at Majorca it is a trifle under 
If yd., and at Minorca and Tortosa it is 
If yd. 

Clast si da, a liquid measure equal at 
Bahia to lfths gals. ; at Lisbon and Rio 
Janeiro it is about 3 pints. 

Canada hal«ani, an oleic resin ob¬ 
tained from an American fir-tree, the alien 
balsam,ea; it is used as a drug, also for 
varnish, and for water-color drawings, and 
is obtained chiefly from the State of Maine 
and from Canada; in Europe it is called 
balm of Gilead. 

Casiada pitch, a hard, brittle, yel¬ 
lowish-brown gum, obtained from the juice 
which exudes from the hemlock spruce of 
the United States, and hence sometimes 
called hemlock gum. When the tree is old 
and begins to decay the juice exudes spon¬ 
taneously and hardens upon the bark. 
The bark thus encrusted is stripped from 
the tree, broken into pieces, and boiled in 
water. The pitch melts, rises to the sur¬ 
face, is skimmed off and purified by a se¬ 
cond boiling. It is brought to market in 
this state, and in the shops undergoes fur¬ 
ther purification. 

Canada rice, a wild species of rice 
growing along the edges of ponds in the 
northern parts of the United States and 
Canada—called also wild rice and water- 
oats. 

Canada snake-root, aplantcalled 
also wild ginger, all parts of which have a 
grateful aromatic odor, and the root of 
which is used in medicine;, the plant is 



106 


CANADA SUGAR. 


CANDLE AUCTION. 


found in the woods, from Canada to the 
Carolinas. 

Caaiada sugar, maple sugar. 

Canada wool, the wool of the Can¬ 
ada sheep; it is the short staple or carding 
wool, and finds a ready market in Boston 
and New York; much of it is bought by 
the agents of the woollen manufacturers 
directly from the farmers. 

Can ad ia 3i currency, the circulat¬ 
ing coin and bank bills or notes authorized 
by the Canadian government. 

Canadian yellow-root, a valu¬ 
able yellow dye. 

Canada, a liquid measure at Galicia 
of 10 i^n, galls. 

Canals, artificial watercourses, con¬ 
structed for transmitting merchandise by 
means of boats. In most countries canals 
contribute largely to the facilities of com¬ 
mercial intercourse; railroads do not super¬ 
sede them, though for light freights they 
are preferred. “ There should be no an¬ 
tagonism between railroads and canals. 
Both are necessary to the commerce and 
prosperity of the country, and with their 
extension and improvement the traffic of 
both will increase in exact ratio with its 
growth and expansion; but, in considering 
the relative cheapness of the two modes of 
transportation, there can be little doubt in 
the minds of practical men of the great su¬ 
periority of water over iron as a medium 
of transportation for all heavy products. 
While the hand of one man moves 500 tons 
afloat, it will require 500 men to move that 
amount on a railroad. ”— O. S. Hazard to 
the Buffalo Board of Trade. 

CanaI-l>onts, boats used on canals 
for conveying goods, and adapted in size to 
the varying size of the locks, and the width 
and depth of the different canals. In this 
country they are usually propelled by 
horses, but on some of the canals steam is 
also in use. In the U S. “ Treasury Reg¬ 
ulations ” they are defined as boats ■“ with¬ 
out masts or steam power.” 

Canary, a very fine wine made in the 
Canary islands, of which there are regular 
annual importations into New York. 

Canary-birds, small singing-birds, of 
which from 20,000 to 50,000 are annually 
imported into New York from Bremen; 
the male bird is invoiced at about 50 cts., 
the female at 5 cts. 

Canary moss, a lichen used for dye¬ 
ing. 

Canary-seed, the seeds of the cana¬ 
ry-grass, phalaris , sold for food for sing¬ 
ing-birds ; most of it comes from the isle [ 


of Thanet, where the plant is cultivated for 
the seeds. The grain is sown in February, 
in drills six inches apart, and the plants 
are thinned to two inches in the rows. 
The straw is very short, and of but little 
value. The grass is said to grow wild in 
some parts of the United States. The 
annual sales amount to about 500 tons. 

Canary-stone, a yellow cornelian. 

Casio ry-weed, a commercial name 
for the orchilla weed, or coloring lichen, 
obtained at the Canary Islands. 

Canary-wood, a cabinet-wood of a 
light orange color, imported from Brazil, 
sometimes called Madeira mahogany. 

Caiiaitar, a tradename for a kind of 
tobacco; a rush basket in which tobacco 
is packed in Spanish America. 

Casteel, to blot out; to exchange; to 
make void. 

Caiaeellation, an agreement may 
be cancelled or annulled by the assent or 
act of the parties ; but it is important that 
the agreement to cancel be explicit. 
Where a proposition was made to the un¬ 
derwriters to cancel his policy, which was 
rejected ; afterwards they assented to the 
proposition, but before such assent reach¬ 
ed the assured, they received notice of the 
loss of the vessel, it was held by the Su¬ 
preme Court of the U. S. that there was 
no agreement to cancel. 

Candaea, a measure at Mysore of 
lli bush. 

Candareen, a Chinese weight; the 
100 th part of a tael, and containing 10 le 
or cash; in accounts the money value of 
the candareen ranges from 10 to 14 copper 
cash, but as a weight the le or cash 
is always the same integral part of a 
candareen. 

Candce, a measure in Cochin China 
equal to 19.12 inches. 

Canderos, an East Indian gem of 
the appearance of amber, but white, from 
which are manufactured toys and small 
ornaments. 

Candia soap, a kind of white soap 
from the island of Candia, made from 
olive-oil. It is imported in short bars. 

Caudle, a weight of Sumatra of 
423-, 4 0 3 o lbs. 

C a at dies, sugar and fruit confections 
embracing a great variety of preparations 
in different forms and colors. 

Candiotta, in Spain, the name 
of a barrel or keg; also, a large earthen 
jar. 

Candle a net ion, called also, sale 
or auction by inch, a sale where bystanders 




CANDLEBERRY WAX 


CANNEL COAL. 


107 


are allowed to bid for merchandise while 
a small piece of candle is burning, and the 
commodity is adjudged to the last bidder, 
whenever the candle is burned out. 

Caildleberry wax, a wax obtained 
from the berries of a shrub common in the 
United States, known as the wax-myrtle ; 
it resembles beeswax and is made into 
candles, and is used also in tanning calf¬ 
skins, and in Sweden and Wales for dyeing 
wool; this wax is also called bayberry tal¬ 
low and vegetable wax. 

Candle-nut, a trade name given to 
the nuts of the aleurites tribola , an ever¬ 
green tree of the Society Islands. 

Caudles, as articles of commerce, are 
chiefly tallow, spermaceti, wax, and ada¬ 
mantine ; wax candles are superior to all 
others, but spermaceti and stearic acid or 
adamantine closely approximate them, and 
are much less costly; paraffine candles 
generally consist in part of wax or sperma¬ 
ceti. The usual trade sizes are Gs and 8s, 
that is, 6 to the lb and 8 to the lb., and 
the pound is all the way from 12 to 16 
ounces, usually about 14 ounces. They are 
packed in boxes of different weights, but 
generally in 20 lb. boxes. 

Candle-wick, cotton yarn, loose¬ 
ly twisted; the fine threads are preferable 
to the coarse. That which is imported is 
usually in balls of 10 lbs. each, and in 
half lb. or 1 lb. hanks. The supplies for 
candle manufacturers are chiefly obtained 
from the manufactures in Paterson, N. 
J., and in Rhode Island. 

Candied fruit?*, dried confections of 
fruits and sugar. 

Candy, an Eastern measure and 
weight of variable capacity; in Bombay 
it is 560 lbs., and as a measure, 25 bu. ; 
in Ceylon and Madras it is 500 lbs., liquid 
capacity, 74 £ gals. ; in Malabar it is 6051- 
lbs. , and as a long measure, 28-J in. ; in 
Surat, 340 lbs. ; in Seringapatam, 485-£ 
lbs., and as a measure, ll^th bu. ; for pep¬ 
per, at Travancore, 500^ lbs. 

Cane arrow, the name of a valuable 
grass of the West Indies, used for bon¬ 
nets, baskets, mats, etc. 

Cane eliairs, chairs, the seats of 
which are made of split cane or rattan. 

Canella alba, the commercial name 
of the wild cinnamon, a cheap aromatic 
bark, which, as a drug, is found in dry buff 
pieces, thin cylinders, or large thick frag¬ 
ments, obtained from a tree growing in 
Jamaica and other West India islands. 

Cane I oil, the Spanish name for the 
spurious cinnamon or canella. 


Canes, the common commercial name 
for several kinds of grasses, embracing 
the bamboo, rattans, etc. The Malacca, 
partridge, Tonkin, Carolina, and other 
sticks sold as walking-sticks. 

Cane seed, sorghum seed is sold 
under this name. 

Cane splits, prepared rattan canes 
for platting or basket-work. 

Cane sugar, sugar from the sugar¬ 
cane—the regular sugar of commerce. 

Ca n gnu, a piece of coarse Chinese 
cloth, thinly woven, 19 in. wide and 6 yds. 
long, which has a fixed currency value. 

Cangiga-wood, a cabinet-wood of 
Brazil resembling rose-wood. 

Can-books, flat hooks fastened to 
ropes for hoisting barrels. 

Caniea, a kind of wild cinnamon 
found in Cuba. 

Canister-powder, fine rifle or 
sporting powder, usually put up in tin 
canisters. 

Canitte, a liquid measure of Belgium, 
0.261 gals., or a little over 1 qt. 

Caiuia, the wild plantain found in 
Brazil, East and West Indies, and Peru, 
the leaves of which are used as envelopes 
for many articles of commerce, and in the 
East Indies the seeds are used as shot. 
One species furnishes the starch of com¬ 
merce known as tons les mois ; a variable 
long measure, at Florence and Leghorn, 
2£ yds.; at Rome, 2.178 yds. ; at Naples, 
2 jAths yds. 

Cannabiil, a gum resin obtained 
from the extract of hemp. 

Canue, a variable measure of length 
which is equal at Marseilles to 2.Hh yds. ; 
at Aix, 2.174 yds. ; at Montpellier, 2.173 
yds. ; at Piedmont, 2.187 yds. ; at Tou¬ 
louse, 1.964 yds. 

Canned go<»d«, a general term for 
fruit, vegetables, or fish put up and pre¬ 
served in tin cans. 

Canned lix.li, oysters, lobsters, green 
turtle, and salmon, put up in tin cans of 
1 , 2, and 4 lbs. 

Canned fruit, plums, pears, apples, 
peaches, quinces, and berries, preserved in 
sugar and put up in hermetically sealed 
tin or glass cans, of 1, 2, or 3 lbs. 

Canned vegetables, corn, peas, 
tomatoes, asparagus, and other vegetables, 
preserved by being partially cooked and 
put up in air-tight tin cans of 2 or 3 lbs. 

Cailliela-WOOd, a beautiful cabinet- 
wood of Santa Catharina, in Brazil 

Cailiiel coal, a hard bituminous 
coal, which burns with a bright flame, and 



108 


CANNEQUIN. 


CAPE DIAMONDS. 


hence originally called candle-coal; it is 
sometimes called canal-coal; besides its 
uses as a fuel and for making 1 gas, it takes 
a tolerably fine polish, and is occasionally 
made into inkstands, snuff-boxes, beads, 
and other ornamental articles. 

Cnniaciguin, a kind of white cotton 
cloth made in the East Indies. 

Cannon metal, a metal of about 
90 parts of copper and 3 0 of tin. 

Cannon-shot, the space of the sea 
within cannon-shot of the coast is consid¬ 
ered as making part of the territory, and 
for that reason a vessel taken under the 
cannon of a neutral fortress is not a law¬ 
ful prize; the jurisdiction of the admiralty 
extends to within a cannon’s shot of the 
shore, or the distance of a marine league 
from the coast. 

Canoe, a boat made from the trunk 
or bark of a tree, and from skins; the 
trading canoes of the North American 
Indians are made mostly from the bark 
of the birch-tree. 

CantarcISo, a Sardinian weight of 
9^ lbs., or 9.21 lbs. 

Cantara, a liquid measure of Spain, 
—at Tortosa, minimum, 2 gals. ; at Ovi¬ 
edo, maximum, 4£th gals. 

Can taro, usually called cantar, a va¬ 
riable commercial weight; at Aleppo, of 
506.^ lbs.; at Alexandria, for cotton, 95 
lbs. ; at Algiers, maximum 200 lbs., min- 
nimum 120 k lbs., for flax, 240 lbs. ; at 
Cairo, 96 lbs.; at Candia, 116 lbs.; at 
Constantinople, 140| lbs.; at Damascus, 
395^ lbs. ; at Florence, 112 lbs. ; legal, 74f 
lbs. ; for wool, 119£ lbs.; at Leghorn, 112 
lbs.; at Naples, 196A lbs.; Smyrna, 127£ 
lbs. ; Morea, 123£ lbs.; Tunis, 109 lbs. At 
Alexandria and Cairo the cantar is now 
usually estimated as being 36 okes, and 
40 okes are reckoned equal to 112 lbs. 
avoirdupois. 

Cant harides, the commercial name 
for various kinds of beetles used for blis¬ 
tering, often termed Spanish flies. They are 
obtained from China, Russia, Sicily, and 
other countries; the largest are from Italy, 
the best from Spain and Russia. These in¬ 
sects feed on the leaves of the white pop¬ 
lar, ash, elder, and lilac, and are usually col¬ 
lected in the months of May and June, be¬ 
fore sunrise in the morning, when they 
are torpid. Persons having their faces 
protected by masks and their hands by 
gloves, shake the trees and catch the in¬ 
sects in linen cloths. They are then 
plunged into diluted vinegar, and subse 
quently dried and packed in casks. 


Can toil crape, a peculiar manufac¬ 
ture of silk, used for shawls and ladies’ 
dresses, imported from China. It comes 
in various colors, and is remarkable for its 
softness and durability. 

Canton flannel, a heavy cotton 
fabric, twilled, and with a long plush nap ; 
in England called swansdown cotton; 
largely manufactured in the United States, 
and sold under the general trade or manu¬ 
facturing name of cotton flannels—brown, 
bleached, and colored. 

Canton ginger, the common name 
for the ginger-root preserved in sugar, and 
imported in China jars. 

Can toil tea, a name for the lowest 
grade of green tea. 

Cantoon, a kind of fustian with a fine 
cord visible on one side. 

Canvas, a strong flax, hemp, or cot¬ 
ton fabric, used for tents, awnings, ships’ 
sails, &c. ; sails of a vessel in general; a 
coarse unbleached cloth, woven regularly in 
small squares, used for working samplers 
and tapestry. The word is from the Latin, 
cannabis , hemp. 

Caoutchouc, the india rubber of 
commerce, obtained from various trees of 
the fig tribe in the East Indies and South 
America. 

Caoiitclioucine, the name given to 
an oil obtained from caoutchouc, which in 
some respects resembles coal oil. It serves 
as a solvent, when mixed with alcohol, for 
india-rubber and for all the resins. It 
mixes with oils and dries rapidly, and hence 
serves for liquefying oil-paints. 

Caoiitclioucine varnish. The 
solid residue from the distillation of india- 
rubber, dissolved in caoutchoucine itself, 
forms a varnish used by shipwrights, which 
is said to be impervious to moisture and 
very elastic. 

Caps, out-of-the-door coverings for the 
head for gentlemen, instead of hats, made 
of cloth, leather, fur, or other material, 
and forming an article of considerable do¬ 
mestic trade, and also of foreign imports 
from Germany and France. 

Capa, a Cuban term for an extra good 
quality of tobacco. 

Capacity, the extent of room or space 
in a vessel or cask. 

Cape aloes, an inspissated juice ob¬ 
tained from a species of the aloe growing 
wild in the Cape Colony. 

Cape Verde coffee, coffee imported 
from the Cape Verde Islands. 

Cape diamonds, diamonds obtained 
near the Cape of Good Hope, some of 



CAPE GUM. 


CAPTAIN. 


109 


which are of great value; but the bulk of 
them are of inferior quality. 

Cape an inferior kind of gum- 

arabic brought from the Cape of Good 
Hope. 

Capelin, the trade-name for a small, 
delicate fish, caught by the Newfoundland 
fishermen, and dried and packed chiefly for 
the English market. 

Capers, the commercial name for the 
pickled flower-buds of a low shrub called 
the caper-bush, grown in the south of Eu¬ 
rope and the Levant; a name for small 
privateers or vessels of war owned by pri¬ 
vate parties. 

Caper tea, a black tea with a knotted 
curly leaf, sold in the London market, 
where it is generally scented with jasmine 
and other flowers. 

Cape-Town, a seaport city and capi¬ 
tal of the British territory in South Africa, 
situate on the S. W. shore of Table Bay, 
about 30 miles north from the Cape of 
Good Hope. It is a city of considerable 
commercial importance. Wool is the chief 
article of export; but wines, argols, dia¬ 
monds, copper ore, hides, skins, horns, 
aloes, ivory, and whale and seal oils, are 
also exported. The imports of manufac¬ 
tured goods, such as cottons and woollens, 
hardware and furniture, are mostly from 
England; teak timber, sugar, and some 
kinds of piece goods, are imported direct 
from India, and tea from China. 

Accounts are kept usually in pounds, shillings, and 
pence sterling, but the Dutch commercial trading 
terms are not entirely extinct, and rix dollars, schil¬ 
lings, and stivers are still m frequent use. 1 stiver = 
%d.; 6 stivers = 2% pence, or 1 schilling ; 8 schilling 
= 18 pence, or 1 rix dollar. The weights and measures 
in use are pretty nearly all Dutch. The wine measure 
is 1 flask = 0.6 U. S. gal.; 1 anchor = 9X gals.; 1 aum 
= 38 gals.; 1 pipe 110 gals. The weights, 100 lbs. 
Dutch = very nearly 109 lbs. ; 100 lbs. American or 
avordupois = very nearly 92 lbs. Dutch. 

Cape wool, a fine short-staple card¬ 
ing wool from the Cape of Good Hope. 

Cape weed, a commercial name for 
the argol of the dyers, the dye-lichen, 
rocella linctoria , imported from the Cape 
Verdes. 

Capill, an eastern weight of about 00 
lbs. 

Capital, money or other property 
which a merchant adventures in an under¬ 
taking, or which he contributes to the 
common stock of a partnership; the stock 
or fund of a bank or other trading compa¬ 
ny or corporation. 

Capitalist, one who has money or 
means at his command which he can invest 
at his pleasure. Large commercial houses 


are frequently conducted by young men 
who put their services and time against 
the means furnished by silent or special 
partners, who are termed the capitalists. 

Capital stack, the paid-in fund of a 
bank or corporation; the sum of money 
which a merchant employs in his business. 

Capivi, a name for the balsam co¬ 
paiba. 

Capoc, a fine short-stapled cotton or 
silky down, used in India for stuffing 
cushions and similar purposes. 

Cappadisio, silk flock or waste, ob¬ 
tained from the cocoon, after the silk has 
been reeled off. 

Cap paper, originally a coarse paper, 
used for making caps to hold commodities, 
but at present applied to writing-papers of 
13x16 inches, or thereabouts. 

Caprlc aci<l, an acid obtained from 
butter, which has the peculiar odor of the 
goat. 

Capsicum, the name for a class of 
shrubby plants, all the species of which 
produce pods whose seeds are more or less 
sharp or pungent to the taste; the seeds of 
capsicum baccatum , of the East Indies, are 
commonly called bird-pepper. They are 
gathered when ripe, dried in the sun, 
pounded and mixed with salt, put into 
stone bottles, and sold under the name of 
cayenne pepper. The true cayenne pep¬ 
per is obtained from another species. 

Capsule, a small gummy envelope for 
nauseous medicines ; the capsules or seed- 
vessels of a number of plants enter info 
commerce, as poppy-heads, cardamom, &e. 

Capiat 11, the general commercial des¬ 
ignation of the master of a vessel, or ship’s 
master; the officer in command of a ves¬ 
sel, appointed or employed by the owner. 
k ‘ He is bound to take all necessary pre¬ 
cautions for the safety of the vessel, to 
proceed on the voyage in which such ves¬ 
sel may be engaged, to obey faithfully his 
instructions, and by all means in his power 
to promote the interest of his owner ; but 
he is not required to violate good faith, nor 
employ fraud, even with an enemy. So 
soon as goods are put on board the vessel 
they are in his charge, and he is bound to 
deliver them again in the same state in 
which they were shipped, and is answer- 
able for all losses or damages they may 
sustain, unless they proceed from an in¬ 
herent defect in the article, or from some 
accident or misfortune which could not be 
prevented. As a general rule, the captain 
, is responsible when any loss occurs in con- 
; sequence of his doing anything he ought 







110 


CARABAYA BARK. 


CARAVAN. 


not to do, unless he was forced by the act 
of God, the enemy of the United States, or 
the perils of the sea. He has the right to 
choose his crew, and both he and the 
owner are responsible for their acts. On 
board, the captain is invested with unlimi¬ 
ted power, being responsible only for the 
abuse of his authority. He may repair 
the ship, and if he is not in funds to pay 
the expenses of such repairs, he may bor¬ 
row money, when abroad, on the credit of 
his owners or the ship.” 

Canibaya hark , one of the valua¬ 
ble varieties of the cinchona, from the 
province of Carabaya, in Peru. 

Carat*, a large Spanish ship. 

Caracalli, a valuable timber found 
in British Guiana. 

Caracoiy, an alloyed metal of gold, 
silver, and copper, for trinkets; false or 
inferior jewelry. 

CaraiFee, in Naples, a liquid meas¬ 
ure of capacity of about one-fifth ■of a 
gal., and for oil in Tripoli a weight of 
nearly three and a half lbs. 

Caragi, a name in the Turkish do¬ 
minions for import and export duties. 

Caramel, a black soluble powder ob¬ 
tained by burning sugar, which is used to 
color wines and other liquids. 

Carana, also called caragua, and 
caranna gum, an aromatic resin brought 
from South America; a weight in Leg¬ 
horn of 119f lbs. 

Caraat aiio, an Austrian money equal 
to about one cent. 

Carat. The carat is an imaginary 
weight, that expresses the fineness of 
gold, or the proportion of pure gold in a 
mass of metal; thus—an ounce of gold is 
divided into 24 carats, and gold of 22 car¬ 
ats fine is gold of which 22 parts out of 
24 are pure, the other two parts being 
silver, copper, or other metal; the weight 
of 4 grains used by jewellers in weighing 
precious stones and pearls, sometimes 
called diamond weight,—the carat consist¬ 
ing of 4 nominal grains, a little lighter 
than 4grs. troy, or 74, i g- carat grains being 
equal to 72 grs. troy. The term or weight 
carat derives its name from a bean, the 
fruit of an Abyssinian tree, called kuara. 
This bean, from the time of its being 
gathered, varies very little in its weight, 
and seems to have been, from a very re¬ 
mote period, used as a weight for gold in 
Africa. In India also the bean is used as 
a weight for gems and pearls. 

Car SB to, an Italian weight for pre¬ 
cious stones, varying at different places. 


At Florence it is 3.03 grs., at Venice 3 ; ’th 
grs., at Turin 3 f fch grs. troy. 

Caravsilfi, an organized company of 
merchants travelling by land, who band 
together for greater security in passing 
through deserts and other places infested 
with robbers. Every caravan is under the 
command of a chief. When it is prac¬ 
ticable, they encamp near wells or rivulets, 
and observe a regular discipline. Camels 
are used as a means of conveyance, and 
there are generally more camels in a cara¬ 
van than men. 

The commercial intercourse of Eastern 
and African nations has been principally 
carried on, from the remotest period, by 
means of caravans. The formation of 
caravans is the only way in which it has 
ever been possible to carry on any consid¬ 
erable internal commerce in Asia or Africa. 
The governments that have grown up in 
these continents have seldom been able, 
and seldom have they attempted, to ren¬ 
der travelling practicable or safe for in¬ 
dividuals. The wandering tribes of Arabs 
have always infested the immense deserts 
by which they are intersected, and those 
only who are sufficiently powerful to pro¬ 
tect themselves, or sufficiently rich to 
purchase an exemption from the predatory 
attacks of these freebooters, can expect 
to pass through territories subject to their 
incursions without being exposed to the 
risk of robbery and murder. 

In the pilgrimage to Mecca enjoined on 
the followers of Mohammed, he expressly 
grants them the privilege of trading. “ It 
shall be no crime in you if ye seek an in¬ 
crease from your Lord by trading during 
the j pilgrimage .” The camels of each 
caravan are loaded with those commodi¬ 
ties of every country which are of easiest 
carriage and readiest sale, and during the 
latter part of the month of June and the 
early part of July, the Holy City is crowd¬ 
ed with opulent merchants and zealous 
devotees. A fair or market is held in 
Mecca on the 12 days that the pilgrims are 
allowed to remain in the city. 

Few pilgrims, says Burckhardt, except 
the mendicants, arrive without bringing 
some productions of their respective coun¬ 
tries for sale. Pilgrims from Morocco 
and the north coast of Africa bring their 
red bonnets and woollen cloaks ; the Eu¬ 
ropean Turks, shoes and slippers, hard¬ 
ware, embroidered stuffs, sweetmeats, 
amber, trinkets of European manufacture, 
knit silk purses, etc. ; the Turks of Ana¬ 
tolia bring carpets, silks, and Angora 



C AH A VAX. 


CARAVAN. 


111 


shawls; the Persians, cashmere shawls 
and large silk handkerchiefs ; the Afghans, 
tooth-brushes made of the spongy boughs 
of a tree growing in Bokhara, beads of a 
yellow soap-stone, and plain coarse shawls 
manufactured in their own country ; the 
Indians, the numerous productions of their 
rich and extensive regions ; the people of 
Yemen, ornaments for Persian pipes, san¬ 
dals, and various other works in leather; 
and the Africans bring various articles 
adapted to the slave trade The pilgrims 
are, however, often disappointed in their 
expectations of gain; want of money 
makes them hastily sell their little adven¬ 
tures at the public auctions, often at very 
low prices. 

The two principal caravans which year¬ 
ly rendezvous at Mecca are those of Da¬ 
mascus and Cairo. The first is composed 
of pilgrims from Europe and Western 
Asia; the second, Mohammedans from all 
parts of Africa. The Syrian caravan is 
said by Burckhardt to be very well regula¬ 
ted. It is always accompanied by the 
Pacha of Damascus, or one of his princi¬ 
pal officers, who gives the signal for en¬ 
camping and starting by firing a musket. 
On the route, a troop of horsemen ride in 
the front, and another in the rear to bring 
up the stragglers. The different parties 
of pilgrims, distinguished by their provin¬ 
ces or towns, keep close together. At 
night torches are lighted, and the daily 
distance is usually performed between 3 
o’clock in the afternoon and an hour or 
two after sunrise on the following day. 
The Bedouins or Arabs, who carry provi¬ 
sions for the troops, travel by day only, 
and in advance of the caravans, the en¬ 
campment of which they pass in the morn¬ 
ing and are overtaken in turn and passed 
by the caravan on the following night at 
their own resting-place. At every water¬ 
ing place on the route is a small castle 
and a large tank, at which the camels 
water. The castles are garrisoned by a 
few persons, who remain the whole year to 
guard the provisions deposited there. It 
is at these watering-places, which belong 
to the Bedouins, that the scheikhs of the 
tribe meet the caravan, and receive the 
accustomed tribute for allowing it to pass. 
The caravan which sets out from Cairo for 
Mecca is not generally so large as that of 
Damascus, and its route along the shores 
of the Red Sea is more dangerous and 
fatiguing. But many of the African and 
Egyptian merchants sail from Suez, Cos- 
seir, and other ports on the western shore 


of the Red Sea, for Djidda, whence the 
journey to Mecca is short and easy. The 
Persian caravan for Mecca sets out from 
Bagdad ; but many of the Persians are 
now in the habit of embarking at Bussorah, 
and coming to Djidda by sea. 

Caravans from Bagdad and Bussorah 
proceed to Aleppo, Damascus, and Diar- 
bekir, laden with all sorts of Indian, 
Arabian, and Persian commodities; and 
large quantities of European goods, prin¬ 
cipally of English cottons, imported at 
Bussorah, are now distributed throughout 
all the eastern parts of the Turkish em¬ 
pire by the same means. The intercourse 
carried on in this way is every day becom¬ 
ing of more importance. See Bagdad. 

The commerce carried on by caravans 
in the interior of Africa is widely extend¬ 
ed and of considerable value. Besides 
the great caravan which proceeds from 
Nubia to Cairo, there are caravans which 
have no object but commerce, which set out 
from Fez, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and other 
States on the sea-coast, and penetrate far 
into the interior. Some of them take as 
many as 50 days to reach the place of their 
destination, travelling at the rate of from 
18 to 22 miles per day. The trade of these 
caravans is a barter of various kinds of 
goods for slaves. Three distinct caravans 
are employed in bringing slaves and com¬ 
modities from Central Africa to Cairo. 
They do not arrive at stated periods, de¬ 
pending upon the success they have had 
in procuring slaves, ivory, gold-dust, drugs, 
and such other articles as are fitted for 
the Egyptian markets. The largest of 
these caravans, the Darfur caravan, con¬ 
sists of 2,000 camels, and its departure is 
looked upon as a most important event, 
and for a while engages the attention of 
the whole country. 

Caravans are distinguished into heavy 
and light. Camels loaded with from 500 
to 600 lbs. form a heavy caravan ; light 
caravans being the term applied to desig¬ 
nate those formed of camels under a mod¬ 
erate load, or half a load. 

No particular formalities are required 
in the formation of a caravan. Those 
that start at fixed periods are mostly under 
the control of government, by whom the 
leaders are appointed. But any dealer is 
at liberty to form a company and make 
one. The individual in whose name it is 
raised is considered as the leader, unless 
he appoint some one else in his place. When 
a number of merchants associate together 
in the design, they elect a chief, and ap- 




112 CARAVAN JOURNEY. 


CARGO. 


point officers to decide whatever contro¬ 
versies may arise during the journey. 
Most of the foregoing account of the 
manner of conducting business by cara¬ 
vans (here slightly modified and abridged, 
from McCulloch’s Dictionary) was obtain¬ 
ed from Shaw’s, Burckhardt’s, Browne’s, 
and Niebuhr’s travels and voyages, and is 
the latest authentic information on this 
subject. 

Caravan Journey, a mode of 
computing distance in some parts of Africa 
and Asia by the day’s journey of the 
camel, 30 miles being about the maximum. 

Caravansaries, large public build¬ 
ings for the reception and lodgment of 
caravans, the traveller finding his own pro¬ 
visions, and the caravansary furnishing 
lodging and water; they frequently serve 
also as shops and warehouses. 

Caravel, a small vessel, usually about 
25 tons burden, used on the coast of France 
in the herring fisheries. 

Caraverti, a red pigment obtained 
from the bignorda chica , with which the 
Indians of Guiana stain their skin ; it is 
also used as a dye in the United States. 

Caraway seed oil, an essential 
oil obtained from caraway seed, used as a 
flavoring agent. 

Cell*;#, way seeds, aromatic seeds 
used by confectioners and in medicine; 
the plant is raised in our own gardens, but 
the seeds are mostly imported from Eu¬ 
rope. 

Carbaiiza, a large kind of pea ex¬ 
tensively raised in Spain and South America, 
and sold by measure and by weight. 

Carbolic acid, or Phenol, an oily, 
colorless liquid extracted frnn coal - tar. It 
is largely used as an antiseptic disinfectant, 
and also in the preparation of picric acid, 
and of dyes. 

Carbonate of soda, mineral alkali, 
kelp, barilla, and soda-ash; it is now almost 
exclusively made from sulphate of soda, 
and the latter from common salt; and is 
largely consumed in dyeing and bleaching, 
and in the manufacture of paper, soap, and 
glass. The imports are about 150,000,000 
of lbs. per annum, chiefly from Great 
Britain. 

Carboys, large globular bottles of 
green glass enclosed in boxes or basket- 
work, used for conveying liquid acids of 
too powerful a nature to be carried in 
casks. 

Carbuncle, a dark red variety of pre¬ 
cious garnet; a species of ruby. 

Cured lamp, a French lamp in 


which the oil is pumped up through tubes 
by a kind of clock-work. 

Card, a small piece of card-board on 
which is engraved or printed the name, 
business, and location of a mercantile house; 
the business card. 

Cardamoms, the capsules or pods of 
various East India plants, the seeds of 
which are used in medicine, as adultera¬ 
tions of wine and beer, and as ingredients 
in curries, sauces, Ac.— imported from 
Bengal. One variety, known as grains of 
paradise, Guinea grains, and Malagetta 
pepper, is imported from Guinea and De- 
merara. 

Card-board, thick paper or paste¬ 
board used in the manufacture of playing 
and printing cards. It is usually made 
22x28 inches. 

Carded, wool opened or cleansed with 
cards—not combed. 

Cards, a peculiar kind of combs or 
brushes made of wires stuck through a 
sheet of leather, and made to point all one 
way at a certain angle ; two of these nailed 
on separate boards with handles attached, 
are the domestic cards used by country 
people for carding both wool and cotton, 
and are the kind kept for sale at country 
stores; small square or oblong-shaped 
pieces of card-board, sold usually in packs 
of 50. See Playing-cards. 

Card wtre-clotli, cloth in which 
fine iron wire is inserted for combing and 
unharling the fibres, &c., of wool, cotton, 
flax, and hemp. 

Careenage, a careening ground, a 
place suitable for placing a ship high and 
dry. 

Careening, the act of laying a vessel 
on one side for repairing it. 

Carga, a Spanish liquid measure; also 
a Spanish weight ranging from 117 i lbs. to 
338-J lbs.; a commercial weight in Central 
America equal to 81 lbs. ; for raisins at 
Malaga, 177i lbs. ; for wine at Barcelona, 
31.879 gals. ; at Majorca, 28.671 gals. ; at 
Valencia, 46.690 gals. ; at Candia as a dry 
measure, 44 bu. 

Cargadoil, the freight or loading of 
a ship. 

Car gad or, a Dutch ship broker who 
obtains freight for vessels. 

Carges, a commercial term in Calcutta 
for 20 pieces—as 20 skins. 

Cargo, the lading of a ship or merchant 
vessel ; goods, merchandise, or wares con¬ 
veyed in a ship; freight, load, lading; that 
which cannot be stowed in the hold is 
termed deck cargo. The term is usually 




CARGO PORK. 

applied to goods only, and does not include 
human beings, though to say a cargo of 
emigrants is considered admissible. 

Cargo pork, a trade-name for packed 
pork which contains certain parts of the 
hog not considered merchantable, thus,— 
a barrel of otherwise merchantable pork 
may contain 30 lbs. of head and 4 shoulders, 
but such a barrel must be branded on one 
head of each barrel “cargo pork.” Laws 
State N. Y. 

Carfca, a Venetian weight of 266£ 
lbs., also another name for the carga, a 
grain or dry measure. 

Carfolla, a weight for salt in the 
Ionian islands, 104^ bu. 

Carival, a money of account in the 
Deccan. India, worth about one cent. 

Carle, a kind of hemp. 

Carline, a small silver coin current 
in Naples, worth about 7 cents. 

Carlock, a kind of isinglass made of 
the sturgeon’s bladder, and used chiefly for 
clarifying wine—imported from Russia. 

Carmen, cartmen or draymen ; per¬ 
sons who convey merchandise from the 
store to the ship, or from the wharf to the 
store, or to any other place, either for long 
or short distances, for hire. Where carmen 
carry goods for hire as an employment, 
they are common carriers. 

In London carmen are subjected to the 
rule of the Governors of Christ’s Hospital, 
to whom the owner of every cart pays an 
annual license duty of 17s. 4 d. (about $4). 
They are obliged to help to load and un¬ 
load their carts ; and if any carman exacts 
more than the regular rates, upon due proof 
before the Lord Mayor, or any two magis¬ 
trates, he shall suffer imprisonment for 21 
days. Merchants or other persons may 
choose what cart they please (except such as 
stand for wharf-work, tackle-work, crane- 
work, at shops and merchants’ houses, 
which are to be taken in turn); and every 
carman standing with his empty cart next 
to any goods to be loaded, shall, upon the 
first demand, load the same for the accus¬ 
tomed rates; and if any person shall cause 
a carman to attend at his shop or ware¬ 
house with his loaded cart, the carman 
being willing to help to unload the same, 
he shall pay'the carman after the rate of 
1 2d. for every hour after the first half hour 
for his attendance. In New York carmen 
are required to obtain a license from the 
Mayor of the city, and to pay annually, on 
the renewal thereof, the sum of $1.50. 
A carman is not at liberty to refuse 
to carry a good and sufficient load, 

8 


CAROBS, CAROB-BEANS. 113 

as much as can be conveniently and safely 
stowed on his cart, oris reasonable for one 
horse to draw, nor any article of less than 
2,000 lbs. weight, when required so to do, 
unless he be then actually employed. He 
is entitled to be paid the legal rates im¬ 
mediately upon the carting, and in case of 
refusal he may convey the goods to the of¬ 
fice of the Superintendent of Police. All 
disputes or disagreements as to distance or 
compensation are determined by the Mayor. 
The rates of compensation are fixed by 
city ordinances, and if any carman shall de¬ 
mand or receive any greater rate than is 
allowed, he forfeits his claim for any com¬ 
pensation whatever therefor. For rates 
which carmen charge for their services, see 
Boston and New York. 

Carmine, a lake pigment of a bril¬ 
liant crimson, formed by a combination of 
finely jjulverized cochineal, alumina, and 
a little oxide of tin. It is used by miniature 
painters, and for various purposes in the 
arts; liquid carmine is a solution of car¬ 
mine in water of ammonia. 

Cariiiinia liiaund, a weight for 
wool, in Persia, of 6 lbs. 

Carnauba-wax, a vegetable wax 
procured in Brazil from the leaves of a 
species of palm ; it is harder than bees¬ 
wax, and of a lemon tint, and is employed 
for candle-making. 

Carnel ian, a mineral generally of a 
clear, bright red tint, the best being of a 
perfectly uniform color. Carnelian has 
always been a favorite substance for seals, 
brooches, rings, necklaces, etc. The fin¬ 
est specimens are procured from Arabia, 
and from Cambay and Surat in India. On 
being taken from their native bed they 
are exposed to the heat of the sun for one 
or two years, and it is said that the longer 
they remain in that situation the brighter 
and deeper will be the color of the stone ; 
after undergoing this process they are 
boiled for two days, and then sent to the 
manufacturers. 

Caroba, in Tunis, the 16th part of a 
piaster, equal to about 3 cents. 

Carobs, or Carob-beans, carob- 
fruit; the seed in the pods of the carob- 
tree, a common tree in Spain and other 
parts of Southern Europe, and in some 
parts of Asia. The pods contain a nutritious 
succulent pulp, which is used as food 
where the tree is a native ; but principally, 
and very extensively, as a fattening food 
for horses and cattle. The tree grows 
wild in the island of Cyprus, from whence 
is annually exported to Russia, England, 



m 


CAROLIN. 


CARRIER. 


and o^he • parts, from seven thousand J .o 
eight thousand tons. 

Caro I ill, a German gold coin, worth 
about $5. 

Carolina allspice, the bark and 
wood of a spicy sweet-scented shrub, the 
calycanthus floridas ; the flowers have an 
agreeable scent like those of allspice, hence 
the name. 

Carolina potato, the sweet po¬ 
tato. 

Carolus, a gold coin struck in the 
reign of Charles I., of the value of £1 
sterling, but subsequently of the value of 
$5.57. 

Caroteel, a tierce or cask in which 
dried fruit and some other commodities 
are packed, which usually averages about 
7 cwt. 

Carpets, coverings for floors, usually 
composed wholly or in part of wool, and 
produced in a variety of colors and patterns. 
They were first manufactured in Persia and 
Turkey; and Turkey carpets, even at the 
present time, are hardly excelled by any of 
the European manufactures. Aubusson car¬ 
pets , composed of wool, are manufactured 
in France, usually in one piece, to suit the 
dimensions of the room. They are the 
finest and most expensive carpets brought 
to the United States. Axminster carpets 
are the next in quality and value, and these 
are also frequently in one piece. The 
warp of the Axminster is of strong linen, 
ingeniously concealed by the small tufts 
or bunches of different-colored woollens 
or worsteds, and in such a manner as to 
form the patterns. They are manufactured 
in France, Great Britain, and the United 
States. Wilton carpets are next in value. 
They differ from Brussels in this, that the 
loops of worsted are all cut through, and 
the carpet assumes a velvet appearance. 
The best are made in Saxony; they are 
also made in Great Britain and the United 
States. Brussels carpets. —These form the 
greatest part of the carpet trade. They 
are usually 27 inches wide, and are com¬ 
posed of linen and worsted. The cloth is 
entirely linen, with two threads of linen 
for the shoot, one above and the other 
below the worsted. Patent velvet , or Tapes¬ 
try velvet. —These differ only from Tapes¬ 
try in being cut like Wilton. They come in 
widths of 27 and 54 inches. Tapestry. 
Brussels. —These carpets differ from regu¬ 
lar or body Brussels in being woven in a 
common loom, and printed in the warp. An 
inferior kind is produced by being printed 
in the piece. Kidderminster, or Ingrain , 


or, as sometimes called, Scotch carpets, are 
formed by the intersection of two or more 
cloths of different colors. They some¬ 
times are composed of three thicknesses of 
cloth, and are then called “Three-ply;” 
but more commonly of two pieces, and 
called “ Two-ply.” They are so woven 
that the back of the carpet is exactly the 
same pattern as the front, but the colors 
are reversed. They are usually 36 inches 
in width. 

All the above-described carpets, except 
the Turkey and Aubusson, are produced at 
various places in Great Britain and in the 
United States, and their names do not 
denote either the present or the original 
place of manufacture. In addition to the 
foregoing, there are several kinds of car¬ 
pets made in India, of cotton; and in 
Scotland, hemp and jute carpets are manu¬ 
factured on a large scale. In the United 
States there are also made hemp carpets, 
and also a kind of domestic manufacture 
called rag-carpets; both the latter are 
usually 36 inches in width. The style, 
quality, and colors of certain kinds of 
American carpets are not inferior to those 
of France or England. 

Carpathian Balsam, an oil or 
resin distilled from the fresh cones and 
green tops of a species of pine in Ger¬ 
many. 

Carpenters’ Tools, the imple¬ 
ments used by carpenters, consisting of 
axes, augers, adzes, spokeshaves, chisels, 
gauges, hand-saws, saws, hammers, hatch¬ 
ets, planes, braces and bits, squares, com¬ 
passes, etc., etc. 

Carpet-Bags, travelling-bags made 
from carpeting ; a popular, not commer¬ 
cial, name for any kind of travelling-bag. 

Carpeting, materials for carpets ; 
pieces of carpets; carpets in general. 

Carrack, a large Spanish ship. 

Carrageen, Irish moss—a sea-weed 
collected for the preparation of a light and 
nutritious jelly used as food for invalids; 
it is also used as a substitute for size. 

Car rat a, a weight for marble at Car¬ 
rara, 2,240 lbs., and a solid measure of 12| 
cubic feet. 

Carriage, the price or expense of 
transporting goods. 

Carriage fittings, the metal parts 
of carriages. 

Carriage rng, a sheepskin mat; or 
mat of fur, woollen, or other material for 
the floor of a carriage. 

Carrier, one who carries goods for 
another. He may be either a private or a 





CARRO. 


CASH. 


115 


common carrier. A private carrier is one 
who carries for another casually, but who 
does not pursue the business of carrying 
as his usual and professed occupation. He 
must carry and deliver the goods in the 
manner he bargains to do, whether this 
bargain be in words, or implied from the 
nature of the service which he undertakes 
to render. If he carry the goods for hire 
he is bound to ordinary diligence and care; 
if any loss or injury occur to the goods, 
while in his charge, for the want of such 
care and diligence, he is responsible ; if he 
carry the goods without any compensa¬ 
tion, paid or promised, he is bound only to 
such care as a person would take of his 
own property, and is only responsible for 
gross negligence. See Common Carrier. 

Cario, a wine measure, at Naples, 
equal to 257f gals.; at Turin, 148 AV gals. ; 
as a dry measure it is 56£ bu. 

Carry, to sustain ; to hold stocks or 
goods for another until the party makes 
sale, or finds it convenient to pay for 
them. 

Carry coals to Newcastle, to 

take things to a place where they already 
abound. 

Carrying trade, the business of 
transporting merchandise, etc., from place 
to place, by sea or land, for a compensa¬ 
tion. 

Carry oil, to conduct or prosecute a 
business. 

Cart, a strong two-wheeled carriage 
for conveying merchandise from one part 
of a city to another. 

Cartage, the act of conveying goods 
by carts from one part of the city or town 
to any other part; also the charge made 
for the same ; where goods are conveyed 
by teams any distance from a city, the 
word hauling or teaming is used. Cart¬ 
age is the word used in New York, the 
service being performed by the use of 
carts. The same service in Boston is 
called truckage, and at Philadelphia dray- 
age ; the dray being used for the purpose 
in Philadelphia, and the truck generally 
in Boston. See Boston , also New York. 

Carle l>laiai*lae (French),white pa¬ 
per ; a blank paper, signed at the bot¬ 
tom by a person, or otherwise duly authen¬ 
ticated, and intrusted to another party 
to be filled up as he pleases; applied usual¬ 
ly in the sense of unlimited credit; a docu¬ 
ment occasionally, but not frequently, 
issued by merchants. A power of attor¬ 
ney, specifying to what extent and within 
what range and limits the party holds 


himself responsible for the acts of another 
is generally sufficient, and, to say the least, 
is always more prudent. 

Cased goods, in the glass trade, ar¬ 
ticles in which colored metal has been 
added to flint glass. 

Case-liardened, hardened on the 
surface; the surface of iron converted 
into steel. 

Cash assets, anything which comes 
under the head of cash; also bills receivable, 
or other readily negotiable paper, money 
in bank subject to draft, bills for merchan¬ 
dise collectible on presentation, gold cer¬ 
tificates, etc. Bank stock, railway shares, 
and such like securities, however easily they 
may be turned into cash, are in the nature 
of investments, and are not cash assets. 

Ciisli, money at command, ready 
money, drafts or checks on banks or bank¬ 
ers payable on demand, gold and silver 
coin, and bank notes. 

Cash, a Chinese copper coin, the only 
native coin in use throughout China. It is 
circular, measuring between f ths and A ths 
of an inch in diameter, and has a square 
hole in the middle for the convenience of 
stringing. It is cast, and not stamped or 
minted; the obverse bears the name of 
the province in which it is cast; on the 
reverse is the name of the reign, and the 
words “ current money” in Chinese. 
Originally this coin was pure copper, and 
1,000 of cash was reckoned about equal to 
1 silver dollar; but the lighter weight and 
the gradual debasement of the coin by the 
mixture of tin, and even iron, has so re¬ 
duced its value that at the present time it 
takes anywhere from 1,000 to 1,400 to 
equal in value a Mexican silver dollar. 

Some years ago, copper being at a high 
price in this country, several tons of Cash 
were bought up in China and shipped to 
New York as coin, copper at the time be¬ 
ing subject to a high rate of duty, coin 
under the Tariff being admitted free. The 
government demanded duty as for copper. 
The importer insisted upon free entry. 
On the trial the IT. S. District Attorney, 
McKean, took the ground that the article 
was not coin, at least not coin within the 
meaning of the law; that it was not in¬ 
tended to be used as coin, and, in fact, 
could not be exchanged, bartered, or sold 
for anything else than copper. The im¬ 
porter rested his case on the words of the 
law, u coin, free” and confined his proof 
to the single point, is, or is not, the article 
in question coin. A number of gentlemen 
who had resided in China, some of them 




116 


CASH-ACCOUNT. 


CASSIA BARK 


for several years, were called as witnesses. 
They pronounced it the actual govern¬ 
ment coin, bearing the government marks 
and devices. The importer’s views were 
sustained, and the Cash was admitted free 
of duty. 

Cask-account, an account to which 
nothing is debited or credited but cash ; 
the account in the ledger with “Cash,” 
wherein all the cash received is charged or 
debited to the account, and all cash paid 
out or disbursed is credited to the ac¬ 
count. 

Ca§li-balance, amount standing on 
, the Dr. side of cash-account. 

Cask-book, the book in which are 
entered the receipts and payments of 
money—the receipts on one side, the pay¬ 
ments or disbursements on the other side. 

Cask-boy, in large retail stores the 
cash received for sales is only taken at the 
desk of the cashier; the salesman who 
receives it from the customer, instead of 
taking it himself to the cashier, transmits 
it, wdth a ticket, by a messenger or boy, 
who answers to the call of “ Cash.” 

Cask-credit, the privilege of draw¬ 
ing money from a bank, obtained by per¬ 
sonal or deposited security. 

Cask customer, a purchaser who 
pays the money down for his purchases. 

Casliew-llltt, a nut attached to the 
fruit of anacardium, a West-Indian tree ; 
the fruit or apple, as well as the nut, are 
edible, and the tree itself furnishes gum 
and other articles of commerce; the ker¬ 
nels of the nut are used in the prepara¬ 
tion of chocolate and in cookery. 

Cashier, one who has the charge of 
money, or superintends the receipts and 
payments; a bank officer next in rank to 
the President, usually appointed by the 
Board of Directors as a permanent officer, 
differing in this from the President, who 
is only elected for one year. 

Cashmere, a textile fabric formed 
of the wool of a goat found in Thibet, 
first imported from the kingdom of Cash- 
mere ; also a fancy woollen fabric. 

Caslinaere wool, the wool of the 
goat of Cashmere and Thibet, the fine 
qualities of which, the shawl wool, consist 
of the fine down growing next to the skin, 
from which the long hairs are all carefully 
picked by hand. The great mart for this 
grade of Cashmere or shawl wool is at 
Kilghet, a town or village of Ladakh, 
about 400 miles from the northern bound¬ 
ary of Cashmere. The wool of the goats 
which pasture in the highest parts of the 


mountains in Thibet has a bright ochre 
color, and that of those which pasture in 
lower ground is of a yellowish white, and 
still lower, entirely white. The white is 
very readily dyed; the other kinds are 
generally woven in their natural color. 
About 2 lbs. are obtained from a single 
goat once a year. After the down has 
been carefully separated from the hairs, it 
is washed with starch. It is to the quality 
of the water of the valley that the Cash- 
merians attribute the peculiar and inimi¬ 
table fineness of the fabrics produced from 
this wool. It is asserted that the genuine 
wool is imported by the shawl manufac¬ 
turers of Edinburgh and Paisley, in Scot¬ 
land. 

Cask price, the lowest price at which 
an article will be sold; the price at which 
an article may be sold at any time ; net 
price, or price without discount. 

Cask sales, the sales made for ready 
money, in contradistinction to sales on 
which credit is given. In New York, where 
goods are sold for cash to customers of 
established credit, and payment made at 
any time within 30 days, or on the first 
day of each month, the transactions are 
considered as cash sales. 

Cask securities, bonds, drafts, bills 
receivable, and all kinds of negotiable se¬ 
curities which may readily be converted 
into money. 

Cask store, a term used by merchants 
w r ho sell their goods only for cash and re¬ 
fuse to give credit. 

Cask, a wooden hooped vessel or barrel 
of staves and headings, 'of various shapes 
and dimensions.. 

Cask-lifting frame, a filter for fa¬ 
cilitating the drawing off of liquids when 
the cask gets low. 

Cassaka, an Arab measure of about 4 
yards. 

Cassava, a starch obtained from the 
roots of the jatropha manihot , a tropical 
tree or shrub ; the expressed juice of the 
root formed into starch, washed and dried, 
is the tapioca of commerce. 

Cassava cakes, thin cakes made of 
the pulp roots of the cassava, and used as 
food in tropical countries. 

Casse paper, the two outside quires 
of the ream, which are usually more or less 
broken; broken paper. 

Cassel yellow, a compound of oxide 
and chloride of lead, known also as Turner’s 
yellow and patent yellow. 

Cassia hark, or Cassia lignea , the 
bark of the laurus cassia , a tree which 





CASSIA BUDS. 


CATAWBA GRAPE. 


117 


grows in Borneo, Sumatra, and tlie Phi¬ 
lippine Islands. It is an inferior quality 
of cinnamon, and is often mixed with the 
genuine article, but may be distinguished 
from it by its containing a greater propor¬ 
tion of mucilage. The Chinese cinnamon 
is always the cassia, or inferior kind. As 
imported from Canton it comes in cases of 
50 catties weight each, or in mats of 50 
catties to the bundle. 

Ca§sla buds, the young flowers of 
several species of cinnamon brought from 
the East Indies, chiefly from Singapore; 
they have an aromatic taste like cinnamon. 
The annual imports to the U. S., usually 
via China, are inconsiderable, seldom 
amounting to 25,000 lbs. The buds come 
packed in cases of 133 lbs. 

Cassia fistula, the pods of the cassia 
fistula , or pudding-pipe-tree, which grows 
in the East and West Indies and in Egypt. 
The pods are woody, of a dark brown color, 
of about the thickness of the thumb, and 
from 15 to 24 inches in length. Those 
from the West Indies are packed in casks 
or cases, and are inferior to those from 
the East Indies. 

Cassia-oil, a volatile oil obtained from 
the Chinese cinnamon bark. 

Cassini ere or K.erseyinere, a 
thin fine woollen cloth, used chiefly as a 
material for making into trousers. 

Cassinetts, mixed cloths, the warp 
of cotton and the weft of wool, or wool 
and silk. 

Cassius purple, a beautiful purple 
pigment used in porcelain and glass paint¬ 
ing ; a mixture of' oxide of tin and gold, so 
named from its discoverer; it is also called 
purple of cassius, and cassius precipitate. 

Cassonadc, raw sugar; cask sugar; 
coarse, brown, moist, or muscovado sugar. 

Cassuinunar, cassumer, an aro¬ 
matic root of the East Indies, somewhat 
resembling ginger, of a pungent bitter 
taste. . 

Cast, to compute, to reckon or calcu¬ 
late ; to cast accounts. 

Castellano, a weight for gold used 
in South America^ of about 71 grains troy. 

Castile soap, a hard, mottled, re¬ 
fined soap, made with olive-oil and soda. 

Casting's, any of the variety of useful 
or ornamental articles formed in a mould 
by liquid metal,—more usually applied to 
articles cast from iron. 

Cast iron, iron as first extracted from 
the ores, being cast in a species of mould. 
It is hard and brittle, and is commercially 
known as u pig iron” which see. Broken 


stoves, pots, kettles, and other kinds of 
old scraps of castings, are bought and sold 
as cast iron scraps. 

Castor-beans, the seeds of the cas¬ 
tor-oil plant, largely produced in Southern 
Illinois, and also extensively imported from 
the East Indies for the purpose of being 
manufactured into castor-oil. ‘ ‘ The article 
has no uniform commercial name, but is 
sometimes called 4 beans ’ and sometimes 
‘ seeds. ’ ” Let. Sec. Cobb to Col. at Boston 
March 12, 1859. 

Castor, a fetid animal substance ob¬ 
tained from the pouch situated in the groin 
of the beaver ; it is a substance somewhat 
resembling musk, and is sold as a drug. 
It is distinguished, according to its source, 
either as American or Russian castor, the 
latter being most esteemed. 

Castor liats, hats made from bea¬ 
ver fur. 

Castor-oil, an oil obtained from the 
seeds of the palma christi , or castor-oil 
plant; the plant is cultivated in various 
parts of the world, and is extensively 
grown in Illinois and other South-western 
States. Most of the seeds in Illinois are 
expressed into oil at St. Louis. The oil 
is separated from the seeds either by boil¬ 
ing them in water or subjecting them to 
the action of the press; the first method 
gives the larger quantity, the latter the 
better quality. It is produced on a large 
scale at Jersey City, from seeds mostly ob¬ 
tained from the East Indies. Used as a 
medicine, but principally in the prepara¬ 
tion of hair-oils, it being the only fatty oil 
which combines readily with alcohol. 

Castor pomace, the cake of the 
castor-bean after the oil is expressed. Sold 
by the ton as a manure. 

Casts, statuettes or figures, or any thing 
formed in moulds and cast in plaster, 
bronze, or other metal. 

Cast Steel, broken bars of iron, fused 
in a crucible and poured into moulds, and 
thus converted into one of the varieties of 
commercial steel. 

Cat, a vessel formed on the Norwegian 
model, of about 600 tons, employed in the 
English and Scotch coal trade. 

Catalogue, a written or printed list 
of articles of merchandise to be sold, 
whether at private sale or by auction. 

Catamaran, a surf-boat used at 
Madras ; also a light raft used on the coast 
of Brazil for landing goods through the 
surf. 

Catawba grape, an extensively 
cultivated grape in all the Middle States, 




118 


CATAWBA WINE. 


CATTY. 


originally from near the head waters of 
the Catawba River. They are sold in the 
New York markets in boxes or baskets, 
at prices varying from 10 to 30 cents per lb. 

Catawba wine, an American wine 
largely produced in Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
and Missouri, from the Catawba grape. 
At this time, 1871, it is probably the best 
known and is in larger demand than any 
other wine produced in the United States. 
It is put up in bottles and sold by the 
dozen, and is manufactured both as a still 
and as a sparkling wine. 

Catchpenny, anything worthless, 
and made merely to sell in order to get 
money. 

Cate Si up, sauces made from mush¬ 
rooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. 

Catechu, an inspissated extract from 
the wood of several trees, chiefly the are- 
ca palm and acacia catechu , used by dyers 
and tanners, and slightly as a drug. For 
tanning purposes 1 lb. is estimated as 
equal to 8 lbs. of oak bark. The places 
most remarkable for its production are the 
Burmese territories, Concan, on the Mala¬ 
bar coast, and the forests skirting the 
northern part of Bengal. It is obtained 
from the tree by boiling the heart of the 
wood, when it assumes the look and con¬ 
sistency of tar; the substance hardens by 
cooling, is formed into small balls or 
squares, and being dried in the sun is fit 
for market; it is largely sold at Singa¬ 
pore, and in the price-currents is called 
cutch. 

Catena, an Italian measure of length, 
from 4 to 20 yards. 

Catgut, the name applied to strings, 
made chiefly from the intestines of sheep, 
used for harp, violin, and guitar bow¬ 
strings, hatters’ strings, &c. It is said that 
the best strings are made in Naples, because 
the Italian sheep, from their leanness, af¬ 
ford the best raw material—the mem¬ 
branes of lean animals being tougher than 
those of animals in high condition; a 
species of linen or canvas with wide 
interstices. 

Cathedral glass, stained or paint¬ 
ed glass, such as is used for church win¬ 
dows. 

Catlings, a commercial name for the 
dried intestines of animals, used for the 
strings of musical instruments. 

Catlinite, a reddish variety of clay- 
stone found on the prairies west of the 
Mississippi, which is carved into tobacco 
pipes by the Indians, and named after 
Catlin, the American painter. 


Cat-salt, a very pure, granulated, 
coarse salt formed from the leach-brine; 
used in the manufacture of hard soap, and 
for curing fish. 

Cat’s-eye, a beautiful mineral or pre¬ 
cious stone; a kind of opal or fibrous 
quartz, of a variety of colors, enclosing as¬ 
bestos. 

Cat-skins, the skins or furs of both do¬ 
mestic and wild cats are bought by furriers 
and others, and after being dyed are sold as 
sables, or false sables; many of the wild-cats 
have a long and valuable fur, and the Hud¬ 
son Bay Co. have sold, generally under the 
name of Canadian lynx-skins, as many as 
30,000 a year ; the fur of the domestic cat 
is less valuable. 

Cat-tail, the name given to the inflo- 
rescent tops of a species of flag, typha lati- 
folia , which are gathered in large quanti¬ 
ties on the Hackensack flats, in New Jersey, 
and other places, packed in bales, and 
sold to feather-dealers in New York at 
about $5 per 100 lbs., and by them, after 
some preparation, mixed with feathers and 
used for mattresses, beds, etc. 

Cattemundoo, or callemun- 
doo, an elastic gum, obtained from a 
species of euphorbia. 

Cattle, this word is only used com¬ 
mercially when applied to beef-cattle,—as 
where cattle are sold at so much a head, 
or per lb.; or a drove of cattle , thereby 
meaning beef-cattle. 

Cattle-liair, the short hair of cattle is 
an ingredient in mortar, and is largely im¬ 
ported from the Rio Grande and from Bue¬ 
nos Ayres ; it is generally quoted in the 
market reports under the head of builders’ 
materials. Brown cow-hair and gray kid- 
hair are included in the wool price-currents 
of London, and are probably used for some 
purposes as substitutes for wool. 

Cattle market, the place or yard, 
in or near cities, where cattle are sold on 
stated days to butchers. The city of Chi¬ 
cago is called the great cattle market of 
the West,—most of the cattle of Illinois, 
Michigan, Indiana, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, 
Nebraska, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michi¬ 
gan, and a large part of those of Texas, 
concentrating at this point for shipment to 
the Eastern cities. 

Cattle train, a number of cars or 
trucks on a railway for conveying cattle to 
the market. 

Cattle track, a partially closed car 
for conveying live stock on a railway. 

Catty, a commercial weight, in China 
and Japan equal to 1^ lb., and in China, 




CARTHAMUS. 

for gold and silver, a catty weighs 22£ Span¬ 
ish dollars ; the Malayan catty is the weight 
of 24 dollars ; the catty of silk in the East 
is equal to about 2f lbs. ; as a commercial 
weight at Sumatra it is about 2-J lbs., at 
Siam a little more than 1^ lb. 

Cur IB) axil ns, dyers’ saffron, or saf¬ 
flower, principally imported into the 
United States from the Mediterranean. 

Curl Isumiis-oiB, an oil obtained 
from the seeds of the safflower. 

Cart-load, the quantity that a cart 
will hold or a horse can draw ; the ordinary 
load is 2,000 lbs., as a ton of coal, or 10 
barrels of flour; the load which the Cus¬ 
tom-House carmen recognize is only 1,200 
lbs. 

Carton, Cartoon, Cartonnage, 

pasteboard or paper boxes, used for hold¬ 
ing various kinds of goods. 

Carton pierre, a species of papier- 
mache, imitating stone or bronze sculp¬ 
ture, composed of the pulp of paper mixed 
with whiting and glue. 

Cartridges, paper cases holding the 
powder and ball for fire-arms. 

Carl radge-paper, a strong heavy 
paper used by draughtsmen for drawing 
rough designs, or for making cartridge 
cases. 

Car si to, a name for the lama dye, a 
beautiful bluish black color, obtained in 
British Guiana from the juice of the 
fruit of the marmalade box, or genipa 
Americana. 

Car viilgs, figures, brackets, or other 
ornamental articles carved from wood. 

Canval, or carvai, a grain meas¬ 
ure of India, ranging in different localities 
from 900 to 1,784 lbs. 

Cascarilla bark, a drug bark, the 
product of a tree of the Bahama Islands; 
it is usually imported in bags or casks, in 
pieces of about 6 or 8 inches long, and 
about one-tenth of an inch thick ; when 
burnt the odor is that of musk. 

Case, a box of any kind; a case of 
goods. 

Caak, a weight in Sumatra of about 
11 £ ounces. 

Caustic barley, a name for the 
seeds of the white veratrum, or hellebore, 
used in medicine. 

Caul bee, a coarse Indian cotton cloth. 

CaulBOailieiueut, in France a sum 
lodged by way of guarantee or security. 

Cava, an intoxicating beverage made 
in the Pacific islands from the fermented 
juice of some kind of plant. 

Cavailo, a'petty copper coin of Italy, j 


CAYENNE PEPPER. 119 

Cavan, eaban, a dry measure and 
weight used in the Philippine Islands for 
grain; a cavan of paddy, or rice in the 
husk, will weigh about 96 lbs. ; of cleaned 
rice, 130 to 135 lbs. 

Cavear, caveer, a money of account 
at Mocha, worth about 1 cent; a nominal 
division of the Spanish dollar, forty ca- 
vears being reckoned equal to one dollar. 

Caveat euiptor, a commercial law 
term, which is equivalent to. Let the pur¬ 
chaser beware or take heed; let him ex¬ 
amine the article he is buying, and act on 
his own judgment. 

Cavendish tobaceo, a chewing to¬ 
bacco softened with syrup or molasses and 
pressed into cakes. 

Cavezzo, an Italian measure of 
length of variable dimensions in different 
cities, the minimum being about 2£ yds., 
the maximum, 4£. 

Caviare, a preparation of the dried 
spawn or salted roe of large fish. It is 
most largely produced and principally con¬ 
sumed in Russia, though it is largely used 
in Germany, Italy, and Greece, and also to 
some extent in England and the United 
States. The black caviare is made from 
the roe of the sturgeon: a cheaper and less 
prized red kind is obtained from the roe 
of the gray mullet, and some of the carp 
species, but the larger amount is made of 
the roe of the sturgeon caught in the 
Wolga; 30,000 barrels have been exported 
from Astrachan in a single season. In 
New York, at Delmonico’s, it is much 
used instead of meat in forming sand¬ 
wiches, and by many persons is highly 
esteemed. 

Caxo, a Spanish measure of ore, vary¬ 
ing in bulk at different places ; at Potosi, 
equal to about 5,000 lbs. ; a chest of burnt, 
ground, and washed ores of any kind of 
metal. 

Caya, a satin-wood shipped from St. 
Domingo. 

Cayenne pepper, a pungent red 
pepper made from the berries of several 
species of capsicum, but especially from the 
capsicum frutescens, a shrubby plant of the 
East Indies. The red oval seeds of this 
species are more sharp and biting than 
those of any other kind. The ripe pods 
are dried in the sun, and then in an oven 
after the bread is baked, in an earthen or 
stone pot, with flour between the strata 
of pods. When quite dry they are cleans¬ 
ed from the flour, and beaten or ground 
to fine powder. To every ounce of this a 
pound of wheat flour is added, and it i* 




120 


CAYTONGEE. 


CENTRES. 


made into small cakes with leaven; these 
are baked, cut into small pieces, baked 
again, that they may be as dry and hard 
as biscuit, and then are beaten into powder, 
and sifted; it is then packed up in a com¬ 
pressed state, in such a manner as to ex¬ 
clude air, and in that state enters into 
commerce. It is asserted that much of it 
is adulterated. 

Caytoiigee, a name in Sumatra for 
the second quality of pepper. 

Cetmdilla seed, the seeds of a 
plant growing in Mexico, which yield the 
poisonous drug veratria. 

Cedar, a durable, strong-scented w r ood, 
of a reddish, and also of a bright red co¬ 
lor,—the juniperus mrginiana ,—a native 
of North America, the West India islands, 
and Japan. It is manufactured into coop¬ 
ers’ staves, shingles, cigar-boxes, coverings 
for lead-pencils, cabinet-work, and a va¬ 
riety of other puposes. The W’hite cedar 
is a species of cypress. 

Cedar-gum, a gum resin obtained in 
the Cape Colony from the branches and 
cones of a species of cedar; it is used in 
medicine and in the preparation of var¬ 
nishes. 

Cedra, red rat, a species of Italian 
citron which yields an oil used for flavor¬ 
ing liqueurs, and in perfumery. 

Cedrillill, the resin of the cedar-tree. 

Celeniili, a Spanish dry measure, 
ranging in different places from 3^ to 11 
pints. 

Celestine, a native sulphate of stron- 
tia. It is found colorless, gray, and some¬ 
times of delicate tints of blue, w r hence its 
name. It is made into nitrate of strontia 
in Bristol, Eng., and forms the basis of the 
red fire used at the theatres, and in pyro- 
techny. 

Celtic add, an acid obtained from 
the spermaceti whale. 

Cement, hydraulic lime; Roman ce¬ 
ment ; glutinous or other substances ca¬ 
pable of uniting bodies in close cohesion. 
In the United States, the lime-stone, from 
which the cement for building purposes is 
obtained, is found in various localities, 
especially in Virginia and Kentucky. The 
source of the largest supplies for the North¬ 
ern States is from Ulster Co., in the State 
of New York ; the place of shipment is 
Rondout, on the Hudson, about 90 miles 
above New York City. Cement is sold by 
the barrel. Net weight, 300 lbs.; gross, 
320 lbs. 

Cent, a copper or nickel coin of the Uni¬ 
ted States, of the value of 10 mills, or the 


100th part of a dollar; as a nominal money 
division, the cent is in use in various parts 
of the European continent where decimal 
coinage is current; the term is also used 
as a contraction of the Latin word centum, 
a hundred, hence per cent, means per 
hundred, as jive per cent., meaning five in 
the hundred. See Coins. 

Cents, in all transactions where frac¬ 
tional parts of the dollar are required to 
be expressed, except in cases where the 
terms half and quarter dollar, or dimes 
and half dimes are used, all of which are 
American coins, the term cents should be 
employed, and not shillings, nor pence, 
nor pennies. These last-named colonial 
terms were virtually extinguished by the 
Act of Congress of 1792, which establish¬ 
ed the Federal currency. 

Cent age, a rate by the hundred ; per¬ 
centage being a commission or allowance 
at so much per cent. 

Cental system, the buying and sell¬ 
ing by the 100,—as wheat or com by the 
100 lbs., instead of by the bushel or mea¬ 
sure. 

Centenaar, the Amsterdam cwt., or 
quintal, equal to nearly 109 lbs. 

Centigramme, a French weight; 
the 100th part of the gramme, equal to 
0.15 gr. 

Centime, a money of account in 
France, 100 centimes making one franc; 
the centime is also used in account in 
Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, and Austria ; 
and as a division of the Dutch guilder; a 
hundredth part of anything. 

Centimetre, the linear measure in 
France and Belgium, the 100th part of 
the metre, equal to 0.39 inches; in Hol¬ 
land the name of the centimetre is duim, 
or pouce; in Venetian Lombardy it is 
called doight. 

Centinajo, 

Centina, the Italian quintal, of vary¬ 
ing proportions in different towns; in 
Florence, 75 lbs.; in Milan, 220^ lbs.; a 
salt measure in the Ionian Islands of 4,410 
lbs. 

Centner, the commercial cwt. or 
quintal of the Continental States, which 
varies; at Bremen it is 127-J lbs.; but the 
toll centner of the German States is about 
110^ lbs.; in Prussia the trade centner is 
113 iVo lbs.; in Vienna it is very nearly 123^- 
lbs. Metallurgists use a w r eight which 
they divide into 100 equal parts, each of 
1 lb., and the w r hole they call a centner. 

Centres, the plain parts of shawds, as, 
for instance, the centres, which are pre- 



CEPHALIC. 


CHALK DRAWINGS. 121 


pared in Bradford, England, to which the 
Paisley weavers attach ornamental borders. 

Cephalic, a name applied to certain 
kinds of snuffs, or medicines. 

Ceramic, a term applied to ornamen¬ 
tal pottery ; a generic term including all 
manufactures of potters’ clay. 

Cerasni, cherry-tree gum, and other 
gums or gummy substances which swell, 
but do not readily dissolve in water. 

Cerecloth, cloth smeared with melt¬ 
ed wax or gummy substance. 

Cerium, a white brittle metal dis¬ 
covered in 1803, by Berzelius. 

Ceroon, or Seroon, a bale or pack¬ 
age made of skins; cocoa, indigo, and Peru¬ 
vian bark are usually imported in ceroons. 

Ceroxyliue, the resin of palm-wax. 

Certificate, a testimony given in 
writing; a voucher, as a certificate of stock 
in a bank. 

Certified checks, checks present¬ 
ed at banks and certified by the signature 
of the paying teller, or by the stamp of 
the bank affixed by the teller, that the 
check is good, whereby the bank becomes 
responsible to the holder of the check. It 
is now the practice, as it always should 
have been, to immediately charge such 
checks to the account of the drawer, 
although they may not be presented for 
payment for weeks after. 

Certificates of origin, a docu¬ 
ment required at the customs in England, 
from importers of coffee, cocoa, sugar, and 
spirits brought from any of the British 
plantations, which must be signed and at¬ 
tested by the proper officers of the places 
where the goods were shipped, and certify¬ 
ing the place of their production. 

Ceruleuili, indigo dissolved in sul¬ 
phuric acid, used in dyeing Saxon blue. 

Cetass, a weight of Baden, the 100th 
part of the local pound, and weighing 77.17 
grains. 

Cevadilla, the seed of veratrum saba- 
dilla , a drug imported chiefly from Vera 
Cruz. 

Ceyloil, an island in the Indian Ocean, 
belonging to Great Britain. It has a large 
export and import trade, chiefly with 
England, but also some direct trade with 
the United States, but which in the official 
returns is included in the trade with the 
East Indies. Among its chief exports are 
plumbago, cinnamon, rice, tobacco, coffee, 
coooa-nut oil, and coir. See Columbo. 

Ceylon moss, a moss obtaiqed on 
the coasts of Ceylon, which is used for 
making jellies. 


Ceylon stone, a general name for 
minerals and jewels found in Ceylon. 

Chablis, a kind of French white wine. 

Ckabularah, a market-place or cus¬ 
tom-house in India. 

Cliaffer, to bargain, to haggle, to ne¬ 
gotiate, to beat down the price of an 
article. 

Claagreen, a rough leather ; also, the 
prepared skin of the dog-fish. 

Chains, a succession of rings or links 
interlocking with one another, of whatever 
material composed. 

Chain*work, a style of fabric form¬ 
ed by the threads being linked together in 
the form of a chain, as in tambouring and 
hosiery. 

Chakkara, a name on the Malabar 
Coast for the coarse sugar made from the 
juice of the cocoa-nut and other palms. 

Chilian, a common Indian name for 
an invoice, pass, voucher, or way-bill. 

Chalcedony, the name for a kind of 
semi-transparent mineral. The variety of 
its colors and its beautiful lustre renders it 
much esteemed as an ornamental stone, 
though its great hardness renders it diffi¬ 
cult to work. It is found in Tuscany, 
Cornwall, and near the Giants’ Causeway, 
in Ireland, and derives its name from Chal- 
cedon in Asia Minor, where it was origin¬ 
ally obtained. 

Chaldron, a heaped measure employ¬ 
ed as a weight for coals, the London chal¬ 
dron being 3,063f lbs. ; the Newcastle 
chaldron of 52| cwt.; but for boats esti¬ 
mated at 53 cwt. ; the coal chaldron varies, 
—at Pictou, Nova Scotia, it is nominally 1^ 
ton, but the average weight of the Pictou 
chaldron is 3450 lbs.; the ordinary weight 
required in the markets of the U. S. is 
2,940 lbs., but at New York the chaldron 
of coals is only 2,500 lbs.; as a dry measure 
it is 36 bu. 

Chillies, a petty money of account in 
Ceylon. 

Chalk, a white earthy limestone, or 
variety of carbonate of lime; as a com¬ 
mercial article it is not found in the U. S., 
but is abundant in England and France. 
It is imported into the U. S. from England 
in bulk, and generally as ballast. It forms 
the basis of whiting and some white colors; 
black chalk is a kind of earth used for draw¬ 
ing ; red chalk is a clayey ochre used by 
painters and artificers; French chalk is 
soap-stone. 

Chalk drawings, drawings sketch¬ 
ed and filled in with black, and with colored 
crayons. 



122 


CHALLIS. 


CHARCOAL IRON. 


Challis, a fine printed, soft woollen, 
or woollen and silk fabric, used for dress 
goods. 

dial ter, a dry measure of Stettin, 
equal to 84^ bu. 

Chaltick, a native kind of rice in 
Russia. 

Chalybeate*, mineral waters and 
medicines which contain iron. 

Chain a, the name for a kind of seed 
used as a substitute for rice on the coast 
of Malabar. 

Chanabard fabrics, stuffs made 
from soft worsted yam, in Saxony, by hand- 
weavers. 

Chamber of commerce, an or¬ 
ganization or board of merchants and trad¬ 
ers, established in commercial cities with a 
view to take cognizance of matters affect¬ 
ing the general or special interests of trade ; 
to memorialize the government on ques¬ 
tions affecting the commerce of the country; 
to diffuse useful information on subjects 
connected with domestic or foreign com¬ 
mercial products; to establish rules and 
regulations for the government of trade in 
the city where the Chamber is located; to 
arbitrate and settle commercial disputes 
and differences, by the application of com¬ 
mercial usages; to fix and determine the 
modes of purchase and sale of certain ar¬ 
ticles, and to establish a tariff of rates of 
commissions, &c., &c. 

Cham brays, plain ginghams with 
white woof and colored warp. 

Chamois, or shammy leather, 
leather made from various kinds of skins 
dressed with fish-oil, which is hammered or 
beaten into the pores of the skin, and after¬ 
wards partially dried and washed in alkali, 
when it becomes soft and pliable. The 
true shammy leather, which, however, is 
very rare, is made from the skin of the 
chamois , a species of the antelope tribe of 
animals, which inhabits the Alpine moun¬ 
tains. 

Champagne, an effervescing French 
wine, manufactured in the Department of 
Marne, in the province of Champagne, in 
France. The department of Marne has 
about 46,000 acres of vineyards, which 
yield about 14,000,000 gallons of red and 
white wines, about two-thirds of which, 
mostly of the red, are manufactured into 
what is called champagne, and forms the 
great staple of commerce of the district. 
Rheims and Epernay contain the most 
celebrated vineyards of the Department. 
The principal markets for champagne are— 
Russia, England, the United States, the 


East Indies, and France. It comes in bas¬ 
kets or boxes, containing usually 1 doz. 
quart or 2 doz. pint bottles, and is always 
sold by the doz. 

Champignon, the French name for 
the edible mushroom. 

Chanaca, a name in Costa Rica for 
coarse sugar. 

Chancier 9 a Chinese extract or prepa¬ 
ration of opium, used for smoking. 

Chandler 9 a general name for a dealer, 
as tallow chandler, ship chandler, &c.; one 
who makes and sells candles. 

Chandlery, the commodities sold by 
a chandler. 

Change, to barter; to give one kind 
of money for another; an exchange, or 
place where merchants meet for business ; 
money returned to a purchaser who hands 
the seller a larger amount than the price 
of the article purchased ; small money. 

Cliank-shells, common conch-shells 
picked up by divers in the Gulf of Manaar, 
near Ceylon, and other places. These 
shells are in extensive demand throughout 
the East Indies, where they are sawed into 
narrow rings or bracelets, and worn on 
the arms and legs of Hindoo women. 
Those only are valuable which are taken 
with the fish, and are known in commerce 
as green chanks. The white chank, which 
is the shell thrown upon the beach, will 
hardly sell for enough, at Calcutta, to pay 
their freight from the gulf shores. 

Chantilly lace, a costly, hand-made 
black lace, made at Chantilly, in France. 

Chap book, a small book carried 
about for sale by chapmen or hawkers. 

Chaplet, a pair of stirrup leathers; 
a garland or wreath for the head; a rosary. 

Cliapin ail, one who buys and sells on 
a small scale; a seller or market man. 

Chapwoinaii, a woman who buys 
and sells. 

Char, a liquid measure in Germany, of 
1331r gals. 

Charcoal, charred or burnt wood, or 
the black brittle mass obtained by burning 
wood out of contact with air; if bones be 
used instead of wood, the mass is called 
animal charcoal, or abaiser. Charcoal is 
used in destroying the smell, taste, and 
color of various substances, in the manu¬ 
facture of gunpowder, and as a fuel in the 
manufacture of fine qualities of iron. In 
its finer states, as in ivory-black, lamp¬ 
black, &c., it forms the basis of black 
paints, printers’ ink, &c. 

Charcoal iron, pig-iron produced 
from the ores by the use of charcoal, in con 




CHARGE. 

tradistinction to iron produced by the use 
of anthracite or bituminous coal. 

Charge, a weight in France, of 323§ 
lbs. ; in Antwerp, of 414£ lbs. ; a measure 
of Marseilles, 4£ bu.; also a measure for oil, 
of 391 gals. 

Charged, trusted; debited in the sell¬ 
er’s books. 

Char ges, expenses incurred in pur¬ 
chasing, packing, and shipping merchan¬ 
dise. In the importation of foreign mer¬ 
chandise, the importer is required to add 
to his invoice, and to pay duty thereon, all 
charges incurred after purchase, up to the 
time the goods are put on board a vessel 
for the United States. Thus, if he pur¬ 
chase corks at Seville, in Spain, and send 
them to Cadiz, for direct shipment to New 
York, he must add to what he paid for the 
corks, about $1.25 for baling each bale, and 
about $1 for transportation from Seville 
to Cadiz ; or, if he purchase dry-goods at 
Manchester, in England, he must add, and 
pay duty thereon, about 10s. for each case, 
and from 5s. to 6s. for the charge of 
transportation for each case from Man¬ 
chester to Liverpool. 

Char key, a liquid measure of St. 
Petersburg, equal to nearly ^d of a 
gal. 

Charleston, a sea-port and principal 
city of the State of South Carolina, 
situate on a tongue of land between the 
rivers Ashley and Cooper, which unite im¬ 
mediately below the town and form a 
spacious harbor, the entrance of which, 
however, is incommoded by sand-banks, 
so that even at high tide vessels drawing 
over 15 or 16 feet water have some diffi¬ 
culty in passing through the channels. 
The city derives its chief commercial im¬ 
portance from its shipments of Sea Island 
and other cotton, and the important rice 
crop of the State. Of rice it ships more 
than any other city in the Union, and with 
the exception of New Orleans and Mobile, 
more cotton ; about one-half of both of 
which is shipped directly to foreign ports, 
and the other half to northern ports in 
the United States. The annual shipments 
of cotton may be stated at 400,000 bales, 
and of rice, 600,000 bushels. The foreign 
imports directly to Charleston are incon¬ 
siderable, its principal supplies of manu¬ 
factured goods being obtained from Bos¬ 
ton, New York, Newark, Philadelphia, and 
Baltimore. The merchants of Charleston 
have always maintained a high character 
for intelligence and integrity, and the 
banking institutions of the State under 


CHARTREUSE. 123 

their management were always among the 
best conducted of any in the Union. 

The established rates of commissions for 
selling domestic produce is 2% per cent. ; 
for selling foreign merchandise, 5 per cent.; 
for guaranteeing, 2\ per cent.; for pur¬ 
chasing cotton and drawing foreign bills 
for reimbursement, 5 per cent. 

Cliarneco, a sweet Spanish wine. 

Charnley Forest stone, a whet¬ 
stone or hone obtained from Leicester¬ 
shire, England. 

Cliarre, a quantity of lead consisting 
of 36 pigs, each pig containing 6 stones of 
12 lbs. each. 

Chart, a marine map used at sea. 

Charter, an agreement by which a 
vessel is hired by the owner to another 
party. 

Chartered, a term used for a ship 
hired for a voyage or for a time. 

Chartered ship, a ship hired or 
freighted by one or more merchants for 
their own use exclusively, for a particular 
voyage or on time. Where the goods of 
several merchants unconnected with each 
other are laden on board without any 
particular contract; of affreightment for 
the entire ship, the vessel is called a gene¬ 
ral ship , because open to all merchants. 

Charterer, one who engages a ship 
and causes it to be laden wholly with his 
own goods, or partly with merchandise or 
produce belonging to others. If the ves¬ 
sel be navigated by the charterer, and he 
have the exclusive control of her, he is 
deemed to be the owner for the time 
being. But if, by the terms of the charter- 
party, the ship is to be navigated at the 
charge and expense of the owner, the 
charterer is not owner for the voyage. 

Charter-party, a contract of af¬ 
freightment in writing, between the owner 
or master of a ship and the freighter, for 
the use of the ship for a determined voy¬ 
age to some particular place, upon specified 
conditions ; occasionally it is for part of a 
ship. The term is derived from the fact 
that the contract which bears this name 
was formerly written on a card, and after¬ 
wards the card was cut into two parts 
from top to bottom, and one part was de¬ 
livered to each of the parties, which was 
produced when required, and by this 
means counterfeits were prevented. The 
term is from the French chart e-par tie, a 
divided charter. 

Chartreuse, a cordial which derives 
its name from the Chartreuse monas¬ 
tery, where it is manufactured. 



124 


CHASED. 


CHEESE. 


Clia§<*<l, embossed metal-work, adorn¬ 
ed or beautified by some design or figure 
in low relief. 

Chateau margaux, one of the 

best class of Bordeaux wines, produced on 
an estate about 5 miles from Bordeaux ; 
the annual produce of the first-class wine 
of this estate is about 16,000 gals. 

C']iattah§, umbrella-hats, or sun¬ 
screens, made of the leaves of palm. 

Cli atoyaiit, minerals or metals which, 
on being turned, exhibit several prismatic 
colors. 

Chauli, a silver coin in the Mahratta 
Country, worth about 5 cents. 

Cliay, a red dye-stuff obtained in In¬ 
dia, from the root of oldenlandici umbellata, 
used by dyers for the same purpose as 
madder. It is cultivated on the coast of 
Coromandel, and forms a considerable arti¬ 
cle of export from Ceylon. 

Cheap, to be had for a low price ; of 
an inferior quality; not dear. 

Cheapen, to lessen in value. 

Chebacco, a fishing boat or vessel 
employed in the Newfoundland fisheries. 

Cheek, an order on a bank for money, 
drawn by one who has funds in the hands 
of the bank or banker, on which he may 
draw on demand or at sight. Checks are 
not accepted, but are frequently certified 
by an officer of the bank on which they 
are drawn, as “good,” thus binding the 
bank as an acceptor. They may be made 
payable to bearer; but for safety, and 
especially for large amounts, they are 
usually drawn to order. If a bank pay a 
forged check, it cannot be charged to the 
depositor whose name was forged ; but 
the bank may recover the money back 
from one who innocently presented a forged 
check and was paid,— provided the de¬ 
mand for the return is immediate. If the 
bank pay a check fraudulently indorsed in 
amount, it can charge the drawer with the 
original amount only. 

Clieck-book, a book of printed or 
engraved blank orders or checks on a bank 
or banker, in which the deposits are enter¬ 
ed, and the drafts or checks drawn 
against them are deducted, whereby the 
balance in bank subject to draft is always 
presented. 

Check clerk, an officer employed in 
a bank to enter the checks drawn by deal¬ 
ers on the bank. 

Checker-work, any kind of work 
in which crossed or angular patterns occur. 

Check rum, an Indian money, equal 
to 73 cents. 


Cheeks, fancy cambric and Swiss 
muslins, with stripes of cords placed 
checker-wise ; a cross-barred fabric, chiefly 
black and white worsted and cotton, or all 
cotton ; cotton, woollen, or other fabrics 
manufactured in squares. 

Cheese, a commercial product from 
milk, the curd of which is separated from 
the whey, compressed into a solid mass and 
dried. A large trade in this article is car¬ 
ried on in the United States, England, 
Holland, Switzerland, and the German and 
Italian States, each country having its 
peculiar kind, and various kinds in each 
country. The color is usually imparted by 
the use of saffron and annatto, but is no test 
of quality ; the best requires no such col¬ 
oring matter. The Parmesan cheese, 
made in the Milanese territory, owes it 
excellent qualities to the rich grass on 
which the cows are fed. Westphalian 
cheese derives its flavor from the curd 
being allowed to become putrid before it 
is pressed; Gruyere cheese is made in 
the cantons of the Alps, and comes in tubs 
of 300 to 500 lbs.; Cheshire is from the 
county of that name, in England ; Stilton , 
which is esteemed the best of the English, 
is made in Leicestershire; they weigh 
about 14 lbs., often enclosed in tin cases 
of 6 or 12 cheeses. Suffolk , from Suffolk 
Co., Eng., is made from skim-milk, and is 
said to keep better than any other. The 
greatest cheese mart in the world is Alk- 
maar, a town in Holland, about 20 miles 
from Amsterdam. Upwards of 4,000 tons 
are annually shipped from this place to all 
parts of Europe, the West Indies, and 
South America. From Holland we import 
globular-shaped cheeses weighing about 3| 
lbs. each, in cases of 1 dozen. From Ger¬ 
many we import cheese in tubs of 300 to 
500 lbs.; also “hand cheese,” small, like our 
pot-cheese, about 6 to the lb., imported 
in boxes and barrels, generally in a condi¬ 
tion offensive to those unaccustomed to its 
use. Cheese is largely manufactured in the 
United States, and what is known as fac¬ 
tory cheese, the kind which is exported to 
England and other parts, is mostly made 
in the States of Ohio and New York. They 
are made at factories where the farmers 
for miles around bring in and deposit their 
milk. These cheeses usually weigh from 
50 to 60 lbs., and are put up in round cylin¬ 
drical-shaped boxes, and so shipped. 
Those made in the months of September 
and October are the best, and always bring 
a higher price than those made in the 
summer. An inferior cheese made at the 




CHEKI. 


CHEVIOT WOOL. 


125 


creameries, of skimmed milk, sells for 
about one-third the price of factory cheese, 
and is mostly shipped to the Southern 
States. The exports from the United 
States are about 40,000,000 of lbs., nearly 
the whole of which goes to England. 

Clieki, a jewellers’ weight in Persia, of 
7,200 grains ; at Constantinople a weight 
of -fc lb., for opium 1-^^ lb., at Smyrna 
a little over lb., and for opium l-^fo lb. 

Chekm&k, a fabric of silk and gold 
thread mixed with cotton, made in Tur¬ 
key. 

Chelsea pensioner, the name of a 
popular English medicinal compound, de¬ 
riving its name from a pensioner in the 
Chelsea hospital, who by its use cured 
an English nobleman of the rheumatism. 

Clieniic, a common name for chloride 
of lime—a bleaching-powder. 

Chemical paper, paper prepared 
for chemical purposes, as filtering paper, 
paper for photographs, etc. 

Chemicals, in commerce, those sub¬ 
stances used in medicines, in manufac¬ 
tures, and in the arts, produced by the aid 
of chemistry ; such as ammonia, bichro¬ 
mate and chromate of potash, chloride 
of lime, copperas, ether, potash, saltpetre, 
quinine, soda-ash, and all other acids and 
salts, and their combinations, which are 
used or in demand to the extent of com¬ 
mercial recognition. 

Chemnitz goods, hosiery and 
other woollen and cotton goods, manufac¬ 
tured at Chemnitz, an important manu¬ 
facturing town in Saxony. 

Chenille, a loosely woven silk fringe 
or trimming. 

Chenna, a kind of grain, or pulse 
commonly known as grain, and raised in 
Bengal for horses. 

Cheoh, a measure of about 14| in¬ 
ches, used in Sumatra. 

Cheroots, machine-made, cheap ci¬ 
gars, cut square at both ends, from Ma¬ 
nilla. 

Cherray, a weight of Persia, T&i^of 
which are equal to 100 lbs. 

Cherries, the fruit of the prunus 
cerasus , which enters into commerce only 
as dried fruit, or when preserved in juice 
or sugar; the kernel of the fruit is used 
for flavoring brandy and cordials. 

Cherris, an intoxicating drug pre¬ 
pared from hemp. 

Cherry, the timber of the wild 
cherry, a large tree growing in the Middle 
Atlantic States, and on the Ohio, used by 
chair and cabinet makers. 


Cherry brandy, the usual name 
for a sweetened or cordial spirit in which 
cherries are steeped. 

Cherry coffee, the planter’s name 
for the fruit of the coffee as picked from 
the tree, before it has undergone the oper¬ 
ations of pulping, drying, etc., to prepare 
the berry for shipment. 

Cherry wine, a sweet wine made 
from cherries. 

Chert sBoaie, a species of hornstone, 
quarried in Derbyshire, Eng., for making 
the stones of pottery mills, to grind or pul¬ 
verize flints. 

Chertwert, a grain measure of Rus¬ 
sia, of very nearly 6 bushels. 

Cliervice, a fine kind of tallow, 
shipped to Constantinople from the Black 
Sea ports, and used for culinary pur¬ 
poses. 

Cheshire cheese, a large-sized rich 
cheese, weighing from 100 to 200 lbs., made 
in Cheshire, Eng., to the extent of 12,000 
tons per annum. Its fine and peculiar 
flavor is attributed^ to the saline particles 
in the earth said to be peculiar to the 
county of Cheshire. 

Chest, a wooden box or package of no 
certain dimensions; the quantity contained 
in a chest. 

Chestnuts, the nuts of the Chestnut 
tree, castanea , a native of Europe and 
America. The nuts are sold in the New 
York and Philadelphia markets by the 
bushel; those which are imported from 
France come in casks of about 125 lbs. 
each, and are sold by the pound ; in the 
south of France and the north of Italy 
they are ground into meal, and serve in a 
great measure as a substitute for bread 
and potatoes. 

Chestnut timber, the timber of the 
American chestnut tree, one of the largest 
of American forest trees, used for posts and 
rails, and to a considerable extent for cabi¬ 
net ware. 

Ciieun^, a measure at Canton of 
yds., at Pekin of 3-,^, yds. 

Chevalier barley, a kind of malt¬ 
ing barley, named after the person who 
first brought it into notice. 

Clieveril, a soft, pliable leather, pre¬ 
pared from kid skin. 

' Chew Stiek, commonly called chaw 
stick, the twigs of a kind of shrub growing 
in the West Indies, which are used in the 
preparation of a dentifrice. 

Cheviot wool, the wool from a race 
of sheep in Scotland, which is adapted for 
combing. It is finer than the English cots- 



126 CHIAN TURPENTINE. 


CHIEF TRADERS. 


wold, and is used in the manufacture of 
Scotch tweeds, shawls, &c. 

Chian turpentine, a resinous juice 
obtained from the pistacia terebinthus , a 
medicinal drug, and employed in the East 
as a masticatory, and made into tooth- 
powder. The tree grows in Barbary and 
Greece, and flourishes in the islands of 
Cypress and Chio. 

Chibouks, Turkish pipes. 

Chicago, the chief city of the State 
of Illinois, situate on the south-western 
shore of Lake Michigan. It is a port of 
entry for the Collection District estab¬ 
lished upon the western shore of the lake, 
which includes the territory, harbors, riv¬ 
ers, and waters on the western shore, from 
the line dividing the States of Indiana and 
Illinois, northward to the town and river 
Sheboygen, within the territory of Wiscon¬ 
sin. Its command of the Lake trade, to¬ 
gether with the business which it secures 
by its immense railroad facilities, seems to 
justify its claim to be the chief commer¬ 
cial emporium of the West. As a distri¬ 
buting centre for the trade passing over 
the Central and Union Pacific Railroad, its 
only rival is St. Louis. The grain received 
at Chicago from the agricultural districts 
within the range of her lake and canal in¬ 
fluence, and of her extended iron arms, 
which stretch in all directions, is larger in 
amount than is collected for shipment at 
any other grain depot in the world. The 
same remark will apply to her cattle trade. 
As an illustration of the grain trade, we 
present the shipments from the city for 
two years :— 


1865. 1869. 

Flour, barrels... 1,000,000 .. -2,300,000 

Wheat, bushels. 7,000,000 .. 13,250,000 

Corn.24,000,000 .. 21,500,000 

Oats. 9,000,000 .. 9,800,000 

Rye. 700,000 .. 800,000 

Barley. 450,000 .. 650,000 

The grain is received and shipped in 
bulk; and the superior warehouse accom¬ 
modations and convenient and economical 
system of transshipment by elevators have 
largely contributed to the extension of the 
trade at this place. Lumber, brought by 
sailing vessels and steamers from Canada, 
Wisconsin, and Michigan, also forms a 
large item in the commerce of the city. In 
general merchandise, domestic and foreign, 
the trade is large and constantly increas¬ 
ing, most of the retail merchants west of 
Chicago relying upon that city for their 
entire supplies. 

All matters pertaining to Warehousing 


and Transit are regulated by the u Com¬ 
mercial Committee ’ ’ of the Board of 
Trade ; and disputes of a commercial cha¬ 
racter are investigated and decided by the 
“ Committee of Arbitration,” who for their 
services receive the following fees :— 

For each award under $500.$10 

“ “ “ from 500 to 1,000 ..15 

“ “ “ “ 1,000 to 1,500... 20 

“ “ “ “ 1,500 to 2,500.. .25 

“ “ “ “ 2,500 upwards.. .50 

When neither of the parties in the contro¬ 
versy are members of the Association, the 
above fees are doubled. 

Grain sold in store without special agree¬ 
ment as to delivery, is deliverable by 3 
o’clock p.m. the same day, or by 11 o’clock 
A.M. the day succeeding the sale ; and the 
warehouse receipts shall have at least five 
days to run from time of delivei*y without 
extra storage. 

CH ica, a fermented intoxicating li¬ 
quor, used in Peru, and made of Indian 
com ; a plant growing on the banks of the 
Orinoko, from the leaves of which an 
orange dye or coloring matter is extract¬ 
ed. It is known also in trade as cra- 
jum. 

Chick, a name for the inspissated juice 
of the poppy. 

Cliickcn weed, a name in Portu¬ 
gal for a lichen, used for dyeing. 

ciliek pea, the name of a legumi¬ 
nous plant which forms a common crop in 
India, where it is known as grain. It 
grows naturally, and is also cultivated in 
the south of Europe, where it is used as a 
substitute for coffee. 

Chiccory, the cichonmn intybus , a 
plant extensively cultivated in Europe, and 
slightly in the gardens of this country. The 
roots of the plant only enter into com¬ 
merce, which are prepared and sold as a 
substitute for. or an adulteration of coffee. 
The preparation consists merely in the 
roots being cut into pieces, dried, and 
ground. Although it is a cheap article, 
and principally used as an adulteration, 
yet it is itself adulterated by still cheap¬ 
er articles, such as roasted rye, carrots, 
acorns, etc. It is, however, not merely an 
article of adulteration, but “good chicory 
and middling coffee, dexterously mixed, 
can be sold at the price of bad coffee, and 
will make a better beverage, and one not 
less wholesome ” than pure coffee. The 
annual importations into the United States 
—chiefly from Germany—are from four to 
five millions of pounds. 

Chief traders, the name of the su- 








CHINA. 


CHIFFONNIERS. 

perior officers of the Hudson’s Bay Com¬ 
pany. 

CliifTonniers, street collectors of 
rags, bones, shreds, old paper, and such 
like waste articles; in New York called 
rag-pickers. 

Cliik, a bamboo mat; a commercial 
measure of China. 

Cliillies, small pungent pods, or fruit 
of the capsicum, which when prepared 
form Cayenne pepper ; cultivated exten¬ 
sively in the East Indies; the plant also 
grows wild in the West Indies and South 
America. The small wild legumes are the 
best; when cultivated and of large size, 
they lose their pungency. The best kinds 
are said to come from Zanzibar. 

Cliimo, a farinaceous food made in 
Peru from potatoes. 

Chin, a name in some parts of India 
for a coarse kind of sugar. 

China. For many years the merchants 
of Salem, Boston, New York, and Phila¬ 
delphia employed ships in the direct trade 
between those cities and Canton. During 
the last thirty years, however, nearly the 
whole of the Chinese imports into this 
country have been made into the ports of 
Boston and New York; and the vessels 
engaged in the trade were the boast of 
the respective cities as models ■ of mer¬ 
chant marine craft. This direct trade 
between China and our Atlantic cities, 
although it may continue, and even in¬ 
crease, especially with New York, is not 
likely to be augmented in any degree pro¬ 
portionate to the vast and inevitable in¬ 
crease of the commerce between China and 
the United States. The more direct and 
the more rapid communication with steam 
between China and San Francisco, and by 
the Pacific Railroad between the latter place 
and the Atlantic seaboard, is likely to divide 
the great bulk of the traffic of the two coun¬ 
tries, between San Francisco and New 
York. In 1869, the imports into the 
United States from China, including Hong 
Kong and Singapore, amounted to upwards 
of $13,000,000; of which amount there 
came to New York, $9,863,000; to Boston, 
$1,468,000 ; and to San Francisco, $1,850,- 
000. The exports were, from New York, 
$3,369,000; from San Francisco, $6,286,- 
000 ; and from Boston, $551,500. The 
annual exports of China to all parts of the 
world are from 75 to 100 millions of dol¬ 
lars, more than one-half of which goes to 
Great Britain; India and the United States 
are the next largest customers. The Chi¬ 
nese ports open to American trade are Can- 


127 

ton, Amoy, Foo-chow, Ningpo, and Shang¬ 
hai. At each of these ports citizens of the 
United States are permitted to reside with 
their families, and to proceed at pleasure 
with their vessels and merchandise from 
any one of these ports to any of the other; 
and are also permitted to import from 
abroad, and sell, purchase, and export all 
merchandise of which the importation or 
exportation is not prohibited by the laws 
of the empire. The commercial inter¬ 
course between the United States and 
China is large and of growing importance. 
The official statement of exports, of the 
growth, produce, and manufacture of the 
United States, shows that we send to China 
more goods, in value, than we do to any 
other country except Great Britain, France, 
and Germany; and that we import from 
China more than from any other country, ex¬ 
cept England, the Canadas, Cuba, Germany, 
France, and Brazil. The tariff both on ex¬ 
ports and imports is, with very few ex¬ 
ceptions, specific; but where it is ad va¬ 
lorem, it is uniformly 5 per cent. The 
specific duties range considerably higher. 
Crude American ginseng, worth in the Chi¬ 
nese ports from $37 to $70 a picul, accord¬ 
ing to quality, pays a duty of $8.37 per 
picul; and refined ginseng, worth from $80 
to $120, pays a duty of $11.02 a picul ; 
opium pays $41.84 per picul; cotton thread, 
$1 per lb.; cotton yam, 98 cents per lb. ; 
cotton piece-goods pays, according to length 
of piece and description of goods, from 
3 cents all the way up to 28 cents per piece. 
Tea pays an export duty of $3.48 per pi¬ 
cul ; silver and gold ware, $13.95 per picul; 
pongees, shawls, crape, &c., in the piece, 
$16.74 per picul; silk, from $6 to $13.95 
per picul; and cocoons, $4.18 per picul. 

The moneys of account are the tael , 
mace , candareen , and cash. In accounts, 
10 cash = 1 candareen ; 10 candareens = 
1 mace ; 10 mace = 1 tael. These moneys 
are formed by weights, under the same de¬ 
nominations, of sysee silver, the cash being 
represented by cast pieces of coarse metal. 
The most common weight of the sysee sil¬ 
ver ingots is ten taels each ; they are 
smooth and flat on the upper, but rather 
rough and rounded on the lower surface, 
and bearing a slight resemblance to a Chi¬ 
nese shoe, from which they are called shoes 
by foreigners. In calculation, or accounts 
between foreigners and Chinese merchants, 
and almost always in bargains among the 
Chinese themselves, taels are converted 
into dollars at the rate of 720 taels for 1,000 
dollars. Transactions at Canton are now 



128 


CHINA. 


CHINESE GREEN INDIGO. 


mostly conducted by means of Mexican 
dollars and of bank-notes from Hong Kong; 
and the accounts are kept by foreign mer¬ 
chants trading with China in dollars, each 
of 100 cents. The principal commercial 
weights are the picul, 33^ lbs. ; the catty, 
lb. : and the tael, oz. The long 
measure is a variable yard-measure called 
cliih or covid. It is -^ft-ths of a yard, ac¬ 
cording to Alexander; 14.625 inches, ac¬ 
cording to McCulloch; and by the Commer¬ 
cial Regulations, according to Williams’s 
Guide, is 14-f- 0 - inches. The cliili measures 
are usually made of bamboo, and shop¬ 
keepers usually keep two sticks on their 
counters, varying 2 to 4 lines, and even 
more, the shorter for retail, the longer 
for wholesale; they rate the cloth at the 
same price per chih ; but measuring by the 
longer gives a profit, when selling by the 
shorter, of 3 to 6 per cent. By consulting 
the words Tea, Silk, Opium, and other 
words which have peculiar reference to 
China, additional information will be found 
concerning the trade of this empire. 

China, a common name for porcelain- 
ware ; China-ware. 

China blue, a pigment formed with 
oxide of cobalt, melted with felspar and 
potash: among other purposes to which it 
is applied is to paint pottery-ware. 

China clay, a fine potters’ clay; 
China stone. 

China crape, a fine kind of silk 
crape not gummed; Canton crape. 

Chi na grass. There are several kinds 
of plants growing in China which furnish 
the fibre for the fabrics which in this 
country are said to be made of China grass, 
to wit: the sidn tilcefolia , the bohmeria ni- 
vea, and the dolichos bulbosus. These plants 
are found native in various other coun¬ 
tries. 

Chisia grass cloth, in China call¬ 
ed hid pu , i. e ., summer-cloth. The finest 
kind, made from a species of sida which 
appears to be peculiar to China, is the 
kind which is imported into this country 
as handkerchiefs. The cheaper kinds are 
taken by the Maylayan islanders. Some of 
the kinds, bleached, and worn in the south¬ 
ern provinces of China, are very fine and 
handsome, but they are less durable than 
true linen. The varieties of the cloth 
found at Canton vary all the way from 8 
cents up to $1.20 per yard. 

China goods, merchandise which 
finds its way into the United States from 
ports in China, whether of native or foreign 
origin. 


China ink, a black pigment made 
from oil and lampblack, thickened with a 
kind of glue, and scented with musk or 
camphor; known also as India ink. 

China matting, a matting or floor¬ 
cloth made of several species of China 
grass, but chiefly of the nrmulo mitis , and 
imported very largely from Canton. It 
comes in rolls, usually in widths of 27, 36, 
45, or 54 inches, and of different qualities, 
in plain white and red checked colors, and 
the rolls are usually 40 yards long. 

China merchant, a merchant of 
any country whose direct trade is with 
China, and exclusively in Chinese goods ; 
also sometimes applied to a dealer in por¬ 
celain and glassware. 

China root, a false tuber called 
pachyma cocos , found growing like a fun¬ 
gus from the roots of fir-trees. The taste 
of the fresh root is sharp and bitterish. 
The Chinese eat it to increase flesh, and 
export it largely to Calcutta, where it is 
employed as a medicine. A species of smilax 
is obtained in Jamaica, which is said to 
resemble the real China root, but is not 
identical. 

China stores, stores where porcelain- 
ware, glassware, earthenware, or crockery- 
ware are sold. 

China ware, a fine kind of porcelain 
ware made originally in China, now applied 
to many kinds of porcelain made in other 
countries; porcelain. 

Chiaia wine, a spirituous liquor im¬ 
ported pretty largely into San Francisco 
from Hong Hong. It is produced by dis¬ 
tilling rice with various fruits and vege¬ 
table substances, to give it flavor, and it 
generally contains from 25 to 28 per cent, 
of alcohol. 

Chili chew, a term used in China for 
sugar-candy. 

Chinchilla, a fine gray or ash-colored 
fur, obtained from a small rodent animal 
about the size of the rabbit, great num¬ 
bers of which are caught in the neighbor¬ 
hood of Coquimbo and Copiapo, in Chili. 
They are generally caught by boys, with 
dogs, who bring them to Santiago and Val¬ 
paraiso, whence they are exported ; the 
Peruvian skins are either brought to Bue¬ 
nos Ayres from the eastern part of the An . 
des, or are sent to Lima. 

Chine, goods of worsted, cotton, silk, 
and linen, with printed warps. 

Chinese crackers, known in com¬ 
merce as fire-crackers. 

Chinese green indigo, a beauti¬ 
ful green dye obtained in China from the 




CHOADANY. 


CHINESE INSECT WAX. 

rhammus chlorophorus and rhammus uti- 
lis. 

Chinese insect wax. The wax in¬ 
sect tree is a species of ash, and grows 
abundantly on the banks of the ponds and 
canals in the Province of Chekiang. The 
insect is named coccus pda, and when fully 
developed on the trees, the trees look as if 
covered with flakes of snow. The wax is 
an article of great value in Chinese com¬ 
merce, and is exported to some extent to 
other countries. 

Chinese merchant, a merchant of 
China. 

Chinese ornaments, or curiosi¬ 
ties. The patient and often ingenious 
workmen of China produce many articles 
of ornament which have a deservedly high 
commercial value. Our countryman, Mr. 
Pumpelly, states that one of the most fer¬ 
tile sources of amusement to the stranger 
in Peking is the walk through the streets 
in which are collected the curiosity stores 
and lapidary shops. The show-cases are 
filled with ornaments; piles of porcelain 
vases of every shape ; objects in bronze; 
etageres of heavily carved vermilion lac- 
quer-ware loaded with vases; ornaments in 
which all the precious stones known to us 
are represented, excepting only the dia¬ 
mond, emerald, and opal. Nor, says our 
traveller, are their prices at all modest; 
five hundred to two thousand dollars is by 
no means an uncommon price for porcelain 
and cloisonnee vases in which beauty and 
moderate age are combined ; it is only the 
productions of the present day that are 
cheap. Among other curiosities which en¬ 
gage the attention of foreigners are hom, 
glass, silk, and paper lanterns, some of 
which are very beautiful; also bowls, cups, 
rings, &c., cut from gems and stones; 
carved work in hom, stone, roots, metal, 
and wood. Hardly a ship leaves the coun¬ 
try, says Mr. Williams, in his admirable 
work on the commerce of China, without 
some of these curiosities. 

Chinese sugar-cane, sorghum. 

Chinese varnish. This varnish, 
which is so largely used by the Chinese in 
giving a fine polish to tables, chairs, &c., 
is obtained from a species of rhus , and the 
lacquer-ware so extensively exported from 
Canton is produced by the varnish from 
the same tree. The varnish, though an 
article of great value, is so extremely poi¬ 
sonous that after furniture is dry, it is un¬ 
safe for certain constitutions to use it until 
a long time after the smell has entirely dis¬ 
appeared. 


129 

Chintz, a peculiar kind of printed 
calico in which figures of many different 
colors—usually five or more—are impressed 
upon a white or light-colored ground. 

Chintz pattern, having a running 
or fancy pattern of various colors. 

Chip, thin strips or filaments of fibrous 
wood prepared for hats. 

Chip bonnets, bonnets made of thin 
straw-like splits of wood, usually quite 
white; also a name sometimes given to 
bonnets made of fancy straw plait or palm- 
leaves. 

Cllip flats, flats made of chip plait¬ 
ing. They are obtained from Italy, but 
most of them are sent to France, where 
they are dressed and prepared for market. 

Chip plaiting, the only chip plait¬ 
ing which enters into commerce is an arti¬ 
cle prepared at Carpi, in the vicinity of 
Modena, in Italy. It is the wood of the 
willow cut into strips and plaited. 

ciliretta, a medicinal plant of China 
and Ceylon, the stems an4 roots of which 
are imported in bundles as a drug. 

Chirish, a .mucilage used by weavers 
for saturating yarn, procured from the root 
of the yellow asphodel. 

Chiska, a fragrant powder composed 
of sandal-wood and other aromatic ingredi¬ 
ents. 

Chilt, or ctlitthe, a common Indian 
name for a bill, draft, or order for pay¬ 
ment, &c. 

Chitarah, a woven fabric of cotton 
and silk, made in Turkey. 

Chloraluill, the name for a chloride 
of aluminum, a recent discovery, and said 
to be a very valuable antiseptic and disin¬ 
fecting agent. 

Chlora, a genus of plants which yield 
a yellow dye; yellow wort. var j 

Chlorate of potash, a com. na¬ 
tion of chloric acid with potash, used in 
making matches, for bleaching oils anm 
fats, and as a medicine, and also in chemi¬ 
cal laboratories as an oxidizing agent. 

Chlorgenin, a green pigment ob¬ 
tained from madder. 

Chloroform, an anaesthetic agent, 
largely prepared as a commercial product, 
obtained by distilling a mixture of water, 
alcohol, and chloride of lime. Commercial 
chloroform undergoes a process of purifi¬ 
cation before it is dispensed by apotheca¬ 
ries. 

Chlorometer, an instrument for 
testing samples of bleaching powder. 

Clioadaiiy, a measure for oil in Mal¬ 
abar, equal to 3f gallons. 




130 


CHOCA. 


CHRYSAMMIC ACID. 


Choca, a mixture of coffee and choco¬ 
late. 

Chocolate cake, pulverized and 
prepared cocoa beans, flavored with sugar 
and other ingredients, used as a beverage 
and in confectionery. 

Chocolate-nut, a name given to the 
beans or seeds of theobroma cacao. 

Choice lot, a number of articles or 
quantity of merchandise above the average 
quality. 

Cholum, a name in the East Indies 
for grain. 

CI10011, a measure in Sumatra of H 
inch. 

Choose, to select; to pick out from a 
number. 

Chop, a term in China of common use 
in the tea trade, which means a brand or 
ma-rk, and is given by the brokers who 
make up the lots of tea in the country. It 
is frequently merely a fanciful appellation 
applied to each distinct lot of the same 
quality and origin, to distinguish it from 
other lots, even of the same sort. A chop 
can, therefore, says Williams , in his Chi¬ 
nese Commercial Guide, “be as few as 
2 or 3 chests, or as many as 1,200 ; a chop 
of Congou is usually 600 chests; but other 
kinds, not being so uniform, are reckoned 
by packages and not by chops.” In this 
country the term is employed to express or 
denote the entire bulk of a certain kind of 
tea brought to market, and is also used to 
denote teas or coffees and other goods of 
particular trade-marks, or brands, or quali¬ 
ty—first chop being equivalent to first 
quality, or first-rate. 

Cliow, the weight by which pearls 
are valued in India ; the term has also re¬ 
ference to the quality and value of the 
gen* ou scertained by the size, color, and 
we^ut. 

t 3 how-chow, a Chinese word ap¬ 
plied to any mixture; mixed pickles. 

Cliowkees, chairs made of rattans. 

Christiania, the capital of Norway, 
situate on the gulf or fiord of Christiania, 
about 60 miles from the sea. The exports 
of the city are principally timber, deal 
planks, glass bottles, iron, and copper ore, 
oil and ice, nails, bones, smelts and fish, 
and oak bark. Goods brought from 
abroad may be bonded or warehoused with 
a view'to their being again exported at a 
future time. 

In Norway there are no gold coins. The 
principal silver coin, called a species dol¬ 
lar, is divided into 120 skillings. There are 
also half-species, or 60-skilling pieces, |th 


species, ^th species, and what is denomi¬ 
nated skillemynt, or small change— i.e. 
4 and 2 skilling pieces. The species or 
silver dollar is equal to 4s. 4.71d sterling, 
making 4 species 33 skillings equal to £1 
sterling, or $4.84 American value. 

(The Weights and Measures are those 
of Copenhagen.) 

The annual imports from Sweden and 
Norway amount to about $1,000,000, the 
principal item being Swedish iron, of 
which no less than 46,500,000 lbs. were 
imported in 1869, at a cost of $1,100,000. 

The exports to Great Britain amount to 
between seven and eight millions of dollars, 
of which more than two-thirds consists of 
wood, timber, and fire-wood; the other 
principal articles being fish, ice, and cop¬ 
per ore. "Commissions on sale of goods, 
2 per cent.; brokerage fixed by law at §th 
per cent., which in practice is paid by sell¬ 
ers. 

Chri§tian d’or, a Danish gold coin, 
worth about $2.54. 

Chromate of potash, a yellow 
substance obtained from chromic acid and 
potash, used in dyeing. 

Chrome colors, colors containing 
chromium, and which, when dry, are of a 
soft powdery consistence, and may be 
mixed with oil without grinding. 

Chrome green, a bright green pig¬ 
ment, one of the chromium compounds. 

Chrome ochre, a clayey substance 
occurring in loose earthy masses, of a light 
green or yellowish green color. 

Chrome orange, a dark orange- 
red pigment, sub-chromate of lead. 

Chrome yellow, the chromate of 
lead, a pigment of various shades, from 
deep orange to the palest canary yellow. 

Chromic acid, a chemical prepara¬ 
tion in the form of an orange-red colored 
powder, used by bleachers and calico-prin¬ 
ters. 

Chromium, a whitish brittle metal, 
so named from its tendency to impart 
beautiful colors to its compounds. It is 
obtained from the red lead of Siberia, and 
from chromium ore in other localities. The 
green oxide of chromium gives an eme¬ 
rald green color, and is used for oil- 
painting, enamel, and porcelain. 

Chromo-lithographs, tinted and 
colored lithographs, produced by a pecu¬ 
liar mode of printing. 

Chronometer, an exact time-keep¬ 
er ; any instrument used for determining 
the longitude at sea. 

Chrysainmic acid, a coloring mat- 



CHRYSOBERYL. 


CIGARS. 


131 


ter obtained from aloes, also called poly¬ 
chromate. 

Clirysoberyl, a beautiful yellowish 
green, but very hard gem stone ; obtained 
from Brazil and Ceylon, and also found in 
Connecticut, Vermont, and New York. 

CSirysolite, a soft yellow gem stone; it 
is made into necklaces, hair ornaments, etc. 

Chrysopra§e, an apple-green or 
leek-green variety of chalcedony ; it is 
made into rings, bracelets, seals, etc. It 
is said to lose its color by being long kept 
in a dry, warm situation. 

Ctirysotypcs, a kind of photographic 
pictures. 

Chuck mill, a money of account in 
Malabar, equal to 00 cents. 

Chunaill, a white cement, composed 
of lime made from sea-shells, or coral and 
sea-sand, mixed with jaggree; a small 
weight for gold in Masulipatam, nearly 6 
grains. 

Chtirap, a weight of Central Asia, 
about 2.} lbs. 

Church regalia, priests’ robes and 
ornamental dresses, and such articles used 
in the service as are held and used by the 
hand, and kept and used only in the 
churches. Regalia being admitted free of 
duty, it frequently becomes important to 
the importer to know precisely what may 
fairly be included under the term. Frieze 
cloth in the piece, though imported ex¬ 
pressly for priests’ gowns, was decided not 
to be included. Let. of See. Tr'y to Rev. 
Wm. Sc]dosser, of III., Aug. 25, 1868. 

Cliurrus, a crude, resinous exudation 
obtained from the Indian hemp plant, most 
of which is collected by men clad in leathern 
dresses, who run through the hemp fields 
brushing through the plants with all pos¬ 
sible violence ; the soft resin adheres to 
the leather, and is subsequently scraped 
off and kneaded into balls. Sometimes 
the leathern attire is dispensed with, and 
the resin is collected on the skin of naked 
coolies. It is classed with drugs, and sells 
for about $2.75 per lb. 

Cider, a beverage or liquor, the ex¬ 
pressed juice of apples ; extensively made 
in most of the States, and sold by the bar¬ 
rel or in bottles. That known as Newark 
cider has the highest reputation, and com¬ 
mands the highest prices both in the home 
and in the West India and other markets. 
In the department of La Manche, in France, 
the quantity of cider made annually is es¬ 
timated to exceed 22,000,000 gallons. 

Cider brandy, a liquor distilled 
from cider. 


Cider-oil, cider concentrated by boil¬ 
ing, and to which is usually added whiskey 
or alcohol; a vile New Jersey liquor. 

Cider vinegar, vinegar made from 
cider. 

Cic, the French abbreviation for Com¬ 
pany, synonymous with the English “ Co.” 

Cigail, a classification term for prime 
quality wool in the Danubian provinces, 
strosse being the second quality. 

Cigar, a small quantity of leaf tobac¬ 
co rolled in a smooth leaf for smoking. 

Cigars, as articles of commerce, are 
chiefly manufactured in Havana, Manilla, 
Hamburg, Bremen, and New York. For 
the finest qualities the city of Havana and 
the immediate vicinity is the seat of the 
manufacture for most of the civilized 
world; the tobacco raised in the neighbor¬ 
hood of that city possessing certain quali¬ 
ties of flavor and color which are not 
found in the tobacco of any other country. 
The manufacture is mainly conducted by 
a number of well-established houses, whose 
trade-marks are well known in the principal 
cities of Europe and America. Those im¬ 
ported into the United States are put up 
in cedar boxes which contain— 


Half boxes. 

....500 

cigars. 

Quarter boxes.... 

....250 

u 

Tenth “ .... 

....100 

a 

Twentieth“ .... 

.... 50 

u 

Fortieth “ .... 

.... 25 

a 


Whole boxes of 1,000 rarely, if ever, 
come to this country. These cedar boxes 
are packed in large pine or deal cases or 
boxes, which contain from 3,000 to 20,000 
cigars. The bulk of the importations, per¬ 
haps nine-tenths, are in the tenth and 
twentieth boxes. 

The following terms designate the size 
or form of the cigar, as made by the vari¬ 
ous manufacturers:— 

Imperials, Londres Fino, 
Exceptionales, Chicos, 

Regalias, Trabucos, 

Cazadores, Conchas, 

Londres, Brevas, 

Regalia londres, Princesas, 

Media regalia, Medianos, 

There are a number of other names or 
terms, some of which are used only by 
one. and others by nearly all of the manu¬ 
facturers; but the above are among the 
ones best known in the United States. 

The grades are distinguished by 
lsts. 2ds. 3ds, or 

Primera, Seconda, Tercera, or 

Flor, Super, Bueno. 

The mark or trade name, which is proper- 


Entreactos, 

Operas, 

Regaletas, 

Panetelas, 

Especiales, 

Esparteros. 










132 


CIGARS. 


CINCHONA. 


ly the brand of the cigar, can only he used 
by the one who first adopts it, and is alto¬ 
gether arbitrary and fanciful, and, except 
where the name of the manufacturer is 
used, or where the mark becomes very 
popular, is very frequently changed. Thus 
Partagas , Upmann , Murias , are the names 
of manufacturers, and also the distinguish¬ 
ing trade name or brand for their cigars, 
same as Figaro , Sultana , Rosalia , Henry 
Clay , or Punch , are the distinguishing 
terms for quality with other manufac¬ 
turers. 

The color of the cigars is thus distin- 
. guished :— 

Clara, very light brown, 

Colorado, brown, 

Madura, very dark brown. 

From the foregoing it will be seen that 
the marks on a box usually branded would 
be— 

For quality. Size or form. Grade. Color. 

Figaro, Londres, lsts., Clara, 

Upmann, Conchas, Seconda, Colorado, 

Partagas, Medianos, Buena. Madura. 

Cubanas. Regalias. 

There is no difference in the quality or 
sizes of the grades distinguished by lsts, 
2ds, 3ds, or Primero, Seconda, etc. They 
are all made in the same manner, and with 
the same tobacco; but where a large lot is 
made, those which are the handsomest or 
best made are selected from the lot and 
marked lsts. The remainder of the lot is 
again selected from, and the best are 
marked 2ds, or secondas; the balance are 
the 3ds, or terceras, or buenos. Some 
manufacturers, however, do make 3ds 
from an inferior tobacco. 

The imports from Havana are very 
large, and the duties being high, a large 
revenue is derived from their importation. 

Large numbers of cigars are also manu¬ 
factured at Bremen, made generally in imi¬ 
tation of the Havana, put up in the same 
kind of boxes, and the printed labels, the 
marks and trades closely counterfeited or 
imitated. These cigars are of German, 
South American, or United States tobacco. 
The cigars manufactured in the United 
States are mostly of Cuba tobacco for the 
fillers, and Connecticut leaf for the wrap¬ 
pers. These are also put up in imitation 
of the Havanas. Some of these, however, 
are all Havana tobacco, and are, in make 
and quality, nowise inferior to those made 
in Havana from the same grade of to¬ 
bacco. 

The Manilla cigars are made from the i 
tobacco of the country, which is mild, 
pale-colored, and has no particular charac- I 


ter. They are imported usually in cedar 
boxes, containing 500 each. The forms 
or sizes are known as Habanas and Corta- 
dos, the latter being what are usually 
termed cheroots. The Habanas are made 
like the Havanas, and the sizes of both 
kinds are distinguished by the numbers, 
1, 2, and 3, the bulk of the imports being 
No. 2. The prices of both kinds of the same 
No. are the same. It is supposed that the 
tobacco used in the manufacture of most 
of the Manilla cigars is sprinkled with a 
weak solution of opium. 

By the Act of Congress of July 1866, it 
is provided that no cigars shall be imported 
in boxes containing over 500 in each box, 
and no importation allowed of a less quan¬ 
tity than 3,000 in each single package ; 
and every box, before passing from the 
custody of the Government officers, is re¬ 
quired to be inspected and stamped. 

Cigar boxes, wooden boxes, usually 
of cedar, in which cigars are packed; a 
box of cigars means a box containing 1,000. 
In Germany, cheap cigars are put in boxes 
made of spruce or other kinds of cheap 
wood, and stained so as to imitate cedar. 

Cigar eases, boxes of fancy paste¬ 
board, leather, or other semi-flexible ma¬ 
terial, made to contain from six to twenty 
cigars, and shaped to carry in the pocket. 

Cigarettes, diminutive cigars of cut 
tobacco wrapped in paper, for smoking like 
cigars; when weighing more than 3 lbs. per 
1,000 they are so far considered as cigars 
as to be liable to the same revenue tax ; 
and when imported in bundles must be 
packed in boxes of 500, and stamped before 
delivery to importer; and the mouth¬ 
piece of imported Russian cigarettes, being 
part of the wrappers, is equally liable to 
duty with the other parts. 

Cigar-holders, mouth-pieces or 
tubes of horn, amber, metal, or other 
material, in which the cigar is partly insert¬ 
ed when being smoked. 

Clmolite, a soft variety of pyroxine, 
a clay of a grayish white color, very abun¬ 
dant in the Island of Cimolos in the Gre¬ 
cian archipelago; it has the property of 
cleaning cloth and bleaching linen, and is 
used as a substitute for fullers’ earth, 
called also kimaulia earth. 

ClllcllOBBci, the barks of various South 
American trees known in commerce as Pe¬ 
ruvian and Calisaya bark, and from which 
quinine is obtained; it is sometimes called 
Jesuits’ bark, but is usually bought and 
sold under the name of Peruvian bark or 
Calisaya bark. 






CINCINNATI. 

Cincinnati, the chief commercial 
city of the State of Ohio, situate on the 
Ohio river, at a point nearly midway be¬ 
tween its mouth and Pittsburg. It is the 
most populous of the cities of the Western 
States, and, in manufacturing and com¬ 
mercial importance, ranks at this time 
(1871) as the fourth city in the Union. The 
thousands of miles of water communica¬ 
tion by the rivers and canals, and the very 
extensive railroad connections at this point, 
furnish superior facilities for the introduc¬ 
tion of the immense surplus products of 
the vast regions to which Cincinnati is a 
centre, and give equal facilities for trans¬ 
shipping and distributing them to the places 
where they are respectively in demand. 
The annual value of the manufactured 
products of the city, which form apart of 
the exports, is from 100 millions to 120 
millions of dollars. The gross exports 
amount to 200 millions of dollars. Foreign 
merchandise may be imported into the 
city, via New Orleans, in the manner pre¬ 
scribed by the Act of Congress of March, 
1831, entry being made at the last-named 
port, and the duties paid to the U. S. Sur¬ 
veyor at Cincinnati. The direct yearly 
imports of foreign goods under this provi¬ 
sion amount to about $1,000,000. The 
pork trade of the city is a leading feature. 
The average number of hogs packed each 
year is very nearly 400,000; the largest num¬ 
ber ever reached, which was in 1865, was 
600,000. The average weight of the hogs 
is about 215 lbs. The principal exports 
of the city are pork, hams, bacon, lard, 
candles, soap, manufactures of furniture, 
clothing, whiskey, wines, grain, wool, cast¬ 
ings, etc., and general merchandise. The 
Annual Report of the Chamber of Com¬ 
merce gives very full details of the com¬ 
merce of the city, and much information 
of general interest to the commercial com¬ 
munity. 

Tariff of Charges established by the Chamber of Com¬ 
merce in Cincinnati: 

COMMISSIONS. 

On sales of flour, pork, beef, lard, bacon, tallow, 
oils, sugar, molasses, coffee, cotton, live or dressed 
hogs, pig iron or blooms, for guaranteeing time sales, 
for drawing and negotiating bills with endorsement, 
and for adjusting insurance on losses on amount re¬ 
ceived, 2)4 per cent. On sales of domestic liquors, 
except whiskey or high wines, 5 per cent. On high 
wines, on account of distillers, per bar., 50 cents; 
on rye, wheat, or barley, oats and com, per bush., 2 
cents; on apples and potatoes, per bar., 25 cents; 
potatoes in bulk, per bush., 10 cents; butter and 
cheese, 5 per cent., and generally on all other mer¬ 
chandise, 5 per cent. On purchasing flour, cash in 
hand, per bar., 10 cents; on pork, beef, lard, bacon, 
tallow, cotton, 2)4 per cent. 


CINCINNATI. 133 

PORK BUSINESS. 

Bulking meats, per 1,000 lbs.$4.50 

Rendering lard, per 100 lbs. 50 

Packing mess pork, per barrel.3.50 

Packing & trimming pork, exc. of bar. & salt.. 45 

Packing bulk meat in hhds, exc. of hhds. 37)4 

Packing bacon in hogsheads, exc. of hhds. 37)4 

Pa’g canv’sd hams, in tcs., exc. of tcs. & paper. 30 

Packing bacon in tierces, exc. of boxes. 25 

Packing Eng. middles, exc. of boxes & salt, per 

box. 40 

Packing hams, in slack brls. exc. of brls., per bar. 20 
Packing hams, sides, or shoulders, in tight hhds. 

exc. of hhds., per hhd. 75 

Smoking meat, per 1,000 lbs. 1.50 

Weighing bulk pork or bacon, per 1,000 lbs. 12)4 

Nailing, boring, weighing, & marking same, per 

tierce. 5 

Nailing, boring, weighing, & marking same, per 

barrel. 4 

Nailing, boring, weighing, and marking same, 

per keg. 2 

Sugar-curing hams, per lb. l 

Canvasing same, exc. of material, per ham.... 4 

Clearing rib bulk sides, per 1,000 lbs. 1.00 

“ clear rib “ “ 75 


All goods consigned for sale are liable to be sold at 
any time, to protect advances. 

All merchandise left with a Commission Merchant, 
and ordered to be held, and upon which advance has 
been made, or acceptance given, the Commission 
Merchant is entitled to a commission at the end of 
each sixty days, whether the goods have been sold or 
not; but he must notify the owner of this rule in 
writing, when the goods are left and the advance 
made. 

COTTON BUSINESS. 

Regular rates of insurance to be charged. 

The charge for fire insurance, one-quarter (%) of 
one per cent, per month. 

Drayage, unless delivered free by transportation 
companies, 20 cents per bale from river, 25 cents per 
bale from railroad. 

Sampling, labor, and mending, 50 cents per bale. 

Charge for weighing, 20 cents per bale. 

“ “ storing, for first month, per bale, 50 

cents. 

Charge for each month thereafter, per bale, 25 
cents. 

Charge for municipal tax, one-eighth (%) of one per 
cent. 

Charge for commission on sales, 2)4 percent., but 
in no case less than $1.50 per bale. 

Interest at the rate of 10 per cent, per annum on 
advances of every character. 

Cotton held longer than 60 days, liable to an addi¬ 
tional charge of 2)4 per cent, on amount advanced 
and accrued charges. 

RECEIVING AND FORWARDING. 

Whiskey, pork, lard, fish, and tallow, per barrel $00.5 


Cotton, per bale.. 12 

Flour, per barrel. 3 

Kegs of lard and butter, per keg. 2 

Hogsheads of bacon and tallow, per hogshead. 10 

Pork or bacon, in bulk, per 1,000 lbs. 12 

Hats, bonnets, shoes, and feathers, per package 5 

Salt, per barrel. 5 

Salt, per sack. 3 

Leaf tobacco, per hogshead or box. 25 

Sugar, per hogshead. 25 

Molasses, per barrel. 6 

Beans, dried apples and peaches, per package. 5 

Pig iron, per ton. 20 

Al l other articles of produce or merchandise, 
per 100 pounds, including transfer. 10 


For advancing charges and freight, 2)4 per cent. 






























134 


CINNABAR. 


CLARY. 


ON STEAMBOAT BUSINESS. 

For engaging Boats to go to other points 
for freight (on amount of freight).... 2)4 percent. 
For procuring freight (not over $25 nor 

less than $5 on any voyage). 2)4 “ “ 

For collecting freight accounts.1 “ “ 

For purchasing outfits and making dis¬ 
bursements for boats, with funds in 

hand. ..2)4 “ “ 

For selling or purchasing boats (without 

guaranty). 2)4 “ “ 

Cinnabar, the ore from which the 
mercury of commerce is obtained, and from 
which a red pigment known as vermilion 
is prepared. Most of the vermilion used 
in the arts is artificial cinnabar, a chemical 
preparation of mercury. 

Cinnamon, the spicy or aromatic 
pungent inner bark of the laurus cinnamo- 
mum , a tree of Ceylon; the cinnamon gar¬ 
dens near Columbo, the capital of Ceylon, 
cover an extent of 12,000 acres, the yield 
rangingfrom 50 to 500 lbs. per acre. Dif¬ 
ferent species of the cinnamomum tree are 
found also in South America and China. 
The barking season continues from May till 
October. Branches of three years old are se¬ 
lected and topped off with a pruning-knife. 
To remove the bark a longitudinal incision 
is made through it on both sides of the 
shoot, so that it can be gradually loosened 
and taken off entire, forming hollow cylin¬ 
ders. It is collected in bundles and the 
outer rough bark removed by fermentation; 
it is then slowly dried, rolling up in the 
form of a quill, and assorted and tied up in 
bundles of 30 lbs. weight. The inferior 
kinds are distilled for the oil of cinnamon. 
The best stick cinnamon is very thin, of a 
light yellowish color and of a sweet aro¬ 
matic taste; when ground it is frequently 
adulterated with cassia, sago meal, or ar¬ 
row-root. 

Cinnamon oil, a fragrant oil ob¬ 
tained from the cinnamon leaves by distil¬ 
lation ; it resembles the oil of cloves in its 
properties, and has a fragrant odor and a 
very pungent taste; there are two oils of 
cinnamon in commerce—one procured from 
the Ceylon cinnamon, the other from the 
Chinese cinnamon, the latter often called 
oil of cassia; there is no essential differ¬ 
ence in the two oils. 

Cinnamon stone, a variety of lime 
garnet of a clear, cinnamon-brown tint, 
forming, when polished, a beautiful gem ; 
found in Ceylon, and, it is said, also near 
Yonkers, New York. 

Cinque Ports, originally five privi¬ 
leged and chartered ports on the coasts of 
Kent and Sussex, England; comprising 
Sandwich, Dover, Hythe, Romney, and 


Hastings; to these have been added Win- 
chelsea, Rye, and Seaford. 

Cipolen, a white marble of Italy, with 
shadings or veins of green. 

Circular note, a letter of credit pay¬ 
able at different places, granted by bankers 
for the convenience of travellers. 

Circulars, printed or lithographed 
handbills, notes, or advertising letters, of 
which copies are sent to different persons. 

Circulating medium, cash and 
bank-notes payable on demand ; that which 
represents the value of articles bought and 
sold ; the medium of exchanges. 

Cireulatioaa, currency, or substitute 
for money. 

Cist, anything for holding, as a bag, 
basket, case or chest. 

Ciselure, chased or embossed work. 

Citreal, oil of lemons. 

Citrene, of a dark yellow, or lemon 
color. 

Citric acid, as prepared for com¬ 
merce, is the juice of limes and lemons 
combined with mucilage, and sometimes a 
little sugar, but on account of its liability 
to ferment, it is also prepared in crystals, 
by saturating the lemon-juice with chalk 
and subjecting it to further chemical pro¬ 
cesses. It is used on vessels as a preven¬ 
tive of sea scurvy, and in making acidu¬ 
lous effervescing drinks. 

Citron, the fruit of the citrus medica, 
or citron-tree; a large species of lemon, 
less acid than the common lemon, used in 
a candied state by confectioners. 

Citronella, an essential oil obtained 
from the grass andropogon and chiefly im¬ 
ported from Ceylon. 

Citron water, liquor distilled with 
the rind of citrons. 

Civet, a brown semi-fluid substance 
obtained from the civet-cat of Africa, and 
an animal allied to the same species in the 
East Indies. The drug is only used as a 
perfume, and is analogous to musk; it 
sells for from $00 to $80 per lb. 

Clafter, a name given to the fathom 
of six feet in Germany, Russia, and Swit¬ 
zerland ; in Hamburg it is only equal to 
68 inches. 

C]apE>oard§, thin narrow boards of 
varying lengths, from l£ to 3£ feet; in 
England, a board ready cut for making 
casks or staves. 

Claret, the name given to the red 
wines of Medoc, in France, mostly shipped 
from Bordeaux. 

Clary, a species of sage from which is 
made clary-water. 








CLARY-WATER. 


CLOSED. 


135 


Clury-waf er, a perfumed cordial or 
medicinal drink, made from the flowers of 
the clary, with brandy, sugar, cinnamon, 
and ambergris. 

Clays aluminous or argillaceous earths 
which disintegrate in w r ater and form va¬ 
rious mixtures of great value in commerce. 
The most important varieties are China 
clay or kaolin, for the manufacture of 
porcelain ; potters’ clay, for earthenware; 
common clay for brick; fire clay for fire¬ 
brick and crucibles; and pipe-clay. 

Clayed, a term applied to sugars which 
have been purified or bleached by a pecu¬ 
liar process of filtering through layers of 
clay. 

Clay iron-stone, a valuable iron 
ore. 

Clay pipes, pipes for smoking to¬ 
bacco, moulded from clay. 

Clear, transparent ; without deduc¬ 
tions ; net, as clear gain ; to absolve ; to 
clear a ship. 

Clearance, a document from a cus¬ 
tom-house officer, or other qualified person, 
permitting a ship to depart on her voyage ; 
a certificate given by the collector of a 
port that a vessel has been entered and 
cleared according to law. The following 
is the 

FORM. 

District of New York , Port of New York. 

These are to certify to all whom it doth 
concern, that John Smith , master or com¬ 
mander of the ship George Washington , 
burden (900 tons) or thereabouts, mounted 
with — guns, navigated with (16 men) 
American built, and bound for Bremen, hav¬ 
ing on board a cargo of staves and cotton , 
hath here entered and cleared his said ves¬ 
sel according to law. 

Given under our hands and seals at the 
custom-house of New York, this 10th day of 
March, 1871, and in the 95th year of indepen¬ 
dence of the United States of America. 

Thomas Murphy, Collector. 

Moses H. Grinnell, Naval Officer. 

Clearing-Saouse, a kind of bank¬ 
ing exchange, established in New York, 
for the convenience of daily settlements; 
the drafts on each other are mutually ex¬ 
changed without the individual presenta¬ 
tion of each at the banks, and a balance 
struck, which balance only is paid in cash. 

Clerical error, an error in calcula¬ 
tion, or an omission, or other accidental 
error on the books, or on any document 
or commercial paper. In a case where, by 
reason of a clerioal error, a merchant paid 
$200 more duty than was justly due, the 
Treasury Department refused to refund 
the excess “because the importer, when 
he made entry, had sworn to the value of 
the merchandise, and the statute provides 


that the duty shall not be assessed upon 
an amount less than the invoice or entered 
value.”— Sec.^of the Treat?y to Mr. Trow¬ 
bridge, April 1, 1865. It is no un¬ 
common occurrence for merchants who 
discover clerical errors against themselves 
to report them to the Collector and to pay 
the deficiency. But such unjust and tech¬ 
nical ruling as this, is well calculated to 
deter importers from this honorable course. 
In another and subsequent case, on a simi¬ 
lar application, authority was given by the 
Department ‘ ‘ to allow the correction to 
be made .”—Decision of Sept. 2, 1869. 

Clerk, an accountant; a subordinate 
or assistant in the store of a retail trader. 

Clicliy white, a pure white-lead, 
manufactured at Clichy, in France. 

Clillk-§toiie, a German mineral 
which yields a metallic sound under the 
hammer. 

Clinquant, orsedew, or Dutch gold- 
leaf ; tinsel, glittering. 

Clip, the wool sheared from a sheep; 
a clasp or spring holder for letters and 
papers. 

Clipper, a small sailing vessel with 
raking masts, built and rigged with a view 
to fast sailing. 

Clipper built, large vessels built 
after the clipper model. 

Clipper §liip, a fast-sailing vessel, 
built more for fast sailing than for carry¬ 
ing large cargo. 

Cloaking'S, woollen dress materials, 
plain and fancy, for cloaks. 

Clocked stockings, hose which 
have a worked pattern or embroidery on 
the ankle. 

Clocks, various kinds of ornamental 
clocks are imported from Germany and 
France into the United States, while thou¬ 
sands of cheap metallic ones, made mostly 
in the Eastern States, are exported to all 
parts of the world from New York. 

cioir, or Clough, a commercial term 
for an allowance of 2 lbs. on every 3 cwt., 
after tret is subtracted. It is never used 
in the United States, and at present very 
little in England. 

Clogs, wooden shoes. 

Clog soles, thick soles of wood for 
clogs, of which about 2£ millions are es¬ 
timated as made annually in the northern 
counties of England, chiefly for workmen; 
they sell for about 22 cents the dozen. 

Close buyer, one who searches the 
market and buys at the lowest rates. 

Closed, a store is closed wdien taken 
possession of by an officer of the law on 





136 


CLOSE DEALER. 


COAL PRODUCTS. 


an execution or other process; or when 
shut up for the night; or when, by the- act 
of the owner, he sees proper to close the 
doors, or to cease to transact business in it. 

Close dealer, not liberal,—one who 
buys closely and in selling is very careful 
not to give more than accurate weight or 
measure. 

Close dealing, exacting; shrewd 
or tight bargaining; just within the limits 
of fairness or honesty,—sometimes a little 
over the line. 

Closiaag an account, balancing 
the items by an adjustment of the debtor 
and creditor sides. 

Closing Smsiness, selling off the 
stock and settling accounts with a view of 
relinquishing the trade. 

Closing tile store, as when a tra¬ 
der breaks up his business; shutting up 
and suspending business till next day. 

Clotli, a woven textile fabric, broad 
or narrow, of wool, cotton, flax, hair, 
etc.,—but more usually applied to wool¬ 
len fabrics. 

Clothes, garments for the person; 
articles of dress or apparel are not neces¬ 
sarily and always clothes. 

Clotli Baal Is, a term used in England 
for meeting-places at Bradford, Halifax, 
Huddersfield, Leeds, and other places 
where the clothiers and purchasers of 
woollens assemble periodically to transact 
business. 

Clotlaier, in England a maker of, or 
dealer in, cloth or clothes, but in this coun¬ 
try restricted to one who makes or sells 
clothes. 

Clotlaiaig, the essential parts of men 
and women’s clothes, as coats, trousers, 
vests, shirts, dresses, petticoats, etc. 

Clotliilig-wool, the designation of 
one of the three classes into which all for¬ 
eign wools are divided by Act of Congress 
of March 2, 18G8, and includes merino and 
all the finer kinds.—See Wool. 

Clotli papers, coarse papers, glazed 
and unglazed, for pressing woollen cloths. 

Clouding, an appearance given to 
ribbons and silks in the process of dyeing. 

Clout nails, short nails with large 
heads. 

Clove, an English weight, for wool, 
7 lbs.; for cheese, 8 lbs. 

Clove bark, a commercial name 
given to the barks of two different trees, 
one being the cinnamomum culibaban , 
growing in the Eastern Archipelago, and 
the other the clicypelUum caryophillatum , 
found in Brazil. 


Clover-seed, the seed of a valuable 
grass, an article of commerce, sold usually 
in casks by weight. 

Cloves, the dried unexpanded flower- 
buds of the clove-tree, a celebrated spice 
cultivated on the island of Amboyna, in 
Sumatra, Zanzibar, Bourbon and Cayenne ; 
the culture and trade in this article was a 
monopoly in the hands of the Dutch for 
many years. The imports into the United 
States are about 200,000 lbs. annually ; and 
into England about 1,000,000. The name 
is derived from the resemblance of the 
spice to small nails, and in all countries it 
is called by a name having this signification. 

Clove steins, stems from the clove, 
tree; they are imported into the United 
States pure, and are used in the adultera¬ 
tion of allspice, cloyes, and other spices; 
they are very cheap, and are slightly aro¬ 
matic and fragrant. 

Club moss, see Lycopodium. 

Clue, thread wound upon a ball. 

Cluonp boots, heavy boots for rough 
wear. 

Coaster or kail aster, a coarse 
kind of tobacco made from Havana leaf, 
and which derived its name originally 
from being imported in rush or canr 
baskets. 

Co., an abbreviation of Company, as 
Brown Brothers & Co. 

Coal, mineral fuel, bituminous and 
anthracite, which enters largely into com¬ 
merce for domestic use, for the manufac¬ 
ture of gas, as fuel in manufacturing e«- 
tablishments, and for propelling steam-en¬ 
gines on land and on sea. In England the 
term is generally used in the plural number, 
and always conveys the meaning bituminous 
coal. The amount of coal mined in Great 
Britain is estimated at about four times 
the amount mined in the United States, 
which for the latter, in the year 1870, was 
estimated at 30,000,000 tons. 

Coal, to take a supply of coal on board 
of a steam vessel. 

Coal inerciiant, one who buys and 
sells coal. 

Coal oils, a general name for mineral 
oils. Neither an “expressed oil,” nor a 
“volatile or essential oil.” Let. Sec. Tv. 
June 28, 1858. 

Coal operator, one who owns or 
controls, and conducts or operates a coal 
mine. 

Coal products. Various commercial 
products are obtained from bituminous 
coal by distillation or chemical treatment, 
—naphtha, benzole, illuminating and iu- 



COAL TAR. 


COCOA-NUT. 


137 


bricating oils, the aniline colors, carbolic 
acid, paraffine, &c. 

Coal till*, tar made from bituminous 
coal, a product of gas-making. 

Coarse, not line ; made of large fibres 
or threads, as coarse cloth, coarse linen, 
&c. 

Coaster, a small vessel employed in 
the trade along shore, and which does not 
sail far from land. 

Coasting, trading between ports 
along the coast. 

Coasting trade, the trade carried 
on by sea, between places belonging to the 
same country. 

Coasting vessel, a coaster. 

Coast waiter, a custom-house officer 
employed on the coast. 

Coast wist*, along the coast. 

Cobalt, a mineral, the oxides of which 
are used to produce the various shades of 
blue in the manufacture of porcelain and 
pottery. 

Cobalt bloom, the red arseniate of 
cobalt, a mineral found with the ores of co¬ 
balt, and used in the manufacture of smalt. 

Cobalt blue, a pigment of alumina 
and phosphate of cobalt, or vitrified oxide 
of cobalt, silica, and potash. 

Cobalt green, a preparation of co¬ 
balt and iron. 

Cobailg, a gold coin of Japan of about 
27s., or f$6.50. 

Cobnat, an improved variety of the 
common hazelnut. 

Cobre, a European name for a superior 
quality of indigo made in Central America. 

CobHrg, a thin worsted fabric, a lady’s 
dress material, composed either of wool : 
and cotton, or of wool and silk. 

Cobweb lawn, a thin, flimsy, wo¬ 
ven fabric of cotton. 

Coca, the leaves of the Erythroxylon 
coca , a narcotic plant of Peru and Bolivia, 
largely used in connection with quicklime 
as a masticatory in the interior of South 
America, said to be more pernicious than 
opium. 

CocciiltlS, the name of a plant which 
produces the Cal umba root. 

Cocculus indicus, the Indian ber¬ 
ry; a small poisonous berry of several 
species of cocculus imported from the 
East, said to be used in adulterating malt 
liquors. 

Codicili 8 hi wood, the heart-wood 
of a tree which grows in Hayti, used as a 
cabinet wood. 

Coclie, a grain measure of Siam, of 

lbs. 


Cocbineal, the dried carcasses of the 
female cocus cacti, an insect; it is a native 
of Central America and Mexico, in certain 
provinces of which it is reared extensively 
with great care, and expressly as an article 
of commerce, and forms an important 
item of export from those countries. Co¬ 
chineal is a brilliant scarlet color, and its 
chief use is in dyeing ; it also furnishes the 
beautiful carmine pigment. The annual 
imports into Great Britain are not far from 
1,500 tons, and valued at more than 
$3,000,000 ; the annual imports into the 
United States average about one-third that 
of England. The cochineal insect feeds 
upon the cactus cochiniUifer , cactus tuna 
(prickly pear), &c., planted in large quanti¬ 
ties expressly as food for this insect. Cochi¬ 
neal is frequently adulterated with dried 
dough and sulphate of barytes, especially 
that kind called the East India cochineal; 
the two varieties best known in commerce 
are distinguished by the names of silver 
grains and black grains; there is no differ¬ 
ence in their quality, but another variety 
called the wild cochineal is much inferior. 
Dried cochineal may be kept in store-houses 
perfectly preserved for any number of years. 

docket, a term used in England for 
a warrant from the custom-house on en¬ 
tering goods, showing that the duty on 
them has been paid. Not used in the 
United States. 

Cocks Wilt ll, a steersman, or chief 
boatman; one who has the charge of a 
boat. 

Cocoa, the commercial name for the 
dried seeds or beans contained in the fruit 
pods of the theobroma cacao. In com¬ 
merce these seeds are sold raw, or roasted 
and crushed, and also prepared in the form 
of rock or flake cocoa, and when prepared 
(and generally some other substances add¬ 
ed) is made into cakes, and sold under the 
name of chocolate; the proper name 
should be cacao , which is the true name of 
the plant, and is entirely different from 
the cocoa with which it is constantly con¬ 
founded. 

Cocoa matting, Coir matting. 

Cocoa mats, mats made from coir, 
and also called coir mats. Cocoa mats is the 
name given them at Lowell, Mass., where 
they are largely manufactured from coir 
yarn imported from Calcutta and Bombay. 

Cocoa-llllt, the fruit of the cocoa- 
nut tree, cocos nucifera , a species of palm 
largely grown in tropical countries. 
When young they have a pulp very plea¬ 
sant for eating, and a milky liquid much 






138 


COCOA-NUT OIL. 


COFFEE. 


relished as a beverage. The older mats 
yield cocoa-nut oil. The husk of the nut 
forms the coir fibre of commerce. 

€ocoa*mit oil, oil expressed from 
the pulp of the cocoa-nut, which contains 
about 70 per cent, of oil and enters largely 
into commerce, and is used for soap and 
candles, as a lamp-oil, and as an ingredient 
in ointments. The best is imported from 
Ceylon and Cochin. 

Cocoa-nut shells, the hard shells 
of the cocoa; they are made into a variety 
of useful articles, such as cups, dippers, 
measures, &c. 

Cocoa wood, or cocus wood, a val¬ 
uable wood of Cuba which resembles the 
lignum vitas, and is used for turning, 
making flutes, &c. 

Cocoon, the nest formed by the silk¬ 
worm, from which the silk of commerce is 
obtained; cocoons are largely imported into 
the United States. 

Cociteii hotter, a greenish yellow, 
solid oil, obtained from the seeds of garcinia 
purpurea , and used in India to adulterate 
ghee or fluid butter, and is sometimes mixed 
with bears’ grease in pomatums. 

COCUS wood, a wood obtained in the 
West India islands, used for making flutes 
and other musical instruments, and in turn¬ 
ery. 

Codfish. This is among the most valu¬ 
able of the fish of commerce, and is known 
in all parts of the world as an article of food. 
It is taken off the coasts of Newfoundland, 
Nova Scotia, Labrador, Maine, and Massa¬ 
chusetts. The fishing commences about 
the 1st of June and continues till the end 
of November; a good day’s fishing fora 
boat with two men is about 300 of large 
size. When the boats return at night, the 
fish are split and cleaned and washed and 
rubbed with salt, in which they remain 
several days, when they are placed in piles 
to drain, after which they are spread on 
frames to dry, which process requires about 
twenty days* The fish quintal is 112 lbs. 
of dry fish. There are about 2,000 vessels 
and about 10,000 men and boys employed 
in the cod-fishery of the United States, and 
the annual product is about 30,000 tons. 
They ship upwards of 2,000,000 of lbs. 
annually from Newburyport, Mass., to the 
West Indies, packed in casks or drums, 
the larger size being 33 inches length of 
staves and 33 inches diameter of headings, 
and contain about (320 lbs. ; the other size, 
length of staves 33 inches and diameter of 
heading 24 inches, and contain about 450 
lbs. They are sold by the quintal of 


j 112 lbs., pronounced on the fishing coast 
kental. 

C. O. FK, collect on delivery ; packages 
sent by express companies or by agents 
thus marked are not delivered to the parties 
to whom they are addressed until the bills 
for the goods are paid ; the bill always ac¬ 
companies the package. 

the coarse tow of flax and 

hemp. 

Co«i- 5 ine§, lines used for catching ood- 
fish, an eighteen-thread line. 

Codings, small codfish. 

Cod-liver oil, an oil obtained from 
the different species of codfish. It is 
largely consumed in the arts, particularly in 
the preparation of leather, and is also much 
used as a medicine. Upon the coasts of 
Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New Eng¬ 
land, the boats which fish near the shore, so 
soon as they obtain a load run into land and 
deliver their cargoes to persons whose busi¬ 
ness it is to cleanse and salt the fish. The 
oil is prepared either in the huts of the fisher¬ 
men or more largely at establishments to 
which the livers are conveyed in quanti¬ 
ties ; that which is thus procured is called 
shore oil , and is the purest kind. The 
crews of the boats which fish upon the 
banks far from land, cleanse the fish at sea, 
and put the livers into barrels where they 
undergo a gradual decomposition, the oil 
rising to the surface, and the best of which 
is called straits oil , and that of the darkest 
color is called hanks oil. These three varie¬ 
ties are known in commerce as white, yel¬ 
low, and brown, or as pale yellow, brown¬ 
ish yellow, and dark brown. Much of the 
oil prepared by the fishermen is collected by 
the wholesale dealers, who keep it in large 
reservoirs until it becomes clarified by re¬ 
pose, and is then pumped into barrels as 
wanted for sale. The superiority claimed 
for the cod-liver oil of Norway, backed up 
by certificates in the form of nostrum ad¬ 
vertisements, has no foundation whatever. 

Cod roes, the smelt and spawn of the 
codfish, salted and dried ; from 20,000 to 
30,000 barrels are annually shipped from 
Norway to France, and used as ground 
bait, chiefly in the Bay of Biscay. 

CofF, the offal of the pilchard fishery. 

Coll’ce, the commercial name for the 
coffee berry or bean of the fruit of the cof¬ 
fee tree. The tree, which is cultivated in 
tropical regions, is usually from 8 to 12 
feet in height; the fruit when ripe resem¬ 
bles a cherry, and the fleshy portion which 
surrounds the seed is palatable. Two of 
! the beans of commerce form the seed of 



COGNAC. 


COIN. 


139 


each fruit; their flat sides are opposed to 
each other in the centre of the pulp, and 
are separated by a membrane which envel¬ 
opes them both; as the fruit dries the 
pulp forms a pod, which is removed by a 
process of curing in order to prepare the 
seed for market. The best coffee of com¬ 
merce is the Mocha, and next to this 
the Java. The principal supply of the 
United States comes from Brazil, and is 
imported in bags of 160 lbs. each. The 
coffee-tree is a native of Arabia, and is also 
found growing wild at Liberia, on the 
western coast of Africa; it is cultivated in 
various parts of the world where the tem¬ 
perature is sufficiently elevated and uni¬ 
form. In the London market the qualities 
or grades as indicated by the price-currents 
are something in the following order, com¬ 
mencing with the highest: Mocha, British 
East India, Java, Martinque, Jamaica. Costa 
Rica, Cuba, Batavia, Porto Rico, Brazil, St. 
Domingo, African, Sumatra. In New 
York, the grades are expressed by the 
terms, ordinary , fair, good , and prime; 
and so far as prices indicate quality, the 
following exhibits the order in which they 
are usually estimated:—First, Mocha, then 
Java, Singapore, and Ceylon (native); 
next, Laguayra, Manila, Maracaibo, Costa 
Rica, and Mexican; and next, Brazil and 
St. Domingo. 

More than half the coffee of the 
world is said to be of Brazilian growth, 
and a great deal of the best produce of 
Brazilian plantations, is sold under the 
name of Java or Mocha, or as the coffee of 
Martinique. That which is sold as Mocha 
is often the small beans of the Brazilian 
plant which are found at the summit of 
the branches and very carefully selected. 

Of the importations into the U. S. of 
250,000,000 of lbs., in the year 1867, 200,- 
000,000 lbs. came from Brazil; 8,000,000 
lbs. from the Dutch East Indies ; 3,000,000 
from British East Indies; from 4 to 5,000,- 
000 from Costa Rica; 5,000,000 from Ilay- 
ti; 17,000,000 from Venezuela; something 
less than 2,000,000 from the British West 
India Islands ; 1,500,000 from the Philip¬ 
pine Islands; 1,500,000 from Guatemala; 
1,000,000 lbs. from Colombia, and the bal¬ 
ance from Holland, China, England (direct), 
other West India islands, Africa, Sand¬ 
wich Islands, Portugal, &c. 

Cojfsaac, a name for a high grade of 
French brandy, so named from a town of 
that name. 

Cogware, coarse cloths worn in the 
north of England. 


Coliong, the name given to a com¬ 
pany of merchants at Canton (prior tc 
1842) who were licensed to trade with 
foreigners. 

(Joliosli, a common name for the 
snake-root. 

Coil, lead pipe, rope, etc., when for 
convenience of packing or handling they 
are curled or wound up in a series of 
rings. 

Coin, or Coins, pieces of metal, most¬ 
ly of a circular and flat shape, stamped 
with certain impressions which are in¬ 
tended to give them a legal and cur¬ 
rent value, and also as a guarantee for 
their weight and fineness ; they are gene¬ 
rally by law made a legal tender in pay¬ 
ment of debts, either to a limited or un¬ 
limited extent. The metals employed for 
the principal coins are gold and silver, and 
for inferior coins baser metals, such as 
copper, nickel, etc. 

The Coins of the United States are of 
gold, silver, and copper, Act of April 2, 
1792. And combinations of silver and 
copper, Act of March 3, 1851. Copper 
and nickel, Acts of Feb . 21, 1857; March 
3, 1865 ; May 16, 1866. Copper, tin, and 
zinc, Act of April 22, 1864. 

GOLD COINS. 

Double Eagle, value $20. 

Eagle, “ 10, weight 258 grs. 

Half-Eagle, “ 5, “ 129 “ 

Quarter Eagle, “ 24, “ 64^- “ 

The gold coins are legal tender in pay¬ 
ment of all sums whatever. 

Upon one side of each of said coins an 
impression emblematic of Liberty, and an 
inscription of the word “Liberty,” and 
the year of the coinage ; on the reverse 
side, figure or representation of an eagle, 
with the inscription, “ United States of 
America,” and a designation of the value 
of the coin. 

In addition to the Eagle and its divisions 
as above, there are also the following gold 
coins: The 

One-Dollar piece, value $1, on which 
piece the figure of the eagle is omitted. 
And the Three-Dollar piece, value $3. 

The devices of the last piece being, on 
one side, a head emblematic of Liberty, 
with the word ‘ ‘ Liberty ” on the crest, 
and the words “ United States of America ” 
encircling the head. Reverse side, “3 
Dollars,” and date of coinage, encircled by 
a wreath. 

SILVER COINS. 

Dollar—value equal to that of Spanish 




140 


COIN. 


COIN. 


milled dollar of 1792 (the date of Act au¬ 
thorizing- its coinage)—weight 412| gr. 
Half-Dollar, or piece of 50 cents, one-half 
of a dollar, weight 192 gr. Quarter Dol¬ 
lar, one-fourth of a dollar, weight 96 gr. 
Dime, one-tenth of a dollar, 38f gr. Half- 
Dime, one-twentieth of a dollar, weight 
19 uj gr. Three-cent piece, value 3c., f 
silver and i copper; weight - 6 % of the 
weight of the half-dollar. The devices are: 
Of dollar, half - dollar, and quarter dol¬ 
lar, impression emblematic of Liberty, 
with inscription of word “Liberty,” and 
year of the coinage ; upon reverse side, 
figure or representation of an eagle, with 
inscription “United States of America,” 
and designation of value of the coin. 

Upon reverse side of dime and half¬ 
dime, figure of eagle is omitted; rest of 
devices the same as on the dollar, etc. 

The Act of 3d March, 1851, which au¬ 
thorized the coinage of the three-cent 
piece, provided that the devices of said 
coin should be “ conspicuously different 
from those of the other coins, and of the 
gold dollar, but having the inscription 
‘ United States of America,’ and its de¬ 
nomination and date.” 

The silver dollars are k ‘ legal tenders of 
payment, according to their nominal values, 
for any sums whatever .”—Act of Jan. 18, 
1837. 

Half-dollars, quarter-dollars, dimes, and 
half-dimes, are “ legal tenders in payment 
of debts for all sums not exceeding five dol¬ 
lars.” —Act of Feb. 21, 1853. 

The three-cent pieces are legal tenders 
in payment of debts for all sums of thirty 
cents and under .—Act of March 3, 1851. 

“ The proportional value of gold to sil¬ 
ver in all coins which shall by law be cur¬ 
rent as money within the United States, 
shall be as fifteen to one, according to 
quantity in weight of pure gold or pure 
silver; that is to say, every fifteen pounds 
weight of pure silver shall be of equal 
value in all payments with one pound 
weight of pure gold, and so in proportion 
as to any greater or less quantity of the 
respective metals .”—Act of April 2 , 1792. 

“ The standard for both gold and silver 
coins of the United States shall hereafter 
be such, that of one thousand parts by 
weight, nine hundred shall be of pure 
metal, and one hundred of alloy, and the 
alloy of the silver coins shall be of copper, 
and the alloy of the gold coins shall be 
of copper and silver, provided that the 
silver do not exceed one-half of the whole 
alloy .”—Act of Jan. 18, 1837. 


copper corns. 

Cents, value one-hundredth part of a 
dollar, containing 11 pennyweights of cop¬ 
per.— Act of April 2, 1792. 

Devices : Upon one side, head emble¬ 
matic of Liberty, with word “ Liberty,” 
encircled by thirteen stars; date of coin¬ 
age beneath head. Reverse side, words 
“ United States of America,” and wreath 
enclosing words “ One Cent.” 

Cent, containing 88 per centum of cop¬ 
per, and 12 per centum of nickel. Weight 
72 grains, or of one oz. troy.— Act of 
Feb. 21, 1857. 

The devices of the first issue of this 
coin which the Director of the Mint se¬ 
lected, and Secretary of the Treasury ap¬ 
proved, under power given by the act, 
were : On one side, representation of an 
eagle flying; words “United States of 
America” forming a semicircle, and date 
of coinage. On reverse side, wreath with 
arrows, encircling words “ One Cent.” 

On later issues the devices were ma¬ 
terially changed; head of Liberty, with 
word “Liberty” on the crest, was sub¬ 
stituted for the flying eagle ; foliage of 
wreath was altered, and a representation 
of a shield inserted in it at the top. In 
other respects no alteration was made. 

Cent, containing ninety-five per centum 
of copper and five per centum of tin and 
zinc. Weight, 48 grains, or of one oz. 
troy. (Standard.)— Act of April 22, 1864. 

Devices are same as those of the last 
issue of cent authorized by Act of 1857. 

Two-Cent Piece: Contains 95 per cent, 
of copper, and 5 per cent, of tin and zinc. 
Weight 96 grains, or 3 - of one oz. troy. 
—Act of April 22, 1864. 

Devices are : On one side, shield and ar¬ 
rows, with foliage on each side; abovo 
the shield, scroll in which is inscribed 
the motto, “ In God we Trust; ” beneath, 
year of the coinage. Reverse side, the 
words “United States of America,” and 
a sheaf or wreath encircling figure “ 2,” 
and word “ Cents.” 

The one and two cent coins are legal 
tenders for any payment not exceeding four 
cents in amount.— Act of March 3, 1865. 

Three-Cent Piece : Composed of copper 
and nickel; not exceeding 25 per cent, of 
nickel. Standard weight, 30 grains.— Act 
of March 3, 1865. 

Devices: One side,head of Liberty, with 
word “Liberty” on crest; words “United 
States of America” encircling head, and 
date of coinage beneath. Reverse side, 
wreath encircling “ III.” 





COIN. 

This coin is a legal tender to the amount 
of GO cents. 

Five-Cent Piece : Composed of copper 
and nickel, in proportions fixed by Director 
of Mint. Standard weight, 77.16 grains. 
Act of May 16, 1866. 

Devices are: On one side, shield with 
cross at the top; foliage on each side ; 
words “In God We Trust” above, and 
date of coinage beneath. Reverse side, 
words “ United States of America,” cir¬ 
cle of 13 stars, separated from each other 
by short triple bars; within circle, figure 
“5,” and beneath it word “Cents.” 

This coin is a legal tender in any pay¬ 
ment to the amount of one dollar. 

“ In addition to the devices and legends 
upon the gold, silver, and other coins of the 
United States, it shall be lawful for the 
Director of the Mint, with the approval of 
the Secretary of the Treasury, to cause the 
motto, ‘In God We Trust,’ to be placed 
upon such coins hereafter to be issued as 
shall admit of such legend thereon.”— Act 
of March'd , 1865. 

FOREIGN GOLD AND SILVER COINS. 

The following Tables are from an official 
document prepared by Governor Pollock, 
Director of the United States Mint at 
Philadelphia: — 

“ The first column embraces the names of 
the countries where the coins are issued; the 
second contains the name of the coin, only 
the principal denominations being given. 
The other sizes are proportional; and when 
this is not the case the deviation is stated. 

“ The third column expresses the weight 
of a single piece in fractions of the troy 
ounce. 

“ The fourth column expresses the fine¬ 
ness in thousandths, i. e. , the number of 
parts of pure gold or silver in 1,000 parts 
of the coin. 

“ In the fifth column is shown the value 
as compared with the legal contents, or 
amount of fine gold in our coin. In the 
sixth is shown the value as paid in the 
Mint, after the uniform deduction of one- 
half of one per cent. The former is the 
value for any other purposes than recoin¬ 
age. The latter is the value in exchange 
for our coins at the Mint. 

“ For the silver there is no fixed legal 
valuation, the law providing for shifting 
the price according to the condition of 
demand and supply. The values in the 
fifth column of the second table are calcu¬ 
lated at the rate of 1221 cents per ounce 
of standard silver.” 


COIN. 141 


GOLD COIN'S. 



Oz. Dec. Thous. Dol’rs. 

Dol’r. 

Australia. £ of 1852... 

.0.281 

916.5 

5.32.4 

5.29.7 

44 

Sovereign of 





1855-60 .. 

.0.256.5 

916 

4.85.7 

4.83.3 

Austria.. 

. Ducat. 

.0.112 

986 

2.28.3 

2.27 

44 

. Sovereign.. 

.0.363 

900 

6.75.4 

6.72 

44 

.New Union 





Coin, as’md0.357 

900 

6.64.2 

6.60.9 

Belgium. 

.25 Francs... 

.0.254 

899 

4.72 

4.69.8 

Bolivia.. 

.Doubloon_ 

.0.867 

870 

15.59.3 

15.51.5 

Brazil... 

. 20 Milreis .. 

.0.575 

917.5 10.90.6 

10.85.1 

Cent. Am.'2 Escudos.. 

.0.209 

853.5 

3.68.8 

3.66.9 

4 4 44 

.4 Reals. 

.0.027 

875 

0.48.S 

0.48.6 

Chili .... 

.Old Doubl’n. 

.0.867 

870 

15.59.3 

15.51.5 

44 

.10 Pesos_ 

0.492 

900 

9.15.4 

9.10.8 

Denmark. 10 Thaler... 

.0.427 

895 

7.90 

7.86.1 

Equador.A Escudos.. 

.0.433 

844 

7.55.5 

7.51.7 

England. .£ or Sover’gn 





new.... 

.0.256.7 

910.5 

4.86.3 

4.83.9 

44 

. “ average 

.0.256.2 916 

4.85.1 

4.82.7 

France.. 

.20 Frncsnew.0.207.5 

899 

3.85.8 

3.83.9 

44 

. “ average 

.0.207 

899 

3.84.7 

3.82.8 

Ger., Nor. 10 Thaler... 

.0.427 

895 

7.90 

7.86.1 

4 4 44 

. “ Pruss’n. 0.427 

903 

7.97.1 

7.93.1 

44 44 

.Krone, 






(Crown).. 

.0.357 

900 

6.64.2 

6.60.9 

“ So.. 

.Ducat. 

.0.112 

986 

2.28.2 

2.27.1 

Greece... 

. 20 Drachms. 

.0.185 

900 

3.44.2 

3.42.5 

Hindustan Mohur. 

.0.374 

916 

7.08.2 

7.04.6 

Italy . 

. 20 Lire. 

.0.207 

898 

3.84.3 

3.82.3 

Japan... 

. Old Cobang. 

.0.362 

568 

4.44 

4.41.8 

44 

4 4 44 

.0.289 

572 

3.57.6 

3.55.8 

Mexico.. 

.Doub., av’ge 

.0.867.5 866 

15.53 

15.45.2 


... “ new..0.867.5 870.5 15.61.1 15.53.3 

... 20 Pesos 



(Max).. .0.986 

875 

19.64.3 

19.54.5 

44 

. “ (Repub.). 1.090 

875 

19.72.0 

19.62.1 

Naples... 

. 6 Ducacti, 

new.0.245 

996 

5.04.4 

5.01.9 

N'thrTndslO Guilders. .0.215 

899 

3.99.7 

3.97.6 

N. Gr'n'daOld Doubl’n, 

Bogota....0.868 

870 

15.61.1 

15.53.3 

44 44 

Old Doubl’n, 
Popayan . .0.867 

858 

15.37.8 

15.30.1 

44 44 

10 Pesos.0.525 

891.5 

9.67.5 

9.62.7 

Peru.... 

.Old Doubl’n.0.867 

868 

15.55.7 

15.47.9 

* 4 

.20 Soles.1.055 

898 

19.21.3 

19.11.7 

Portugal. Gold Crown. .0.308 

912 

5.80.7 

5.77. S 

Prussia. 

.New Crown, 

(assumed). 0.357 

900 

6.64.2 

6.60.9 

Rome ... 

. 2% Scudi 

(new).0.140 

900 

2.60.5 

2.59.2 

Russia .. 

.5 Roubles_0.210 

916 

3.97.6 

3.95.7 

Spain.... 

.100 Reals....0.268 

896 

4.96.4 

4.93.9 

44 

.80 “ ....0.215 

869.5 

3.86.4 

3.84.5 

Sweden.. 

.Ducat.0.111 

875 

2.23.7 

2.22.6 

44 

.Carolin,10 frs0.104 

900 

1.93.5 

1.91.5 

Tunis... 

.25 Piasters.. .0.161 

900 

2.99.5 

2.98.1 

Turkey.. 

.100 “ ...0.231 

915 

4.36.9 

4.34.8 

Tuscany. 

.Seguin.0.112 

999 

2.31.3 

2.30.1 

Austria . 

SILVER COINS. 

Oz Dec. 

....Old Rix Dollar.. 6.902 

Thous. 

833 

$1.02.3 

44 

.... Old Scudo. 

0.902 

836 

1 .02.6 

44 

.... Florin before 

1858. 

0.451 

833 

51.1 

44 

... .New Florin. 

0.397 

900 

48.6 

44 

... .New Union Dol. 

0.596 

900 

73.1 

44 

... .Maria Theresa 
Dollar 1780.. . 

0.895 

838 

1 .02.1 

Belgium. 

_5 Francs. 

0.803 

897 

98 

Bolivia.. 

... .New Dollar. 

0.801 

900 

98.1 

Brazil... 

... .Double Milreis.. 

0.820 

918.5 

1.02.5 

Canada . 

_20 Cents. 

0.150 

925 

18.9 

44 

.... 25 Cents. 

0.187.5 

i 925 

23.6 

Cent. Amer.. Dollar. 

0.866 

850 

1 .00.2 

Chili .... 

. , . .Old Dollar . 

0.864 

908 

1.06.S 





































142 

COIN. 




Oz. Dec. Thous. 

Dol’r. 

Chili . 

...New Dollar.0.801 

900.5 

98.1 

China ... . 

. .Dollar (English), 




assumed.0.806 

901 

1.07.2 

tt 

. .10 Cents.0.087 

901 

10.6 

Denmark.. 

. .2 Rigsdaler.0.927 

877 

1.10.6 

England .. 

..Shilling, new... 0.182.5 

924.5 

23 

tt 

44 av’rge. 0.178 

925 

22.4 

France _ 

. .5 Franc, av’rge.. 0.800 

900 

98 

tt 

. .2 Franc.0.820 

885 

36.4 


Germ'y, Nor .Thaler b’fre 1857. 0.712 

“ “ .New Thaler.0.595 

4 4 So .. Florin b’fre 1847. 0.340 

44 ..New Florin (as- 


750 

900 

900 


72.7 
72.9 

41.7 



sumed) . 

0.340 

900 

41.7 

Greece . 

. 5 Drachms. 

0.719 

900 

88.1 

Hindustan.. 

.Rupee. 

0.374 

916 

46.6 

Japan . 

. Itzbu. 

0.279 

991 

37.6 

tt 

.New Itzbu. 

0.279 

890 

33.8 

Mexico . 

.Dollar, new. 

0.867.6 

903 

1.06.6 

tt 

44 average.. 

0.866 

901 

1.06.2 

tt 

. Peso of Maximil- 
ian. 

0.861 

890.5 

1.05.5 

Naples . 

. Scudo . 

0.844 

830 

95.3 

Netherlands.. 2M Guilders.... 

0.804 

944 

1.03.3 

Noncay _ 

. Specie Daler .... 

0.927 

877 

1.10.7 

N. Grenada . Dollar of 1857 ... 

0.803 

896 

98 

Peru■ . 

.Old Dollar . 

0.866 

901 

1.06.2 

tt 

.Dollar of 1858. . . 

0.766 

909 

94.8 

tt 

.Half Dollar 1835 
and 1838 . 

0.4.33 

650 

38.3 

tt 

.Sol . 

0.802 

900 

98.2 

Prussia . 

. Thaler b’fre 1857 

0.712 

750 

72.7 

tt 

.New Thaler. 

0.595 

900 

72.9 

Rome . 

.Scudo. 

0.864 

900 

1.05.8 

Russia . 

. Rouble. 

0.667 

875 

79.4 

Sardinia ... 

.5 Lire. 

0.800 

900 

98 

Spain . 

. New Pistareen .. 

0.166 

899 

20.3 

Sweden . 

.Rix Dollar . 

0.902 

750 

1.11.5 

Switzerland. 

.2 Francs . 


S99 

39.5 

Tunis . 

.5 Piastres . 

0.511 

898.5 

62.5 

Turkey . 

.20 Piastres . 

0.770 

830 

87 

Tuscany .. .. 

.Florin . 

0.220 

925 

27.6 


Chinese Gold Coin. —The Chinese 
have not until very recently coined any 
gold or silver. The small change of the 
country has been the “copper cash,” while 
the only silver coin in circulation was the 
Mexican dollar. They are now said to be 
coining gold, and samples have been ex¬ 
hibited at San Francisco. These coins are 
in the main like the copper cash, having a 

Mint of the United States , Philadelphia. 

Gold Coinage. Doub. eag. Half eng. $3.00. Qaar. eag. Dollars. Bars, value. 

1793 to 1870, No. of pieces.14,342,307 | 3,525,763 | 300,356 | 8.415,252 | 17,732,252 | $35,090,923 

Silver Coinage. Dollars. Half dols. Quar. dols. Dimes. Half Dimes. Three cts. Bars. val. 
1793 to 1870, No. of pieces. .4,291,640 | 133,115,554 | 74,806,612 | 66,658,485 | 74,017,128 | 42,001,130 | 399,806 
Copper Coinage. Five cent. Three cent. Two cent. One cent. Half cent. 

1793 to 1870, No. of pieces.93,251,000 | 24,187,250 | 44,187,250 | 470,771,744 | 7,985,223 

Total Coinage, of Philadelphia Mint. 


COINAGE. 

square hole in the middle, a polished rim 
around the edge without milling, and rais¬ 
ed characters between the raised disc and 
the centre. The gold appears to be pure, 
or alloyed differently from ours, being of a 
bright yellow hue, and the weight is equal 
to about $3.40 of our coinage. 

Japanese Coins.— The coins adopted by 
the Government consist of the one yen 
(or dollar) silver piece, weighing416 grains, 
nine-tenths fine. This piece is the stand¬ 
ard of value, and is legal tender for all 
amounts. The remaining coins consist of 
subsidiary silver and gold. The subsidiary 
silver is fifty sens, weighing 208 grains, 
eight-tenths fine ; the twenty sens, weigh¬ 
ing 83 2-10 grains, eight-tenths fine; the 
ten sens, weighing 41 6-10 grains, eight- 
tenths fine; and the five sens, weighing 20 
8-10 grains, eight-tenths fine. 

The gold coins which are legal tenders 
for 100 pieces are ten yens (or dollars), 
weighing 248 grains, 9-10 fine; five yens, 
weighing 124 grains, 9-10 fine; and two 
yens, weighing 49 6-10 grains, 9-10 fine. 

The copper pieces consist of the one sen 
(or one-cent piece), (or one-hundredth of a 
yen,) and weighing 110 grains; the half 
sen, or one two-hundredth of a yen, weigh¬ 
ing 55 grains, and the one rin, answering 
to our mill, weighing 14 grains, being one 
one-thousandth of a yen. 

The subsidiary silver is legal tender for 
100 pieces, the same as the gold. 

Colli age, assaying and converting 
metals (especially gold and silver) into 
pieces of money or coins, according to fixed 
standards of fineness and purity. The 
following Table exhibits the government 
coinage of the United States, from the es¬ 
tablishment of the Mint down to the year 
1870:— 


Total Coinage. 
1793 to 1817... 
1818 to 1837... 
1838 to 1847... 
1848 to 1857... 
1858 to 1867... 

1868 . 

1869. 


No of pieces. 

52,019,407 

158,882,816 

88,327,378 

244,898,373 

443,062,405 

46,663,590 

34,659,240 

21,328,740 


Yalue of gold. 

$5,610,957 

17,639,382 

29,491.010 

256,950,474 

128,252,763 

3,963,273 

3,308,779 

2,830,752 


Yalue of silver. 

$8,268,295 

40,566,897 

13,913,019 

22,365,413 

14,267,879 

321,479 

526,836 

1,152,960 


Value of copper. 

$319,340 

476,574 

349.676 

517,222 

5,752,310 

1,717,385 

1,279,055 

611,445 


Total. 

$14,198,593 

58,682,853 

43,753,705 

279,833,110 

148,272,952 

5,998,137 

5,114,671 

4,595,158 


Total. 1,089,841,949 448,047,392 101,382,781 11,019,008 560,449,182 




























































COLLECTOR. 


COIR. 


143 


Total Coinage of the Mint at Philadelphia and all the Branches , from their respective 
dates of commencement of coinage to the 30 th of June , 1870. 


Philadelphia*.1793 

San Francisco.1854 

New Orleans, to Jan. 

31, 1801. 1838 

Charlotte, to March 

31, 1801. 1838 

Dahlonega, to Feb. 

28, 1801. 1838 

New York (Assay)... 1854 

Denver.1803 

Carson City. 1870 

Charlotte (reopened). 1809 


Gold , value. Silver , value. Pieces. Entire value. 

$448,047,392 $101,382,781 1,089,841,949 $1,500,449,182 
288,440,700 7,084,457 ' 30,727,049 290,125,103 


40,381,015 29,890,037 


94,890,099 


70,271,052 


5,048,041 

0,121,919 

179,780,145 

3,532,300 

110,570 

19,209 


4,580,015 


19,793 

322 


1,200,954 

1,381,780 

38*500 


5,048,041 

0,121,919 

184,300,100 

3,532,300 

130,309 

19,591 


$971,482,571 $143,557,400 1,218,087,597 $1,12G,580,987 


Total 

Coir, the commercial name for the 
fibre obtained from the husk of the cocoa- 
nut, and which is manufactured into, and 
largely shipped in the form of ropes and 
hawsers, bundles of yarn, loose fibre, etc., 
from Ceylon, Calcutta, and Bombay. 

Coir mats, mats made from coir, im¬ 
ported in bales, and also manufactured 
at various places in the United States. 

Coir malli»i£, matting or carpeting 
made from the cocoa-nut fibre; the princi¬ 
pal factory for the manufacture of this 
article is at Cochin, where the fibre most 
abounds, and where there are the most 
skilful spinners and weavers; it is im¬ 
ported in rolls of 40 yards in length, 
and from £ to l£ yards in width ; and is 
also manufactured at Lowell, New York, 
and Brooklyn, in 2-4, 3-4, 4-4, 5-4, and 0-4 
yd. widths. 

Coir yarn, yarn made from the 
husk of the cocoa-nut, imported from Cal¬ 
cutta and Bombay. It is mostly spun at 
Cochin, and comes in various qualities, 
varying as much as 50 per cent, in value. 

Cokt*, coal from which the sulphur and 
other volatile matter has been expelled; the 
residue left after the distillation of bitu¬ 
minous coal in the manufacture of gas. 

Cokieii? coal, those kinds of bitu¬ 
minous coal which it is necessary to con¬ 
vert into coke before they can be advan¬ 
tageously used in furnaces, in consequence 
of their coking in the fire. 

CoirSaicsmi' meadow saffron; the 
bulbs and seeds are used as drugs; the plant 
grows in Southern Europe, from whence 
the drug is brought to the United States. 

Colcotliar, a preparation from oxide 
of iron. 


Cold abort, metal, as iron, which is 
brittle when cold, though when heated 
may be quite malleable. 

Co!lairs, the part of the dress which 
surrounds the neck; for gentlemen they 
are made of linen, of paper, and some also 
of steel; for the ladies, of linen, muslin, 
crape, lace, and paper. 

CoSiittcraIs, bonds, stocks, bills re¬ 
ceivable, or other convertible securities left 
as pledges or security for loans of money 
or indebtedness. 

Collateral securities, collaterals 
placed in the hands of the creditor to se¬ 
cure a loan or other indebtedness. The 
holder of collateral securities is liable for 
any loss or damage which may be sustain¬ 
ed by his want of ordinary care or dili¬ 
gence. Where a note is received, the 
proceeds to be applied by the creditor to 
the discharge of his debt, he is bound to 
use diligence to collect it, and to give no¬ 
tice of non-payment. 

Col Sect, to demand and receive pay¬ 
ment for amounts due on book account or 
otherwise. 

Collectible, that which may be col¬ 
lected. 

Col lector, one who collects bills or 
accounts; the chief officer of a collection 
district, or custom-house, known as Col¬ 
lector of Customs. He receives his ap¬ 
pointment from the President and Senate. 
It is an office of great responsibility, re¬ 
spectable salary, large perquisites, and ex¬ 
tensive patronage. Hence it is considered 
a political office, and hardly any Collector 
holds office long enough to become even 
tolerably well acquainted with its compli¬ 
cated duties. Fortunately, however, at 


* The copper coinage is exclusively from the Mint at Philadelphia, and the total value from It93 to 1870 
Is $11,019,008. 






















144 


COLLIER BEADS. 


COLZA OIL. 


the lcrger ports especially, much of the 
responsibility and most of the labor is per¬ 
formed by Deputy collectors, who from 
their experience and knowledge of the 
business, and their very moderate salaries, 
are less liable to be affected by the politi¬ 
cal changes of the government. In New 
York the Assistant Collector, or head 
Deputy, has held his position for nearly 
a quarter of a century, and under all ad¬ 
ministrations. 

Collier beads, large white beads, 
called also bokolu beads, an article of trade 
on the West African Coast. 

Collodion, a solution of gun-cotton 
in alcohol and ether. 

Cologne earlli, a kind of bitumi¬ 
nous earth of a violet-brow T n hue, used in 
water-color painting. 

Cologne water, a volatile spiritu¬ 
ous perfume for the toilet; alcohol per¬ 
fumed with essential oils; first made at 
Cologne, in Germany, whence it derives its 
name, and from which city several millions 
of bottles are annually exported. It is now 
manufactured in different places in a varie¬ 
ty of ways, but all of the recipes include 
rare and pure essential oils. Some of the 
imitations are simply alcohol slightly tinc¬ 
tured with one or more fragrant extracts. 

Colombier, a large-sized paper, 23| 
x34 inches. 

Colophony, a name for the rosin or 
resin of commerce, brought originally from 
Colophon, in Ionia. 

Colored goods, cotton, linen, or 
worsted fabrics, dyed in the warp or the 
piece, or printed or stained in the piece; 
not white, nor in the gray. Although 
black fabrics are not usually classed with 
colored goods by dry-goods merchants, yet 
in the construction of revenue laws, for all 
purposes where a distinction is made be¬ 
tween colored and uncolored goods, black 
must be regarded as a color. 

Colors, in commerce, are the sub¬ 
stances by which the different tints or hues 
of articles are produced—the dyes or pig¬ 
ments. Painters 1 colors, for house-painting 
and similar purposes, are mostly prepared 
from mineral substances—white lead, red 
lead, umber, ochre, etc., ground up with 
linseed oil and turpentine to the state of 
a thick liquid, and packed in small casks, 
and called paints, and sold by the lb. The 
oil-colors for artists are put up in small 
metal or other tubes, which, by pressure, 
yield the color at one end just in sufficient 
quantity for use. Water-colors for artists 
include animal, vegetable, and mineral 


substances. The colors used for stain¬ 
ing textile fabrics are called dyes, and the 
substances employed to produce them are 
called dye-stuffs, most of which are of 
vegetable origin. To dealers in silks and 
dress goods, such a knowledge of colors 
as enables them to determine which are 


fast and permanent, and how produced 
and how imitated, is of the utmost impor¬ 
tance. Colloquially, neither black nor 
white fabrics are classed, in the dry-goods 
trade, as goods in colors. 

Colporteurs, peddlers, or itinerant 
venders of wares. 


Colt’s foot, a name for the tussilago 
far far a, a wild plant, the leaves of which 
are used as a drug. 

CoImtil>o. a commercial city and cap¬ 
ital of the island of Ceylon. The annual 
export trade of Ceylon amounts to about 
$15,000,000, and consists chiefly of coffee, 
cinnamon, plumbago, cocoa-nut oil. cop¬ 
peras, areca nuts, coir, arrack, tobacco, 
pearls, chanks, timber, etc. The whole¬ 
sale prices for the products of Ceylon are 
pretty uniform. In March, 1870, the mar¬ 
ket price at Columbo for 


Plantation coffee (low) was, per bbl., $2.40 
Do. do. (mountain) “ 2.00 

Native coffee, picked and I n . 12 

dned.) v ’ 

Coir fibre. “ 8.75 

Coir yarn, very fine. “ 0.15 

Coir yarn, good. “ 4.84 

Coir yarn, inferior. “ 3.10 

Coir rope. “ 3.50 

Plumbago, lump.per ton, 72.00 

Plumbago, dust. “ 24.00 

Ebony. “ 25.40 

Deer horns.per candy (500 lbs.), 56.60 

Buffalo horns_ “ 21.75 

Cocoa-nut oil.per cwt., 7.25 

Cinnamon oil.per oz., .50 

Citronella oil. “ .05 


to $2.50 
“ 2.80 

“ 11.35 

“ 5.00 

“ 7.70 

“ 5.75 

“ 3.50 

“ 4.00 

“ 87.00 
“ 20.00 
“ 26.60 
“ 60.50 
“ 24.40 


“ .06 


Accounts are kept in rupees, or dollars— 
the rupee equal to 2 shillings, 48yV cts. ; 
the dollar equal to 4s. 2d. sterling, or about. 
$1. The weights are the same as the 
American or English. 

CoS urn l)o or Calamba root, the 
root of a plant found in Mozambique—the 
cocculus palmatus. It is a staple export 
of the Portuguese from their dominions in 
the southeast of Africa; after being dried 
and prepared for market, it is taken to 
India, where it is distributed to other parts 
of the world. The American Columbo 
root, which is obtained in the Western 
States, is sold in the drug-shops, but is not 
considered so valuable as that from the 
African Coast. 

Colza oil, oil expressed from the seeds 
of a species of wild cabbage, the brassica 
campestris. It is largely used for lubri- 

















COMB. 


COMMERCE. 


145 


eating machinery, and for burning in 
lamps; and both in France and in Eng¬ 
land, in the customs returns, is classed as 
rape-seed oil. 

€oiuS>, a grain measure, which in 
England is estimated as equal to four 
Winchester (American) bushels. 

Combed wool, the material which 
forms worsteds—the wool or hair in the 
fabric being combed instead of carded. 

Combing wools, the designation 
of one of the three classes into which wools 
are divided by Act of Congress, and in¬ 
cludes Leicester, Cotswold, Lincolnshire, 
or other like wools, and also “all hair of 
the alpaca goat, and other like animals.” 
What is meant by “other like animals” 
may probably some day be a question for 
the courts to determine. If Congress had 
any other animals in view, they should 
have been named; if none were in view, 
the words should have been omitted. 
Cow’s hair, deer’s hair, and calf’s hair are 
imported, and some qualities of them are 
used in the manufacture of textile fabrics; 
and yet they are not “ other like animals ” 
in any commercial sense, nor is it likely 
that any member of Congress who voted 
for the law supposed they were. It is the 
use of such general terms in the tariff laws 
that embarrasses merchants, and gives rise 
to frequent and vexatious law-suits. 

Combs. The application of this word 
in trade is generally confined to those kinds 
of combs used in the dressing-room, in the 
nursery, or by hair-dressers, and such as 
are worn by ladies in their hair ; they are 
made of bone, tortoise-shell, ivory, buffalo- 
horn, metal, gutta-percha, india-rubber, 
etc. 

ComIII, a dry sweetmeat; seeds crust¬ 
ed or coated with sugar. 

Comfrey, the root of the symphytum 
officinale , a demulcent drug. 

Commandite, a French partnership, 
in which some of the parties supply money, 
others services, etc. 

Commai$ee, a small Arabian coin, 
worth two cents. 

Coinsiieree, the business of exchang¬ 
ing commodities between different places ; 
the exchange of merchandise on a large 
scale; buying merchandise with inten¬ 
tion to dispose of it again at a profit, or 
with the view of gaining by the transac¬ 
tion ; mercantile business in general, as 
carried on between individuals or compa¬ 
nies of different countries, or of the same 
country; and, in a restricted sense, the ship¬ 
ping which belongs to a country. Foreign 
10 


Commerce is the trade which the mer¬ 
chants of one nation carry on with the 
merchants of another nation ; Inland Com¬ 
merce is the trade between merchants of 
the same nation. It is not within the 
plan of this work to give a history of Com¬ 
merce, nor to trace its influence upon the 
civilization of the world. It has every¬ 
where opened the way for the introduc¬ 
tion of the sciences and the mechanic 
arts; and literature and the fine arts are 
always, and only, sustained by its princely 
liberalities. To it the renowned cities of 
ancient times were indebted for their 
splendor, and those of the present day for 
their magnificence. Its beneficent influ¬ 
ences are seen in every architectural 
structure erected for the advancement of 
religion or for the promotion of know¬ 
ledge, and is felt in every asylum reared 
for the alleviation of human suffering. To 
enlarge upon these topics would be foreign 
to the plan of this work. We treat only 
of practical commerce. But, even regard¬ 
ing it in its strictest sense as a mere 
medium of exchanges, its benefits are alike 
substantial and obvious; for it appropri¬ 
ates in our own country the productions of 
all other countries, and gives our own pro¬ 
ductions to other countries in exchange, 
thus equalizing, promoting, and increasing 
the enjoyments of civilized life. 

“ By the ready exchange of commodi¬ 
ties,” says Professor Ferguson , ‘ ‘ every indi¬ 
vidual is enabled to avail himself, to the ut¬ 
most, of the peculiar advantage of his place; 
to work on the peculiar materials with 
which Nature has furnished him ; to humor 
his genius or disposition, and betake himself 
to the task in which he is peculiarly quali¬ 
fied to succeed. The inhabitant of the moun¬ 
tain may betake himself to the culture 
of his woods and the manufacture of his 
timber ; the owner of pasture lands may 
betake himself to the care of his herds; 
the owner of the clay-pit to the manufac¬ 
ture of his pottery ; and the husbandman 
to the culture of his fields, or the rearing 
of his cattle. And any one commodity, 
however it may form but a small part in 
the accommodations of human life, may, 
under the facilities of commerce, find a 
market in which it may be exchanged for 
what will procure any other part or the 
whole ; so that the owner of the clay-pit, 
or the industrious potter, without produ¬ 
cing any one article immediately fit to 
supply his own necessities, may obtain 
possession of all that he wants. And com¬ 
merce, in which it appears that commodities 




146 


COMMERCE. 


COMMERCE. 


are merely exchanged and nothing produced 
is nevertheless in its effects very produc¬ 
tive, because it ministers a facility and an 
encouragement to every artist in multi¬ 
plying the productions of his own art, thus 
adding greatly to the mass of wealth in 
the world in being the occasion that much 
is produced.” 

“ Nations ought to cultivate,” says Chan¬ 
cellor Kent , “a free intercourse for com¬ 
mercial purposes, in order to supply each 
other’s wants and promote each other’s 
prosperity. The variety of climates and 
productions on the surface of the globe, 
and the facility of communication by 
means of rivers, lakes, and the ocean, in¬ 
vite to a liberal commerce, as agreeable to 
the laws of Nature, and extremely condu¬ 
cive to national unity, industry, and happi¬ 
ness.” 

Commerce of the World. 

In a report on the Pacific Ocean Tele¬ 
graph, made to the Chamber of Commerce 
in New York, in the year 1871, Samuel B. 
Buggies , Esq ., presented a view of the 
Foreign Commerce of the civilized nations 
of the world, in a form so succinct, so 
graphic, and with such characteristic 
strength of expression and accuracy of 
statement, that it forms a document not 
only of passing interest, but of permanent 
value, much of it bearing directly upon 
present and prospective commerce. 

In collecting the facts needed for show¬ 
ing the total Foreign Commerce of the 
civilized nations, Mr. Buggies endeavored 
also to ascertain, as far as practicable, its 
progress during the thirty years ending with 
1868, that being the latest year for which 
official tables were accessible. 

“ The period thus selected is one of pre¬ 
eminent importance, embracing the truly 
golden age of commerce, in which steam, 
more fully enlisted in the service of man, 
won its greatest victories over the land and 
sea, vastly augmenting the commercial dy¬ 
namics of the globe, not only in accelera¬ 
ting and cheapening the transportation of 
the products of interior regions to the sea¬ 
board, but in practically bridging the 
oceans themselves and conjoining the con¬ 
tinents. 

“It was not until the autumn of the 
year 1838 that the first ocean steamer 
found its solitary way across the Atlantic. 
At the close of 1868, large fleets of steamers, 
much exceeding in capacity the sailing 
vessels of the mercantile marine, and swift¬ 
ly impelled by this superadded power, 
covered all the seas and oceans. 


“ Up to the year 1838 only 1,497 miles 
of railway had been constructed in North 
America, and furnished only with feeble 
engines drawing slender loads. At the 
close of 1868 there were in operation, with 
engines doubled in speed and quadrupled 
in power, 44,802 miles in North America, 
56,660 miles in Europe, 4,474 in Asia 
(principally in British India), 1,424 in 
South America, 789 in Australia, and 583 
in Egypt and other parts of Africa, exhib¬ 
iting a total development in the civilized 
world of 109,177 miles, of which at least 
100,000 have been brought into use since 
1838, with their enormous apparatus of 
steam locomotive engines counted by tens 
of thousands, untiringly laboring by day 
and by night in transporting and exchang¬ 
ing the vast and varied products of the 
globe. 

“ It was on the 27th day of February, 
in the year 1844, that Mouse sent his first 
telegraphic message by electricity, 41 miles, 
from Washington to Baltimore, uttering 
with characteristic and solemn emphasis 
his grateful ejaculation, 4 What hath God 
wrought! ’ At the close of 1868 there 
were 130,698 miles of electrical telegraphic 
line in operation in the United States, 
90.000 miles in Great Britain, and 405,151 
miles in Continental Europe, with 27,402 
miles of submarine cable in the various 
seas and oceans. 

4 4 It was not until 1866 that repeated 
efforts practically established for commer¬ 
cial purposes the cable in the bed of the 
Atlantic. ” 

“ These splendid triumphs over the ob¬ 
stacles of Nature within the brief period 
of thirty years under review, superadding 
to the pre-existing forces in use by man a 
power equivalent to that of twenties, if 
not fifties, of millions of human laborers, 
have necessarily caused an immense ex¬ 
pansion in the commerce of the globe. 
They afford the only adequate explanation 
of the enormous and almost incredible 
realities disclosed by the official statistics, 
exhibiting an increase in the foreign trade 
of the three leading commercial nations 
exceeding more than tenfold their increase 
in population within the same period, and 
a rate of increase more than half as large 
in the foreign commerce of the remaining 
nations. 

4 4 Summed up in brief, the population and 
foreign commerce of the United Kingdom 
of Great Britain and Ireland, of France, 
and of the United States of America, re¬ 
spectively increased as follows: — 




COMMERCE. 

Population. 

In 1838. In 1858. In 1868. 

The United King¬ 
dom. 25,903,697 28,389,770 30,380,757 

France. 33,738,188 36,236,322 38,342,818 

The United States 16,025,761 29,568,110 36,500,000 

75,667,646 94,194,202 105,223,605 

Increase in 30 years, 29,555,950, being 39 per cent. 

Foreign Commerce. 

Computing £1 at $5, and $1 at five francs. 

In 1838. In 1858. In 1868. 

The United 

Kingdom $541,605,515 $1,521,833,055 $2,616,570,415 
France.... 378,895,720 945,080,000 1,595,820,000 

The United 

States... 222,504,020 607,2.7,571 849,793,476 

$1,143,005,255 $3,074,170,626 $5,062,183,891 
Increase in 30 years, $3,919,178,636, or 443 pr. ct. 

“ It will be seen that the rate of this im¬ 
mense increase was highest in the two first 
decades, from 1838 to 1858, commencing 
with the earliest developments of this su- 
peradded steam power on the land and the 
sea, during which the amount was carried 
up, in round numbers, from $1,143,000,- 
000 to $3,074,000,000, being nearly 270 
per cent., or 9 per cent, yearly for the 
twenty years. In the last decade, from 
1858 to 1868, when the new impulse had 
partially spent its power, the rate of in¬ 
crease so far slackened, that the total of 
1858. $3,074,000,000, rose only to $5,062,- 
000,000 in 1868, not quite 60 per cent., or 
6 per cent, yearly. 

“ This diminution of rate in the last de¬ 
cade shows the necessity of caution in any 
prospective estimate of the increase in the 
future. While, on the one hand, a still 
further development of the powers of 
steam and electricity may stimulate still 
more actively the production and trans¬ 
portation of the world, we are to take into 
account the possibility of exceptional in¬ 
terruptions and retardations by war and 
the supreme national necessities which it 
may involve. In view of those contingen¬ 
cies, it would hardly be safe to assume 
that the rate of six per cent, yearly in¬ 
crease exhibited by the last decade will 
continue undiminished throughout the re¬ 
maining thirty years of the present cen¬ 
tury, carrying up the existing amount, as 
it would at 180 per cent, in the three 
nations, to $14,170,000,000. A more cau¬ 
tious estimate, at 3 per cent, yearly, would 
carry the amount only to $9,112,000,000.” 

In the absence of any official tables of 
the commerce of the other nations of Eu¬ 
rope, Mr. Haggles , from the best authori¬ 
ties which could be obtained, submitted 
the following summary to the Chamber as 


COMMERCE. 147 

an approximate for the years 1860 and 
1868. 

“ Stated in millions of dollars, the popu¬ 
lation and foreign commerce of those na¬ 
tions were as follows :— 

Population. Foreign Commerce. 


„ In 1S68. In 1860. In 1868. 

Germany. 38,763,000 $550,000,000 $756,000,000 

Netherlands. 3,616,000 360,000,000 377,000,000 

Belgium. . 4,901,000 210,000,000 304,000,000 

D en mark, Sweden 

and Norway.... 7,779,000 125,000,000 138.000,000 

Russia. 69,881,000 252,000,000 387.000,000 

Austria. 35,449,000 187,000,000 310,000,000 

Italy. 25,585,000 250,000,000 316,000,000 

Luropean Tur¬ 
key, Roumania 

and Servia. 16.328,000 130,000,000 140,000 000 

Greece. 1,375,000 16,000,000 16,000,000 

Spain and Portu¬ 
gal . 20,884,000 140,000,000 187,000,000 

Switzerland. 2,517,000 120,000,000 130,000,000 


227,086,000 $2,340,000,000 $3,091,000,000 
Increase, 32 per cent, in 8 years, or 4 per cent, yearly. 

1 ‘ In any estimate of the future growth 
of the foreign commerce of these conti¬ 
nental nations, it should be remembered 
that the superaddition of steam transpor¬ 
tation, in fostering the growth of that 
commerce in the past, has been far less 
rapid than in France and the United King¬ 
dom. The continental nations still have 
left large interior regions, affording very 
extensive fields for future development, 
especially in connection with the inland 
seas giving them access to the Atlantic. 
They are, moreover, using active efforts to 
increase their maritime commerce and 
naval force, as fundamental elements of 
their political strength. 

“It certainly is not impossible that, 
under these influences, the rate of increase 
in their foreign commerce may, for some 
time to come, fully keep pace with that of 
France or the United Kingdom. At the 
yearly rate of only 21 per cent., the exist¬ 
ing amount would increase to $5,322,000,- 
000 in the thirty years ending with 1898.” 

Commerce of American Nations. 

In respect to the remaining nations and 
countries in North and South America, 
including the West Indies, reliable statis¬ 
tics could only be obtained from a part. 
Some of them keep no accurate tables of 
exports, while the commerce of others 
is stated in quantities and not in values. 
The aggregate of the commerce of the 
West Indies, a subject of direct and con¬ 
stantly increasing interest to the United 
States, can only be deduced with accuracy 
from the official tables kept by the vari¬ 
ous nations trading with the islands. 

Mr. Ruggles believes that the following 
summary will not vaiy materially from the 
actual amounts: — 





















148 


COMMERCE. 


i 


COMMERCE. 


1868. Exports and 

Imports. 

“ Dominion of Canada” (not 
including- Newfoundland 
and Prince Edward’s Island) $129,533,194 


Mexico, only partial returns 

(estimated). 27,000,000 

Central America. 11,292,000 

New Grenada or Colombia... 11,018,000 

Venezuela, no returns (esti¬ 
mated). 10,000,000 

Brazil. 100,133,721 

Argentine Republic. 63,650,000 

Chili. 55,500,000 

Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, and 
Ecuador, only partial re¬ 
turns (estimated). 40,000,000 


West Indies — 

Cuba and Porto 

Rico.$174,050,279 

British West 

Indies. GO, 756,022 

Ilayti and San 

Domingo... 22,091,005 

Other West In¬ 
dia Islands. 25,000,000 

- 282,897,300 


$791,029,221 

‘ 1 The statistics of nearly all these nations 
and countries are too fragmentary to fur¬ 
nish means of showing with accuracy the 
progressive increase of their commerce in 
the past, owing mainly to the frequent 
and violent changes in their political con¬ 
dition. The singular mutations of com¬ 
merce, under political changes, are strik¬ 
ingly visible in a portion of the West In¬ 
dies. The “Tableau” of commerce, of 
the year III. of the first Republic of 
France, shows that in or shortly before 
the year 1792 the commerce of France 
with San Domingo amounted to two hun¬ 
dred and seventy-one millions of limes , 
$54,200,000; while with the United 
States, in the same year, it amounted on¬ 
ly to thirty-one millions of limes, $6,200,- 
000 . 

“ The official tables of France show that 
in 1867 its commerce with Ilayti amounted 
only to $6,200,000, while its commerce 
with the United States was $70,200,000.” 

General Result. 

“ It results from the preceding examina¬ 
tion that the total foreign commerce of 
the European and American nations, which 
includes all their commerce with the Asi¬ 
atic countries, consists as follows :— 


Commerce of the European 

nations.$7,203,390,415 

Commerce of the American 

nations. 1,640,822,697 

$8,844,213,112 
“ Of this total, a little more than one- 
tenth consists of the commerce with 
countries and localities more or less civi¬ 
lized, in Asia, in Africa, and in Ocean- 
ica, which have no commercial tables, or 
none which are accessible, and conse¬ 
quently are not included in the statement 
of nations exporting and importing. That 
portion represents an actual movement of 
commodities equal in value to the amounts 
stated in the returns of the nations trad¬ 
ing with those countries. Of the remain¬ 
der, assumed to be nine-tenths, the value 
of the commodities actually moved is on¬ 
ly one-half; for the reason that the com¬ 
modities calculated as ‘Exports,’ in the 
tables of any nation exporting, reappear as 
‘ Imports ’ in the tables of the nation or 
nations to which the commodities are ex¬ 
ported, whereby the values are duplicated. 
This being the case, the aggregate value of 
the commodities actually moved is, 
One-tenth of the $8,844,213,112, 

or,. $884,421,311 

And one-half of the residue, 
$7,959,791,801, being.... 3,979,895,901 

$4,864,317,212 

Commerce of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. 

The amount of the commerce of the 
European and American nations on the 
Pacific and Indian Oceans, forming a part 
of the total above exhibited, has a peculiar 
interest, in being closely interwoven with 
the commerce of every other portion of 
the civilized world, and the daily neces¬ 
sities of all of its varied population. 

“ These great oceans,” continues the re¬ 
port, “have played and will continue to 
play a very important part in the great 
drama of commercial progress, emphati¬ 
cally the epic of the modern ages. The 
history of Eastern Asia, covering an epoch 
of nearly four centuries since Vasco de 
Gama doubled the Cape of Good Hope, is 
filled with the lights and shadows of one 
long struggle of the maritime nations of 
Europe to secure, and at times monopolize, 
the trade of that fertile and fragrant por¬ 
tion of the globe. The rich products of 
the Spice Islands, under the burning sun of 
the equator, repeatedly became the scene 
of cruel war between the cold-blooded 






















COMMERCE. 


COMMERCE. 


149 


trading- nations on the Northern Ocean; 
while the field of bloody strug-gle in Hin- 
dostan extended from the groves of Cey¬ 
lon to the frozen summits of the Himalayas. 
The long-continued conflicts in these 
remote regions of the earth were not 
solely for commerce, but often for em¬ 
pire, intermingling with the broader strug¬ 
gles at home for the mastery of Europe. 
Within the present century we have seen 
the navy of England, in defending and 
preserving not only her national existence 
but the liberties of the world from the ty¬ 
ranny of the first Napoleon, sweeping the 
commerce of his empire from every ocean 
of the globe to the utmost bounds of these 
distant waters, so that in 1807, in the vivid 
language of a writer of the day, ‘ not a 
single merchant-ship bearing a hostile flag 
could be seen traversing the Atlantic or 
crossing the equator.’ As late as 1811, in 
the height of the fearful struggle on the 
land, the magnificent island of Java, the 
Cuba of the East, which had shared the 
fate of Holland, was wrested by England 
from the grasp of France. Restored on 
the pacification of Europe to its former 
owner, it furnishes a precious remnant of 
the maritime and commercial power enjoy¬ 
ed in the palmy days of the Dutch Republic. 

“ Summed up in brief, the present com¬ 
merce of the nations of Europe and Amer¬ 
ica on the Pacific and the Indian Oceans, 
and its distribution among those nations 
is as'follows:— 

U. Kingdom, in 1868, was... $565,106,665 

France, “ 59,340,000 

United States, “ 47,656,885 

Netherlands, “ 51,500,000 

Hamburgh and Bremen. 9,328,000 

Spain, 1,750,000 

Sweden and Norway. 460,000 


$735,141,550 

The overland ‘ Transbaikal ’ 
commerce of Russia with 
China, in 1867, was 11,- 
300,000 roubles, or. 9,040,000 

$744,181,550 

“ In addition to the interchanges effected 
by the preceding commerce between the 
European and American waters and the 
countries of Asia, there is a considerable 
home trade or coasting commerce in the 
Indo-Chinese Basin, the amount of which 
is not ascertainable. It is carried on to a 
small extent in vessels of the Asiatic coun¬ 
tries themselves, and under the largest 
degree by Eastern vessels, principally from 


the Hanseatic cities, interchanging the 
products of Japan and China with those 
of British India and the Australasian Ar¬ 
chipelago. Like the coasting trade of the 
Atlantic nations, it forms an addition to 
the total above estimated as the commerce 
of the world: 

1. Of the total commerce of 

Europe and America on 
the Pacific and Indian 
Oceans, being in 1868. .$735,141,550 
The three maritime pow¬ 
ers, the United King¬ 
dom, France, and the 
United States, had.... 672,103,550 

2. Their commerce on those 

oceans in 1854 was. 330,079,742 

Showing an increase in 

the 14 years of. $342,023,808 

Being 103 per cent., or 7.35 per cent, 
yearly. 

3. From those the proportion of exports 

to imports shown in the tables of 
three nations, we may safely estimate, 
that of the total commerce of $735, 
141,550, the exports to the Asiatic 
countries did not exceed $300,000, 
000, and that the imports from these 
countries were at least $435,141,550. 

4. Of the last-named amount, Australia 

and New Zealand furnished $62,- 
942,240, and the more tropical coun¬ 
tries of Asia the remaining $372,- 
199,310. 

“It is this latter portion which imparts 
to the commerce on the Pacific and Indian 
Oceans its peculiar interest, embracing the 
tea, the coffee, the spices, the silk, the 
drugs, and the various other products of 
the tropics, which, in the progress of civi¬ 
lization, ceasing to be luxuries, have be¬ 
come necessities for the three hundred 
and twenty millions of Christian people 
now occupying the temperate zone of 
Europe and North America. Intended for 
the consumption of such a multitude, 
these tropical products are concentrated, 
in large masses, in the capacious docks or 
warehouses of London and Havre, and Ant¬ 
werp and the Hanseatic cities, to be thence 
distributed through the world by the uni¬ 
ted machinery of its common commerce, 
permeating and interpenetrating every 
artery and vein of human society. 

‘ 1 It surely requires no great stretch of 
imagination or credulity to believe that a 
commerce so beneficent and civilizing, in a 
world like ours, filling up with people so 

















150 


COMMERCE. 


COMMERCE. 


rapidly, is destined to large and speedy in¬ 
crease. It is not for the clear-headed, far¬ 
sighted merchants of the United States to 
close their eyes upon the fact that, in the 
providential march of events, a field so 
vast is just opening to their well-directed 
energy. Still less will they fail to bear in 
mind, that ‘ cheapness, the sovereign law 
of commerce, overcoming national preju¬ 
dices and national habits,’ will inexorably 
compel the products of every portion of 
the globe, and especially of its remoter re¬ 
gions, to take the shortest and cheapest 
way to market; that the distance, by sea 
and land, from the coast of China to the 
Mississippi River, by way of the Pacific 
Ocean, is less than one-third of the dis¬ 
tance by way of the Atlantic ; and that, 
as a necessary result, San Francisco, our 
own Pacific emporium, with her spacious 
warehouses soon to cluster around the 
‘Golden Gate,’ will become the mart for 
largely supplying at least a portion of our 
wide-spread interior with the products of 
Eastern Asia. 

“The commercial tables show the bread- 
stuffs of California already entering on 
their great predestined duty of supplying 
the daily necessities of China, Japan, Aus¬ 
tralia, and New Zealand—in return laying 
the foundation of a commerce of the high¬ 
est importance i,o both the continents.” 

The foregoing extracts, which are used 
with permission, present a comprehensive 
view of the money value of the general 
commerce of nations. The following sum¬ 
mary, prepared from official reports, shows 
the 

Foreign Trade of the United States. 

The Exports from the United States to 
foreign countries, for the fiscal year clos¬ 
ing with the 30th of June, 1870, were 
$414,000,000; the Imports, $487,000,000. 
Talcing this as a fair average year, the 
amount on each side may be fairly put 
down at $450,000,000, showing an aggre¬ 
gate foreign commerce of $900,000,- 
000. Of the Exports, $276,000,000 were 
sent out in foreign vessels; of the Imports, 
$800,000,000 were received by foreign ves¬ 
sels. The respective amounts of these im¬ 
ports and exports with the different coun¬ 
tries were as follows: — 


Imports from. 


England. $155,537,442 

Scotland. 7,446,251 

Ireland. 211,968 

Gibraltar. 35,562 

Dominion of Canada.... 30,353,000 


All other British posses-) 1 „nn on* 

sions in North America j *’ a * ,<SU4 


Exports to. 
$100,456,695 
4.893,942 
6,499,117 
2,881,115 
18,188,613 

2,703,173 


Imports from. 


British West Indies. 

British poss’ns in Africa 

British East Indies. 

Australia. 

All other British posses- j 
sions, except China... f 

Spain. 

Cuba. 

Porto Rico. 

All other Span’h poss’ons 

Hamburgh. 

Bremen. 

Prussia. 

France. 

French poss. in America 
All other French poss'ns 

Brazil. 

China, Hong Kong, and ) 

Singapore.f 

Argentine Republic. 

Holland. 

Dutch East Indies. 

Dutch West Indies and ) 

Guiana.) 

Mexico. 

Italy. 

Venezuela. 

Belgium. 

Japan . 

United States Colombia. 

Sandwich Islands. 

Uruguay. 

Russia on Baltic and W. ) 

Sea.f 

Russia on Black Sea.... 
Hayti and St. Domingo. 

Peru. 

Central American States 

Chili. 

Denmark and Dan. W. I. 

Portugal. 

All other Port'ese poss’ns 
Norway and Sweden.... 

Austria. 

Turkey. 

Greece. 

Liberia. 

All other countries and ) 
ports.f 


$6,682,391 

1,421,113 

9,008.710 

127,653 

134,393 

3,558,388 

58,201.874 

7,407,900 

4,293,891 

8,968,407 

15,754,655 

547,534 

35,638,324 

696,952 

134,074 

24,912.450 

13,209,121 

5,162,966 

2,691,323 

1,947,201 

999,099 

7,232,206 

6,209.863 

2,431,760 

2,989,939 

3,245,317 

5,291.706 

1,298,085 

1,472,608 

838,077 

343,077 

729,632 

1,386,310 

733,296 

1,186.982 

638,550 

220,030 

67,468 

1,103,611 

975.638 

890,829 

138,431 

93,230 

983,359 


Exports to. 
$9,142,344 
1,636,823 
471,019 
4,619,313 


7,596.294 
12.643,095 
2,669’ 964 
165,993 
12,951.452 
24.742,329 
2,178,033 
42,450,139 
1,174,056 
421,372 
5,910,565 

10,25S,178 

2,235,089 

3,936,163 

132,502 

926,051 

3,837,679 

5,682,951 

1,191.888 

6,408,981 

2,836,720 

4,900,075 

706,462 

836.112 

4,208,157 

88,502 

1,349,438 

1,556.534 

1,324.336 

1,969.580 

1,674,115 

883,429 

221,560 

166,974 

622.732 

653.195 


70,804 

937,582 


Total.$437,314,255 $413,461,115 

By reference to the word ‘ ‘ Exports ” it 
will be seen that the amount for the year 
1870, closing with the month of December 
instead of June, is considerably over, $500,- 
000,000; but as the above statement is in¬ 
serted with a view of exhibiting the rela¬ 
tive importance of our trade with different 
countries, it is deemed unnecessary to make 
any change in the figures. Our aggregate 
foreign commerce is in fact over $1,000,- 
000,000. 

Inland Commerce of the United States. 

In a report to Congress, made by the 
Secretary of the Treasury in the year 
1864, in the absence of any official record 
of the valuation of our internal commerce, 
it was assumed that the carriage of pro¬ 
duce or manufactures the average distance 
of 300 miles from the producing point to 














































COMMERCIAL. 


COMMERCIAL LAW. 151 


the market of consumption, entitled such 
quantities and values to be ranked with 
the general mass of exchanges defined as 
internal commerce. These calculations 
were limited to transportations East and 
West, since that, more definite^ than in 
other directions, represents natural move¬ 
ments from producers to consumers. As 
a measure of this exchange, all quantities 
were taken which passed the line of the 
Alleghanies in either direction, and the 
calculations are limited to the transporta¬ 
tions over the Erie canal, the New York 
Central, the Erie, the Pennsylvania, and 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroads. The 
tonnage was actual; the values estimated. 
The aggregate value of the westward com¬ 
merce of the year preceding the date of 
the report was $610,000,000, and the re¬ 
turn freight, eastward , of inland produce 
and merchandise was $522,000,000, mak¬ 
ing the total trade $1,138,000,000. 

This mode of calculating the internal 
commerce gives a minimum result. If we 
take the annual aggregate manufactured 
products of the country—say $2,000,000,- 
000—and the aggregate agricultural and 
mineral products—say about as much more 
—we might deduce an internal commerce 
which would be no less startling than truth¬ 
ful. 

Commercial, mercantile ; relating 
to commerce or trade; known in com¬ 
merce, according to the rules, customs, or 
usages of commerce; of the character of 
commerce. 

Commercial agent, an officer 
appointed to act at a foreign port in the 
general capacity of a consul. 

Commercial arithmetic. All 
practical arithmetic is commercial. With¬ 
out the illustrations of commercial trans¬ 
actions abstract rules of arithmetic would 
be unintelligible. The rules of addition, 
subtraction, multiplication, and division 
are essentially commercial exercises. A 
proper mercantile education comprises a 
knowledge not only of these elementary 
rules, but also all those which treat of the 
mode of calculating brokerage, commis¬ 
sions, discounts, interest, equation of pay¬ 
ments, loss and gain, exchanges, etc., all 
which are the proper subjects of study at 
commercial colleges. 

Commercial article§, wares, or 
goods which have a commercial value; the 
money and commercial leaders in news¬ 
papers or other periodicals. 

Commercial cities, those cities 
which owe their chief importance to their 


trade and commerce with other cities or 
countries. Thus, the Encyclopaedia Brit- 
tanica says of London, “ that it has 
become, with perhaps the single exception 
of New York, the greatest commercial city 
in the world.” 

Commercial commodities, 

such kinds of movable articles as may 
be offered for general sale. Trees of 
the forest are not such, but immediately 
become so on being felled and cut into 
saw-logs; while trees in the nursery are 
fairly commercial while standing. Arti¬ 
cles manufactured for some specific pur¬ 
pose, as a ton of iron bolts of a particu¬ 
lar size and peculiar form, for a ship or 
other structure ; or a thousand brass keys 
of peculiar sizes and patterns, made for a 
locksmith, would not be commercial com¬ 
modities, although perfect manufac¬ 
tures. The bolts would be commercial 
as old or scrap iron, the keys as old brass. 
Any article, however, whether natural, 
crude, manufactured or partially manufac¬ 
tured, which is sold, or which is con¬ 
signed and shipped, by vessel, railroad, or 
common carriers of any class whatever, 
becomes so far commercial during its 
transit, as to bring it within all the rules 
which govern the conveyance or trans¬ 
portation of merchandise. 

Commercial dictionary, a work 
containing information in the various 
departments of commerce, arranged alpha¬ 
betically under different heads ; a dictionary 
of commerce. 

Commercial colleges, schools 
for the instruction of young men in the 
rudiments of commercial knowledge. 
These colleges are quite modern institu¬ 
tions ; and such as are conducted by men 
who themselves understand what they 
undertake to teach, are rendering a valu¬ 
able service to the young men of the 
nation. Many an industrious and enterpris¬ 
ing man has made shipwreck of his means 
and his business reputation, for want of 
an opportunity to acquire just such infor¬ 
mation as is taught at these schools. A 
knowledge of penmanship, of figures, of 
book-keeping, of currencies, exchanges, 
shipping papers, usages of trade, and 
commercial terms, are all within the scope 
of these institutions, and form a part of 
the regular courses of instruction. 

Commercial editor, the editor 
who prepares the financial and commer¬ 
cial articles for a daily or other journal. 

Commercial law, su.ph customs 
and usages of trade as are so well established 





152 COMMERCIAL PAPER. 


COMPASS SIGNALS. 


as to become fixed in the public mind, and 
acquiesced in by the trading- community; 
usages of trade recognized by courts cf 
justice; judicial decisions on questions 
of commercial usage ; judicial decisions 
on commercial contracts or transactions. 

Commercial paper, bills of ex¬ 
change, drafts, or promissory notes made 
and given for merchandise. Commercial 
paper payable without grace , and falling due 
on Sunday, is not payable until the next 
day (Monday), and a protest of such paper 
on Saturday would not bind the drawer or 
endorser; the rule is also applicable to 
checks on banks dated on Sunday. 

ComiiecrciHlly, in a commercial 
manner; commercially considered. 

ComiiHTCial regulations, the 
laws and regulations under which vessels 
and merchandise may be entered and dis¬ 
charged, or shipped and cleared. 

ConeiaiereiaB reporter, one who 
reports the state of the markets for for¬ 
eign and domestic merchandise for a 
daily newspaper or other periodical. 

Coinitstssiou, a charge given or 
undertaken; a percentage allowed to 
agents upon business transacted; the or¬ 
der or authority by which one person 
buys or sells goods for another; the allow¬ 
ance of transacting business for another; 
the percentage charged by an agent for 
buying or selling goods for another. The 
rates of commission vary in different 
cities and in different kinds of merchan¬ 
dise. 

(Join imf ssIobi agent, one who, as an 
agent, undertakes to sell or buy on commis¬ 
sion. 

(oitiau^ian broker, one who 

negotiates sales or purchases of merchan¬ 
dise for other parties, and receives a per 
centum on the sales or purchase as compen¬ 
sation for his services. 

CoiiiiulssioaB merchant, one who 
receives goods on consignment from the 
manufacturers and sells them on account 
of the owner, receiving therefor a rate 
per cent, as his commission ; one who buys 
or sells goods for another on commission. 
If a commission merchant sell goods con¬ 
trary to his instructions, or be guilty of 
any negligence in the sale, whereby the 
owner sustains loss, he is accountable. In¬ 
structions to sell according to the “net 
cash rule ” mean a sale for cash. 

ConmiissioumiBB’C, aFrenchfactor 
or merchant, who buys and sells goods for 
others; one who attends to the transport 
of goods. 


Commodities, merchandise; wares; 
goods; produce. 

Common, cheap quality; not the 
best; ordinary. 

Com os obi carriers, persons who 
undertake for a pecuniary compensation to 
transport the goods of any who may choose 
to employ them, from one place to another. 
Common carriers may be carriers by land 
or carriers by water. Of the former are 
the proprietors of stage-coaches, truckmen, 
teamsters, carmen, and porters ; of the 
latter are the masters and owners of ships 
and vessels engaged in the transportation 
of goods. Lightermen, barge owners, 
ferrymen, canal boatmen, and others em¬ 
ployed in like manner, are also so consid¬ 
ered. Common carriers are liable for all 
losses which occur to property intrusted 
to their charge in the course of business, 
unless they show the loss to have happened 
in consequence of the act of God or of the 
enemies of the United States, or by the 
act of the owner of the property. Hack¬ 
ney coachmen and proprietors of stage¬ 
coaches are not deemed common carriers 
unless they carry goods for hire. Common 
carriers are entitled to demand the price 
of carriage before they receive the goods, 
and are also entitled to a lien on the goods 
for their hire. 

Company, a joint-stock association; 
a partnership in trade ; the member or 
members of a co-partnership not named in 
its signature, as Brown Brothers & Com¬ 
pany ; in this latter connection usually ab¬ 
breviated Co. The term is also used in¬ 
stead of the corporate name, or instead of 
the business title of the firm, as, Did the 
Company build the storehouse ? or, Did 
the Company make the contract ? 

Compass, an instrument employed in 
directing the course of a vessel at sea, con¬ 
sisting of a magnetized needle balanced 
upon its centre so as to swing freely, and 
by means of a graduated circle indicate the 
direction in which the ship's head points. 
Science is baffled in its attempts to over¬ 
come the difficulty in steering iron-clad 
ships, arising from the disturbance of the 
needle, such ships being themselves mag¬ 
nets. It is asserted that “ the disturbance 
is least when the ship has been built with 
her head south, and plated with her head 
north ; thus the magnetism acquired du¬ 
ring building is gradually diminished by 
the hammering attending the operation of 
plating.” 

t'oanpnss signals, flags which de¬ 
note the points of the compass. 





COMPETITION. 


CONGER EEL. 


153 


Competition, rivalry in trade; en¬ 
deavoring to gain what others in the same 
line of business are endeavoring to gain. 

Competitor, a rival in business. 

Component, an ingredient; the term 
is much used in our tariff laws,—as a fa¬ 
bric of wool and silk, of which silk is “ the 
component material of chief value ; ” or 
manufactures of copper, lead, iron, tin, 
“ or other metal, or of which either of 
these metals shall be the component ma¬ 
terial of chief value.” 

Composition, the union of two or 
more substances or parts; an arrangement 
or compromise whereby a portion is taken 
in lieu of the full demand. If one creditor 
of an insolvent debtor enter into a contract 
of general composition, common to the 
others, having at the same time an agree¬ 
ment with the debtor to receive a larger 
percentage, such agreement is fraudulent 
and void. But this rule has no application 
to cases where each creditor makes his 
own bargain and gets the best terms he 
t can. U. 8: Court Dec. 

Composition cloili, a woven fab¬ 
ric dressed with a solution which renders 
it water-proof. 

Compotes, fruits preserved in syrup. 

Compound, to form from different 
ingredients; to come to an agreement or 
settlement by concession ; to compromise. 

Compound interest, interest on 
interest due. An agreement to pay com¬ 
pound interest, as an ordinary commercial 
transaction, cannot be enforced, but it is 
not usury. 

Comprador, a steward or purser of 
the households of the merchants in China ; 
in Spanish, a buyer. 

Compromise, an adjustment of dif¬ 
ferences between parties, by one or other 
or both making some concession; an ar¬ 
rangement with creditors ; to compound. 

Compute, to estimate by something 
given or admitted; to calculate. 

Conceru, a business establishment; 
a firm engaged in business. 

Concession, yielding, as the seller 
accepting a lower price than he at first 
asked. 

Concii siieil, the helmet or casket 
shells of the West Indies ; the shell is used 
as a sounding horn, by sawing a mouth- 
hole at the spiral end. 

Coucfiniiu, a dry measure in Mysore, 
of 8 lbs. 

Condemned, pronounced unmer¬ 
chantable ; the sentence which declares a 
ship unfit for service ; the judgment of a 


court that a vessel taken as a prize was 
liable to capture; smuggled or illicit mer¬ 
chandise pronounced by the courts as 
forfeited to the government. 

Condensed milk, solidified milk 
prepared in such a manner as to prevent it 
from spoiling. 

Condiments, seasoning or flavoring 
substances for food, as mustard, pepper, 
vinegar, sugar, salt, etc. ; anything used 
to improve the flavor of food. 

Comlitioning silk, a trade term 
for the assaying of silk, in order to test 
the proportions of moisture it contains. 

Conditions of sale, the terms 
upon which articles are sold at an auction 
sale; they are usually read or announced 
previous to the sale, and considered bind¬ 
ing on all the parties. 

Condo ago, a long kind of Spanish 
raw silk of low quality. 

Co 11 dll eta, a convoy or caravan of 
mules or horses, in Mexico, etc., convey¬ 
ing money or the precious metals from 
one place to another, inland, or to a sea¬ 
port for shipment. 

Cones, a valuable species of shells. 

Conessi 8>arK, the commercial name 
for an astringent drug bark much used in 
India, and slightly in the United States. 

Coney skins, the commercial name 
for dressed rabbits’ skins; dealt in by 
furriers; they are frequently colored in 
imitation of more costly furs. 

Confects, comfits; sweetmeats. 

Confection, a sweetmeat; a pre¬ 
serve; also a medicinal conserve or soft 
electuary, as opiate confection, aromatic 
confection, confection of senna, etc. 

Confectionery, the trade name for 
preparations of fruits with sugar, and vari¬ 
ous preparations of sugar in different and 
fancy forms; sweetmeats, etc. 

Confidential debts. With mer¬ 
chants debts incurred for borrowed money 
are generally, and very properly too, regard¬ 
ed as having a first claim or priority over 
other debts; and in case of failure or as¬ 
signment, they are treated as confidential, 
and are preferred. 

Confidential creditors, that 

class of creditors who from the peculiar 
character of their claims are preferred, or 
considered by the debtor as confidential, 
and are first paid or secured. 

Confit (French), dogs’ excrements 
prepared for dressing leather ; in England 
termed puer. 

Confitures, preserves, sweetmeats. 

Conger eel, a coarse fish, forming 



154 


CONGOU. 


CONSULS. 


an article of commerce in Cornwall and 
Devonshire, England; they are exported 
in a dried state to Spain and Portugal, 
where they are reduced to powder, and 
used for making soup. 

Con go IB, black tea, a superior kind 
of bohea. 

Congress water, the commercial 
name for a mineral water from one of the 
springs at Saratoga, in the State of New 
York; it possesses valuable medicinal 
properties, and is bottled and packed in 
boxes, and shipped to almost every part of 
the world. 

Conisiia, a fragrant gum resin suit¬ 
able for pastilles, etc., obtained in British 
Guiana from the hyciwa or incense tree. 

Connecticut leaf, the trade name 
for a kind of tobacco much used for wrap¬ 
pers for cigars, deriving its name from the 
State of Connecticut, where it was first 
cultivated. 

Conserve, a tender or convoy; a 
sweetmeat preserved by means of sugar; 
in pharmacy, a confection or electuary; a 
sweetened pulp containing the virtues of 
flowers, herbs, or fruits. 

Consideration, the motive or ma¬ 
terial cause of a bargain. 

Consign, to direct or send goods to a 
merchant; to consign a ship and cargo. 

Con signature, a joint signature. 

Consignee, the person to whom ar¬ 
ticles of merchandise, or a ship and cargo, 
are consigned or directed. 

Consignment, goods consigned to a 
correspondent, to be held for further in¬ 
structions, to be sold, or to be transshipped, 
as the case may be. 

Consignor, the party who consigns or 
transmits goods. 

Consols, pronounced con sols, the lead¬ 
ing English funded government security; a 
fund formed by the consolidation of dif¬ 
ferent annuities, and on which three per 
cent, interest is paid. It forms the largest 
portion of the public funds, amounting to 
£300,000,000, and in it are absorbed from 
time to time other public securities. It is 
that stock in which there is most specula¬ 
tion and jobbing among the dealers; hence, 
the price at which it stands generally 
regulates the rise and fall of other public 
securities in England. 

Consols market, the Stock Ex¬ 
change in England, where sales of public 
securities are transacted. 

Consort, a partner, or ship sailing in 
company with another. 

Coustaintia, a sweet wine produced 


at the Cape of Good Hope and exported 
from Cape Town. It is the best of the 
Cape wines. 

Constant white, a white coloring 
substance—carbonate and .sulphate of bary¬ 
tes. 

Constantinople, the chief city of 
the Turkish Empire, situate on the south¬ 
western entrance of the Bosphorus. It 
has a splendid harbor, and is the great en¬ 
trepot for the commerce between the Medi¬ 
terranean and Black Seas. The number 
of vessels which enter and clear at this 
port is enormous, amounting to 25,000, 
and even as high as 30,000 in a year. But 
the actual trade of the city bears no com¬ 
parison to the number of vessels touching 
at the port. The industries of the country 
are very limited. The chief exports are 
silk, carpets, perfumes, opium, smoking 
apparatus of all kinds, boxwood, galls, 
leeches, and some other articles. The im¬ 
ports are grain, tallow, timber and furs, 
from the Black Sea; cotton and woollen 
goods, cutlery, watches, jewelry, glass, 
paper, furniture, indigo, etc., from Euro¬ 
pean countries. “ The largest proportion 
of the trade of this city, and of the Levant 
generally, is in the hands of Greek mer¬ 
chants, who, by their superior skill, in¬ 
dustry, and knowledge of those with whom 
they have to deal, have completely dis¬ 
tanced their English, French, and other Eu¬ 
ropean competitors (denominatedFranks).” 
The tariff on imports is 5 per cent. —3 per 
cent, on their landing, and 2 per cent, on 
their being admitted to consumption. The 
export duties on native produce amount 
to 12 per cent.—9 per cent, is paid when 
the goods arrive at Constantinople, and 3 
per cent, on their being shipped. 

The direct trade with the United States 
is between one million and two millions 
of dollars a year. 

The moneys are 100 aspers=l piastre ; 100 piastres 
=1 medjdie, or Turkish lira. For currency purposes, 
the piastre is divided into 40 paras of 8 aspers each. 
The pound sterling commonly passes for 125 piastres. 
The value of the 100 gold piastre piece at the U. S. 
Mint is $4.36.9 ; the 20 piastre silver piece, 87 cents. 
The weights and measures are :— 

The rotoolo of 180 drams=1.27 lb. avoir. 

The oke of 400 drams=2.83 lb. avoir. 

The almud, liquid measure=1.38 galls. 

The killow of grain=1.41 bush. 

The pik or pike=26% to 27.9 inches. 

In ordinary commercial affairs the pik is reckoned 
at 27 inches. 

Consuls, officers commissioned to re¬ 
side in the seaports of a foreign country, 
chiefly for the purpose of protecting and fa¬ 
cilitating the commercial interests of the 
subjects or citizens of the country from 




CONSULAGE. 


CO-OPERATIVE STORES. 155 


which they are sent; the commercial rep¬ 
resentatives of a State in a foreign coun¬ 
try. They are employed by all governments, 
and the office is recognized by the law of 
all nations. The duties of consuls are 
generally defined by commercial treaties, 
or by the laws of the country they repre¬ 
sent. The United States consuls are 
appointed by the President and Senate, 
and receive their instructions from the 
Secretary of State. 

Consulage, a duty paid by merchants 
for the protection of their property in a 
foreign place. 

Consular seal, the distinctive seal 
of a consul, by which he attests com¬ 
mercial documents. 

Consulate, the office or residence of 
consul. 

Consumption, a using up; the quan¬ 
tity consumed; merchandise withdrawn 
from the bonded warehouse to be put on 
the market is withdrawn for consumption. 

Coiitailles (French), coarse silk. 

Contented goods, a custom house 
term formerly in use in England, applied 
to linens and other fabrics which had the 
number of yards they contained fixed to 
the piece. 

Contents, what is contained in bales, 
casks, or packages of merchandise. 

Contents unknown, a phrase 
which occurs in bills of lading, wherein 
the captain, although receipting for cases 
and packages of merchandise as marked 
(as, say, a case marked u 12 doz. ladies’ 
shoes”), disavows any acknowledgment of 
the kind or quantity of goods contained in 
the case. 

Contingent, a share or portion aris¬ 
ing from an adventure or partnership in 
trade; the quota which each is to furnish 
or receive. 

Continuation, a connection; the 
carrying over of stock, &c., by a stock 
broker or dealer. 

Conto, a Portuguese word for million. 

Contra, on the other side; per contra , 
a credit on the opposite page. 

Contraband, commerce which is 
carried on contrary to the laws of the 
country. 

Contraband goods, articles which 
are either wholly prohibited, or only per¬ 
mitted to be imported or exported on cer¬ 
tain conditions; goods or effects subject 
to customs or excise duty, smuggled in. or 
put on the market without payment of 
such duty, are contraband, and on seizure, 
liable to be forfeited. 


Contract, a covenant or agreement 
between parties ; an agreement to do or 
not to do a particular thing. 

Contractor, one who agrees or con¬ 
tracts to furnish goods to another at a 
fixed or ascertained price. 

Contract ticket, an agreement be¬ 
tween ship-owners or ship-brokers and pas¬ 
sengers. 

Contribution, a joint payment of 
money to an undertaking; the individual 
proposition of a general average. 

Conveyance, the transport of goods 
or passengers by land or sea. 

Convoy, a naval force under the com¬ 
mand of an officer appointed by govern¬ 
ment, or by the commander of a naval 
station, to accompany merchant-vessels 
during a voyage deemed to require pro¬ 
tection. 

Cooking accounts, falsely repre¬ 
sented accounts ; statements prepared for 
deceptive purposes. 

Coolie trade, by law and by treaty 
between the United States and the Em¬ 
peror of China, the emigration of Chinese 
subjects must be free and voluntary; and 
consuls at every port where coolies embark 
are required to certify, after full examina¬ 
tion, that such embarkation is not forced 
or procured by fraud. 

Cooly, a porter or carrier; a term ap¬ 
plied by Europeans to the class of day 
laborers in all eastern countries. 

Cooni, an English grain measure con¬ 
taining four bushels. 

Coomie, a valuable present in the 
shape of customs duty, demanded by the 
king and chiefs from trading vessels visit¬ 
ing the rivers of Western Africa, for per¬ 
mission to trade with the natives. 

Cooil skins, an abbreviated name 
for racoon-skins. 

Cooni y or eoontie cliatta, the 

name of the Florida arrow-root. 

Coop, a vessel for liquids; a barrel. 

Cooperage, money paid to a cooper 
for putting hoops on casks or bales; the 
work of a cooper. 

Cooperage stock, materials used 
by coopers, embracing pipe, hogshead, and 
barrel staves, heavy and light; molasses, 
rum, and sugar shooks and headings, green 
hoops, long and short, and hoops and staves 
generally. 

Co-operative stores, stores estab¬ 
lished by operatives on the principle of joint- 
stock associations, at which the members or 
stockholders make their family purchases, 
and participate in the profits. A great 



156 


COOPER’S GLUE. 


COPPER. 


many of these stores have been established 
in various parts of the country, some of 
which have proved failures, while from 
others the anticipated beneficent results 
are being fully realized : —their success or 
failure depending upon management. In 
Massachusetts, where these associations 
most prevail, they organize under a State 
law, of which the following is a synopsis: — 

Seven or more persons, male or female, of legal 
age, may form an association. The purpose may be 
trading, manufacturing, or agricultural. 

The business must be done only in the place named 
in the articles of agreement. 

A Board of Managers, to consist of a President, 
Treasurer, and at least three directors, to be elected 
by the stockholders. 

Each association can make its by-laws. 

The amount of capital stock fixed and limited in its 
articles of association, may be any sum not exceeding 
$5U,000. The association may increase or diminish 
its amount and its number of shares. 

Annual statements are required of the condition of 
association, showing amount of stock, par value of 
shares, number of shares issued, names and residences 
of the stockholders, and number of shares owned by 
each. 

Such association may take, hold, and convey such 
real and personal estate as is necessary for the pur¬ 
poses of its organization, and may sue and be sued in 
its associate name ; and no member shall be entitled 
to hold or claim any interest therein exceeding the 
sum of $1,000 ; nor any member, upon any subject, 
be entitled to more than one vote. 

No certificate of shares issued to any person until 
the full amount thereof shall have been paid in cash. 
No person allowed to become a shareholder in such 
association except by the consent of the managers of 
the same. 

Board of Managers made liable for all debts in case 
of failure to make returns. 

No shareholder personally liable for any debt of 
the Association after the full amount of capital stock 
is paid in and certificates issued therefor. 

Sec. 12 (hi full). There shall be such distribution 
of the profits or earnings of such Association among 
the workmen, purchasers, and stockholders as shall 
be described by the by-laws, at such times as therein 
described, and as often at least as once in twelve 
months; provided , that no distribution shall be de¬ 
clared and paid until a sum equal at least to 10 per 
cent, of the net profits shall be appropriated for a 
contingent or sinking fund, until th.ere shall have ac¬ 
cumulated a sum equal to 30 per cent, in excess of 
such capital stock. 

Shareholders in cooperative associations so organ¬ 
ized may hold shares therein not exceeding in the ag¬ 
gregate the par value of $20, which shall be exempt 
from attachment and from being taken on execution. 

Cooper’s glue, a trade name for glue 
of high repute, made at the glue factory 
of Peter Cooper, New York. 

CoosiBUilm, a name for paddy. 

Cootliay, a striped satin made in In¬ 
dia. 

Cop, a head, a bundle or ball of yam 
on a spindle. 

Copaiba, eopaiva, or capai- 

vi, a balsam or yellow liquid resin which 
exudes from a South American tree, used 
in medicine. It is imported from Brazil, 


Venezuela, and some of the West India 
Islands, and comes in cans, casks, or demi¬ 
johns. 

Copal, an important pure resin of 
commerce, forming the basis of most var¬ 
nishes—it exudes spontaneously from cer¬ 
tain trees in Mexico and in the East Indies, 
and is dug from the earth on the coast of 
Africa, opposite Zanzibar. The chief 
sources of supply are the Philippine 
Islands, Sierra Leone, the Straits settle¬ 
ments, and Portugal. The best quality 
is said to come from Bombay. 

Copalclie bark, an aromatic, bit¬ 
ter, medicinal bark, the produce of a 
Mexican bush. 

Copal tree, a tree of Malabar, which 
discharges a resin resembling copal. 

CopoaBg, a money of account and 
weight in some parts of the Eastern Archi¬ 
pelago : in Sumatra, the copang is a 
weight of 2^- grains, in Borneo, 9| grains. 

Copa rtuer, a joint partner; one who 
is united in partnership with another. 

Copartuer§liip, partnership; an 
agreement between two or more persons 
for joining together their money, goods, 
labor and skill, or either or all of them, for 
the purposes of trade, and of dividing the 
profits and losses arising from it, propor- 
tionably, or otherwise, between them. 

Cope, to barter or change away. 

Copeck, Kopeck, a Russian cop¬ 
per coin, of about | of a cent in value; 
the T g]j part of the rouble. 

Copciimsfi, a merchant, one who bar¬ 
ters. 

Copenhagen, a seaport city and 
capital of Denmark. The trade of the 
city is inconsiderable; the only exports of 
importance are grain, hides, and cattle. 
The moneys of account are the skilling and 
rigsdaler,—96 skillings=1 rigsdaler. The 
rigsdaler is also divided into 6 marks, each 
of 10 skillings. The rigsdaler is in value 
equal to 26*. 2.35^., making the £ sterling 
equal to 9 rigsdalers and 10 skillings. The 
species or specie dollar is sometimes used. 
It is equal to 2 rigsdalers and is divided into 
48 styvers, each of 4 skilling. The Danish 
lb. weight is 7,720 grains ; 100 lbs. Danish 
equal 110.28 lbs. avoirdupois; 100 lbs. 
avoirdupois equal 90. G7 lb. Danish. 100 
Danish ells=G8,646 U. S. yards; 100 U. 
S. yards = 145.675 Danish ells. 

Copey,a Cuba dye-wood obtained from 
clusia rosea. 

Copper, next to iron, is the most use¬ 
ful of all the metals; it is found in almost 
all countries, and is obtained largely in 



COPPERAH. 

Michigan and other States of the Union; 
in. Chili, France, England, and Sweden. 
It enters into commerce in the form of 
ore, regulus, old plates, coin, ingots, and 
pigs, sheets, nails, wire, rods, etc. ; the 
whole amount of the smelted copper pro¬ 
duced in the world was estimated in 1860 
to be about 60,000 tons; a copper coin; 
made of copper. 

Coppers'll, the commercial name at 
Ceylon for the dried pulp of the cocoa-nut, 
from which cocoa-nut od is expressed. 

Copperas, the green crystals forming 
sulphate of iron, also called green vitriol. 
It is prepared on a large scale, and em¬ 
ployed for making black dyes, ink, Prus¬ 
sian blue, and for other purposes in dye- 
works, and in tanning, painting, and for 
various uses in the arts. 

Copper bottomed, vessels sheath¬ 
ed with copper sheets below the water¬ 
mark. 

Copper coinage, the petty coinage 
of most countries, used for small transac¬ 
tions, consisting, in the United States, of 
one-cent, two-cent, and three-cent pieces. 

Copper fastenied, vessels or boats 
which have rivets or bolts of copper to se¬ 
cure the timber and planks, etc. 

Copper glance, a beautiful ore of 
copper found in the mines of Cornwall, and 
in that of Bristol, Conn. ; the sulphuret of 
copper. 

Copper nickel, an ore which con¬ 
sists of a compound of arsenic with nickel. 

Copper ore, the crude ore from 
which copper metal is obtained by smelt¬ 
ing ; the ores, when dressed by mechanical 
preparation, enter into commerce, and are 
extensively shipped from the mines from 
Australia, Chili, Cuba, Lake Superior, and 
other places, to England, and to Boston, 
Baltimore, and other localities where there 
are smelting furnaces. 

Copperplates, the commercial term 
for engravings or impressions of pictures 
taken from plates of copper. 

Copper pyrites, the ores of copper, 
which are sulphurets of copper and iron— 
the most abundant ore of copper in England. 

Copper sheathing, thin sheets of 
copper employed for nailing on ships’ bot¬ 
toms, to preserve the timber. 

Copper wire, fine wire drawn from 
bars of copper. 

Coppice bark, the bark stripped 
from the stems or shoots of the oak grown 
as coppice—a valuable tanning bark. 

Coppill, a cone of thread, or yarn, 
formed on a spindlo by spinning. 


CORAWA. 157 

Coppo, a measure of oil at Lucca, 
containing 25gals. 

Copwarp, a kind of cotton yarn. 

Copying clerk, a clerk in a mer¬ 
chant’s office, whose duty it is to make 
transcripts of letters and other documents. 

Copying ink, adhesive ink prepared 
with gum and other substances, for taking 
copies of letters, etc., by the use of the 
copying-press. 

Copying paper, thin unsized pa¬ 
per, adapted to the use of the copying- 
press. 

Copying press, a kind of hand-press 
used for taking duplicate or manifold im¬ 
pressions of letters. 

Co<snilBa nuts, the fruit of a Bra¬ 
zilian palm-tree, the attalea funifera ; the 
nuts are nearly solid, very hard and mot¬ 
tled, and take a fine polish ; they are 
made into ornamental and useful articles, 
such as heads of walking-sticks, umbrellas, 
etc. 

Coqiio wool, a kind of wool ob¬ 
tained from the sheep of Angola, in Africa. 

Coracle, a kind of wicker-work boat, 
used for salmon-fishing in the rivers of 
Wales. 

Cora3a, a measure of length in the 
East, varying for different goods, from 41 
to 52 j inches, at Bengal, 9 ^ yds ; an In- 
dian-pattem silk handkerchief. 

Corali matting, matting manufac¬ 
tured at Madras from the corah-grass, a 
species of cyperus. 

Corali prints, printed imitation In¬ 
dian handkerchiefs. 

Coral, a calcareous substance, gener¬ 
ally of a shrub-like appearance, and of 
various colors, red, white, and black. 
Some varieties (usually the red) are manu¬ 
factured into ornaments and used in jew¬ 
elry ; the most valuable specimens for 
jewelry purposes are brought from the 
Mediterranean and Red Sea, and the Per¬ 
sian Gulf. Its value depends on its solid¬ 
ity, and sometimes on its size ; while some 
is worth $2.50 an oz., other descriptions 
do not bring 25 cents per lb. 

Co ml berry, the Missouri Indian 
currant. 

Coralline, a name given to one of 
the coloring products of coal tar, having a 
kind of coral color. 

Coral wood, a hard red cabinet 
wood. 

Cora wa, a strong silky fibre obtained 
from a species of bromelia , used at Deme- 
rara to make bow-strings, fishing lines, 
cordage, &c. 





158 


CORD. 


CORN. 


Cord, a measure for fire-wood, equal 
to 128 cubic feet; so called because it was 
formerly measured by a cord; the dimen¬ 
sions of a cord of wood are eight feet 
long, four feet high, and four feet broad ; 
a small rope. 

Cordage, small rope ; cords or ropes 
collectively; specifically, in commerce, 
cords of whatever size used in the rigging 
of vessels; cords which may pass through 
or be used in pulleys on a vessel. 

Cordelle, tape, ribbons, and small 
cords. 

Cordials, sweetened spirit aromatized 
or flavored with various substances, used 
as a beverage; the term liqueurs is used 
almost synonymously. 

Cordies, a kind of felt hats, covered 
with goat-hair. 

CordiS las, a kind of kersey. 

Cordon, a band or wreath ; a guarded 
line kept by appointed officers, to prevent 
the breaking of quarantine, blockade, 
smuggling, &c. 

Cordonnet, double and twisted silk 
thread, made from waste or inferior silk, 
and used for tassels, fringes, &c. 

Cordo vail, Spanish leather or tanned 
goat-skin; the term in England is applied 
to leather made from the horse-hide. 

Corduroy, a kind of fustian or thick 
cotton fabric, ribbed or corded; corded 
velveteen. 

Cordwaiai, same as cordovan. 

Cord wood, a name for fire-wood cut 
into lengths of four feet, and piled to be 
measured or sold by the cord. 

Cor ge, the common term in India for 
a score, by which certain kinds of goods 
are vended in the bazars. 

Corgee, a term in Canara, India, for 
212 rush mat bundles of rice. 

Coriander-seed, the seeds of co- 
Handrum sativum , a wild plant which 
grows in most parts of Europe, used as a 
seasoning, and for the aromatic essential 
oil expressed from the seeds; it is used 
also for flavoring spirits and to cover the 
taste of medicines. 

Cork, the soft and elastic outer bark 
of the quercus suber , a species of oak, grow¬ 
ing abundantly, and also cultivated for 
this product, in the southern provinces of 
France, in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Bar¬ 
bary ; the cork is removed by making in¬ 
cisions around the tree, and longitudinally 
to the root, when the pieces are easily de¬ 
tached. This process may be repeated every 
eight or ten years, without injury to the 
tree. The pieces are soaked in water, 


pressed under heavy weights, dried before 
a fire, and packed in bales for exportation. 
The imports of unmanufactured cork into 
the United States are between $200,000 
and $300,000 annually, chiefly from Por¬ 
tugal and Spain. 

Corks, stoppers for bottles. They are 
made by dividing the sheets of cork into 
narrow strips, and after cutting them into 
proper lengths, rounding them into form 
with a sharp thin-bladed knife. Besides 
what are made in this country, there are 
imported from the French and Spanish 
ports on the Mediterranean, and from Ca¬ 
diz, to the value of about $300,000 an¬ 
nually. The manufacture and sale of bottle 
corks in France and Spain are sources of 
considerable trade and wealth in several 
provinces. They are packed in bales, each 
bale containing from 20,000 to 32,000 
corks. 

Corked, wine which has acquired the 
taste of the cork. 

Cork fiats, hats made of very thin 
sheets of cork bark; they are soft, light, 
and durable. 

Cork-jackets, jackets lined with 
corks used by persons learning to swim, 
and as life-preservers. 

Cork soles, thin slices of cork bark, 
used for the inside soles of shoes. 

Cora, a general commercial name for 
the grain or seed of those plants which are 
used for food. In England the term is 
applied chiefly to wheat; in the United 
States it applies only to Indian corn or 
maize; in Scbtland the name is given to 
oats; in Sweden and Iceland it denotes 
barley. The term appears to be generally 
applied to that species of grain which is 
most commonly used for food in any par¬ 
ticular region. In its most comprehensive 
sense, it signifies every sort of grain which 
may be ground into meal and used as food, 
and is sometimes extended to peas and 
beans. 

Com, the common and commercial 
name in the United States for maize, or 
Indian corn. The crop is the largest and 
most important of any of the cereals raised 
in this country, and forms an article of 
food, prepared in various ways, in more 
universal use among us than that of any 
other grain. In the pork-raising districts 
of the Western States, it is largely used as 
food for hogs; vast amounts are distilled 
into whiskey; most of the starch of com¬ 
mence is made from it; and in Iowa and 
some other States it has been used on the 
cob as an economical fuel. The annual 







CORN BAGGING. 


CORUNDUM. 


159 


crop of the United States is from 1,000 to 
12,000 millions of bushels. It is largely 
exported to Cuba and other West India 
Islands, to Canada, Mexico, and England. 
“We sometimes hear,” said the lion. W. 
C. Rives, of Virginia, “that Cotton is 
King; but if any one of those noble plants 
which constitute the vegetable races of 
the New World could aspire to royalty, it 
would be that Prince of Cereals, Indian 
Corn, a proud native of the soil, lifting 
high his imperial form and tasselled banner 
above all his compeers, and, on the uni¬ 
versality of its uses and presence, founding 
a claim to universal sway.” 

Cor ei billing, coarse sacking cloth 
for grain bags. 

Coral brooms, brooms made from 
the tops of the sorghum vulgaris or broom 
grass, or broom corn, the stalks of which 
resemble corn. House and clothes brooms 
made from broom corn are very extensively 
manufactured and sold in the United States. 

Corned, granulated; preserved by 
being moderately salted. 

Coraiel-wood, a durable timber ob¬ 
tained from the cornel cherry-tree, cornus 
mascula , a species of dog-wood. It is used 
for wheel-work, pins, wedges, etc. 

Coa’saeo, a Spanish ore of quicksilver. 

Corner, a term used in reference to 
certain kinds of transactions between stock 
brokers; or applied to transactions between 
speculators in stocks, grain, or other com¬ 
modities. sold under a contract to deliver 
at a future day, and when the time for 
delivery arrives, the seller finds that the 
buyer, or a combination or clique, have 
control of the market, so that he is unable 
to make the delivery except upon such 
terms as the buyer chooses to exact; or in 
other words, he is driven into a corner ,—a 
position of difficulty. The Board of Trade 
at Chicago, in order to relieve merchants 
involved in time contracts, adopted a rule 
that whenever any member of their board 
shall claim that the fulfilment of his con¬ 
tract is interfered with by the existence of 
a “ corner,” a committee shall investigate 
as to its existence, and if the committee find 
that a corner existed at the time of the 
maturity of the contract, such contract 
shall be settled on the basis of actual value 
as compared with other property of the 
same kind, but of a different grade in other 
markets, such value to be ascertained as 
near as may be, and a price to be fixed by 
a majority of such committee. 

Cornets, paper bags or caps used by 
retailers to enclose small wares. 


Corn exchange, a place of meeting 
for dealers in grain and flour, where sales 
and purchases are effected by samples. 

Corn hosks, the coarse outer leaves 
which enclose the ears of Indian com; 
used for stuffing mattresses; a cheap, 
clean, and valuable substitute for hair, 
and worth, when properly gathered and 
packed in bales, from $60 to $80 per ton. 

Co ruing, a name given to the process 
of granulating gunpowder. 

Corn-sucks, grain-bags, usually made 
of coarse canvas. 

Coromandel wood, a fine cabinet 
wood obtained from the diospyrus hirsuta ; 
exported in logs and in planks from Madras. 

Corozo nuts, the commercial name 
for the fruit of a species of palm, which is 
known in this country as vegetable ivory ; 
they vary in size from 1 to 2 inches in 
diameter, and are much used for small 
articles of turnery ware. Hundreds of 
tons are now annually imported, and manu¬ 
factured into small fancy ornaments. They 
are brought chiefly from Panama, where 
they are usually sold at a nominal or very 
low price. 

Correspondent, one at a distance 
who carries on commercial intercourse 
with another by letter. 

CoiToi, eourroi, a coating stuff for 
paying a ship’s bottom. 

Corrosive sublimate, the store 
name for bichloride of mercury ; beyond its 
slight use in medicine, its chief commercial 
demand is for its employment in preserving 
objects of natural history and anatomical 
preparations. 

Corrabated iron, iron fluted with 
alternate elevations and depressions in 
parallel lines. 

Corsair, a piratical vessel. 

Corset jeans, twilled cotton cloth, 
some of which has a kind of satin face, 
made to be manufactured into corsets. 

Corsets, stays or supports for the 
waist, worn by females; many thousands 
are annually imported from Germany and 
France into the United States. 

Corsiean moss, a nutritious strong- 
scented sea-weed, found on the coasts of 
the Mediterranean. 

Corn aid uni, the hardest of minerals 
except the diamond; it is in demand for 
grinding and polishing machinery, plate 
glass, pebbles, etc. Adamantine spar is a 
common kind of corundum, the sapphire 
and ruby are termed precious corundum, 
and emery is corundum of a more or less 
impure kind. 





1G0 


COSMETICS. 


COTTON. 


Cosmetics, articles employed for 
beautifying the skin; they include some 
harmless lotions, but many of them are of 
doubtful utility and some decidedly injuri¬ 
ous. Some applications for the hair are 
also known in trade as cosmetics. 

Cossas, a kind of plain Indian muslin 
of various qualities and widths. 

Cost, the amount which has been ex¬ 
pended in producing or in obtaining an 
article or thing,—not its value, for its cost 
may be more or less than it is worth. 

Costal, a sack or large bag used in 
South America ; those for carrying ore are 
made of pita or aloe fibre. 

Costermonger, an itinerant hawker 
or street dealer ; originally costardmonger, 
one who sold apples, but now applied indis¬ 
criminately to hawkers of fruit, vegeta¬ 
bles, fish, &c. 

Cost price, the 'price actually paid 
when the goods were bought; rhe cost of 
the goods, if purchased by a New York 
merchant at Boston, for example, would, 
in addition to the pi'ice paid at Boston, be 
the commissions, shipping expenses, 
freight, insurance, etc., so that the cost 
of the goods would be different and greater 
than the cost price. 

Co*fi§ iisad charges, the addition 
required by law to be made to the foreign 
market price of imported goods, to fix their 
dutiable value, —such as u the expenses of 
putting up and packing, together with the 
value of the sack, package, box, crate, 
hogshead, barrel, bale, cask, can bottles, 
jars, vessels, demijohns, and coverings of all 
kinds.” 

Costume, a term which, as understood 
in trade, is applied only to fancy or charac¬ 
ter dress. 

Cost MUlCS, character dresses used at 
fancy balls, or for dramatic performances, 
&c. 

Coitus, a name for the putchuk root, 
a kind of Indian orris, used in China as an 
incense. 

Cotgarc, refuse or clotted wool. 

Colli 3 it, a woollen material, in black 
and white, for ladies’ skirts. 

Cols wold wool, the long or comb¬ 
ing wool of a breed of English sheep, called 
cotswold. 

Cot I a, a measure used for cowries, 
containing about 12,000 of these shells. 

Colt 00 , the commercial name for the 
wool, or downy fibrous substance, sur¬ 
rounding the seeds of various species of 
gossypium , or cotton plant. This is the 
great commercial product of the United 


States, no other country producing it to 
the same extent, nor of so valuable a qual¬ 
ity. The annual crop of our cereals, or 
even of our crop of hay, is of far greater 
value than our crop of cotton ; but as an 
article of export, among all our diversified 
products, cotton has thus far furnished 
the one of greatest importance. The 
whole commerce of our country is sensibly 
affected by the extent of the crop, or the 
price which it commands in foreign mar¬ 
kets. Only three species of cotton are 
recognized in general commerce : 1. India 
cotton , which includes the short-stapled 
varieties of Bengal, Madras, and Surat. 2. 
South American , including the long-stapled 
varieties of Pernambuco (Brazilian), Peru¬ 
vian, &c. 3. North American , which in¬ 

cludes the short-stapled varieties of New 
Orleans, West Indian uplands, and the 
long-stapled varieties of Sea Island. The 
varieties cultivated in the United States 
are the Black Seed, or Sea Island, gossy¬ 
pium arboreum , known also as long-staple. 
This is conceded to be the longest, finest, 
and softest fibre of any variety in the 
world. It differs considerably in quality, 
the prices varying sometimes as much as 
30 and 40 per cent. The district in which 
it is raised is quite limited ; and is confined 
to the low sandy shores of South Carolina, 
Georgia, and Plorida. The crop rarely ex¬ 
ceeds 50,000 bales, and sometimes it falls 
as low as 20,000, and it does not appear to 
be susceptible of increase, as the crop was 
as large fifty years ago as it is at the pres¬ 
ent time. The other variety raised in the 
United States, is the Green Seed, gossy¬ 
pium herbaceum , or Short-Stapled, or up¬ 
land. The New York commercial classifi¬ 
cation for Uplands is. Ordinary, Good Ordi¬ 
nary, Low Middling, Middling, and Good 
Middling ; the first-named being the lowest 
priced, and each kind advancing in their 
order from about f to 1 and l-£ cent per 
lb.: the quotations of Low Middlings thus 
givingabout the average price of the diffe¬ 
rent qualities. The commercial dimen¬ 
sions to which this agricultural product of 
our country has been extended within the 
last half century are marvellous. In the 
year 1740 there were exported from 
Charleston, S. C., u 7 bags of cotton 
wool,” valued at £3 IBs. and 5 d. per bag. 
Another shipment was made in 1754, and 
three shipments, amounting in all to 10 
bags, were made in the year 1770. In the 
year 1784, after our revolutionary war, 8 
bags shipped to England were seized, on 
the ground that so much cotton could not 





COTTON BAGS. 


be produced in the United States!. From 
that time up to the year 1800 the amount 
exported gradually increased, and from the 
year 1800 to 1805, the yearly product was 
about equal to 12,000 bales; from 1805 to 
1815, about 80,000 bales; from 1820 to 
1880, about 250,000 bales; from 1850 to 
I860, from 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 of bales. 
At the present time the product is from 
3,000,000 to 4,000,000 of bales. The crop 
of 1870 was 3,238,171 bales—the bales 
averaging 405 lbs. This crop was made 
up from the different States in about the 
following proportions ( estimated ):— 

North Carolina. 145,000 bales. 

South Carolina. 187,000 “ 

Georgia... 420,000 “ 

Florida. 40,000 “ 

Alabama. 440,000 “ 

Mississippi. 020,000 “ 

Louisiana. 410,000 “ 

Texas. 400,000 “ 

Arkansas. 320,000 “ 

Tennessee. 175,000 “ 

Other States. 81,000 “ 

About one-quarter of the crop is consum¬ 
ed by manufacturers in the United States, 
the balance is exported,—the bulk of it to 
Liverpool. Shipments direct to Liverpool 
and other European ports are made from 
Galveston, New Orleans, Mobile, Savan¬ 
nah, and Charleston. But the facilities 
afforded at New York, where vessels and 
crews are more readily obtained, where 
mixed cargoes frequently give lower 
freight rates to cotton, and where bills of 
exchange are more advantageously negoti¬ 
ated, cause a large proportion of the crop 
to be sent to that city to be re-shipped 
thence to foreign ports. The sales of cot¬ 
ton are usually made from samples drawn 
from the bales, and are effected by cotton 
brokers. 

Cotton hags, the bags in which cot¬ 
ton is packed; they are chiefly made of 
gunny cloth imported from Calcutta. 

Cottonade, cotton checks for men’s 
wear, or heavy cotton fabrics suitable for 
trousers, &c. 

Cotton, cloth made of cotton. 
Colton hugging, a coarse hempen 
cloth; a wrapping material for baling cot¬ 
ton, wool, or other articles. 

Cotton bats, carded cotton in sheets, 
put up in rolls, usually of 1 lb. 

Cotton Jirokei', an agent for the 
purchase or sale of cotton in the bale. 
The transactions by brokers are usually 
effected by samples, and most of the sales 
are effected through their agency. 

n 


COTTON TICK. 161 

Cot t once, a Turkish fabric of cotton 
and silk; a satinet. 

Cotton flannel, the manufacturers’ 
name for Canton flannel. 

Cotton IIouters, an India rubber 
envelope or casing, in which bales of cot¬ 
ton are floated down rivers. 

Colton goods, a general term for 
all manufactures of cotton; but its use 
rarely includes or implies anything more 
than cotton piece-goods. 

CottOllier, the Canadian name for a 
kind of wild asparagus, which is said to 
afford a valuable fibre for textile fabrics. 

Cotton iBicifianlaetaares, all kinds 
of cotton piece goods, yarns, threads, 
braids, gimps, galloons, hosiery, velvets, 
bagging, laces, etc., ,etc., manufactured 
from cotton. 

CotS €>S!-5>!*e§S, a machine for pressing 
cotton into bales. 

Cottons, a general term for all lands 
of closely-woven piece fabrics, light or 
heavy, bleached, unbleached, or printed, 
manufactured of cotton. It does not in¬ 
clude cotton laces, bobbinets, and such 
like goods. 

Cotton-seed oil, a valuable oil ex¬ 
pressed from the seeds of cotton. The 
seeds yield from fths of a gallon to a gal¬ 
lon to the bushel. There are three com¬ 
mercial varieties—the clarified , the re¬ 
fined, and the winter bleached. It is used 
in woollen mills, for morocco leather dress¬ 
ing, for illuminating purposes, for oiling 
machinery, for adulterating olive oil, as a 
substitute for olive oil, for soap-making, 
and generally as a substitute for whale, 
linseed, or olive oils, according as it is 
more or less refined or purified. The oil 
when expressed has a dark-red color, and 
in taste and odor resembles linseed oil; 
but when refined it is a clear yellow oil, 
nearly free from odor, and in taste re¬ 
sembling inferior olive or poppy oils. 

Cotton-seed oil-cake, the resi¬ 
duum of the cotton-seed after the oil 
is extracted; said to be highly useful 
as cattle food. It is extensively sold in 
London, and usually commands from $20 
to $30 per ton. In New York the price is 
usually somewhat higher. 

Cotton thread, twisted cotton yam, 
sewing cotton, spool cotton; sold in hanks 
or on spools. It is called two-cord, three- 
cord, four-cord, or six-cord, according to 
the number of times the thread has been 
twisted. The numbers on the spools de¬ 
note the fineness of the thread. 

Cotton tick, an upholstery material, 















162 


COTTON WASTE. 


COUNTRY MERCHANTS. 


commonly called bed-ticking-, and used for 
enclosing feathers or hair for beds and pil¬ 
low-cases ; it is usually in stripes, and 
twilled, and from 27 to 00 inches in width. 

Co ft oai waste, the refuse from cot¬ 
ton-mills, a commercial article, classified 
as A No. 1 cop waste, and No. 1 cop; No. 
1 white machine, and No. 2 do. ; No. 1 
colored, No. 2 ditto ; white bleached, col¬ 
ored washed, strip and tly, and spinners’ 
waste. The last-named is the least valua¬ 
ble, and generally sells for about one-half 
the price of A No. 1 cop. The inferior 
cotton wastes are called wadding stock, 
willowed picker, oily card waste, and 
sweepings. 

Cotton wool, cleaned cotton, be¬ 
fore or after it is carded. 

CoJIon yarn, the fibre of the cot¬ 
ton loosely twisted into thread and wound 
in skeins for weavers and knitters. It 
forms a very large item in the exports of 
Great Britain to the East Indies, China, 
to various parts of Europe, and to the 
United States. 

Cotton yarn measure. In the 

cotton trade, a thread is equal to 54 
inches ; a skein or rap of 80 threads, equal 
to 120 yards; a hank of 7 skeins, 840 
yards ; a spindle of 18 hanks, 15,120 yards. 

Coumia resin, a resin obtained in 
the West Indies and South America, from 
idea guianends. 

Count, to compute, to number, to 
reckon up. 

Counter, a table or bench upon which 
goods are exposed and measured, or where 
money is counted. 

Counter-caster, a term sometimes 
used for book-keeper or caster of accounts, 
in a store where the transactions are light. 

Co uaaterfelt, a deceptive imitation ; 
a forgery ; spurious trade-marks on goods, 
made to resemble popular or standard 
manufactures. 

Counterfeit notes, bank-notes 
which are fac-similes of the genuine bills; 
spurious notes are those which differ en¬ 
tirely from the genuine ; altered notes are 
those whose title, locality, or denomina¬ 
tion has been extracted, and some other 
one pasted or printed in its place. These 
several classes of notes are minutely de¬ 
scribed, and rules for their detection lucid¬ 
ly explained, in the admirable work en¬ 
titled “How to Detect Counterfeit Bank¬ 
notes,” by George W. Peyton , Esq ., of 
New York. 

Counter-irritants, a cant term 
facetiously applied to ladies who spend 


much time in examining goods on the 
counter without purchasing. 

Counter-jumper, a name given to 
a man or boy employed in a retail dry- 
goods store, or in a country retail store. 

Countermand, a contrary order; a 
stoppage in transit. 

Counterpanes, bed-coverings wo¬ 
ven with little protuberances of various 
patterns; coverlets for beds. 

Counter-security, security given 
to one who has become security for an¬ 
other. 

Countersign, to authenticate by an 
additional signature. 

Countesses, a kind of slate, meas¬ 
uring 20 inches by 10. 

Counting-liouse, a merchant’s of¬ 
fice ; a counting-room; the room or place 
where the books of accounts are kept, and 
where the accountants, clerks, book-keep¬ 
ers, etc , perform their clerical services. 

Counting-house furniture, the 
safe, desks, book-racks, chairs, etc., of a 
counting-room. 

Counting-room, a room in which 
merchants keep their accounts and trans¬ 
act business; a counting-house. 

Country eiotlis, a name for mats 
and textile fabrics, made in Africa by the 
natives, some of which are of grass, and 
others are of long colored strips of blue 
and red cotton cloth, woven about the 
breadth of a ribbon, and sewed together. 

Country customers, purchasers of 
goods from the rural districts; not city 
customers. 

Country damaged, a term used 
to denote coffee which has become dis¬ 
colored by heat or otherwise, for want of 
proper attention, on the coffee-plantations 
or estates. 

Country markets, market-places 
where the produce of the neighborhood is 
brought to be sold, and where the family 
marketing is procured; quite distinct from 
the principal markets of a country whence 
goods are shipped. 

Country merchants, merchants 
whose business is conducted in the in¬ 
terior villages or towns, or not in seaport 
or populous cities; dealers in country 
produce, and retailers of the various kinds 
of merchandise usually kept for sale at a 
country store. Country merchants usually 
buy their goods in the large cities, and 
make up their assortments by purchasing 
from jobbers. As a general rule, this is 
better than to attempt to purchase directly 
from importers; and the city auction-room 





COUNTRY PRODUCE. 


COW-HIDE. 


163 


experience of country merchants is any¬ 
thing- but favorable. Where one gets a 
good bargain at auction sales, a dozen find 
that they have bought larger quantities 
than they require; that they could have 
bought the same kind of goods at about 
the same prices from jobbers; or, that 
they bought what they did not want. 

Country produce, such articles 
as are the extraneous product of the farm, 
including butter, cheese, eggs, poultry, 
nuts, green and dried fruits, and berries, 
feathers, hickory brooms, honey, etc., etc. 
Such of these articles, which bear a distinct 
commercial character, as butter, cheese, 
yarns, etc., can only be included under 
this head when they are of domestic or 
household manufacture, and not factory 
products. Perhaps the true distinguishing 
characteristics of what is now considered 
country produce, are, such articles as are 
made, raised, gathered or produced by 
the female or juvenile portion of the fam¬ 
ily. These are usually carried to the 
country store, and goods from the store 
received in payment. The list might per¬ 
haps be extended so as to include culi¬ 
nary and medicinal herbs, and some other 
garden products. 

Country stores, stores in a town, 
village, or country place, at which are sold 
at retail all kinds of merchandise usually in 
demand in the neighborhood, such as china 
and crockery ware, dry-goods, groceries, 
salt, fish, liquors, implements of husbandry, 
kitchen utensils, iron, steel, etc., etc. 

Country trade, the trade of a mer¬ 
chant whose principal customers are from 
small villages, or country places; that part 
of a city merchant’s trade which is with 
dealers from the interior. 

Coupe, a Swiss grain measure in 
Geneva, equal to 2 bushels and 1 peck. 

Coupon, an interest certificate at¬ 
tached to the bottom of bonds on which in¬ 
terest is payable at particular periods; 
there are as many of these certificates as 
there are payments to be made, and at each 
payment one of them is cut off and deliver¬ 
ed to the party who makes the payment; 
also goods cut in small pieces as patterns. 

Cotxrharil, a kind of transparent 
resin. 

Courida.' a building wood of Deme- 
rara; the bark of the tree is used for tan¬ 
ning. 

Course, the term for the track or 
direction a ship is to take in prosecuting 
her voyage. 

Course of exchange, the sum 


merchants pay for bills to enable them to 
make remittances from one country to an¬ 
other. 

Course of trade, what is usually 
done in the management of trade or busi¬ 
ness, or the direction in which certain 
kinds of merchandise tend, or in which 
by the inevitable laws of trade, gold and 
silver flow or are diverted. 

Courtier, a French broker, as, bill- 
broker, courtier de change ; ship-broker, 
courtier de navire ; share-broker, courtier 
d’actions ; custom-house broker, courtier 
de douane, etc. 

Court plaster, silk, india-rubber, or 
other fine fabric coated on one side with 
benzoin or other adhesive or gummy sub¬ 
stance. 

Coulil, canvas, ticking, drill, or duck; 
a heavy cotton fabric used for ladies’ cor¬ 
sets, woven by a reversed or “herring¬ 
bone ” twill. 

Covad©, the Portuguese cubit and 
measure of length for cloth, equal to 26§ 
inches. 

Cover, to be of equal value ; to be suf¬ 
ficient for, as, the amount received for the 
goods will cover their cost. 

Coverlets, the upper coverings for 
beds; counterpanes or quilts. 

Covld, an eastern cloth measure of 
variable lengths ; in Calcutta and Bom¬ 
bay it is about 18 inches ; in Madras 18} ; 
and in China -,^$j yards. 

Cowbeck, a mixture of cattle hair 
and wool, for hats. 

Cow bezoar, the name for certain 
concretions found in the stomachs of rumi¬ 
nant animals, used as a drug and paint in 
China and Hindostan. 

Cowliage, the fruit or bean of a 
climbing plant, the pods of which are 
covered with short bristly hairs. It grows 
in the West Indies and other parts of tropi¬ 
cal America, and also in the East Indies, 
and is imported as a drag. 

Cow-hair, the hair taken from the 
hides of slaughtered cattle; largely used 
as a building material for mixing with 
mortar, and also employed for stuffing. 
The white hair is sometimes employed in 
blanket-making, and the brown by felt- 
makers for ship’s sheathing, etc.; also to 
some extent used as a substitute for goat’s 
hair in the manufacture of very coarse 
worsted fabrics. 

Co w-li ide, the skins of cattle used for 
making into leather, for rope, and in South 
America for packing bales, etc. ; a whip 
made by twisting strips of the hide. 



164 


COW-PEA. 


CRASH. 


€ow-pea, a pea cultivated in the 
Southern States as a substitute for clover. 

Cowries, small white glossy shells, 
brought from the Maldives, which pass 
current as coin in several parts of Africa 
and Hindostan. In the Eastern bazars, 
where they are made use of for fractional 
payments, their value rises and falls ac¬ 
cording to the demand and the quantity in 
the market. In the interior of Africa 200 
of them are generally worth about 15 
cents. They are imported into Liverpool, 
and are sometimes quoted in the New York 
and London price currents. They are 
sent to the western coast of Africa for bar¬ 
ter with the natives; and some kinds of 
cowries are ground to make the glaze on 
the enamel plate of clocks; others are used 
for ornamental purposes. At Calcutta they 
are made use of for paying coolies, or for 
small payments in the bazar, and are 
reckoned as follows: 4 cowries=1 gundah ; 
20 gundahs=l pun; 8 puns=l anna. The 
anna is about 3 cents, so that 640 cowries 
are about equivalent to 3 cents. 

Cowsoong, a kind of nankeen dj r ed 
black ; an article of trade in the Philippine 
and Sunda Islands. 

Coyaaag - , a dry measure used in the 
East, varying according to the articles 
measured and the locality; in Amboyna, 
55^- bush. ; in Singapore, 40 piculs of 133£ 
lbs. ; for rice at Siam, it is 90^, bushels. 

Cozen, to exchange, to barter; to 
cheat or defraud. 

Coz, Cozbangue§, a small Persian 
copper coin worth about 4 cent. 

CraS) computing, computing very 
slowly. 

Crabs’ eyes, concretions found ill the 
stomach of the crawfish, consisting of car¬ 
bonate and phosphate of lime, formerly 
much used in medicine. 

Crab- wood, a light cabinet wood ob¬ 
tained in Guiana, which takes a high polish, 
and is used in joinery and for masts. 

Crab“wood oil, an oil obtained from 
the seeds of the crab-wood tree, used by 
brewers, and also as a hair oil. 

Craelters, a kind of small, dry, hard 
biscuits, made from wheat flour. They are 
made in a great variety of ways and sizes, 
and for shipment are put up in wooden, tin, 
or paper boxes, which are packed in barrels, 
or packed in bulk, in barrels or casks. 

Crackling's, the refuse of tallow in 
the tallow chandlery. 

Craft, a name given to sailing-vessels. 

Craig Iserrang, a Scotch name for 
the shad. 


Crajurn, a coloring matter analogous 
to indigo, obtained from the leaves of the 
bigonia chica , a tree of Central America. 

Cramped, hard up, or pinched for 
money to meet engagements. 

Craaa, a fish measure equal to about 
374 gallons; as many fresh herrings as will 
fill a barrel; a name in the shoe trade for 
any secret method of performing work. 

Cranage, the money paid for the use 
of a crane for loading or unloading ships. 

CranS>erries, the small, red fruit of 
several species of the cranberry shrub, 
which is found in North and South Amer¬ 
ica, in England and Ireland, and in Central 
and Northern Europe, and in Siberia; the 
American is larger than the English, and of 
better flavor. They are extensively cul¬ 
tivated in New York and other Middle and 
Western States, and are packed and sold 
in barrels; and for shipment to Europe, 
are packed in water in small kegs. 

Crane, a lifting machine, used on 
wharves and docks, etc., for hoisting heavy 
goods; smaller ones are used at private 
stores and warehouses, and on ships. 

Crank. a term for vessels which have 
not sufficient breadth of beam, or for ves¬ 
sels when inclined from any cause to lean 
over a great deal, and cannot bear much 
sail. 

Crape, a delicate, transparent or semi¬ 
transparent gauze-like fabric, made of raw 
silk divested of its gloss, woven without 
crossing, and made stiff with gum-water. 
Crape is either crisped or smooth; the 
crisped, which is double, requires that the 
silk should be spun harder than for the 
single, as the degree of twist regulates the 
crisping. It is manufactured in France 
and in England, and is used mostly for 
trimmings, and for mourning goods. The 
Canton and Japanese crapes are not stif¬ 
fened, made of better silk, are of various 
colors, and are used for ladies’ dresses, 
shawls, etc. Crapes, in manufactures, fall 
under the generic term of silks, just as 
flannels, in manufactures, fall under the 
generic term of cloths ; in commerce they 
are quite distinct, crape goods bearing the 
same relation to silks which flannels do to 
broadcloths. 

Crap leather, leather made from 
thin cow-hides. 

Crash, a heavy, low-priced narrow 
linen fabric, used for towels, etc. The 
linen crash manufactured in the Eastern 
States is made of U. S. flax, and is brown 
or bleached, and usually from 15 to 20 
inches wide. 



CRATES. 


CROTCHES. 


1G5 


Crates, large wicker hampers, used 
especially for crockery ware. 

Cravats, neck-ties of silk or other 
material; they form part of a man’s dress, 
but are not classed with ready-made cloth¬ 
ing. 

Crayon S>oar<l, thick drawing-paper 
or card-board for drawing. 

Cray obi paintings, pictures exe¬ 
cuted by the artist with crayons only. 

Cream off tartar, purified tartar or 
argol. That which is sold as a powder is 
liable to be adulterated with chalk, clay, 
gypsum, sand, flour, &c., hence it is safer 
to buy it in the crystalline form. 

Credit, opposed to debt; what is due 
to a merchant; the time extended for the 
payment of goods sold, as, the goods were 
sold at six months’ credit; the selling of 
goods in exchange for a promise of pay¬ 
ment at a future time. A reputation for 
pecuniary responsibility, or for the prompt 
performance of pecuniary engagements, 
entitles a man to credit; to give credit to; 
to place to the credit side of an account. 

Credit B8i<r>l>slier, a name given to 
a joint stock company, which originated in 
Paris about the year 1852, with very im¬ 
portant and unique chartered privileges. 
The objects embraced in the plans of the 
company were : 1. To take in hand and 
originate trading enterprises of all lands, 
on the principle of limited liability. 2. To 
supersede or buy up trading companies— 
for example, railway companies, and to 
substitute scrip and shares of its own, and 
in its own name, for the shares and bonds 
of the company ; and 3. To carry on, on 
the limited liability principle, the business 
of a bank or bankers and a stock jobber. 
The attempts to establish somewhat simi¬ 
lar organizations, under the same or nearly 
the same name in this country, have not 
proved successful. 

Creditor, one who has a demand 
against another, and has a right to demand 
or require the payment or fulfilment of the 
obligation. 

Credit system, the practice of selling 
goods on time. 

Creosote, fluid obtained from wood 
tar or pyroligneous acid by distillation ; it 
is frequently adulterated, much that is 
sold being simply carbolic acid mixed with 
more or less water. 

Crepoil, a stuff made of wool, of silk, 
or of wool and silk, resembling crape. 

Creqniiias, a light, textile, cotton 
fabric. 

Crew, the complement of sailors for a 


ship, or vessel; two-thirds of whom in all 
vessels of the "United States engaged in the 
foreign trade, must be citizens of the 
United States. 

Crewel, worsted twisted in knots, and 
sold for tapestry and embroidery work; 
called Berlin wool. 

CH8>, a small raft of timber in Canada ; 
a crib of white pine generally contains 
1,500 cubic feet; of red pine, 1,000 cubic 
feet. 

Cribble, a sort of coarse meal. 

Crier, the auctioneer or salesman at 
an auction sale. 

Crimp, a term used in England for an 
agent for coal merchants, and for a person 
concerned in shipping coal. 

Crimson, one of the red colors used 
by dyers ; a red somewhat darkened with 
blue. 

Crin, the French name for horse hair. 

CriBSoSiBBC, a stiff skirt or petticoat 
worn by women, made originally of hair 
cloth, but now applied also to other kinds 
of skirt material. 

CrocBact, a figured, ornamental needle¬ 
work or knitting, performed by a small 
hook, the material being fancy worsted, 
cotton or silk. 

Crochet lace, a fine description of 
hand knitted lace. 

Crochet steed!es, bone, metal, or 
wood knitting-hooks, for working crochet. 
Under the provision in our tariff, for 
“ Needles, sewing, darning, knitting, and 
all other descriptions,” it was held that 
crochet needles were included. 

Crockery ware, earthenware and 
pottery; vessels and utensils made of clay 
and dried by heat. 

Croc sis, polishing powder made from 
oxides of iron, and much used by cutlers 
for polishing fine cutlery. 

Crop, in the leather trade the com¬ 
mercial name for one side of sole leather, 
with belly and shoulders cut off, and a 
rounded crop for an entire hide ; a fixed 
weight in different localities for sugar, 
tobacco, and other staples; that which is 
gathered during the season, as the crop of 
grapes ; the yield of the fields, the harvest, 
as the crop of wheat. 

Crop SiogsSsesul, the usual recog¬ 
nized weight of a crop hogshead of tobacco 
is from 1,000 to 1,300 lbs. net. 

Crorc, a monetary term in Hindostan, 
used to express 100 lacs of rupees, which 
is the equivalent of 10,000,000 of rupees. 

Crotcltcs, forked pieces of mahogany, 
oak, or other timber. 




166 


CROTON OIL. 


CURLINGS. 


Croton oil, a powerful purgative oil, 
obtained by expression from the seeds of 
the Croton tiglium , a plant found in the 
East Indies, China, Ceylon, and the Moluc¬ 
cas. 

Crottles, a Scottish name for certain 
mosses and lichens used in the highlands 
for dying woollen stuffs. 

Ci'OWU, a kind of paper 15x19 or 
15 x 20 inches; a British current silver 
coin worth about $1.21. 

Crown glass, sheet glass for glazing 
purposes, made in a circular form called 
tables. 

Crow-qiiilSs, feathers of the crow, 
which are used for pens, where very fine 
writing is required. 

Crucibles, small chemical melting- 
pots made of refractory materials, for 
withstanding high temperatures. 

Crude, unrefined, raw ; not changed 
by process of manufacture. 

Cruise, to rove on the seas without 
any certain course ; a sea-voyage. 

Cryolite, a mineral found on the west 
coast of Greenland, imported as a source of 
aluminium. The Greenlanders in the manu¬ 
facture of snuff, grind tobacco leaves be¬ 
tween two pieces of cryolite, and the snuff 
so prepared, which contains about half its 
weight of cryolite powder, is in greatest de¬ 
mand. 

Crystal, the common name for quartz, 
or pure crystalline silex; a superior kind of 
glass ; a watch-glass. 

Cuartel, an inferior kind of tobacco 
in Cuba. 

Cuar&illa, a variable dry measure in 
Spain, ranging from nearly y^th to about 
■j^-th of a bushel ; as a liquid measure for 
wine it is generally equal to 1.065 gallon, 
and for oil 0.829 gallon. 

Cuba, a liquid measure in Abyssinia, 
containing 62 cubic inches, and rather 
more than a quart. 

Cuba sugar, sugar produced in 
Cuba, usually exported in a raw state, or 
what is called in trade muscovado sugar. 

Cuba Sol>aeco, tobacco raised on 
the island of Cuba ; that which is raised 
in the Vuelta Abajo, some fifty miles from 
Havana, is milder, lighter colored, and of 
better flavor than the tobacco grown near 
the western extremity of the island on 
the south coast, and is most esteemed for 
cigars. Very little, if any, of this kind of 
tobacco is ever exported, the cigar manu¬ 
facturers of Havana controlling and mono¬ 
polizing the entire product. 

Cllbebs, small berries growing on a 


climbing vine found in Java; they resem¬ 
ble pepper-corns, and hence also called Java 
pepper; used in medicine. 

CuEnca, a kind of shalloon or wors¬ 
ted stuff. 

Cubic foot, a solid measure, =1728 
cubic inches. 

CliRlic niter, another name for ni¬ 
trate of soda, or American saltpeter. 

Cli l»it, a measure of length equal to 
18 inches. 

Clue la a, a weight in Muscat of about 
6 ounces. 

Cucumbers, the common garden 
cucumbers of the Middle States furnish 
quite a large trade, the shipments in their 
green state, from New York to the North¬ 
ern States and Canada amounting to many 
thousands of barrels annually ; they also 
enter into commerce in the form of pickles. 

Cucumber seed oil, an oil ob¬ 
tained from the seeds of a species of cu¬ 
cumber, used for cooking and for lamps. 

Clieuto, a small Spanish copper coin, 
about 68 of which are equal to $1. 

Cudbear, the commercial name of 
litmus , and some other blue and red dyes 
derived from lichens, but especially the 
coloring matter of the archil or the lecano- 
ra pcirellus, which is collected in France 
and Sweden, and used in dyeing violet, pur¬ 
ple or crimson, and is especially employed 
in dyeing yarn ; it derives its name from 
Cuthbert Gordon, who first made it an 
article of trade in England. 

Cugnatella, an oil measure of Rome, 
2.17 gallons. 

Cuir, the French for leather or hide. 

Culr color, a common trade name 
for silks and other fabrics of the color of 
tanned leather. 

Cuir de laiiic, the trade name in 
France for double milled woollen cloth. 

Cl!lull, a dry measure of Sumatra, 
equal to a little more than l-16th of a 
bushel. 

Cltleu, the trade name for the leaves 
of the psoralea glandulosa , used in Chili as 
a substitute for Chinese tea. 

Cut i la ban bark, an aromatic bark 
obtained from the cinnamomum culilaban , 
sometimes called clove bark. 

Cullet, the trade name for broken 
crown or flint glass, constituting a large 
ingredient in the manufacture of crown 
or window glass. 

Culliug, picking out or selecting the 
best quality, as of staves, boards, etc.; 
sampling. 

Cuttings, same as culls. 



CULLISHIGAY. 


CURRENCY. 167 


CsilHisIligay, a grain measure of the 
Malabar Coast, about bushel. 

Culls, refuse, inferior or unmerchant¬ 
able, as of refuse lumber, etc. 

Culm, a stalk ; haulm or straw; a 
kind of anthracite coal. 

Cum 8>i, a kind of cloth,made from the 
wool of the alpaca, in Peru and Bolivia. 

Cum bites, a kind of woollen rug or 
blanket in India. 

ClliiB boo, an Indian name for the 
grain of a species of millet. 

Cumin seed, the seed of a plant 
grown in the south of Europe and Lesser 
Asia, which yields an aromatic essential 
oil. The fruit is used in the preparation 
of plasters in veterinary practice, and in 
liqueurs; the seeds known as black cumin 
are used as a substitute for pepper. 

Camdopoors, a name for a kind of 
cotton cloth made in Canara, on the Mala¬ 
bar Coast. 

Cupels, shallow crucibles used in as¬ 
saying metals, made of phosphate of lime. 

Cu racoa, a celebrated liqueur made 
from the' lime at Curaeoa ; a spirituous 
liquor flavored with orange peel, cinna¬ 
mon, and mace. 

Csai’liu, a tub or basket, of uncer¬ 
tain size, used on the west coast of Africa, 
as a measure of capacity in the sale of 
palm oil, grains, pulse, etc. 

Curb-stone brokers, a class of 
stock operators in New York whose place 
of business is on the sidewalks or pave¬ 
ments, and whose account-books are sfcid 
to be kept in their hats ; their transactions 
are mainly in fancy stocks. 

Curcuma paper, paper stained 
with a decoction of turmeric. 


C aired, preserved by salting, drying, 
smoking, etc. 

Curing, the operation of draining mo¬ 
lasses from the sugar, performed in the 
curing houses on sugar estates. 

Casrled liair, the hair of the mane 
and tail of horses, prepared for upholstery 
purposes. 

Curling stuff, cabinet woods, or tim¬ 
bers in which the fibres curl, as curly 
maple. 

Curly maple, the timber of a variety 
of the sugar maple, so called from the 
fibres curling at the places where branches 
have shot out from the trunk of the tree; 
used as a cabinet wood. 

Chit rant jelly, jelly made of red or 
black currants, for table use, usually put 
up in glass jars. 

Currants, small grapes cultivated in 
Zante, and when dried, largely shipped in 
barrels to different ports of Europe and 
the United States; the common black and 
red currants of our gardens are sold in the 
city markets, but do not enter into com¬ 
merce, except in the form of jelly. 

Currant wine, wine made from the 
common red currants. 

Currency, the paper money or the 
coin which constitutes the circulating 
medium of a country; that which passes 
for money in a country. The foreign cur¬ 
rencies which are most in use in the com¬ 
mercial transactions between European 
and American merchants, are adjusted to 
Federal money according to the laws of 
the U. S. and custom-house regulations, 
in the following Table, prepared by Wil¬ 
liam B. Hoyt, Esq., of theU. S. Apprais¬ 
er’s Department in New York. 



English. 

French. 

German. 

& 

a 

s 

Shillings 

Pounds 

Francs 

Groschen 

Thalers 

Marco 

Bancos 

Kreutzers 

Florins. 

& 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 


Dols. cts. m. 

Dols. cts. 

Dols.cts.m. 

Dols.cts.m. 

Dolls, cts. 

Dols. cts. 

cts. m. 

Dols. cts. 

1 

24 2 

4 84 

18 6 

02 3 

69 

35 

00 6| 

40 

2 

48 4 

9 68 

37 2 

04 6 

1 38 

70 

01 3 

80 

3 

72 6 

14 52 

55 8 

06 9 

2 07 

1 05 

02 0 

1 20 

4 

96 8 

19 36 

74 4 

09 2 

2 76 

1 40 

02 7 

1 60 

5 

1 21 0 

24 20 

93 0 

11 5 

3 45 

1 75 

03 3 

2 00 

6 

1 45 2 

29 04 

1 11 6 

13 8 

4 14 

2 10 

04 0 

2 40 

7 

1 69 4 

33 88 

1 30 2 

16 1 

4 83 

2 45 

04 7 

2 80 

8 

1 93 6 

38 72 

1 48 8 

18 4 

5 52 

2 80 

05 3 

3 20 

9 

2 17 8 

43 56 

1 67 4 

20 7 

6 21 

3 15 

06 0 

3 60 

10 

2 42 0 

48 40 

1 86 0 

23 0 

6 90 

3 50 

06 7 

4 00 

11 

2 66 2 

53 25 

2 04 6 

25 3 

7 59 

3 85 

07 3 

4 40 

12 

2 90 4 

58 08 

2 23 2 

27 6 

8 28 

4 20 

08 0 

4 80 

13 

3 14 6 

62 92 

2 41 8 

29 9 

8 97 

4 55 

08 7 

5 20 
























16 S 


CURRENT. 


CUSK. 


0) 

English. 

French. 

German. 

& 

i 

3 

Shillings 

Pounds 

Francs 

Groschen 

Thalers 

Marco 

Bancos 

ICreutzers 

Florins 

£ 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 


Dols. cts. m. 

Dols. cts. 

Dols.cts.m. 

Dols.cts.m 

Dolls, cts. 

Dols. cts. 

cts. m. 

Dols. cts. 

14 

3 38 8 

67 76 

2 60 4 

32 2 

9 66 

4 90 

09 3 

5 60 

15 

3 63 0 

72 60 

2 79 0 

34 5 

10 35 

5 25 

10 0 

6 00 

16 

3 87 2 

77 44 

2 97 6 

36 8 

11 04 

5 60 

10 7 

6 40 

17 

4 11 4 

82 28 

3 16 2 

39 1 

11 73 

5 95 

11 3 

6 80 

18 

4 35 6 

87 12 

3 34 8 

41 4 

12 42 

6 30 

12 0 

7 20 

19 

4 59 8 

91 96 

3 53 4 

43 7 

13 11 

6 65 

12 7 

7 60 

20 

4 84 0 

96 80 

3 72 0 

46 0 

13 80 

7 00 

13 3 

8 00 

21 

5 08 2 

101 64 

3 90 6 

48 3 

14 49 

7 35 

14 0 

8 40 

22 

5 32 4 

106 48 

4 09 2 

50 6 

15 18 

7 70 

14 7 

8 80 

23 

5 56 6 

111 32 

4 27 8 

52 9 

15 87 

8 05 

15 3 

9 20 

24 

5 80 8 

116 16 

4 46 4 

55 2 

16 56 

8 40 

16 0 

9 60 

25 

6 05 0 

121 00 

4 65 0 

57 5 

17 25 

8 75 

16 7 

10 00 

26 

6 29 2 

125 84 

4 83 6 

59 8 

17 94 

9 10 

17 3 

10 40 

27 

6 53 4 

130 68 

5 02 2 

62 1 

18 63 

9 45 

18 0 

10 80 

28 

6 77 6 

135 52 

5 20 8 

64 4 

19 32 

9 80 

18 7 

11 20 

29 

7 01 8 

140 36 

5 39 4 

66 7 

20 01 

10 15 

19 3 

11 60 

30 

7 26 0 

145 20 

5 58 0 

69 0 

20 70 

10 50 

20 0 

12 00 

31 

7 50 2 

150 04 

5 76 6 

71 3 

21 39 

10 85 

20 7 

12 40 

32 

7 74 4 

154 88 

5 95 2 

73 6 

22 08 

11 20 

21 3 

12 80 

33 

7 98 6 

159 72 

6 13 8 

75 9 

22 77 

11 55 

22 0 

13 20 

34 

8 22 8 

164 56 

6 32 4 

78 2 

23 46 

11 90 

22 7 

13 60 

35 

8 47 0 

169 40 

6 51 0 

80 5 

24 15 

12 25 

23 3 

14 00 

36 

8 71 2 

174 24 

6 69 6 

82 8 

24 84 

12 60 

24 0 

14 40 

37 

8 95 4 

179 08 

6 88 2 

85 1 

25 53 

12 95 

24 7 

14 80 

38 

9 19 6 

183 92 

7 06 8 

87 4 

26 22 

13 30 

25 3 

15 20 

39 

9 43 8 

188 76 

7 25 4 

89 7 

26 91 

13 65 

26 0 

15 60 

40 

9 68 0 

193 60 

•7 44 0 

92 0 

27 60 

14 00 

26 7 

16 00 

41 

9 92 2 

198 44 

7 62 6 

94 3 

28 29 

14 35* 

27 3 

16 40 

42 

10 16 4 

203 28 

7 81 2 

96 6 

28 98 

14 70 

28 0 

16 80 

43 

10 40 6 

208 12 

7 99 8 

98 9 

29 67 

15 05 

28 7 

17 20 

44 

10 64 8 

212 96 

8 18 4 

1 01 2 

30 36 

15 40 

29 3 

17 60 

45 

10 89 0 

217 80 

8 37 0 

1 03 5 

31 05 

15 75 

30 0 

18 00 

46 

11 13 2 

222 64 

8 55 6 

1 05 8 

31 74 

16 10 

30 7 

18 40 

47 

11 37 4 

227 48 

8 74 2 

1 08 1 

32 43 

16 45 

31 3 

18 80 

48 

11 61 6 

232 32 

8 92 8 

1 10 4 

33 12 

16 80 

32 0 

19 20 

49 

11 85 8 

237 16 

9 11 4 

1 12 7 

33 81 

17 15 

32 7 

19 60 

50 

12 10 0 

242 00 

9 30 0 

1 15 0 

34 50 

17 50 

33 3 

20 00 


Current, passing freely from hand to 
hand ; circulating, as, money which is re¬ 
ceived and paid out by merchants; or 
received at banks at par; now running, 
as on account. 

Curry powder, a spiced East In¬ 
dian mixture of pungent and aromatic in¬ 
gredients, such as pepper, ginger, carda¬ 
moms, salt, cinnamon, onions, garlic, etc., 
and colored with turmeric root; it is said 
to be sometimes adulterated with very 
pernicious ingredients. 

Curtain paper, a peculiar kind of 
paper hangings. 

Curtain Stuff, materials for cur¬ 


tains, of satin, muslin, merino, damask, 
etc.; cloth made for windows. 

. Cusco bark, a variety of Peruvian 
bark. 

C use us root, sometimes written 
kuskus, a name for the root-stalks ob¬ 
tained from a kind of grass, the ana- 
thurum muriaticum , which emits a very 
fragrant odor, and is much used for mak¬ 
ing mats, etc. 

Cush, a trade name in India for a spe¬ 
cies of millet. 

Cusk, the name in trade for a kind 
of fish which is salted and dried in the 
same manner as cod. 











































CUSPARIA BARK. 


CUT GLASS. 


169 


Cusparia bai’k, a name for the 
Angostura bark. 

Custurtl apple, a succulent fruit 
of several species of the annona , growing 
in West Indies and South America; the 
fruit is of the consistence of custard, and 
sometimes as large as an orange, but usu¬ 
ally more like a plum. One species much 
used by blacks in Jamaica has the smell 
and taste of the black currant. 

ClllSt f>ESl, the patronage or support 
accorded to a store or trading establish¬ 
ment ; the revenue duties levied on im¬ 
ported goods,usually called customs duties. 

Customers, the regular or accus¬ 
tomed buyers of goods from any concern ; 
those who deal with, and buy their goods 
from, any firm or house, are the customers 
of that firm or house. 

Custom-house, the place appoint¬ 
ed by the government at ports of entry 
where vessels and merchandise are en¬ 
tered and duties upon imported goods are 
collected, and where vessels obtain their 
clearances and other papers. 

Custom house brokers, persons 
who act for merchants in the business of 
entering and clearing goods and vessels, 
and in the transaction of general business 
at the custom-house. The Forms required 
to pass goods through the custom-house 
are complicated; and it is difficult for per¬ 
sons unaccustomed to the business to un¬ 
derstand the necessity of passing from one 
desk to another, and from one department 
to another, merely to obtain the initials 
of a cle,k, or the stamp or signature of an 
offioer. Many a one, who, in order to 
save a few dollars, tries to perform the 
business himself, gives it up before he is 
half through, and is glad to avail himself 
of the services of a broker. To the latter 
all the Forms and regulations are per¬ 
fectly comprehended; and it is often 
amusing to notice how skilfully an expe¬ 
rienced broker will untie red-tape knots 
which encounter him in his progress, and 
with what adroitness he meets and parries 
the sometimes unreasonable requirements 
of over-zealous and arrogant officials. Like j 
other professions, those brokers who ac¬ 
quire a reputation for entire fairness in 
their manner of transacting business, are 
most likely to obtain facilities not granted 
to those of doubtful business integrity. 

Custom-house entry, a state¬ 
ment made in writing to the Collector of 
the district, by the owners or consignees 
of the merchandise on board any ship or 
vessel, which they desire to land. 

11 


officers, legally 
appointed officers of the customs ; collec¬ 
tors, appraisers, surveyors, naval officers, 
and their deputies, examiners, entry 
clerks, chief clerks or clerks at the head 
of a division, inspectors, gaugers, weigh¬ 
ers, etc. ; but the subordinate clerks at¬ 
tached to the custom-house, although 
sworn officers of the customs, are not call¬ 
ed custom-house officers. 

Ciutoui of merehauts, a long- 
continued mode or manner of transact¬ 
ing certain kinds of commercial business, 
whereby the system becomes recognized 
and acquires the force of law. 

Custom or usage, the intention of 
the parties, as well as the construction 
or meaning of the words of a commercial 
agreement, are frequently determined by 
custom or usage, and “the ground and 
reason for this influence of a custom is 
this : —if it exist so widely and uniformly 
among merchants, and for so long a time 
that every merchant must be considered 
as knowing it, then it ought to have the 
same force as if both parties expressly 
adopted it; because each party has a right 
to think that the other acted upon it.” 

(lifil Oitis, the taxes or revenue duties 
levied on goods exported or imported. 

Cut, a term for a skein or quantity of 
yarn; an engraving. 

Ciltcll, a trade or commercial name 
for catechu, an astringent extract ob¬ 
tained by boiling the heart-wood of the 
acacia catechu, and probably deriving its 
name from the resin being obtained very 
abundantly from trees growing in Pegu, 
near the Gulf of Cutch. It is used in 
dyeing, in tanning, and slightly as a med¬ 
icinal drug. We import it from the East 
Indies and China to the extent of 2 mil¬ 
lions of lbs. and upwards, annually. It is 
a cheap article, costing at Calcutta $4 to 
$5 per cwt. 

Cu teller y, or Capoor Cutehery, 

the cut and dried roots of a tuberous 
plant growing in China, which is there 
used as a drug ; and is exported from 
Canton to Bombay, and from thence to 
Persia and Arabia, where it is used in 
perfumery and for medicinal purposes. It 
costs in Canton about $5 per picul. 

Cut £i!a,SS, glass which has the sur¬ 
face shaped or ornamented by grinding and 
polishing instead of being merely moulded. 
“ It is flint glass, of which certain portions 
of the surface have been ground away, to 
produce lustrous effects of reflection and 
refraction, and is really grinding instead of 





170 


CUTLASS. 


CZEBEIl. 


cutting.” Glass tumblers, whether blown 
or pressed, smoothed by cutting or grind¬ 
ing, or with engraved sides, were decided 
by the Treasury Department to be “ cut 
glass .” 

Cutlass, a broad curving sword, used 
chiefly by seamen. 

Cutler, a dealer in knives and forks ; 
a manufacturer or dealer in cutlery. 

Cutlery, a general name for all cut¬ 
ting instruments used in the household, 
and includes carving-knives, razors, shears, 
scissors, butchers 1 and shoemakers’ knives, 
etc. Knives, carving-knives, etc., are 
called table cutlery; pen and pocket 
knives, pocket cutlery. The best pocket 
cutlery is imported from England, but 
American table cutlery is not inferior to 
the English. The term cutlery is not very 
well defined. The Secretary of the Treas¬ 
ury, in his letter to the Collector at Boston, 
dated March 30, 1805. decided that sheep- 
shears, tanners 1 and curriers 1 knives, draw¬ 
ing-knives, Ac., were not cutlery ; and in 
his letter to Collector at Baltimore, of Aug¬ 
ust 22, 1868, he decided that butchers 1 
knives were cutlery. 

Cut meats, an American term for 
certain cured meats, hams, shoulders, etc. 

Cut 11 tills, nails made by machinery 
instead of wrought by hand ; the common 
iron nails of commerce. 

Clltra, a weight in Persia for indigo, 
of about 139 lbs. 

Cultcauumloo, or Culleimm- 


doo, a hydro-carbon gum, resembling 
the true elastic gums of commerce, ob¬ 
tained from several species of euphorbia. 

Cutter, a small boat; a swift-sailing 
vessel with one mast. 

Cutter, Revenue, a sail or steam 
vessel belonging- to the Government, em¬ 
ployed on the coast in the interests of 
commerce, and to prevent smuggling. 

Cutters, a description of brick, also 
called firsts, 8f inches long by 4^ broad, 
and 2} thick, chiefly used for the arches 
of windows, doorways, groins, &c. 

CuUlc-boiae, a bone from the cut¬ 
tle-fish, employed for polishing purposes, 
for pounce, for tooth-powder, and for the 
use of cage birds; it is brought chiefly 
from Bombay. 

Cuttra, a weight at Bassora, of 136ilbs. 

Cut work, embroidery, or embroi¬ 
dered work. 

Cwt., the abbreviation for 100 weight, 
which is 112 lbs.; the Vienna cwt. is about 
123-£ lbs. ; a cwt. of potatoes in England is 
120 lbs. 

Cysuiite, a dark-blue substance; a 
blue mineral. 

Cyrus sago, a kind of sago obtained 
from the pith of a genus of trees called 
cycas , cultivated in China and Japan. 

Cyprus, a thin stuff ; a kind of wine. 

Cyprus turpcfiitioe, a name some¬ 
times given to Chian turpentine. 

Czefoer, a liquid measure of Hungary, 
of 22 gallons. 




SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Damage 

Dommage 

Schaden 

Schade 

Danno 

Dado 

Damaged 

Avarie 

Beschadigt 

Beschadigd 

Danneggiato 

Averiado 

Damask 

Damas 

Damast 

Damast 

Damasco 

Damasco 

Danube 

Danube 

Donau 

Donau 

Danubio 

Danubio 

Dates 

Dattes 

Datteln 

Dad els 

Datteri 

Datiles 

Dealer 

Trafiquant 

Handler 

Handelaar 

Trafficante 

Traficante 

Deals 

Planches 

Dielen 

Deelen 

Tavole 

Tablas 

Debtor 

Debiteur 

Schuldner 

Schuldenaar 

Debitore 

Deudor 

Debts 

Dettes 

Schulden 

Schulden 

Debit! 

Deudas 

Denmark 

Danemark 

Danemark 

Denemarken 

Danimarca 

Dinamarca 

Diamonds 

Diamants 

Diamanten 

Diamanten 

Diamanti 

Diamantos 

Discount 

Rabais 

Abzug; rabatt 

Korting 

Ribasso 

Rebaja 

Docks 

Docks 

Docken 

Dokken 

Darseni 

Darsenos 

Dollar 

Leu 

Thaler 

Daalder 

Scudo 

Escudo 

Dolls 

Poup6es 

Puppen 

Speelpopen 

Fantoccij 

Munecas 

Down 

Duvet 

Daunen 

Dons 

Peluria 

Velio 

Dozen 

Douzaine 

Dutzend 

Dozijn 

Dozzina 

Docena 

Draft 

Traite 

Tratte 

Traite 

Tratta 

Trata 

Drayage 

Charroi 

Karcherlohn 

Karrevragtgeld 

Camaggio 

Acarreo 

Dresden 

Dresde [cinales 

Dresden 

Dresden 

Dresda [nali 

Dresde [nales 

Drugs 

Drogueries medi- 

Apothekerwaaren 

Droogerijen 

Droghe medici- 

Drogas medici- 

Duties 

Impots 

Zblle 

Tols 

Dazio 

Derechos 

Dye-wood 

Bois de teinture 

Farbholz 

Verfhout 

Legno da tingere 

Palo de tinte 


I>. <1, the abbreviation for pence, the 
initial letter of denarius , the name at one 
time of the English penny. 

a Dutch silver coin of the 
value of about 02 cents. 

l>al>S refuse foots of sugar. 

Daeza jee, a Persian silver coin worth 
about 70 cents. 

Daglocks, or Toglocks, the trade- 
name for the loose and soiled locks of wool; 
a kind of refuse raw wool. 

l>agswain, a rough sort of carpet 
made of daglocks. 

Daluiv, a money of account of Abys¬ 
sinia, worth about 3^- cents. 

I>ali3iilC, a kind of starch obtained 
from elecampane. 

Daker, a measure of certain commod¬ 
ities by number, usually 10, but sometimes 
20 ; as, by the English statutes, a daker of 
hides is 10 skins, a daker of gloves is 20 
gloves, or 10 pairs. It is also sometimes 
employed as the 10th part of the long hun¬ 
dred, in which case it is 12. 


Dairy, a term frequently used to ex¬ 
press the dairy products of the farm, as 
milk, butter, cheese, etc. 

Dalili-Dari, a wood obtained from 
Demerara which is used for the heads and 
staves of casks. 

Dali in, a species of pomegranate, 
largely imported into the North of India 
from Cashmere, and used in tanning, and 
for dyeing a pale yellow. 

Dalmes, a name in Scotland for linen 
damasks. 

Da ill or Damn, an East India cop¬ 
per coin, about the fortieth part of a rupee. 

Damag'd! goods, merchandise in¬ 
jured or impaired from whatever cause. 
Goods damaged on the voyage of impor¬ 
tation to the U. S. are entitled to an abate¬ 
ment of duties on the report of the Ap¬ 
praiser of the amount of damage sustain¬ 
ed. But it must distinctly appear that the 
damage occurred on board the vessel dur¬ 
ing the voyage. 

Damages, the claim against under- 























172 


DAMAGES. 


DAMASSIN. 


writers for amount of loss or injury; in 
cases of loss of goods covered by marine 
insurance the damages, as a rule, are set¬ 
tled by valuing the merchandise at the full 
price at which the goods could be sold at 
the time of settling the average, and not 
at their cost price. 

I>aaiagcs, claims against merchants 
for damages frequently arise from failure, 
in whole or in part, to fulfil their agree¬ 
ments, and from various other causes grow¬ 
ing out of their regular business; but the 
following case, which we abridge from a 
London paper, shows that they are also 
subject to be held liable’for damages from 
causes quite remote from those which 
arise from contracts. The case may af¬ 
ford a useful caution to retail mer¬ 
chants, as the decision is probably good 
law,—it certainly appears to be good 
sense. The case of Levy vs. Bartlett, 
heard in the Sheriff’s court, London, was 
an action to recover £2, value of a dress, 
alleged to have been damaged by some 
paint in defendant’s shop. It appeared that 
the plaintiff went to the shop of the de¬ 
fendant, a cheesemonger, and on enter¬ 
ing, her dress swept against the newly 
painted doorpost; a shopman called out, 
“Mind the paint,” thereupon she caused 
herself to be painted upon the other side. 
There was no written notice up that the 
paint was wet. His Honor censured the 
defendant, who was bound to keep his 
shop so that no harm could come to his 
customers entering for a lawful purpose. 
The plea that the plaintiff’s crinoline was 
exceedingly large was a bad plea; she 
might reply, she was entitled to follow the 
prevailing fashion; if a tradesman wishes 
to protect himself particularly, he ought 
to put up the notice, “No ladies with 
large crinolines served in this shop.” Ver¬ 
dict for plaintiff, with costs. 

Daimigci on £Sill§ of Ex- 
Hiaiige, penalties affixed by law to the 
non-payment of foreign bills of exchange, 
when not paid at maturity. The holder 
is entitled to damages besides the amount 
of the bill. Congress no doubt has the 
power to establish a uniform rule for 
damages on protested bills, foreign or in¬ 
land, but in the absence of national legis¬ 
lation on the subject, each State has es¬ 
tablished a rate, hardly two alike, but 
ranging from 10 to 25 per cent. 

J£aiaar, a kind of pitch or turpentine, 
employed in India for covering the bot¬ 
toms of vessels, and for such other pur¬ 
poses as we employ pitch. It is hard and 


brittle, and is exported in large quantities 
from the Eastern Islands to India. It ex¬ 
udes spontaneously from a tree said to be 
a species of pine, and is so plentiful that 
it is gathered in lumps from the ground 
where it has fallen; and is very cheap, fre¬ 
quently selling at Borneo at about 50 cents 
per picul. 

Elaaiftast’lis blades, swords or 
scimitars manufactured at Damascus, dis¬ 
tinguished for their keen and strong edge, 
and presenting upon their surface a varie¬ 
gated and watered appearance. The in¬ 
vestigations of a general in the Russian 
army by the name of Anosoff resulted in 
the discovery of the mode of manufactur¬ 
ing Damascus steel, and in the establish¬ 
ment of works at Flotoosk, in the Ural 
Mountains, for its manufacture. ‘ ‘ Gene¬ 
ral Anosoff has himself, with a blade 
manufactured at this place, cut through a 
gauze handkerchief in the air, a feat which 
cannot be accomplished with the best 
English steel. Bones and nails may be 
cleft without injury to the blade, and its 
elasticity is so great that one may put his 
foot on the end of it and bend it to a right 
angle, when it will fly back perfectly un¬ 
changed. ’ ’ 

I>aniask, a manufactured fabric of 
thick texture and fine quality, the ground 
of which is bright and glossy, with a raised 
pattern consisting of vines, flowers, or fig¬ 
ures interwoven; brought originally from 
Damascus, whence its name. At first it 
was made only of silk, but afterwards of 
linen and woollen, and is now made of 
silk and flax, and also of a mixture of cot¬ 
ton and wool. The true damasks are of a 
single color. Worsted damasks, or those of 
a mixture of silk with linen, cotton, or 
woollen, are chiefly employed for covering 
furniture and for upholstery ; linen or 
washing damasks, which are fine twilled 
fabrics, are used for tablecloths and nap¬ 
kins, and the term is now more generally 
applied to this kind of table linen. 

JDaHiaskeefiiin^, inlaying iron or 
steel with other metals, especially with 
gold or silver; it is used chiefly for sword- 
blades, guards, and pistol-locks ; originally 
practised at Damascus. 

Oainask steel, the commercial 
name for a fine sort of steel from the Le¬ 
vant, used for swords, etc. 

Damasse, linen made in Flanders 
with large flowers, resembling those of 
damask. 

I>asaiassia, silk damask, containing 
gold or silver flowers, woven in the fabric. 







DAMMOUR. 


DAY-BOOK. 


173 


Dam anoiu% a coarse cotton cloth 
which passes current at the fixed value in 
Nubia. 

Dandelion root*, the roots of a 
common field plant, used in medicine, and 
also when roasted, as a substitute for cof¬ 
fee. 

Daildy-l>ruslies hard brushes made 
of whalebone instead of bristles. 

Dangers of the Sea, a phrase 
which occurs in a bill of lading, the mas¬ 
ter agreeing to deliver the goods therein 
mentioned to the consignee in like good 
order, “ the dangers of the sea excepted. ” 
The phrase is understood to include only 
losses arising from some irresistible force, 
or which are of an extraordinary nature, and 
cannot be guarded against by the ordinary 
exertions of seamen, skill, and prudence. 
Thus, in case of shipwreck or loss or damage 
by reason of stress of weather, or other un¬ 
avoidable cause incident to the voyage, 
the owner of the goods must resort to the 
underwriters, and not to the captain or 
owner of the vessel to make good their 
loss. But loss or damage from a storm at 
sea, arising from a lack of skill on the 
part of the captain, or for want of good 
seamanship, will not exonerate the vessel. 

D:iiagermi« goods, a term for cer¬ 
tain kinds of goods which are only permit¬ 
ted to be placed on board vessels under cer¬ 
tain legal restrictions, as gunpowder, aqua¬ 
fortis, nitro-glycerine, etc. 

Danf eSIa, an odorous product used as 
frankincense at Sierra Leone, obtained by 
incision from a tree growing in the 
mountainous districts of that region. 

Dailim, a petty money in Persia, 
worth about one cent. 

Dank, a weight for precious stones in 
Arabia ; a small silver coin of Persia. 

DaiiBBcmora iron, the best quality 
of Swedish iron, made at the iron mines 
in the vicinity of Dannemora. These 
mines have been worked without interrup¬ 
tion for upwards of 300 years, and the 
iron is claimed to be superior to that 
which is produced in any other part of the 
world. 

Dantzlc, a seaport city of Prussia. 
Vessels drawing over eight or nine feet of 
water lie in the harbor at the mouth of the 
river, about four miles below the city. The 
harbor is called Neufahrwasser. Dantzic 
is one of the most important commercial 
cities in the north of Europe, being the 
entrepot for the products of large provinces 
of Poland, Lithuania, and West Prussia. Its 
exports are wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, 


lumber, staves, rapeseed, bones, black or 
spruce beer, etc. ; the imports are woollens, 
silks, and other manufactured goods, 
coal, metals, herrings (from Norway), 
drugs, dyestuffs, hides, etc. The coins, 
moneys of account, and weights and meas¬ 
ures are those which have been introduced 
into all the Prussian dominions. Moneys — 
12 pfennigs = 1 silver groschen; 30 gros- 
chens = 1 Prussian thaler or dollar = 09 
cents; Weight 100 lbs. = 103i avoir.; 100 
centner — 101.28 cwt. ; 100 lbs. avoir. = 
96.97 lbs. Prussia; 1 ton = 19,746 cent¬ 
ner. 

Daric, a Persian silver coin of various 
weights from 84 to 235 grains, also a Per¬ 
sian gold coin weighing nearly 129 grains. 

Dasla, on the west coast of Africa, a 
present made by traders to the head man 
or native chief, before they can commence 
trading with the natives; the value of the 
dash depends upon the rank of the person 
to whom it is given ; usually a pun¬ 
cheon of rum, a few pieces of cloth, or 
some other articles. Dash, but of less 
value, is also made to the natives with 
whom trade is carried on. 

Date, that part of a writing, letter, 
note, bill of lading, entry in the books of 
accounts, etc., which expresses the day or 
date of the transaction, or when written. 
Commercial dates are always definite, con¬ 
taining the day, month, and year, and in 
Christian countries the year dates from the 
birth of Christ. In our commercial trea¬ 
ties, in addition to the ordinary date, the 
year of the Independence of the United 
States is also given. 

Date lil>re, a fibre obtained from the 
leaves of the date palm, which is spun into 
thread or yarn and made into ropes, etc. 

Dates, the fruit of the date palm, 
which enters into commerce as dried fruit. 
They are imported from Turkey and 
Egypt. The best come from Tunis and 
Persia. The Arabs manufacture from 
them wines, spirits, and sugar. 

Daucus, a name for Cretan bird’s- 
nests imported into Spain. 

Da a ill, an imaginary Indian money, 
about the value of one cent. 

Dawamese, an Arabian confection 
of aromatics and the juice of hemp. 

Dawk, a method of forwarding letters 
and passengers, by runners and bearers 
stationed at certain distances ; practised in 
some parts of India. 

Day-book, the book in which mer¬ 
chants make the entries of their daily 
business transactions. 





174 


DAY’S JOURNEY. 


DEBTS. 


Day’* journey, an Eastern mode 
of computing the distance that can be ac¬ 
complished in twenty-four hours, but 
which is not very uniform. With some 
caravans across the desei~ts, a day’s jour¬ 
ney (with camels) is about sixteen geo¬ 
graphical miles, in direct distance for short 
intervals ; but on an extended line only 
15 to 15 j miles, their hourly rate being 
from 2J- to 2.} miles. With horses the 
day’s journey is usually from 25 to 30 
miles, and with mules about 18 miles. 

Day* of Grace, negotiable promis¬ 
sory notes or bills of exchange, payable at 
a certain time, are entitled to three days’ 
delay of payment beyond the time ex¬ 
pressed, which are called days of grace, un¬ 
less “ without grace ” is expressed on the 
paper. These days were so called because 
they were formerly gratuitously allowed. 
But now, in the United States and England 
they are demanded of right, the custom 
having passed into law. In France no days 
of grace are allowed. In Austria three 
days’ grace is allowed, but when the third 
day falls upon a Sunday or a public holi¬ 
day, instead of being due, as in this coun¬ 
try and England, on the previous day, they 
are due on the following day of business. 
In other countries the days of grace, 
where allowed, merely form an inter¬ 
val within which certain legal proceedings 
cannot be instituted. 

De, a name for the Dutch vingerhoed, 
a liquid measure used in Holland and the 
Netherlands. 

Dead, vapid, insipid—used of liquors ; 
unproductive, as dead capital ; unsalable, 
as dead stock in trade. 

Dead freight, the amount of goods 
required to complete a cargo. When the 
charterer of a vessel has shipped part of 
the goods on board, and fails to ship the 
remainder, the amount required to com¬ 
plete the cargo is called dead freight , and 
the charterer of the vessel is bound to pay 
the same as if the cargo had been com¬ 
plete. 

Dead weight, heavy merchandise 
forming part of a ship’s cargo. 

Dead wool, wool taken from the ! 
skins instead of being shorn from the live 
animal, commonly called pulled wool. 

Deal, to trade or traffic ; to buy and 
sell. 

Dealing*, traffic, trade; the trans¬ 
action of business between two or more 
persons. 

Deals, the name given to a sort of fir 
or pine boards or planks. Standard deals 


are above 7 inches in width, and of various 
lengths exceeding G feet ; when less than 
7 inches in width they are termed battens, 
and when under G feet in length deal ends. 
Usually the timber is cut or sawed into 
dimensions of six feet or more in length, 7 
inches or more in width, and from 3 to 4 
inches in thickness, but the sale and pur¬ 
chase is always reduced to the standard of 
the “ whole dealf which is H inches 
thick, a slit deal being half that thick¬ 
ness ; a Russian standard is 12 feet long, 
11 inches wide, and 1^ inches thick; a 
Christiania standard is 11 feet long, 9 in¬ 
ches wide, and li inches thick. Deals 
shipped at Christiania, Dramen, Fredericks- 
halle, and Gotheberg (in Sweden), and also 
white spruce deals from Canada, are 
invoiced by the Norwegian standard hun¬ 
dred of 120 pieces, each 12 feet long, 3 
inches thick, and 9 inches wide, the con¬ 
tents being 270 cubic feet. Deals are largely 
exported to England from Maine and the 
Province of New Brunswick. The origin 
of the term is derived from the seaport of 
Deal in England, where, many centuries 
ago, these kinds of woods were procured. 

Dealer, a trader in goods of any kind, 
the specialty indicated by the prefix, as 
tea-dealer, wholesale dealer, retail dealer, 
etc. It is common, and equally correct, in 
many instances, to designate the specialty 
by using the word dealer as the prefix, as, 
a dealer in lumber, a dealer in cotton, etc. 

Dear, at a high price, expensive, 
costly; a price above the usual market 
value. 

Dearly, bought at a high price, or 
above the real value. 

Debase, to lessen in value by adulte¬ 
ration or by inferior admixtures. 

Debenture, a certificate given by the 
collector of a port of entry to an importer, 
for drawback of duties on imported mer¬ 
chandise, the duties on which, when the 
merchandise is exported, are to be re¬ 
funded. 

Debent sired good*, merchandise 
upon which the drawback has been paid. 

Debit, a term used in book-keeping to 
express the left-hand page of a ledger, to 
which are carried all the articles that are 
charged to that account; also the balance 
of an account. 

Debt, that which one person owes to 
another for goods or for money ; a sum of 
money due by agreement. 

Debt*, the respective sums due to, a 
merchant on book-account or otherwise ; 
the respective sums due by a merchant to 




DEBTOR. 


DELIVERY. 


175 


others, either on hook-account, bills paya¬ 
ble, or otherwise. 

Debtor, one indebted, for money or 
merchandise; one who owes a debt; the 
left-hand side of the ledger, in opposition to 
the credit side. 

De C*«i, a term derived from the Greek, 
signifying ten, and used as a prefix in the 
French decimal system of weights and 
measures, and is ten times the amount of 
the unit which follows it. 

Decalitre, a French measure of ca¬ 
pacity of ten litres or 2.64 gals. It is the 
French bushel for grain, and as a dry meas¬ 
ure it is rather more than a peck, being 
0.28378 bushels. 

Decalcomailie, a style of painting 
on glass. 

Decamalee-giiiii, a fragrant resin¬ 
ous gum from India, obtained from the 
branches of the gardenia lucida. 

Deceit, is a law term, but its legal ap¬ 
plication attaches itself almost entirely to 
transactions connected with buying and 
selling ; it is u a fraudulent misrepresenta¬ 
tion or contrivance, by which one man de¬ 
ceives another who has no means of detect¬ 
ing the fraud, to the injury and damage of 
the latter.” 

December, the 12th calendar month, 
abbreviated Dec. 

Decided Colors, full, clear, un¬ 
mixed, or positive colors. 

Decimal, any number expressed in 
the scale of tens ; a system or series based 
on a regular tenfold increase or decrease. 

Decimal currency, the gold and 
silver coinage which forms the legal cur¬ 
rency of the United States is based upon 
the decimal system, as :—- 

10 mills make 1 cent, 10 dimes make 1 dollar, 

10 cents “ 1 dime, 10 dollar's “ 1 eagle. 

Decimal weights and meas¬ 
ures, a system employing as the unit a 
uniform standard, the multiples and sub¬ 
divisions of which follow in decimal pro¬ 
gression ; the metrical system of France is 
founded on this principle. 

Decime, a copper coin and money of 
account in France of ten centimes, and 
nearly equal to 2 cents. 

Decimeter, a French measure of 
length = 3 ff inches. 

Deck cargo, that part of the cargo 
of a vessel which is carried on the deck. 

Deck jaasseaagers, persons who take 
passage in a vessel at a cheaper fare, with¬ 
out having the privileges of the cabins. 

Declined, fallen ; as, since I bought, 
prices have declined , that is, fallen. 


Deer-berry, a name for the winter- 
green or mountain tea-berry; the leaves 
are used in medicine, and a medicinal oil is 
also obtained from them. 

Deers’ horns, the antlers or horns of 
dger. Thej r enter largely into commerce. 
The East India deer horns are usually 
quoted in the London market at 30s. the 
cwt. 

Deer-skins, the dried skins of differ¬ 
ent species of deer. By far the larger 
part of these skins which enter into Ameri¬ 
can commerce are imported, come in bales, 
and are sold by the lb. The quotations in 
New York show imports from Honduras, 
Vera Cruz, Central America, San Juan, 
Sisal, and Para; when Para skins are 
quoted at 64 cents per lb., the others range 
from 57 to 58. When tanned, they are 
called buckskins. 

Defaulter, one deficient in his ac¬ 
counts ; a peculator. 

Defect, a blemish, or imperfection. 

Deficit, the deficiency which is dis¬ 
covered in the accounts of an accountant, 
or in the money which he has received. 

DelaiilC§, the original French fabric 
for ladies’ dress goods called muslin de¬ 
laines was, as the name imports, all wool; 
the English and American delaines are 
composed of cotton and wool, or worsted. 
All muslin delaines and all delaines of 
every kind, except what are called cash- 
mere delaines, are woven perfectly plain, 
and in the gray or natural colors of the 
wool, cotton, or hair, and are dyed in the 
piece by being plunged in the dye ; they 
are also printed in colors, and may be 
striped or figured. 

Del Cre<tere, an Italian commercial 
term, implying a guarantee for the sol¬ 
vency of a purchaser; agents who sell goods 
for their principals, and guarantee the 
price, are said abroad to act under a del 
credere commission. The phrase is rarely 
used by merchants, though the same kind 
of guarantee is common with commission 
houses. 

Delivery? transferring the possession 
of goods from one person into the posses¬ 
sion of another. What constitutes a de¬ 
livery is often a question of great import¬ 
ance. When goods are placed in the hands 
of the buyer, or placed in his warehouse, 
the delivery is perfect; but in many in¬ 
stances such a delivery cannot be made. 
The bulk or weight of the goods, the dis¬ 
tance they are from the buyer’s house, the 
bargains concluded by correspondence, and 
other circumstances, frequently render it 




176 


DELFT-WARE. 


DERELICT. 


impracticable to make such actual delivery. 
In such cases something- short of such de¬ 
livery is sufficient; but something- must be 
done which is the equivalent of this trans¬ 
fer of possession. The criterion of a de¬ 
livery is to consider whether the seller still 
retains a right over the property. The 
place where the article is made, sold, or 
manufactured, is in general, and in the 
absence of a contract to deliver elsewhere, 
the place of delivery. If goods are land¬ 
ed on a wharf, with notice to the buyer, 
or knowledge on his part, the delivery is 
sufficient, if agreeable to usage. The right 
of stoppage in transitu, of liability in case 
of the destruction of the goods by fire, or 
for damage by water, or other causes, are 
some of the considerations which render it 
important for merchants in every transac¬ 
tion to have clear and explicit understand¬ 
ings as to what shall constitute the de¬ 
livery. 

Delfft-ware, a kind of earthenware 
covered with a white enamel or glass, to 
give it the appearance of porcelain. Blue 
and green clays are those chiefly used for 
this ware; originally made at Delft, in 
Holland. 

Demand, a claim made for a debt 
due ; desire to obtain, or readiness to take, 
as, there is a demand for ships; such kinds 
of goods are in demand , that is, they com¬ 
mand ready sale. 

DemuB&d aaad Supply, among com¬ 
mercial nmn this phrase is used to express 
the state of the market for a given com¬ 
modity—thus, the “ demand ” for exchange 
is about equal to the “ supply,” or, the de¬ 
mand is greater than the supply. In 
political economy as applied to general 
commerce, there are various, but occult 
significations to the term, which merchants 
generally are not curious to investigate. 

DemijolillS, large glass vessels or 
bottles with small necks, which are gen¬ 
erally enclosed in osier or wicker work, to 
prevent fracture. 

Denmrragc, an allowance made to 
the master of a ship by his freighters for 
staying longer in a place than the time 
specified, either in loading or unloading, or 
from any other cause. It is usual for the 
freighter to come under a stipulation to 
pay so much by way of demurrage if the 
time be exceeded, in which case it is gen¬ 
erally fixed at a certain rate per day—Sun¬ 
days and legal holidays excluded. If de¬ 
murrage is not provided for in the contract, 
if the detention be unreasonable, it will be 
allowed on a claim for damages. 


Demy, the name for a particular size 
of paper—drawing demy is 15x20 inches; 
printing demy, 18x22^ inches. 

Dei&tellarin, a plant growing-in the 
south of Europe, the root of which, dis¬ 
solved in olive oil, is used as a drug. 

Denare, a money of account at Leg¬ 
horn, about 2 cents. 

Deiidi-n^, the name for the dried 
muscles and sinews of deer, buffalo, and 
wild hog, which form an article of export 
from Siam and the Indian islands to 
China. 

Dendrometer, an instrument for 
measuring the heights and diameter of 
growing timber. 

Deaiter, a weight equal to about 1 
grain, by which silks are sometimes 
weighed in Italy ; in Geneva, a weight of 
18.27 grains. 

Denims, a coarse twilled cotton cloth 
or fabric, used mostly for laborers’ over¬ 
alls, generally of blue color (though some 
are brown), the warp only being dyed; 
extensively manufactured in various parts 
of the New England States, particularly at 
Lawrence and Lowell, Mass., and at Saco, 
in Maine. 

Deaiiiiark Satin, a stout worsted 
stuff, used for covering ladies’ shoes, &c. 

Dentifrice, tooth-powder, or substan¬ 
ces used for cleaning teeth. 

Depoll, a measure of Sumatra, equal 
to 72 inches. 

Deport, the French Stock-exchange 
term, equivalent to the word backwarda¬ 
tion. 

Deposit, money paid on account of a 
purchase; the amount of money deposited 
at one time with a bank or banker ; the 
gross amount in the bank to the credit of a 
dealer. 

Depositor, one who has placed money 
in a bank for safe keeping. 

Depot, a place where goods are de¬ 
posited ; a warehouse or storehouse. 

Depreciation, a diminished value, 
a reduction of worth. 

Deraa, an Arabian cloth measure used 
for measuring linen made in the country ; 
it is 22| inches; the Deraa Stambouli is 25 
inches. 

Derbyshire spar, a mineral found 
in various localities, but especially and in 
great abundance in Derbyshire, England. 
It is procured in detached masses from 1 to 
12 inches in thickness, and admits of being 
turned in the lathe into vases and other or¬ 
naments. 

Derelict, goods found at sea, re- 





DERGMUSE. 


DIAMOND DUST. 


177 


linquished or abandoned by the owner; a 
vessel abandoned at sea by her officers and 
afterwards taken in tow by another vessel 
and brought into port. 

Dergniu§e, the Arab name for a spe¬ 
cies of euphorbium, the branches of which 
furnish a tanning material to which the Tur¬ 
key-morocco leather owes its peculiarities. 

Derlaaaaa, a weight, in Persia, of 150 
troy grains, by which gold and silver are 
weighed. 

Delieinsegar, a petty copper coin 
current in Algiers. 

Derrick, an apparatus for hoisting, 
in loading or unloading heavy goods on 
board ship. 

D cscaillilftO, in Spain, contraband 
goods seized for non-payment of duty. 

Desertion, absconding from service, 
as in the case of seamen, which involves 
forfeiture of wages, and other penalties. 

Desiccated food, meats divested of 
moisture and so prepared as to form a con¬ 
venient article of food for wilderness jour¬ 
neys or long voyages. 

Designs, the figures with which fab¬ 
rics are ornamented ; patterns. 

Desire, the name for a kind of dress 
material used in Hayti. 

Deterioration, damage done; to 
impair; lessening in price or value from 
any cause. 

Deter ma, a wood of Guiana, which is 
used for masts of vessels, and also as a 
cabinet wood. 

Deviation, a voluntary departure 
without necessity from the usual course 
of the voyage, and in violation of the terms 
of insurance. The underwriters may still 
claim the premium, but are only liable for 
losses up to the point of deviation. “Re¬ 
maining at a place to trade where a ship is 
authorized to touch, is a deviation. The 
ship may deviate when too heavily laden, 
to be relieved of a portion of her cargo, or 
perhaps to succor a ship in distress, or to 
avoid capture.” 

Dewan, in India, the head officer of 
the revenue. 

Du w-rotted, flax which has been 
exposed in the fields to the action of the 
weather, to prepare it for breaking. 

Dextrine, British gum; sometimes 
used in trade, but it is rather the chemical 
than the commercial term. 

D in oil, an Eastern commercial term 
for a bale or package; also beads of car- 
nelian made in Cambay at India. 

Dlioura, a trade name in some parts 
of the East for barley or millet. 

12 


Dhow, an Arabian coasting vessel. 

Diamonds, the most valuable and 
important of the gems. The finest, called 
diamonds of the first water, are perfectly 
crystalline, resembling in complexion a 
drop of pure water. When they fall short 
of this perfection they are said to be of 
the second, third, or fourth water. While 
they are much deteriorated in value by a 
dull or faint tint, their value is greatly en¬ 
hanced by a well defined tint of pink, 
green, yellow, or blue. Diamonds have a 
fixed commercial value. Dealers in the 
United States take the carat as the unit of 
weight, calling it 4 grains. The sub¬ 
divisions of the carat are -Jr, 4, n?, -h and 
g 1 *, the last being the smallest size sold by 
weight. In Europe the practice is to use 
the term grains, 4 of which are equal to 1 
carat. The value of diamonds is estimated 
according to the squares of their respective 
carat weights. Thus, if the value of a 
diamond of 1 carat, when rough, be $10, 
then the value of a diamond weighing 4 
carats would be $160, because 4 x 4 x 10= 
$160. The price of diamonds is much en¬ 
hanced by the polishing; the loss in weight 
being fully one-half on average lots. A 
polished diamond of 1 carat is worth say 
$80, then the value of a polished diamond 
of 2 carats is, 2 x 2 x 80=$320; the value of 
a stone of 3 carats is 3 x 3 x 80=$720 ; and 
so on. Commercially this rule is inappli¬ 
cable to those which are above a certain 
weight. Above 10 carats the price in¬ 
creases at such a rapid ratio that it be¬ 
comes difficult to find purchasers at their 
calculated values. Adopting this mode of 
calculation, a value is frequently placed 
upon larger diamonds which is entirely 
fallacious. There is no account of any 
sale of a diamond for a sum exceeding 
£125,000, about $600,000, and it is very 
doubtful if any such price will ever be paid 
for one again. A rough diamond is one as 
it comes from the mines. A brilliant dia¬ 
mond is one which is cut into facets both at 
top and bottom. A table diamond is one 
with a large square face on top, encom¬ 
passed by four lesser ones. A rose dia¬ 
mond is one which is quite flat beneath, 
with its upper part cut into numerous 
facets, usually triangles. Diamonds are 
procured from Brazil and the Ural Moun¬ 
tains ; a few have been found in Georgia 
and in the Carolinas; also in Australia, 
Borneo, Algiers, and at the Cape of Good 
Hope. 

Diamond dust, diamond bort, or 
diamond powder. 



ITS DIAMOND POWDER. 


DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP. 


Diamond powder, the crashed 
fragments of the gem, used by lapidaries, 
seal engravers, watch jewellers, Ac. ; the 
same as bort. 

Diamond pencil, a very small dia¬ 
mond, weighing perhaps about the 50th 
part of a carat, set in a socket of steel, 
lead, or silver, with a wooden handle, and 
used for cutting glass. 

Diaper, linen fabrics woven in block, 
check, or other square figures, used for 
table-cloths, napkins, etc. It is thus 
named from doth cTIpre , Ypres, in the 
Netherlands, where it was first made. 

Dsapiiasie, a kind of woven silk 
stuff, with transparent colored figures. 

Diks, a kind of molasses made in 
Syria from grapes. 

Dice, small cubical pieces of ivory or 
bone, numbered with dots on the sides. 
In England the manufacture and sale of 
dice is subject to the following regulations: 
Every pair of dice is to pay a duty of 21s. 
(say $5.08). All pieces of ivory, bone, or 
other matter used in any game, having 
letters, figures, spots, or other marks de¬ 
noting any chance marked thereon, to be 
adjudged dice ; and if more than 6 chances 
are signified on any one piece, then said 
piece to be charged with the full duty of 
a pair of dice. Dice is also the name for 
a pattern in linens. 

Dicker, a commercial term for ten 
of certain kinds of articles, and for the 
long hundred of others,—as ten skins make 
a dicker of hides; ten bars a dicker of 
iron ; ten dozen a dicker of gloves, and so 
on; to barter. 

Digilaline, a medicinal preparation 
obtained from the foxglove. 

Dikii almonds, the fruit of a spe¬ 
cies of mango growing on the west coast 
of Africa, which yields an oil used in the 
manufacture of soap. 

Dali oil, a yellow oil, possessing the 
flavor of caraway, obtained from the seeds 
of anethum graveolens ; the plant is a native 
of Spain and Portugal, but is found in 
other countries. 

Dime, a silver coin and money of ac¬ 
count of the United States, of the value of 
ten cents, — the tenth part of a dollar. 

Dimity, a fabric of cotton, of thick 
texture, corded or striped, or otherwise 
ornamented in the loom, and so woven 
that a figured pattern appears raised on 
one surface and depressed on the other. 

Dingy, a ship’s boat. 

Dippels oil, an oil obtained from the 
distillation of bones ; a kind of bone oil. 


Dips, candles made by dipping the 
wicks repeatedly in melted tallow instead 
of running the tallow into moulds. 

Dis, a name in Algiers for the fibrous 
stems of certain plants which are used for 
making cordage, Ac. 

Discharge, the unloading of a cargo 
of a vessel; to pay or clear by payment, 
as a debt; to release or absolve, as of an 
obligation. 

Discolored, changed from the true 
tint or hue ; stained or tarnished. 

Discount, an allowance, or rebate 
for prompt payment, on a bill or debt not 
yet due ; the sum paid by way of interest 
for the advance of money, as on a note or 
bill of exchange, Ac., due at a further 
period. 

Discount Days, the days of the 
week on which the Directors, or a com¬ 
mittee of the Board, attend at the Bank 
to discount notes and drafts. 

Discriminating Daisies, import 
or export duties on merchandise or tonnage 
levied by governments in special cases, 
against the commerce of other countries— 
generally with countries having no recip¬ 
rocal treaties, and sometimes retaliatory, 
and sometimes simply as a commercial re¬ 
gulation. Of the latter kind is the discrimi¬ 
nating duty of 10 per cent, over and above 
the regular duties on all kinds of goods 
which are the productions of a country east 
of the Cape of Good Hope, when imported 
into the United States from a place or 
country west of the Cape ; a discrimina¬ 
tion evidently designed for the encourage¬ 
ment of a direct trade with China and the 
East Indies. 

Dislaonored, a draft or bill of ex¬ 
change returned after presentation without 
acceptance ; a note or acceptance returned 
unpaid after maturity. 

Dismasat led, a vessel laid up in dock 
with spars, upper masts, rigging, Ac., re¬ 
moved. 

Dismasted, a vessel which has lost 
one or more masts. 

Dispatcla, a letter forwarded by an 
express messenger; a telegram ; to trans¬ 
mit or forward in haste. 

Dispensatory, an authorized book 
on pharmacy, which describes the history 
of drugs and the composition of chem¬ 
icals and the mode of preparation of medi¬ 
cines. 

Dispose, to sell or get rid of. 
Dissolution of partnership, 

putting an end to the partnership. If the 
articles between the partners do not con- 





DISTEMPER. 


DOGWOOD. 


179 


tain an agreement that the partnership 
shall continue for a specified time, it may 
be dissolved at the pleasure of either party. 
The death of a partner operates as a dis¬ 
solution. A notice published for a reason¬ 
able length of time in the place where the 
firm transacts business is sufficient for the 
public generally ; but to exempt retiring 
partners from future liability, it is usual, 
and perhaps necessary, to give personal no¬ 
tice, by letter or otherwise, to those who 
have had dealings with the firm. 

Disteisi|>er, a kind of coloring, used 
as a substitute for oil colors, composed of 
whiting mixed with size, to which the 
coloring is added to form the necessary 
tint. 

Distilled, extracted by heat; spirit, 
or essential oils, separated from liquor by 
evaporation or heat. 

Dittany, an American herb possess¬ 
ing aromatic properties similar to penny¬ 
royal. 

BHtf o, a term derived from the Italian 
word detto (that which has been said). It is 
used in accounts to avoid repetition, and 
is itself generally contracted into do.; 
when placed under a word it denotes the 
same thing as the above written ; when 
after a word it means the same as afore¬ 
said. 

Di ver, a man who descends under 
water for the purpose of recovering mer¬ 
chandise from wrecked vessels. 

Dividend, a division, a share ; a pro¬ 
portionate payment made to creditors out 
of the estate of a bankrupt; the division 
of the profits received by stockholders on 
bank, insurance, railroad, or other public 
stocks, or joint-stock associations. 

Divi-divi, the pod of a leguminous 
shrub, a native of South America and West 
India islands, used for tanning, for which 
purpose it is chiefly exported to Europe, 
and to the United States. The pods are 
of a dark brown color, curl up in dry¬ 
ing, and attain a length of about 3 inches. 
It is also used in dyeing, and to some ex¬ 
tent takes the place of sumach. 

DJiddsi, a seaport town and one of 
the principal trading entrepots of Arabia, 
situate on the Red Sea, about 20 miles 
from Mecca. It has a large transit trade 
with India, Egypt, and Arabia. From In¬ 
dia the imports are cocoa-nuts, woollen fab¬ 
rics, teak, spices and shawls ; from Egypt 
and Abyssinia, provisions, tobacco, cloth¬ 
ing, incense, etc. The exports are coral, 
sword-blades, dates, coffee, etc. The lar¬ 
gest trade of this place is in Mocha cof¬ 


fee. During the season of pilgrimage to 
Mecca the town is thronged with stran¬ 
gers, and a great deal of mercantile busi¬ 
ness is transacted. The moneys, weights 
and measures are those of Alexandria. 

Dock, a place for repairing or laying 
up ships ; a space for vessels between the 
contiguous wharves ; an artificial enclo¬ 
sure or basin for the reception of ships. 

Dockage, dock rent ; a charge for 
the use of a dock for ships or vessels. 

Dock-clia rges, certain dues payable 
on vessels entering or leaving the docks. 

Docket, to label; a ticket attached 
to goods specifying their measurement, or 
fastened to a bundle as a direction where 
to deliver it. 

Dock-master, an officer who has 
the superintendence of docks. 

Dock-yard, a place or yard provid¬ 
ed with naval stores, timber, and machin¬ 
ery for ship-building. 

Doctoring, improving or adulterat¬ 
ing commercial substances by mixing or 
introducing other articles of greater or of 
less value. 

Document-Mil, an East Indian bill 
of exchange, drawn on London against 
collateral securities. 

Doeskill, a woollen cloth manufac¬ 
tured for trousers stuff; deerskin pre¬ 
pared for gloves. 

Dog, a name in the West Indies for 
the three half-penny piece. 

Dogailiere, a custom-house officer 
in Italy. 

Dog-tisla, a species of shark, large 
numbers of which are caught on our north¬ 
ern coasts for the oil and other com¬ 
mercial products obtained from them ; a 
good-sized one will yield a barrel of oil; 
the rough skins are used for polishing 
wood and other substances. 

Dogger, a two-masted Dutch fishing- 
vessel. 

Dog-sktn gloves, gloves made of 
dogs’ skins; trade name in New York for 
a superior kind of sheep-skin gloves. 

Dog-Stones, rough shaped or hewn 
pieces of stone for mill-stones. 

Dogwood, a valuable timber, the 
produce of Pisddia erythrina , or Jamaica 
dogwood ; the bark of the roots is used as 
a narcotic to stupefy fish. The dogwood 
of the United States {Cornus florida) is a 
close-grained wood used by cabinet-makers 
for inlaying for tool handles, &c., and in 
turnery. It is also sometimes bought and 
sold as boxwood. The bark is slightly 
used in medicine. 



180 


DOIGT. 


DOTTED MUSLINS. 


Doigt, the 100th part of the French 
metre. 

Doley, a part, a division of the Rus¬ 
sian pound. 

Doll or, a silver coin of the United 
States, of the value of 100 cents, or 10th 
part of an eagle. It is the unit of our 
moneys of account, and all our coins are 
multiples or subdivisions of the dollar. 
It is the name of the silver Spanish and 
Mexican coin of about the same value, and 
of silver coins of different values in several 
of the Continental States of Europe, 
and is the most common silver coin in the 
world, and usually the largest silver coin of 
a country. The Spanish, Mexican, and 
Austrian silver dollars are estimated and 
sold at their weight and fineness, and are 
rather considered as merchandise than as 
currency. The dollars of paper money is¬ 
sued by the banks of the United States 
are called currency, and when redeemed in 
gold or silver on presentation, are of the 
same value. During a suspension of spe¬ 
cie payments they are at a discount, or 
gold and silver at a premium. The exact 
value of the paper dollar is always readily 
ascertained by dividing 10,000 by the price 
of gold. Thus, if gold is 111—that is, if you 
have to pay $111 in currency for $100 
in gold—then the value of the paper or 
currency dollar is 90: 10,000 -f- 111 = 90. 
If gold is 125, then the value of the pa¬ 
per dollar is 80: 10,000 125 = 80. 

The origin of the dollar-mark, or sign $, 
is not known. It is asserted that it is a 
contraction for U. S. ; and by placing the 
letter S over the letter U, a very fair $ 
mark is produced. It has also been as¬ 
serted that the columns or pillars on the 
old pillar dollars, which were connected 
by a scroll, bear such a resemblance 
to the $ mark as to account for its origin. 
But the more! probable opinion is that it is 
merely a modification of the figure 8, 
intended for 8 reals or “a piece of 8 ”— 
the old Spanish dollar. The word dollar is 
said to be derived from Dole, the town 
where it was first made, and the name in 
Germany is still given to coins of different 
values. 

For estimating imported foreign mer¬ 
chandise subject to ad valorem duties, the 
law fixes the value of the dollar of Swe¬ 
den and Norway at $1.06 ; that of Den¬ 
mark at $1.05; the dollar (thaler) of 
Prussia 69 cents ; the dollar, rix, of Bremen 
78£ cents ; of Chili and Central America, 
93 cents. 

Dolls, small figures of wood, wax, 


porcelain, gutta percha, India rubber, 
&c., in imitation of babies; made and 
sold as toys for girls. The two kinds of 
dolls which enter most largely into trade 
are the wooden and the sewed ; the former 
cheap, and the latter more expensive. 
The wooden make but little approach to 
anatomical correctness, the sewed are the 
results of more skill: the wooden doll 
passes through few hands in the process 
of making ; the sewed doll is the work of 
many distinct classes of artificers—such as 
the sewer and stuffer, the head maker, the 
arm and leg maker, the wig maker, the eye 
maker, etc. 

Doils’-eyes, glass beads, extensively 
made in England and Germany, and sold 
to doll manufacturers. A glass manufac¬ 
turer of Birmingham some years ago as¬ 
tonished a committee of the House of 
Commons by stating that he had received, 
at one time, an order for £500 worth of 
dolls’ eyes. In Spanish America black 
eyes only find sale, in England and the 
United States blue are preferred. 

DouiKui oil, a fragrant fixed oil, ob¬ 
tained in India from the seeds of a species 
of laurel. 

Domestic manufactures, arti¬ 
cles manufactured in the United States, in 
contradistinction to those made abroad; 
specifically woollen and cotton cloths. 

Domestics, American cotton goods, 
such as sheetings, shirtings, etc. 

Domestic wines, wines made 
from native grapes. 

Dometts, a kind of mixed cotton and 
woollen fabric ; also a kind of white flan¬ 
nel fabric made in Germany. 

Dominos, masquerade garments; 
small marked pieces of bone, ivory, or 
other substance for playing a game. 

Doopada resill, a fragrant gum 
resin, sometimes called East Indian copal, 
or gum piney. 

Doors alls, a kind of cotton fabric 
made in India. 

Doosootee, thick tent cloth of cot¬ 
ton made in India. 

Doremal, a kind of flowered muslin 
made in Spain. 

Dornoell, a stout figured linen made 
for table-cloths, named from Dornoch in 
Scotland, where it was first manufactur¬ 
ed. 

Doteliill, a Chinese portable balance 
for weighing merchandise. 

Dotted muslins, cotton fabrics, 
woven or tamboured, with small spots or 
points at regular intervals. 



DOUANIER. 


DRAFT. 


181 


Douauicr, a French Custom House 
officer. 

1> oul>lc entry, a mode of book-keep¬ 
ing by which everything appears or is 
presented on both debit and credit side. 
For example, when a merchant receives 
money, his cash account becomes debtor, 
and the person who has paid it, or the mer¬ 
chandise sold, is credited with it; when 
he pays money, the cash account is credited, 
and the merchandise bought or the obliga¬ 
tion paid is debited with it. 

I)»onS»Ie-smmsit'aet tir<L k , the name 
for a kind of silk material for shoe-ties and 
binding. 

f>03sg)Ie-3SiiS!c<l clotSas, woollen 
cloths which are fulled or shrunk by being 
put through the fulling machine twice. Sin¬ 
gle-milled cloths are only put through once. 

counterfeit gems, crystals 
in two thicknesses, with a color between 
them. A well-known popular author, 
whose style will be readily recognized, 
takes the following singular method of ex¬ 
plaining what is meant by this term: — 
‘ 1 There was a lady of high degree in at¬ 
tendance on the Princess of Wales. It is 
usual for ladies so in attendance to receive, 
on retiring, a present of jewels from the 
Prince In this case the present was a 
bracelet of diamonds and emeralds. The 
lady went soon afterward to a ball, and 
naturally wore this bracelet which the 
Prince had given her. She danced, and 
her partner, after one of the dances, was 
struck by observing a trickle of green fluid 
on her ladyship’s arm. He named it to 
her. They examined it. They traced it 
to the bracelet. They found one of the 
emeralds gone. The fluid came from 
where the stone had been. Her ladyship 
was extremely disturbed. She sent the 
bracelet back to the Prince of Wales, tell¬ 
ing him the circumstances. His Royal 
Highness rushed off to the jewellers, and 
showed them the bracelet. They admitted 
that it was a ‘ doublet ,’ but they said it 
had got in by mistake. Great was the 
Prince’s rage, and he wanted to know 
what a ‘ doublet ’ is. It is a common 
sort of stone embedded in a material called 
Canada paste, which was the stuff that 
ran down the lady’s arm, and by which, of 
course, emeralds and other stones are fab¬ 
ricated. The jeweller furnished a perfect 
stone, and humbly apologized.” 

a Spanish and South 
American gold coin, which weighs 417.70 
troy grains, of which 3(55.49 grains aro 
pure. Mint value, $15.60. 


f>oiira, or I>9aurra, a species of 
grain which, after wheat, forms the larg¬ 
est crop of Egypt. It is extensively culti¬ 
vated throughout Asia and in the south of 
Europe, and varieties of it in many parts 
of Africa. It is a species of millet, and in 
the West Indies is called Guinea com. It 
is shipped from the Levant occasionally to 
London, and, as a bird-seed, we believe 
once in a great while, and in small quanti¬ 
ties, to New York. 

I>ovetty, a wrapping cloth or gar¬ 
ment of silk, or some mixed fabric, worn 
in Madras. 

an Arabian coasting vessel, with 

one mast. 

Dowlas, a strong, coarse kind of 
bleached linen for sheeting, etc. 

Dowsi, the fine, short breast plumage 
of the eider duck and other birds; a term 
used to express a fall in prices; as, wheat 
is down again, iron is down ; that is, the 
prices of these articles have fallen. 

l>*»zeil, twelve things of a like kind; 
applied to things of the same kind ; as a 
dozen of eggs, twelve dozen of gloves, a 
dozen bottles of wine. The term is much 
used in trade. 

I>r., abbreviation for debtor. 

a woollen cloth of a dun, or dull 
brownish gray color, made in Yorkshire, 
generally woven thick and double milled, 
for overcoats. 

l>ral»DetS, a coarse linen fabric or 
duck, made at Barnsley, &c. 

Dracftni, I>rasB8, the lGth part of an 
ounce avoirdupois, or 27y\, a 0 - grains.—A sil¬ 
ver coin and money of account in Greece, 
worth 17 cents. In England and the Unit¬ 
ed States as an apothecaries’ weight, it is 
equal to the 8th part of the troy ounce, or 
60 troy grains. 

IDa*:i«*lsilia, an apothecaries’ weight 
throughout Europe, varying from 46 to 67 
grains,—in Greece 59 grains, in Smyrna 
491 grains, in Vienna 67-^nr grains. 

refuse or dregs; brewers’ grains, 
used for feeding cattle; waste matter. 

a deduction allowed from the 
gross weight of goods. The draft of a 
ship is the number of feet she sinks in the 
water. 

Draft, an inland or domestic bill of 
exchange. It is a written order or request 
by one person to another for the payment 
of money at a specified time,—or, a writ¬ 
ten order from A to B, directing B to 
pay C a sum of money therein named. 
A bill or draft diawn in the United States 
upon any place in the United States, is 



182 


DRAGON ROOT. 


DRIVER. 


usually considered an inland bill; but some 
authorities regard as such, only those 
which are drawn by one person on another 
in the same State. 

Dragon root, the Indian turnip, 
used in medicine, and from which is made 
a kind of arrow-root, known in trade as 
Portland arrow-root. 

Dragon’s B»lood, a resinous sub¬ 
stance obtained from the fruit of some 
species of calamus, or small palms grow¬ 
ing in Siam and other parts of the East 
Indies. Also a vegetable balsam, obtained 
from a tree growing in Honduras. The 
red juice which is yielded by the wood is 
chiefly used for tinging varnishes, tinctures, 
Ac., and as an ingredient in dentifrices. 

Drap-d’ete, cloth for summer; a 
thin worsted fabric for gentlemen’s sum¬ 
mer clothing. 

Draper, one who sells cloths; one 
dealing in cloths. 

Drapery, clothwork, cloth hangings, 
curtains, tapestry, Ac. 

Da ’aw, to make a draft for payment 
of money, as to draw at sight, or to draw 
at 00 days, meaning thereby to make a 
draft or bill of exchange to be paid on 
presentation, or at 00 days from the date; 
to draw a check, that is, to fill up and 
sign a check for money on a bank. 

Drawback, the remitting or pay¬ 
ing back of duties by the government to 
merchants on the re-exportation of im¬ 
ported goods. Drawbacks are principally 
for return of duty on imported raw or un¬ 
manufactured material, which, being man¬ 
ufactured in this country, is exported in 
a manufactured state. Thus, drawbacks 
are obtained by importers of saltpetre 
when they export the gunpowder; of raw 
or muscovado sugar when they export the 
refined sugar; of hemp, Sisal grass, Ac., 
when they export the cordage; of iron and 
steel when they export the shovels, axes, 
fire-arms, locomotives, Ac.; of tin plates 
when they export the tin cans, Ac. 

Dr a wee, the person on whom a bill 
of exchange is drawn or to whom it is ad¬ 
dressed, and who is requested to pay the 
amount mentioned in the bill. 

Drawer, the party who makes and 
signs a promissory note, or who draws or 
makes a draft or bill of exchange. 

Drawing paper, thick sized paper 
for draughtsmen and for water-color paint¬ 
ing. The usual sizes are: demy, 15x20 
inches; medium, 17-^ x 22£; royal, 10 x 24 ; 
super-royal, 19£ x 27^; elephant, 23 x 28 ; 
imperial, 21 x 30 ; atlas, 20 x 33 ; Colum- 


bier, 23 x 34 ; double elephant, 27 x 40; 
and antiquarian, 31 x 52. 

Dray age, the charge for hauling or 
conveying goods made by the drayman; 
cartage. 

Dregs, the lees or sediment of liquors; 
that which remains after drawing. 

Dresden ware, a beautiful kind of 
porcelain or china ware from the Royal 
Porcelain Manufactory at Meissen, near 
the city of Dresden. 

Dressed, a term applied to stone or 
other material, shaped and smoothed; ore 
prepared and fitted for use or shipment; 
skins or hides tanned and prepared for 
use as leather. 

Dressed furs, furs which are re¬ 
tained on the original pelt, and intended for 
use in that state. 

Dress goods, a term applied to 
fabrics for the outer garments of women 
and children, most commonly to those 
made of mixed materials; as silk and 
cotton, silk and linen, silk and worsted, 
cotton and worsted, and cotton and linen, 
though also applicable to piece silks, 
printed linens, and calicoes; but the term 
is not used for fabrics intended for petti¬ 
coats or under-garments. 

Dressing, a starch, or gummy sub¬ 
stance, glaze, or other application used for 
stiffening linens, silks, Ac. 

Drey ling, an Austrian liquid measure, 
containing 448^ gals. 

Dried fruit, this term in foreign com¬ 
merce is applied to prunes, raisins, figs, cur¬ 
rants, etc., dried in the air or sun; and in 
American commerce besides these are in¬ 
cluded peaches and apples, and other fruits 
and berries, either kiln dried, or dried in 
the sun. 

Drills, heavy twilled fabrics of either 
cotton or linen. Cotton drills are largely 
used by farmers in the Eastern States for 
‘ ‘ hay caps ; ” they also form an important 
article of export to the East Indies and 
South America. Linen drills are used for 
trousers stuff, for covering stair-carpets, 
and various other purposes. 

Drill !e, a silver money of Prussia, 
worth about 22 cents. 

Driver, one employed in conducting 
a stage-coach, wagon, or other vehicle with 
horses or other animals. Where a driver 
takes packages of money, or of any kind of 
goods for which he receives a compensation 
for his own personal use, the proprietors of 
the vehicle are not liable therefor. It is a 
personal trust, and the driver is alone an¬ 
swerable. 







DROVER. 


DRYSALTERIES. 


183 


Drover, one who buys up cattle, and 
drives, or causes them to be driven to 
market. 

Drug, an article of merchandise for 
which there is little or no demand,—a 
drug in the market. 

Drug-broker, a broker who deals 
in drugs, by effecting sales usually by 
samples,—a kind of agent for importers, 
or middleman between the importers and 
the dealers. 

Drugget, a coarse and flimsy woollen 
fabric woven in colors or printed ; chiefly 
used for covering carpets. Cotton drug¬ 
gets, wool druggets, and felt druggets, 1, 
l£, and 2 yards wide, are largely manu¬ 
factured in England and in the United 
States. The rough cloth for female gar¬ 
ments, formerly sold in Scotland under this 
name, is now superseded by cotton goods. 

Druggist, one who buys and sells 
drugs; a wholesale dealer in drugs; ap¬ 
plied also to one who combines the retail 
business of druggist and apothecary, and 
who sells surgical instruments and various 
other miscellaneous articles usually kept 
in apothecaries’ stores. 

Drugs, substances used in pharmacy ; 
the raw material from which medicines 
are compounded; commodities used for 
the purposes of medicine, dyeing, tanning, 
Ac., or in chemical operations. 

Drum, a cylindrical box in which 
dried fruit is sold, weighing, when full, 
from ^ to ^ of a cwt. The flat tubs in 
which fish are packed in New Brunswick 
for the Brazil markets are called drums; 
each drum contains 128 lbs. of pressed 
codfish. Figs are usually imported in 
drums ; the quantity contained in the ves¬ 
sel or cask called the drum. 

Drummers, persons employed by 
city merchants to solicit customers. They 
generally receive a certain percentage on 
the goods sold to such customers as they 
bring in. The professional drummer is 
not regarded as a legitimate salesman. 
He generally passes himself off as a mem¬ 
ber of the house he represents, accustoms 
himself to the use of the word we, watches 
the arrival of country merchants at the 
hotels, sends up his card, introduces him¬ 
self as belonging to the house of A., B. & 
Co., makes himself generally agreeable, 
and proffers his services in a variety of 
ways. Vast numbers of travelling drum¬ 
mers—it is said several thousands of them 
from New York City alone—are employed 
as agents, soliciting custom and obtaining 
orders from country merchants. 


Drumming, soliciting customers by 
the means of drummers,—principally prac¬ 
tised upon country merchants. 

Dry-dock, a dock which can be laid 
dry after a vessel is floated into it, in order 
to examine and repair the bottom of the 
vessel. 

Dryers, litharge, sugar of lead, white 
vitriol, and other desiccatives, added to 
oil paints to cause them to dry quickly. 

Dry exchange, a transaction which 
produces nothing; a term invented for 
covering or disguising usury, in which 
something was pretended to pass on both 
sides, when in truth nothing passed on 
one side, whence it was called dry. 

Dry-goods, a name for the textile 
fabrics—cottons, woollens, silks, laces, Ac., 
and embracing almost every variety and 
style of these articles. The term in its 
general use has a wide range, but is prop¬ 
erly restricted to articles produced from 
textiles, and its specific use excludes even 
many of these, as for example, sail-cloths, 
carpetings, bolting-cloths, Ac. 

Dry-goods store, a store in which 
are sold textile fabrics, and perhaps, also, 
partially manufactured and unmanufac¬ 
tured textiles. 

Dry measure, a term applied to 
the measures used in the purchase and 
sale of grain, fruit, and vegetables; also 
for salt, charcoal, and various other ar¬ 
ticles to which it is applicable. Grains and 
salt are measured by the stricken bushel, 
but fruit, vegetables, Ac., by the heaped 
bushel. This system, however, is being 
gradually abolished by the substitution of 
a fixed rate of a certain quantity of pounds 
per bushel, and the sale or purchase by 
weight in bulk, and the reduction to meas¬ 
ure by division. 

Drying-oils, oils which have been 
heated* with oxide of lead ; the name given 
to oils which harden when exposed in thin 
strata to the atmosphere,—a property 
which makes them available for varnishes 
and mixed paints. Linseed, nut, poppy, 
grapeseed, Ac., are of this kind. 

Dry-rot, a disease affecting timber, 
and particularly the oak employed in ship¬ 
building; also, a disease which attacks 
wool, and makes the fibres brittle. 

Drysalter, a dealer in salted or dried 
meats, pickles, sauces, Ac. 

Drysalteries, articles of food pre¬ 
served by salt, and the substances used in 
salting, pickling, and preserving them, in¬ 
cluding different kinds of saline substances 
and various kinds of drugs. Certain arti- 



184 


DRY WINES. 


DUNNING. 


ficial manures, dyestuffs, and tanning sub¬ 
stances found in the catalogue of dry¬ 
salteries are improperly so classified. 

I>ry wines, those wines in which 
the saccharine matter and the ferment are 
so exactly balanced that they have mutu¬ 
ally decomposed each other, and no sweet¬ 
ness is perceptible. 

Dual ill, a kind of blasting powder. 

I>uailie, an Arabian money, worth 
about one cent. 

l>lli>, a division of the rupee in Manga¬ 
lore, equal to about 4-£ cents. 

DllB;asll, an Indian interpreter, em¬ 
ployed by Europeans at the sea-ports in 
the East Indies. 

Dllbbcr or flapper, a vessel or jar 
made of thin hides, usually of goat hides, 
used in India for holding oil, ghee, and 
other liquids. 

I>ntag>iiBg, a composition of boiled oil 
and grease, used by leather curriers for 
softening leather. 

Ducal, a gold coin, current in several 
European States, generally of the value of 
about $2.25. The value of the silver ducat 
of Naples is fixed by law for custom-house 
purposes at 80 cents; a weight for gold 
in Germany of 58£ grains. 

l>aciie$ses or EMiciiess Slates, 
large-sized school or shop slates, 24 x 12 
inches. 

l$liek, a linen or cotton fabric used 
for sails and for rough clothes, distin¬ 
guished in trade by the terms American, 
Holland, English, Russia half duck and sail 
duck. The American cotton duck is of 
various widths,—22, 28-J-, 29, and 40 inches. 

Due, that which is owed ; that which 
may be rightfully demanded. 

iElie-g*iIS, an acknowledgment of a 
debt in writing, not transferable like a 
promissory note by mere endorsement. 

I>uficl$, a stout milled flannel, or 
thick, coarse kind of woollen cloth, having 
a thick nap, so named from Duffel, a town 
in France. 

DuffVr, a hawker of smuggled linen 
or silk goods ; a peddler who sells women’s 
clothes. 

Dugoiig ivory, the bones of an ani¬ 
mal of the East Indian seas, which resem¬ 
ble and are sold for ivory in the markets 
of the East. 

DllgOfiig oil, an oil obtained from 
the. dugong, an animal of the Indian 
Ocean, which is used for the same pur¬ 
poses as cod-liver oil. 

I>tag-out§, boats or canoes formed by 
the excavation of large logs. 


a name in Java for the material, 
like horse-hair, covering the petioles of a 
species of palm. 

DbiIsc, an edible sea-weed, the iridea 
edulis. It is largely consumed by the people 
of the coast on the southwest of England, 
west of Ireland, and east of Scotland, and 
the Icelanders carefully prepare it and 
pack it in casks. That only is eaten which 
is of a dark brown purple; the red is not 
considered good. 

I^smiD-sInglcs, a kind of silk merely 
wound and cleaned. 

a sham package in a shop. 

liiEitfip, to unload from a cart by tilt¬ 
ing it up. 

]>eeii, a dark color, partaking of a 
brown and black; a demand for a debt; 
a clamorous, importunate creditor;—this 
use of the word owes its origin to one Joe 
Dun , an active and dexterous bailiff in the 
time of Henry VII. It became a proverb 
when a man refused to pay his debts, 
“ Why don’t you dun him V ” that is, why 
don’t you send Dun to arrest him ? 

Dundee goods, a term applied to a 
large class of coarse fabrics of flax, hemp, 
and jute, made in and about Dundee, such 
as crash, huckaback, burlaps, baggings, 
ducks, sail-cloth, coarse sheetings, hes¬ 
sians, paddings, cot bottoms, &c. 

Dmider, the prepared cane juice, 
used in the West Indies in the distillation 
of rum. 

j>iiaflderfiC9iSi, a name on ship-board 
for the mixture of sailors’ hard bread and 
molasses. 

]>isnfi§li, codfish cured in such a 
manner as to produce a dun color. They 
are recognized and sold as a distinct com¬ 
mercial article from codfish, though there 
is no difference except in the manner of 
curing them. 

I>ling, the excretory deposit of ani¬ 
mals, some kinds of which possess a com¬ 
mercial value; that of dogs and of pigeons 
is used in tanning; horse-dung in foun¬ 
dries ; that of cows in calico-printing. 

Dungaree or Duugary, a coarse 
kind of unbleached calico. 

l>usinage, pieces of wood, placed 
against the sides and bottom of the hold 
of a vessel, and sometimes between bales 
or packages of goods, to preserve the cargo 
from the effect of leakage, or injury by 
chafing; also loose articles of merchandise, 
permitted to be shipped for the conveni¬ 
ence of stowing, securing, and filling up 
the cargo. 

£>n listing, soliciting payment for a 



DZERD. 


DUNSTABLE STRAW. 

debt; or tbe urgent pressing the payment 
of a debt. 

DiEBis£;ib3e straw, wheat straw, 
used for bonnet plaits. The middle part 
of the straw above the last joint is selected 
and cut into lengths of about ten inches, 
which are then split by a machine into 
slips of the requisite width. Whole Dun¬ 
stable signifies, that the plait is formed of 
seven entire straws. Patent Dunstable 
consists of fourteen split straws. The 
straw derives its name from the town of 
Dunstable, in England, where this parti¬ 
cular manufacture originated. 

Duodecimo, a volume formed by 
folding a ‘ ‘ medium ” sheet of paper into 
12 leaves, making 24 pages; a “double 
medium ’ ’ sized paper makes 24 leaves or 
48 pages of a duodecimo or 12mo volume. 

Dil(HeSio, an elastic bitumen ob¬ 
tained in Brazil. 

Duplex watches, watches which 
have a double or compound movement. 

Durant, a glazed woollen stuff or 
cloth, more commonly called everlasting. 

Duray, a cheap kind of figured serge. 

Duruia mats, mats made of the split 
stalks of a kind of grass of Bengal. 

D lira, the hard dollar of exchange of 
Spain, of 20 reals. 

Dussootee, a species of Indian calico. 

Dust, a word used as the terminal of 
specific kinds of minerals which enter into 
commerce, as diamond dust, coal dust, 
brick dust, marble dust, &c. 

Dutch, to clarify and harden by im¬ 
mersing in heated sand, as in the prepara¬ 
tion of goose-quills. 

Dutch brass, an alloy of 4 parts of 
copper and one of zinc, or sometimes of 
11 parts of copper and 2 of zinc. It may 
be hammered into leaves about uttVcTo 
an inch thick. The alloy is produced only by 
very careful chemical and mechanical skill. 

Dutch carpet, a mixed material of 
cotton and wool, used for Boor coverings. 

Dutch Cheese, cheese made from 
skim-milk and put up in small round balls 
of, say, i lb. 

Dutch giold, an alloy of copper and 
zinc; Dutch brass ; Dutch metal. 

I>utch gold leaf, a leaf composed 
of copper and zinc, in the form of thin 
leaves or foil. It is used for gilding, and 
requires the protection of varnish to pre¬ 
vent its tarnishing. 

Dutch leaf, a general term used for 
several kinds of leaf or foil, composed of 
copper and zinc in different proportions, as 
Common leaf , soft and of reddish cast, com- ' 


185 

posed of 25 or 30 per cent, of zinc to 70 or 
75 per cent, of copper; French leaf con¬ 
taining more zinc, is harder, less ductile, 
and has a purer yellow color; Florence 
leaf has a larger proportion of zinc and is 
of a greenish gold color ; white leaf, com¬ 
posed of tin. The more zinc these alloys 
contain, the more brittle and more diffi¬ 
cult are they to work into perfect leaves. 

Dutch liiguid, an oily liquid obtain¬ 
ed by the action of chlorine and olefiant gas, 
discovered by the associated Dutch chemists. 

Dutch jj ink. a painters color; a yel¬ 
low or brownish yellow paint, consisting of a 
mixture of clay and chalk, colored by French 
berries or birch leaves, with alum; used in 
distempers and for paper-staining, &c. 

Dutch rush, a plant containing a large 
quantity of silica, used for polishing marble, 
hard woods, and metals; the horsetail or 
shave grass. 

Dutiable, goods which are liable to 
duty, or to have duties assessed on them 
on their being imported. 

Dlities, a tax levied or imposed by the 
government on foreign goods imported 
into the United States; also, money paid 
to the government on exporting goods. 
The former is called import duty, the lat¬ 
ter export duty. The word duties first 
occurs in our laws in the preamble to the 
tariff act passed July 4, 1789, which reads 
as follows:—“Whereas it is necessary for 
the support of the government, for the dis¬ 
charge of the debts of the United States, 
and the encouragement and protection of 
manufactures, that duties be laid on goods, 
wares, and merchandise imported,” &c. 

Dwt,, the abbreviation for penny¬ 
weight. 

Dye, a color, stain, or tinge; a color¬ 
ing liquor; to change the tinge or color 
of anything by the use of dyestuffs. 

fibers’ weeds, the isatis tinctoi'ia 
and reseda luteola , plants which afford 
dyes for cotton and woollen fabrics. 

Dye St lids, a collective trade term for 
thedyewoods, lichens, powders, chemicals, 
&c., which enter into commerce for dyeing 
and staining purposes; materials used in 
dyeing. 

Dye-woods, the various coloring 
woods used by dyers,—such as bar-wood, 
Brazil-wood, cam-wood, Campeachy-wood, 
fustic, red sanders, and Sapan-wood, &c. 

Dymim, a blasting powder, known 
also as giant powder. 

Dzerd, an Algerine measure of length, 
the dzerd-a-Torky = to 2.099 feet, and the 
dzerd-a-Raby = to 1.574 feet. 




SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


3EU 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

East Indies 

Indes Orientales 

Ostindien 

Oost Indien 

Indie Orientali 

Indias orientales 

Earthenware 

Poterie de terre 

Irdene Waare 

Aardewerk 

Terraglia 

Loza de barro 

Ebony 

Bois d’feb&ne 

Ebenholz 

Ebbenhout 

Ebano 

Ebano [fante 

Elephants’ teeth 

Dents d’elephant 

Elephantenzahne 

Olifantstanden 

Denti di liofante 

Dientas de ele- 

Embargo 

Embargo 

Embargo 

Embargo 

Imbarco 

Embargo 

Emeralds 

Ltneraudes 

Smaragden 

Smaragden 

Smeraldi 

Esmeraldas 

Endorser 

Endosseur 

Indossent 

Endossant 

Giratario 

Endosante 

England 

Angleterre 

England 

Engeland [eren 

Inghilterra 

Inglaterra 

Essences 

Essences 

Essenzen 

Welriekende wat- 

Essenzi 

Esencias 

Exchange 

Bourse 

Borse 

Beurs 

Borsa 

Bolsa [bios 

Exchange broker 

Agent de change 

Wechselagent 

Wisselagent 

Agente di cambio 

Agente de cam- 

Exchange 

Change [tion 

Wechsel 

Wissel 

Cambio [tazione 

Cambios [porta’n 

Exports 

Objets d’exporta- 

Ausfuhrartikel 

TJityoerartikel 

Oggetto d’espor- 

Articulo de ex- 

Extracts 

Extraits 

Extracte 

Uittreksels 

Estratti 

Extractos 


JjlIL 


Ea§fle, a gold coin of the United 
States, of the value of $10. It weighs 
258 troy grains; of 1,000 parts, 900 are of 
pure gold and 100 of alloy. 

Eagles’ feaJSsers, the feathers of 
the eagle have a commercial value from 
being used in Scotch caps and in millinery, 
and the quills for artists’ hair pencils. 

Eagle-staaae, a description of clay 
iron ore. 

Eagle-wood, a fragrant oriental 
wood, esteemed for burning as an incense. 
There are two kinds; one of which is a 
native of Cochin China, and is distinguished 
by the name of calambac, or lignum aloes, 
and the other kind is exported from Siam 
and Malacca; both kinds are used for in¬ 
laying cabinet-work, and as a drug. 

Earnest, a sum of money paid to the 
seller by a purchaser, to bind a verbal bar¬ 
gain ; or the delivery of a part of the 
goods sold, for the purpose of binding 
the contract. The seller cannot after¬ 
wards sell the goods to another person 
without a default in the buyer, but if the 
latter, especially after being requested to 
do so, does not pay and take the goods, 
within a reasonable time, he is at liberty 
to sell them to any other person. In 
France the buyer may withdraw from his 
bargain by forfeiting his deposit; and the 
seller by repaying double the amount de¬ 
posited. 

Earnest-money, money paid to 
bind a bargain. 


Ear-shells, a species of lidiotis , the 
shells of which are used for inlaying papier- 
mache work, &c. 

Eartlien ware, the ordinary classes 
of cheap crockery and pottery ware, made 
of earth or clay, used for domestic pur¬ 
poses. Porcelain, pottery, and crucibles 
are frequently included under the general 
term of earthen ware ; and in our tariff 
laws it is distinguished by brown or com¬ 
mon, stone, white, glazed, edged, printed, 
painted, dipped, cream color, &c. The 
manufacturers of earthen and crockery 
ware in England sell by a uniform and 
permanent price list, the price of the 
ware being regulated by change of dis¬ 
count ; if the ware is to be advan¬ 
ced the rate of discount from the price 
list is made less, and the reverse if the 
ware is to be cheapened. Staffordshire, 
England, is the place of principal manufac¬ 
ture. The exports to the United States 
constitute nearly one-half of the whole 
export trade of earthen ware and china 
from England ; and our total imports of 
earthenware, stone ware, and china exceed 
$4,000,000 per annum. 

Ecirtli flax, a variety of asbestos, the 
fibres of which are fine and flax-like. 

Easy, not pressed for money; the 
money market is said to be easy when the 
rates of interest are low and money readily 
borrowed on personal securities ; banks are 
said to be easy when they are not extend¬ 
ed. 
















EAST INDIA ARROWROOT. 


EDITION. 


187 


East India arrowroot, an arrow- 
root obtained in the East Indies from the 
root of curcuma angustifolia, which is cul¬ 
tivated in Travancore, and forms an im¬ 
portant article of diet at that place. 

East India (onigiaiiy, an incor¬ 
porated association of English merchants 
originally established to carry on the trade 
between England and the countries east of 
the Cape of Good Hope, and who for a long 
series of years had the entire control of 
the trade and commerce of the East In¬ 
dies. Since the year 1858 the company 
has been deprived of its power, and its 
functions are almost exclusively confined 
to the administration of its stocks and 
dividends. 

Eiist India Kino, the inspissated 
juice of a tree growing upon the moun¬ 
tains of the Malabar coast of Hindostan. 

East Indies, in the use of this term 
for general commercial purposes, it not 
only includes the British Presidencies of 
Bombay, Madras, and Bengal, and the 
Tenasserim Provinces under British rule, 
but also all the native States of Hyderabad, 
Nepaul, Scindia, Mysore, Cashmere, Gu- 
zerat, Travancore, Holkar, and Rajpootana, 
and likewise Ceylon, Siam, and the Straits 
and the Islands in the Indian Ocean, and 
adjacent thereto. The political divisions 
are not regarded in common commercial 
language; that is, when it is said that a 
merchant is in the India trade, or that such 
and such goods are from the East Indies, 
it may be understood of the Dutch as well 
as the British East Indies, or of any of the 
above-named places. Our imports from 
the East Indies are largely in excess of our 
exports, but we ship no specie to that 
country, our payments being made by bills 
of exchange on London. 

Eau de Cologne. The French, and 
a common trade name for Cologne water. 

Eail de Javelle, chlorine in solu¬ 
tion with water, used for taking out fruit 
stains, &c., from linen. 

Eau de luce, a volatile preparation 
or kind of liquid soap, formed by mixing a 
tincture of oil of amber and balsam of 
Gilead with a strong solution of ammonia. 

Eail de Paris, a substitute for Eau 
de Cologne; besides being a toilet perfu¬ 
mery it is claimed to be a protection to 
woollens from moths. 

Eau de vie, a French name for 
brandy. 

Eau Medicinal, a vinous infusion 
of the flowers of colchicum. 

Ebonite, a hard form of vulcanized [ 


India rubber, so named from its black or 
dark color. In vulcanizing caoutchouc, 
the elevation of the temperature a little 
above that required to produce the elastic 
form, and just short of charring, results 
in producing a modification which, when 
cold, is hard and brittle, and which is ap¬ 
plied to many of the purposes of horn. 
Ebonite is one form of such product. It 
may be cut like ivory, and is susceptible of 
polish, of being turned in a lathe, and hav¬ 
ing a screw thread cut in it; and can be 
manufactured into combs, buttons, insu¬ 
lators, and plates of electrical machines, 
and for tablets, inlaying, etc. 

Ebony, a valuable heavy, hard, black 
colored wood, obtained from the diospyrus 
ebenus ,—used by turners, and for inlaying 
work by cabinet-makers; brought prin¬ 
cipally from Ceylon and Mauritius. Other 
species of the diospyrus yield ebony of 
various colors, as yellow, red, and green, 
but the black is of chief value; the green 
is used as a dye-wood, and is imported 
usually in sticks from Jamaica. Cheaper 
woods, dyed black, are frequently substi¬ 
tuted for black ebony. 

Eclievette, a small hank; the Po¬ 
part of a large skein of cotton thread or 
yam, and the part of an ordinary 
skein of wool. 

Economic Soap, the commercial 
name for the Belgian soft soap, extensive¬ 
ly used by cloth manufacturers. 

Ecu, a French coin of 6 francs; the 
petit ecu , three francs ; a Swiss piece of the 
value of $1.15; also a money of account 
in Rome. 

Eddas, a name for the tubers of a 
species of caladium, used in some of the 
West India islands for food, as potatoes. 

Edge t ools, cutting instruments used 
in carpentry and other manufactories, 
made in the United States and in England. 
In trade the following are included under 
this head: axes, adzes, hoes, trowels, 
hatchets, choppers, mincing and cheese 
knives, tanners and curriers’ knives, sad¬ 
dlers’ knives, ship scrapers, trowels, chisels, 
gouges, plane irons, drawing-knives, etc. 
Other cutting instruments are included 
under heads of agricultural implements, 
cutlery, etc. 

Edgings, narrow laces, fringes, rib¬ 
bons, &c., used as borders in mantua-mak- 
ing and millinery. 

Edition, the number of copies of a 
book printed at one time, as an edition of 
1,000 copies; the perfect copies impressed 
from the types or stereotype plates at any 





188 


E. E. 


ELASTIC BITUMEN. 


one time without reference to the actual 
number of copies, as the first, second, or 
third edition. 

E. E. an abbreviation for Errors Ex¬ 
cepted. Merchants usually place these 
initials at the bottom of an account; their 
omission, however, forms no bar to the sub¬ 
sequent correction of any errors. E. O. E. 
are similarly used for Errors and Omissions 
Excepted. 

Eels, a kind of table fish largely ex¬ 
ported from Holland to England. The 
consumption of eels in Great Britain is es¬ 
timated at 4,500 tons per annum ; in trade 
they are classed as dry eels, pickled eels, 
and smoked eels. Though sold in the fish 
markets of our cities, it can hardly be said 
that they enter into the commerce of the 
United States. 

Effective, a term used to express 
coin in contradiction to paper money. 

Effect*, goods or movable property ; 
available funds. This word is held to be 
more comprehensive than the word goods, 
as including fixtures , which ‘ ‘ goods ” will 
not include. 

Effervescing Powders, soda and 
Seidlitz powders, preparations of acids 
and alkalies, put up in differently colored 
papers and packed in tin boxes; lemon¬ 
ade and ginger beer powders are also put 
up in fancy boxes and are called effervesc¬ 
ing powders. 

Eggira, a weight of the west coast of 
Africa, 9804 grains troy; in some places 
247.4 grains. 

Eggs. The eggs of domestic poultry 
form a considerable article of commerce 
in most countries, being in demand as food 
and for culinary and manufacturing pur¬ 
poses. England imports from France, 
Belgium, Spain, and Ireland about 200,000,- 
000 annually, and the yearly home produc¬ 
tion of Great Britain is put down at 75,000 
tons. From the Western States and from, 
the British Provinces they are brought in 
barrels to New York and other Atlantic cit¬ 
ies ; the barrels usually contain from 69 to 
75 dozen, and from 2 to bushels of oats 
in which they are packed. From 8 to 10,- 
000 barrels a year are shipped from Canada 
to the United States, but the principal sup¬ 
ply of the Eastern cities is from Ohio and 
other Western and interior States. The 
annual consumption of eggs in Paris is esti¬ 
mated at 200,000.000; in New York, 150,- 
000,000 ; in Cincinnati about 10,000,000 ; 
and from the latter city about the same 
number are exported or shipped eastward. 
Eggs are largely employed in the leather 


manufacture, especially in the preparation 
of kid-skins for gloves and shoes. ‘ ‘ With¬ 
in the last few days 16,144,000 eggs have 
been shipped to this market. ’ ’—New York 
Paper , March 30, 1871. 

Egyptian, a large-sized paper. 

Eidam, a kind of cheese from Hol¬ 
land, imported in cases of 1 dozen, each 
cheese weighing about 3^- lbs. ; the form 
of the cheese is globular. 

Eider-down, the fine, soft feathers 
obtained from the eider duck. When the 
female has laid her eggs she plucks the 
down from her breast and places it under 
and around them, and when she quits her 
nest in search for food she pulls it over 
the eggs to keep them warm. The down 
of a nest through the whole period of lay¬ 
ing is from one to ten ounces. When pro¬ 
perly cleansed it is worth from $10 to $12 
per lb.; it is highly prized for warmth and 
lightness, and finds ready sale in the large 
cities. In Norway the districts resorted 
to by these ducks are regarded as valuable 
property, and are strictly preserved. The 
down which is taken from the dead duck 
is inferior to the live down. The southern 
boundary of the breeding-places of these 
ducks is the rocky islands beyond Port¬ 
land, in Maine. 

Eighteen-mo, or 1 Sin o, the term 
relates to the size of a book which is form¬ 
ed by folding a medium-size sheet of print¬ 
ing paper, 18 x 24 inches, into 18 leaves or 
36 pages ; a sheet of paper 24 x 36 inches, 
which is double medium, when folded into 
36 leaves or 72 pages is precisely the same 
size, and of course is still called 18mo. 

Elmer, a variable German liquid mea¬ 
sure ; at Hamburg 7f gals., at Hanover 16f 
gals., at Munich 18 gals. 

Ejoo, a very valuable, strong, black 
fibre, resembling coarse horse’s tail hairs, 
procured from the sago palm or gomutis, 
which grows abundantly in Singapore and 
Penang; the length of the fibre runs from 
12 to 18 inches ; it comes in tufts, usually 
of about 6 lbs. each. The fibre undergoes 
no preparation but that of spinning and 
twisting. The cordage and cables of the 
shipping of the Indies is largely composed 
of ejoo. 

Elaidic acid, an acid obtained from 
elaidin, and used by soap-makers. 

E Said in, a solid suet obtained by che¬ 
mical processes from olive oil. 

Eiain, a butter or oil from the cocoa- 
nut. 

Elastic Intuition, a flexible and 
elastic mineral found at Derbyshire, in 






ELASTIC GOODS. 


EMBARGO. 


189 


England, also in Scotland and the island 
of Zante; called also mineral caoutchouc. 

Ehixlic ffOJKts manufactures of in- 
dia rubber, gutta percha, &c. 

EiaslH* minis a name given to india 
rubber, gutta percha, and other elastic ex¬ 
tracts. 

Elatcliee, an Indian spice. 

Elatevium., a substance obtained 
from a plant called the wild or squirting 
cucumber, and prepared in England and 
Malta, and used in medicine. 

Elder berries, the fruit of a tree 
sambucus nigra , which is common in the 
south of Europe; and the fruit of the 
sambucus canadensis , a shrub which grows 
in all parts of the United States. 

Elder-flower water, a cosmetic 
made from the flowers of the elder. 

Elder wine, a wine made from 
elder berries; the manufacture of this 
wine, called also sambucus grape wine, is 
extensively carried on at Newark, N. J., 
the amount being limited only by the 
quantity of berries, which can be procured 
within a reasonable distance. 

Elecampane, a plant cultivated in 
Europe for the medical properties of its 
roots; and which grows in the meadows 
and on the roadsides all through our Mid¬ 
dle States. 

Elecampane oil, a volatile oil ob¬ 
tained from the roots of elecampane. 

Electruni, a name for German-silver 
plate ; a compound metal. 

Electuary, a sweetened medicine of 
conserves and powders, of the consistence 
of thick honey. 

Eloini, a resinous exudation, or gum, 
from a number of trees in different parts 
of the world ; it is imported from Ceylon, 
the West Indies, Brazil, and Mexico, and 
comes in cylindrical cakes covered with 
palm leaves. It is used by hatters, by 
varnish makers, and as a drug. 

Elephant paper, drawing paper, 
23 x 28 inches. 

Elephant’s teeth, the tusks of the 
elephant, which furnish the ivory of com¬ 
merce. They are mostly brought from 
Zanzibar and other marts on the east coast 
of Africa. They are sold by the lb., and 
the larger the size the higher the rate per 
lb. In the London market the classifica¬ 
tion and prices range about as follows: 
Those weighing 

70 lbs. each and upward from $175 to $200. 

56 “ “ or seconds “ 150 to 180. 

38 “ “ or thirds “ 145 to 154. 

28 “ “ or fourths “ 125 to 160. 


Scrivelloes $58 to $67. 

Ditto, solid, for billiard balls 145 to 160. 

Elevators, lifting machines used in 
grain and flour mills and storehouses, by 
means of which the cargoes of grain in 
bulk are transferred from vessels to any 
story in the mill or warehouse, or into 
other vessels ; or may be taken from the 
storehouse, and in like manner lowered 
into vessels, by the ageny of water or 
steam power. 

Elk lioms, the antlers of the elk. 

Elk lllit, another name for the oil- 
nut, the fruit of a North American shrub, 
the Hamiltonia oldfera. 

EH, an English measure of length equal 
to H yards; the term is now mostly em¬ 
ployed in designating the width of certain 
goods ; the Scotch ell is lynn yards. 

Elle, a variable measure of length; 
the Dutch or Flemish elle is reckoned at 
27 inches or £ of a yard; the proportion 
between Dutch elles and English yards is 
generally taken at 3 yards to 4 elles, but 
the real rate is 100 yards to 129-/ 7 - elles; 
the elle of Hamburg is 0.6266 yards; of 
Brabant, 0.7561 yards; Vienna, 0.8521; 
Berlin, 0.7293. The measure may be said 
to vary on the continent from f to f and 
of a yard, though at Basel it is 1.233 yards 
and in Bavaria 1.312 yards. No less than 
92 different lengths, as used in different 
places, are expressed by this term. Amer¬ 
ican importing merchants should insist 
upon having invoices made out according 
to some more definite standard. The ex¬ 
tensive use of this measure, and its wide 
range of variation, open a wide field for 
frauds upon the government, and for un¬ 
fair advantage over honest merchants. 

Elm timber, this timber is not much 
in use in the United States; in England 
and Scotland it is much used by wheel¬ 
wrights and cabinet-makers. 

Elvus plums, a kind of dried plums, 
or prunes. 

Em billed, goods packed in a bale. 

Em bur, a liquid measure of Sweden, 
equal to nearly 20f gallons. 

Embargo, an order from the govern¬ 
ment, usually issued in time of war or 
threatened hostilities, prohibiting the de¬ 
parture of ships or goods from some or all 
the ports of the country. The order may 
be enforced on either native or foreign 
ships or merchandise, and when it is found 
necessary to stop the communication of 
intelligence between any two places, an 
embargo is laid upon all ships, both foreign 
and those under the national flag. 




190 


EMBARK. 


EMIGRANT SHIPS. 


Embark, to ship; to proceed on 
board a vessel; to engage in any busi¬ 
ness. 

Embezzling, the fraudulently ap¬ 
propriating the money or goods intrusted 
to his charge by a clerk or employe ;—as in 
the case of a merchant’s clerk, bookkeeper, 
porter, or other party, who fraudulently 
removes and secretes money or goods in¬ 
trusted to his charge, for the purpose of ap¬ 
plying them to his own use or benefit. By 
the laws of the State of New York, embez¬ 
zlement by clerks or by officers of incorpo¬ 
rated companies is regarded as theft, and 
is punished in the same manner as is pre¬ 
scribed by law for stealing; and by the 
laws of the United States, embezzlement 
by officers in charge of public moneys is 
felony, and by bank officers in national 
banks it is punished by imprisonment not 
less than five, nor more than ten years. 

Embossed cloth, cloth with raised 
figures produced by embossing-presses, 
used for table and piano covers, &c. 

Embossed leather, leather on 
which raised figures are embossed. 

Embossed muslin, muslin orna¬ 
mented by raised figures produced by em¬ 
bossing-presses, and used mostly by book¬ 
binders. 

Embroideries, fabrics on which de¬ 
vices and variegated or raised figures in 
fancy patterns are produced by the needle 
and thread. Embroideries are on stuffs or 
on muslin. The former is used chiefly in 
church vestments, standards, articles of 
furniture, Ac., and are executed with silk, 
cotton, wool, gold and silver threads, etc.; 
the latter is employed mostly in articles of 
female apparel, as caps, collars, &c. The 
embroidery of stuffs is performed on a 
kind of loom or frame ; that of muslin by 
stretching it on a pattern already designed. 
A machine has been invented and is now 
in use in Germany, France, and England, 
which enables a female to execute the most 
complicated patterns with 130 needles, 
all in motion at once, as accurately as she 
could formerly do with one. 

EbbhIcu jjrils, a fine kind of oaten 
grits made at Emden, in Germany. 

Emeralds, emeralds and beryls are 
varieties of the same mineral; the former 
comprehends the green transparent speci¬ 
mens, the latter those of the other colors. 
Emeralds, when first extracted, are soft and 
can be reduced to powder merely by rubbing 
them between the fingers, but become hard 
after being laid aside for a few days. 

As a precious stone, the emerald ranks 


I next to the ruby in value. The largest 
known emerald is the property of the 
Duke of Devonshire, which measures two 
inches in length, and 2£, 2}, and 1£ inches 
across the three diameters, and weighs 8 oz. 
18 dwts. It was obtained from the mines 
at Muzo. Emeralds of very large size, 
but of less beauty and value, are found in 
Siberia. A specimen in the Royal English 
collection measures 14| inches in length 
and 12 in breadth, and weighs 16f lbs. troy. 

The most celebrated locality where em¬ 
eralds are now found is the mine of Muzo 
in New Grenada; other localities are: 
Columbia ; Cundinamarca, N. E. of Santa 
Fe; Peru, in the valley of Tunca; Nor¬ 
way ; the hill of Barat, near Limoges ; 
Canjargum, in Hindostan ; and Salzburg. 

Emery, a variety of corundum em¬ 
ployed in cutting gems, and used in polish¬ 
ing glass, gems, steel, and other metals. 
The principal supply is from the island of 
Naxos, in the Grecian Archipelago, where 
it occurs in large blocks. The largest 
quantity is used in grinding and polishing 
plate glass. Its preparation from the 
blocks, as imported from the quarry, is 
effected by breaking it with large ham¬ 
mers, and reducing it with steel-headed 
stamps driven by steam power; it is after¬ 
ward passed through sieves, which assort 
it into the different sizes required, and 
known as u flour,” “corn,” and “grind¬ 
ing emery, ” etc. The name is derived from 
Cape Emeri, in the island of Naxos, where 
it is found. It is found also in Asia Minor, 
in Saxony, Italy, and Spain ; and a mine 
also exists in Hampden Co., Mass., which 
is said to furnish a valuable vein. 

Emery dolls, cotton cloth prepared 
by a thin coating of glue, and dusted over 
with emery powder from a sieve. 

Emery paper, paper on which pow¬ 
dered emery is secured by glue or other 
cement, frequently adulterated with iron 
slag or other hard substances. 

Emery powder, pulverized emery. 

Emigrants, persons leaving their 
country in ships or other vessels,-with the 
design of settling elsewhere. They are 
only commercial so far as their passage- 
money gives employment to vessels. Their 
value to the country to which they emi¬ 
grate belongs to the department of politi¬ 
cal economy. 

Emigrant sSsips, vessels employed in 
carrying emigrants ; the number which a 
ship may carry, the amount of space to 
which each passenger is entitled, the sup¬ 
plies of provisions and water, the appli- 





EMMER. 


ENTRY. 191 


ances for cooking-, ventilation, etc., are all 
limited and fixed by acts of Congress, and 
severe penalties imposed for any violation 
of the laws. 

FI miner, a liquid measure of Antwerp 
of 8-,% gals. 

Flmporium, a place in which mer¬ 
chandise is collected, exchanged, or traded 
in ; a trading mart or city of commercial 
importance; the centre of an extensive 
trade ; a general store and depot for vari¬ 
ous kinds of goods. 

Empress eSolSs, a light cloth for 
ladies’ dresses, with cotton warp and wool 
weft, usually 28 inches in width. 

Emu featliers, the ornamental feath¬ 
ers of the Australian ostrich. 

Empty casks, casks which have pre¬ 
viously been used; there is generally a 
demand for all such casks when in tolera¬ 
ble order. In Havana they are regu- 
1 arly quoted in the price-currents. Barrels 
of American manufacture, which have 
been exported full, as with petroleum, 
are, on their return empty, admitted free 
of duty. American manufactured carboys 
exported, containing sulphuric acid, were 
refused free entry on their return empty, 
because, being empty, they were not in the 
“ same condition ” as when exported. 
Decision Sec. Tr. Sept. 16, 1863. The rea¬ 
son assigned for the decision was absurd, 
and not sustained by subsequent decisions 
of the department. 

FI ill si oil , an oil obtained from the Aus¬ 
tralian ostrich, which is used in pharmacy. 

Enamel, a vitreous substance used 
or painting on glass, porcelain, &c., and 
for covering metals with various kinds of 
ornamental work; imported mostly from 
Germany. 

Enamelled, a thin coating of colored 
glass on a metallic surface. 

Enamel lori cards pasteboard 
cards coated on one side with white lead 
and zinc, and glazed by passing through 
polished rollers. 

Enamelled leather, glazed leath¬ 
er prepared from calf or seal skins, the 
glaze or enamel to which is given by re¬ 
peated coats of varnish ; usually called 
patent leather. 

Enamelled ware, iron cooking 
utensils, the interior surfaces of which are 
enamelled; the enamel consisting of pow¬ 
dered glass, borax, carbonate of soda, and 
potters’ clay. 

Encaustic tiles, variegated floor or 
paving tiles, the colored clay in patterns be¬ 
ing burnt in on the ordinary brick tiles. 


Enchased, metal manufactures or¬ 
namented by low relief. 

Endasse, a Turkish measure for cotton 
goods and carpets, equal to 27.06 inches; 
for silks, 25 \ inches; for cloth, 26% inches. 

Endorse, or Indorse, to transfer 
or make over, by writing one’s name on 
the back, as on notes or bills of exchange. 

Endorsee, the person in whose favor 
an endorsement is made. 

Endorser, one who writes his name 
on the back of a promissory note or bill 
of exchange, whereby he becomes liable 
to the next holder for the amount. The 
endorsement of his name implies that he 
received the value of the bill, and he is 
answerable for the same, even though he 
received nothing When the name of the 
endorsee is not mentioned, the endorse¬ 
ment is said to be in blank. The last en¬ 
dorser may maintain an action against any 
of the former endorsers, and so any endors¬ 
er may against all that precede him. 

Flngngement, an obligation, con¬ 
tract, or undertaking entered into. 

Filled, a weight for gold at Amster¬ 
dam, of 23 Sh grains. 

E ii gm vi 81 gs, impressions taken on pa¬ 
per, from engraved steel or copper plates ; 
in trade, lithographic prints are generally 
classed with engravings. 

Engrosser, one who purchases large 
quantities of any kind of goods in order to 
control the market, to sell them again at 
high prices. 

Engrossing, the buying up of grain, 
&c., with intent to sell again, after hold¬ 
ing long enough to make a scarce market 
and higher prices. 

Eno bark, a bark used in Zealand for 
coloring mats, and said to furnish a valua- 
able black dye. 

FI El sign, a banner suspended over the 
stern of a ship, to distinguish vessels of 
different nations. 

Enler, to set down in writing; to 
lodge a manifest and make entry of goods 
at the custom-house, on the arrival of a 
vessel from a distant point. 

Enterprise, a projected trading 
scheme; commercial adventure. 

Entrepot, a commercial mart; a 
store-room for the deposit of goods; a 
bonded warehouse. 

E iitry, the record made in a merchant’s 
books of any business transaction; the 
lodgment of a ship’s papers in the custom¬ 
house, on arrival at a port of entry. For¬ 
eign merchandise, on its arrival at any port 
in the United States, cannot be delivered 






192 


ENVELOPES. 


ESSENTIAL OILS. 


until a formal Entry has been regularly 
made at the custom-house, and the duties 
thereon paid. The Entry must state in 
full all the particulars, and, together with 
the Invoice and Bill of Lading, must be 
presented at the Collector’s office for ex¬ 
amination, and if found correct, the Col¬ 
lector will estimate the duties, endorse 
the same on the Entry, certify the Invoice, 
and sign a Permit for the delivery ; the 
Entry and accompanying papers are then 
taken to the Naval Officer, who will make a 
like examination, and if found correct, 
will check the Entry, Invoice, and Permit; 
the papers will then be taken back to the 
Collector, who will administer the oath, 
designate the package or packages to be sent 
to the Appraiser’s store for examination, 
and, the duties being paid, grant the Per¬ 
mit for the importer to receive his goods. 

Envelopes, paper covers or wrappers 
for letters, prepared with adhesive gum ; 
they are made by machinery, are sold by 
the thousand, are of various sizes and quali¬ 
ties, and usually put up in paper boxes 
containing 10 or 20 packages of 25 each. 

Epei oil, an aromatic oil or fat ex¬ 
tracted from the seeds of the mahwy tree, 
growing on the coasts of Coromandel. 

Ep«Oin ssil^s, the commercial name 
for sulphate of magnesia, so named from 
a spring at Epsom, whence the salt by 
evaporation was first obtained. It is manu¬ 
factured in Baltimore and Philadelphia, 
from a mineral which abounds in the 
neighborhood of Baltimore and the south¬ 
ern counties of Pennsylvania. 

Equipments, soldiers’ clothing, ac¬ 
coutrements, and arms; the fitting out of a 
ship for sea. 

E raser, an instrument for scratching 
out writing, and obliterating errors, in 
commercial entries; its frequent use by a 
book-keeper is not commendable. 

Ergot, a poisonous fungus found in 
rye or grain, used in medicine. 

Erin s aa, an import duty in the Levant. 
ErmilUl, a measure in Italy, ranging 
from about i to -£■ bushel. 

Ermine, the soft white fur of a spe¬ 
cies of weasel or sloat, an animal about the 
size of a squirrel; the fur is white in winter, 
and in summer a reddish brown, except 
on the tip of the tail, where it is always 
black ; it is principally obtained from Rus¬ 
sia and Norway. 

Erva, the farina or meal of beans. 
EscnZin, a Dutch silver coin and 
money of account, of the value of about 
11 cents. 


Esc and si!, a liquid measure of Mar¬ 
seilles, of a little more than 4 1, gals., or ex¬ 
actly 4.226 gals. 

EscliCli, a division of the gold and sil¬ 
ver pound weight in Hamburg, 544 of 
which make 1 lb. troy. 

Escropilio, a weight for gold at 
Oporto, of 18 A Hi grains, for weighing pre¬ 
cious stones in Portugal and in Brazil; it is 
grains, or, accurately, 9 A A grains. 
Eseu lo, a money of account of Spain, 
equal to about 50 cents ; the gold escudo 
is of the value of $1. 

Eseastellioon, that part of the stern 
of a merchant ship where the name is 
painted. 

Esparto, the commercial name for a 
species of a'fa or rush, a valuable grass, 
which is manufactured into mats, baskets, 
nets, cordage, paper pulp, etc. Both in 
its natural state and in the form of pulp 
for paper, it is imported into the United 
States from Spain. At a place called 
Crevillente, a town in Spain, about 18 
miles south of Alicante, there are numer¬ 
ous manufactories of matting and imita¬ 
tion carpets, which give employment to 
nearly 4,000 persons, and consume annual¬ 
ly near 10,000 tons of esparto, and produce 
from 150 to 200,000 pieces, each of 40 to 
50 yards in length. About 8.000 tons of 
raw esparto grass are annually exported 
from Alicante, and four or five times that 
amount from Aguilas and other ports. 

Essence d’Orlent, a delicate sub¬ 
stance made from the scales of the bleak- 
fish, used as a paint for the inside of glass 
beads to make artificial pearls. 

Essences, a name for a great variety 
of not very well defined pharmaceutical 
preparations. Strictly they are volatile 
oils, which have the special perfume or 
odor of plants; but most of the articles 
sold as essences are but infusions, or decoc¬ 
tions, or tinctures. They are chielly em¬ 
ployed as perfumes, or for flavoring food 
and beverages. 

Essence of spruce, a liquid sub¬ 
stance with the color and consistence of 
molasses, prepared from the branches of 
the black spruce by boiling and evapora¬ 
tion, and used in the preparation of 
spruce beer. 

Essential oils, volatile oils usually 
obtained by distilling the leaves, flowers, 
seeds, or fruits of certain plants. These 
oils are much adulterated by the use of 
fixed oils, balsam copaiba, spirits of tur¬ 
pentine, alcohol, &c.; but such as are used 
in medicine are not permitted to be im- 









ESTABLISHED. 


EXCHANGE. 193 


ported unless pure, and of the standards of 
specific gravity established by the dispen¬ 
satories of the country of their origin. 

E*tiibBislicd, a commercial business 
fairly organized; and with apparent per¬ 
manency. 

Estiune (French), worsted ; woollen 
yarn. 

Esto, a long measure used in Suma¬ 
tra, a fraction over 18 inches. 

Eslopillbt, a light linen fabric made 
in Silesia. 

EstridgC, the fine down which lies 
immediately under the feathers of the os¬ 
trich, brought from the Mediterranean. 
The finest is used as a substitute for 
beaver in the manufacture of hats, and 
the coarser kind is employed in the fab¬ 
rication of stuff which resembles fine 
woollen cloth. 

Eta vision, any kind of skins pre¬ 
pared for glove-making. 

Etchings, engravings on metals, in 
which the drawings are eaten out by 
aquafortis ; pen-and-ink line drawings. 

Eth;il, a solid substance separated 
from spermaceti. 

EtSaercail oil, an oil obtained by the 
distillation of alcohol, sulphuric acid, and 
water. 

E tilers, very volatile and inflamma¬ 
ble substances generated by the action of 
acids on alcohol, varying with the acid 
employed in their formation. 

EtSliopiasi pepper, a name for 
the fruit of a species of xylopia found in 
the West Indies, and used as a condiment. 

E ti q ai et l e, a label affixed to a package, 

Etoiape, tow, lint; the coarsest part 
of hemp or flax ; oakum. 

Et ruscaai ware, ancient Etruscan 
pottery ware, specimens of which remain, 
and the imitations of which are called and 
sold under the name of Etruscan. 

Eucalyptus bark, the bark of a 
lofty timber tree of Australia, used by tan¬ 
ners. 

Eucalyptus leaves, the leaves of a 
species of this tree form a valuable drug, 
and are used as a substitute for Peruvian 
bark, also as a substitute for lint. The 
tree has been introduced and is now largely 
cultivated in California. 

Euptiorbium, the concrete juice of 
several species of euphorbia or milk-weed, 
a drug,—erroneously classed with gum 
resins, but containing no gum. It is used 
for veterinary purposes. 

Elipiou, a liquid obtained from ani¬ 
mal tar, mostly from bones or horns. 

13 


Everlasting, a striped cotton fabric 
or material. 

Exvbanks nails the trade name of 
a superior wrought-iron nail manufactured 
at Newport, England. 

Ewe clieese, cheese made from the 
milk of sheep. 

Examiner, a custom-house officer, 
who examines imported merchandise, and 
compares and verifies the articles with the 
invoices, both as to prices, descriptions, 
and quantities; an expert in the particular 
kinds of goods which he examines. It is 
one of the most important offices connected 
with the revenue, and no one is qualified 
to occupy the position, who has not had 
large experience in an importing house, or 
has served in some capacity for a long time 
in the appraiser’s department of the custom¬ 
house. 

Exchange, the place where mer¬ 
chants of a city meet at a certain hour of 
the day to transact business. The build¬ 
ing is usually a large and imposing edifice, 
and the principal floor is appropriated to 
the use of merchants, who meet there and 
conclude important commercial transac¬ 
tions, or exchange views upon matters of 
commerce, or enter upon preliminary ne¬ 
gotiations. The particular hour at which 
the greatest throng of merchants is found 
in the exchange building is called high 
change. In the city of New York, be¬ 
sides the Merchants’ Exchange, there is 
the Corn Exchange, where dealers in grain 
and flour meet daily and transact business. 

Exchange, a term used to designate 
that kind of mercantile transactions by 
which merchants pay their debts to distant 
creditors without transmitting money— 
thus : A, of New York, owes a manufacturer 
in England £1,000; but, instead of sending 
out that amount of coin to pay the debt, 
he goes to Wall street, where he finds some 
party who has funds in London which ho is 
willing to exchange for funds in New York, 
and, upon terms agreed on, exchanges his 
New York funds for an order on London 
for the amount. The term is also used as 
an abbreviation for bills of exchange, as—I 
yesterday bought £1,000 exchange on Lon¬ 
don ; it is also used to express the rates 
of exchange, as—I paid 9 per cent, for ex¬ 
change on London. Exchange is dull when 
there is not a brisk demand for bills of 
exchange. Exchange is high when the 
rate of premium is above par. Exchange 
is plenty when there are numerous parties 
willing to draw bills of exchange. Direct 
exchanges are the operations of exchange 





194 EXCHANGE BROKER. 


EXPORTS. 


between two countries from their own 
rates, without the medium of any other 
country. Indirect exchanges are opera¬ 
tions of exchange between two countries 
through the medium of one or of several 
other countries. 

In exchange transactions between the 
United States and London, 4s. 6tZ. sterling 
is considered the par value of the U. S. 
dollar, which is equivalent to £9 sterling 
for 40 dollars, or £100 sterling for $444.44. 
The difference in the mint values or fine¬ 
ness of the coins of the two countries 
makes the par of exchange very nearly 9 
per cent, against the U. S. dollar. So, 
when exchange on England is 9 per cent, 
premium, it is in fact within a very small 
fraction of par. 

Exchange broker, one who nego¬ 
tiates foreign bills of exchange. 

Exchange deaBer, one who buys 
and sells foreign bills of exchange, usually 
a banker. 

Excise, taxes or duties laid on articles 
produced and consumed at home ; internal 
revenue tax. 

Exhibit, a transcript of the ledger 
balances of a merchant; a term specially 
applied to the written statement of the 
affairs of a merchant in failing circum¬ 
stances, or of one who has suspended pay¬ 
ment. 

Expanded, extended; capital, re¬ 
sources, and credit, all employed in busi¬ 
ness, without much available reserve. 

Export, to send goods or commodities 
to another or foreign country. 

Exportations, the act of sending or 
carrying commodities from one country to 
another. 

Export dusty, a duty imposed by and 
paid to some governments on the exporta¬ 
tion of certain kinds of merchandise. 

Exported, sent by ships or otherwise 
to some other country. 

Exporter, a shipper of goods to a 
foreign country. 

Exports, the articles exported or sent 
out of the country. The annual aggre¬ 
gate Exports from the United States is be¬ 
tween five hundred and six hundred mil¬ 
lions of dollars. The nature and the extent 
of our Exports can best be understood by 
an Exhibit of the Quantities and Values of 
the articles, the growth, produce, and the 
manufacture of the United States export¬ 
ed ; and of the Commodities, Quantities, 
and Values of some of the leading articles, 
and the Countries to which they are ex¬ 
ported; together also with the Foreign 


articles Re-exported. These Exhibits, ob¬ 
tained from official statements, will be 
found below. They show the actual trans¬ 
actions for one year (1870), and for the 
purposes of estimate or general informa¬ 
tion, may be taken as relatively and ap¬ 
proximately correct for other years. 

Statement of Commodities , the Growth , Pro¬ 
duce, and Manufacture of the United 
States , Exported from the United States 
during the twelve months which ended 



Quantity. 

Value. 

Acids.lbs. 

Agricul. Imps. — 

830,207 

$85,415 

Fanning mills.. No. 

13 

820 

Horse-powers.. “ 

8 

892 

Mow’rs & reap’s ‘ ‘ 
Plows and cultiva- 

227 

23,803 

vators.No. 

All other, not spe- 

10,041 

113,422 

cified. 


895,203 

Animals, Liy’g. — 


Hogs.No. 

1,262 

21,386 

Horned cattle. “ 

23,173 

442,175 

Horses. “ 

1,293 

1,315 

162,601 

Mules. “ 

180,125 

Sheep.“ 

55,713 

100,799 

Other, and fowls. . 


13,422 

Ashes, pot &p’l.lbs. 

1,673,445 

137,812 


Bark for tanning. 
Beer, Ale, Por¬ 
ter, and Cider. 
-—In bottles.. doz. 
In casks.... galls. 
Bell and bronze met. 
Billiard tables and 

apparatus. 

Blacking. 


1,180 

92,213 


Bones and 

dust.. 

Bone, ivory, 
lampblack. 


bone- 

.cwt. 

and 
. .lbs. 
en- 


33,012 

563,089 


Books, maps, 

gravings, &c. . 

Brass, and manufac¬ 
tures of. . 

Bread and Bread- 
stuffs. —Barley, bu. 329,504 
Bread and bis.lbs. 13,477,092 


Indian com. 
Corn meal. 

Oats. 

Rye. 


, bu. 

. bbls. 
. .bu. 
. .bu. 


Rye flour. .. .bbls. 


2,250,573 
164.570 
150,005 
89,830 
7,122 


115,184 

3,079 

28,994 

3,034 

24,591 

73,253 

49,851 

25,178 

294,889 

175,181 

' 184,113 
718,265 
1,874,634 
800,705 
86,325 
83,732 
36,771 


Wheat.bu. 33,547,637 40,598,780 

Wheat flour..bbls. 3,357,287 19,895,225 
Other small grain 

and pulse. 358,372 






























EXPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 


195 


631 


Quantity. 

Maizena, and pre¬ 
parations from 

breadstuffs. . 

Bricks.M. 1,406 

Brooms & brushes.. . 

Candles, tallow.lbs. 2,198,418 
Carriages, carts, and 

parts of. 

Cars, railroad. .No. 

Clocks, & parts of.. 

Coffee, cocoa, and 

spices. 

Coal.— Bitu's.. .T. 

Other.T. 

Combs . 

Copper.—O re. .lbs. 

In pigs, bars, sh’ts, 
and old.lbs. 

Manufactures of.. 

Cordage—rope, and 

twine.lbs. 1,796,042 

Cotton. — Sea-isl¬ 
and.lbs. 

Other unmanufac¬ 
tured.lbs. 1,087,316,000 


103,120 

164,312 


4,244,146 


2,112,076 


4,366,431 


Value. 


$292,537 

13,987 

200,819 

343,381 

395,311 

506,418 

545,067 

162,438 

450,637 

966,083 

6,576 

524,803 

384,064 

111,092 

340,554 

2,158,145 


4,430,662 

8,968,878 


158,964 


(Value).... 

Colored, manufac¬ 
tured.yds. 

Uncolored . .. .yds. 

All other manufac¬ 
tures of. . 

Drugs, chemicals, & 

medicines. 

Dyestuffs. . 

Earthen & st’eware. . 

Fancy articles. . 

Fruits. — Apples, 

dried.lbs. 1,014,381 

Apples, green.. bu. 

Other fruit, green, 

ripe, or dried. 

Preserved. 

Furs and fur skins.. 

Gas fixtures & chan¬ 
deliers . 

Ginseng.lbs. 

Glass and glassware. 

Glue.lbs. 

Gold & Silver — 

Gold bullion. 

Gold coin. 

Silver bullion. 

Silver coin. 

Gold & silver leaf. 

Jewelry, & manu¬ 
factures of gold & 

silver. 

Hair. —U nmanuf’d. 
Manufactures of.. 


466,402 


75,379 


217,215,660 

798,567 

1,343,653 

1,385,516 

1,567,917 

633,672 

44,383 

126,449 

79,466 

203,306 

131,109 

129,009 

1,733,668 

29,998 

439,291 

515,264 

11,093 

15,599,880 

33,101,931 

13,171,419 

4,224,087 

763 


43,441 

172.913 

6,991 


Quantity. 

Hats. — Of wool, 

fur, & silk. 

Of palm-leaf, st’w, &c. 

Hay.T. 7,070 

Hemp.— Unman’d.cwt. 316 

Cables & cordage. “ 11,792 

Ot’r manuf’tures of . 

Hides & skins, other 

than fur. 

Hoop-skirts. . 


Hops.lbs. 2,553,500 

Ice.T. 48,964 


India - rubber. — 

Boots and shoes.. 5,443 

Other manuf’tures 
of, & of gutta-per¬ 
cha . . 

Iron— Pig.cwt. 91,603 

Bar.cwt. 2,115 

Boiler plate... cwt. 1,165 

Railroad bars and 

rails.cwt. 1,178 

Sheet, band and 

hoop.cwt. 776 

Castings. . 

Car wheels. .. .No. 1,457 

Stoves & parts.... . 

Steam-engines, lo¬ 
comotive .... .No. 31 

Steam-engin’s, sta¬ 


tionary. No. 18 

Boilers, separate 


from engine. . 

Machinery. . 

Nails & spikes.lbs. 4,857,326 
All other manufac¬ 
tures of iron. .... . 

Steel.— Ingts, b’ rs, 
sheets, wire..lbs. 15,622 

Cutlery. 

Edge tools. . 

Files and saws. 

Muskets, pistols, ri¬ 
fles, & sport’g g’ns. . 

Manufactures not 
specified. . 


Junk (old) and oak¬ 
um.cwt. 5,178 

Lamps. . 

Lead, and manufac¬ 
tures of. 

Leather. — Boots 

and shoes... .prs. 257,088 
Leather of all 

kinds.lbs. 909,579 

Morocco . . 


Saddlery & harness . 

Manufactures of.. . 

Lime and cement... 35,050 


Value. 

$159,800 

42,227 

129,553 

4,385 

157,186 

84,333 

486,501 

64,867 

466,319 

210,456 

19,956 


152,443 

146,780 

10,694 

5,640 

4,271 


4,611 

71,917 

30,945 

73,091 

449,054 

44,733 

31,646 

1,821,178 

254,027 

2,238,255 

2,535 

174,712 

308,926 

13,058 

10,400,463 

121,672 


41,660 

171,824 

50,225 


393,943 


252,372 

4,261 

128,166 

107,696 

66,609 



































































































196 


EXPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 


Quantity. 

Manures. —Guano. T. 1,260 

Substances for. 

Marble and stone... . 

Marble and stone 

manufactures.... . 

Matches. 

Mathematical, & op¬ 
tical instruments. 

Musical Ins. —Or¬ 
gans, melodeons, &c. 

Piano-fortes. . 

All other. . 

Naval Stores.— 

Rosin and turpen¬ 
tine. ..bbls. 

Tar and pitch. bbls. 

Oil-cake.lbs.181,940,893 

Oils.— Coal . .galls. 566,101 

Petroleum .. .galls. 12,217.087 
‘‘ refined.galls. 123,464,917 

Benzine.galls. 324,823 

Naphtha.galls. 6,423,769 

Lard.galls. 

Neat’s-footand ani- 


553,949 

44,704 


55,574 


Value. 

$50,790 

118,499 

68,839 

151,320 

161,861 

7,110 

98,445 

175,304 

8,798 


1,541,680 

119,217 

3,765,140 

207,292 

2,329,288 

33,237,014 

32,786 

677,100 

72,675 


mal.. 


89 

130 

Spermaceti... .lbs. 

182^452 

50*833 

Spermaceti 

.galls.. 

543,473 

761,477 

Spirits. — From 



Whale and 

other 



grain.galls. 

95,629 

73,458 

fish. 


396,883 

262,751 

From molasses.... 

824,233 

489,444 

Castor. 


468 

1,157 

From ot’r materials 

9,133 

10,504 

Linseed ... . 

. galls. 

25,613 

24,578 

Spirits of turpen- 



Volatile or es’l.... 


186,450 

tine.galls. 

2,489,995 

971,308 


Ordnance. — Can¬ 
non. 

And gun-carriages, 
and accoutrem’ts. 

Gunpowder.. ..lbs. 

Shot & shell... lbs. 
Paints and painters’ 

colors. 

Paintings and en¬ 
gravings . 

Paper & stationery. 

Paraffine.lbs. 

Perfumery. 

Plated ware. 

Printing presses and 

type. 

Provisions. — Ba¬ 
con & hams .. lbs. 

Beef.lbs. 

Butter.lbs. 

Cheese.lbs. 

Condensed milk. .. 

Eggs.doz. 

Fish, dried or 
smoked.cwt. 

Fish, fresh. 

Fish, pickled. bbls. 

Fish, other, c’d... 


675,292 

500,903 


11,871 


24,645,896 

29,533,216 

2,079,101 

59,113,090 


2,328 

113,842 

31*486 


81,278 

2,262,023 

110,587 

39,806 

157,805 

60,977 

478,547 

2,797 

277,264 

21,300 

99,177 

4,937,309 

2,310,064 

570,282 

8,646,491 

125,305 

991 

599,017 

46,912 

252,180 

347,714 


Quantity. 

Lard.lbs. 40,191,997 

Meats, preserved. 

Oysters. . 

Pickles and sauces. 

Pork.lbs. 29,256.213 

Onions.bu. 56,249 

Potatoes.bu. 686,896 

Other vegetables.. . 

V egetables, prepared 

or preserved. 

Quicksilver.lbs. 

Rags, — cotton and 

linen.lbs. 

Rice.lbs. 

Salt.bu. 

Scales and balances. 

Seeds.—C lover. bu. 

Flaxseed or linseed, bu. 

Garden and other.. 

Sewing machines, 

and parts of. 

Soap.—P erfumed i& 

toilet. 

Other.lbs. 7, 


966,528 


2,000 

1,754,951 

141,682 


91,758 

283 


Value. 

$6,050,507 

257,745 

142,259 

12,119 

3,555,586 

82,878 

463,308 

90,432 

24,130 

486,212 


106,373 

60,419 

135,658 

611,605 

1,233 

114,346 

1,908,928 

6,987 

649,983 


Starch.lbs. 

Steam & other fire- 

engines . 

Sugar, Mol.—S u¬ 
gar, brown... lbs. 

Sugar, refined.. lbs. 4 

Molasses.galls. 1 

Candy and confec¬ 
tionery.lbs. 

Tallow.lbs. 26, 

Tin, and manufs. of 
Tobacco.— L’f.lbs .165, 

Cigars.M. 

Snuff.lbs. 

Other mannf’tr’s of 
Trunks and valises. 

Umb’las, parasols, &c. 

Varnish.galls. 

Vessels sold For¬ 
eigners.- Steam¬ 
ers.T. 2,566 

Sailing vessels... T. 2,543 

V inegar.galls. 38,241 

Watches, and parts. . 

Wax.lbs. 355,877 

Wearing apparel. 

Whalebone.lbs. 342,248 

Wine.galls. 20,275 


1,110,382 84,911 


50,968 

,510,383 

,078,025 


814,237 

977,623 

1,188 

22,876 


35,650 


33,854 

3,214 

544,079 

295,413 

14,804 

2,481,638 

58,536 

16,620,123 

45,990 

13,438 

1,411,372 

99,256 

330 

61,742 


171,240 

60.086 

8,694 

2,760 

115,406 

384,972 

275,031 

25,735 



























































































EXPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 197 


Quantity. Value. 

Wood, and Manu¬ 
factures of.— 

Boards, clap-bds, 
deals, pl’ks. joists, 


Laths, palings, cur¬ 
tain sticks, broom 

handles, bed slats.M. 7,551 22,805 

Shingles.M. 36,299 102,654 

Box shooks. 320,029 

Other shooks, st’vs, 

and headings. 4,985,885 

Hogsheads & bar¬ 
rels, empty.. .No. 150,913 262,761 

All other lumber. 222,361 

Firewood.cds. 4,577 9,878 

Hop, hoop, tele¬ 
graph, & ot’r poles . 587,118 

Logs, masts, spars, 

& ot’r whole tim¬ 
ber . 420,498 

Timber, sawed and 

hewed.cu. ft. 6,479,233 1,246,014 

All other timber... . 38,696 

Househ’d furniture . 1,189,351 

Wooden ware. 250,137 

All other manufac¬ 
tures of wood. 723,516 

Wool, & Manufac¬ 
tures of.—W ool, 

raw & fleece..lbs. 45,680 14,941 

Carpets.yds. 606 782 

Ot’r man’f’tures of. •. 189,445 

Zinc.—O re or ox’e.cwt. 12,678 59,798 

Plates, sheets, pigs, 

bars.lbs. 84,369 7,738 

All ot’r unm’nuf’d. 1,005,608 

All other manufac¬ 
tured articles. ... . 569,244 


Shipped in Am. ves¬ 
sels and vehicles. .183,749,534 

Shipped in foreign 
vessels & vehicles.319,742,088 


Add Re-Exports of 

Foreign Goods. 30,000,000 


Total of Exports... $536,912,030 


Statement shotting the Foreign Countries to 
which the Principal Commodities , the 
Growth , Produce , and Manufacture of 
the United States , were Exported daring 
the year which ended June 30, 1870. 


Agricultural Implements : 

To England. $166,382 

Canada. 76,486 

All other British North 

American Possessions.. 39,294 


Value. 

To British West Indies. $3,765 

British Boss, in Africa.... 50,833 

Australia. 104,064 

Spain. 226 

Cuba. 34,480 

Brazil. 148,885 

Argentine Republic. 186,913 

Mexico. 20,439 

United States of Colombia 35,742 

Uruguay. 33,206 

Peru. 52,043 

Chili. 34,298 

Other countries. 81,420 


Total.$1,068,476 

ANIMALS, living. 

To Canada. $196,454 

All other British North 

American Possessions.. 149,352 

British West Indies. 383,405 

Cuba. 105,835 

Porto Rico. 7,010 

Mexico. 147,760 

Other countries. 55,223 


Total.$1,045,039 

BREADSTUFFS. 

Parley: Quantity. Value. 

To all other Brit. 

N. A. Poss.bu. 15,023 $7,850 

Japan. 24,769 14,588 

Peru. 203,655 111,670 

C. A. States. 1,212 643 

Chili. 6,967 3,303 

Other couutr. 3,864 2,458 


Total.255,490 $140,512 

Bread and Biscuit: 

To Canada..lbs. 59,312 $5,203 

Brit. W. Ind. 6,178,709 348,298 

Br. Poss. Africa 341,263 22,016 

Cuba. 100,645 6,714 

Porto Rico.. 317,651 18,678 

French Poss. 

in America 95,548 5,637 

Brazil. 531,528 32,169 

Dutch W. Ind. 284,509 16,039 

U. S. Colombia 397,946 24,019 

Hawaiian Isl. 434,771 19,976 

Hayti and S. 

Domingo.. 297,445 17,622 

Denmark and 

Danish W. I. 144,895 9,965 

All other Portu¬ 
guese Poss. 55,773 3,724 

Other countr. 918,515 50,986 


Total.10,158,510 $581,046 






























































EXPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 


108 


Corn: 

Quantity. 

Value. 

1 To all other Brit. 

Quantity. 

Vaiue. 

To England, .bu. 

29,954 

$26,911 

N. A. Poss. 



Scotland .... 

10,946 

9,500 

bbls. 

215,359 

$1,188,572 

Canada . 

711,943 

576,221 

Brit. W. Ind. 

419,456 

2,599,879 

Brit. W. Ind. 

135,735 

146,400 

Br. Poss. Africa 4,673 

34,565 

Cuba. 

237,291 

263,285 

Brit. E. Ind. 

2,260 

13,085 

Germ. Zollv.. 

42,570 

46,113 

Australia.... 

62,260 

308,007 

France. 

237 

260 

Spain. 

4,971 

43,843 

French Poss. 



Cuba. 

149,183 

887,572 

in America 

14,097 

15,704 

Porto Rico.. 

67,803 

440,351 

D'tch W. Ind. 

58,281 

63,434 

All ot’r Span- 



Mexico. 

62,859 

65,292 

ish Poss... 

11,972 

59,156 

Yenezuela... 

13,265 

14,110 

French Poss. 



All ot’r Portu- 



in America. 

43,722 

295,733 

guese Poss. 

403 

547 

Brazil. 

376,217 

2,637,185 

Other countr. 

74,534 

59,798 

China. 

169,991 

782,557 




Argent’e Rep. 

35,857 

230,517 

Total. 

.1,392,115 

$1,287,575 

D’tch W. Ind. 

38,983 

246,936 

Corn Meal: 



Mexico. 

29,930 

209,311 

To England, bbls. 

5,574 

$22,855 

Yenezuela... 

37,183 

217,779 

Canada. 

28,640 

139,864 

Japan. 

20,014 

104,284 

All other Brit. 



U. S. of Co- 



N. A. Poss. 

11,109 

53,183 

lombia.... 

29,495 

175,071 

Brit. W. Ind. 

86,785 

440,041 

Hawaiian Isl. 

8,557 

42,820 

Cuba. 

1,031 

5,397 

Uruguay.... 

1,028 

7,325 

Porto Rico... 

11,854 

59,902 

Hayti & San 



D’tchW. Ind. 

8,403 

44,366 

Domingo.. 

64,165 

377,765 

Denmark and 



C. A. States. 

18,235 

95,583 

Danish W.I. 

29,650 

148,566 

Denmark and 



Other countr. 

4,047 

21,502 

Danish W.I. 

35,801 

220,732 




Portugal .... 

13,678 

90,660 

Total .. .. 

.. .187,093 

$935,676 

France. 

34,271 

201,615 

Wheat: 



Other countr. 

55,285 

307,745 

To Hamburg.bu. 

174,346 

$228,200 




England. 

21,779,373 

28,024,785 

Total .... 

.3,463,333 

$21,169,593 

Scotland .... 

2,308,300 

3,053,868 

COAL, BITUMINOUS AND OTHER. 

Ireland. 

3,699,936 

5,226,061 

To Canada, tons. 

180,691 

$1,042,579 

Canada. 

6,232,357 

7,383,039 

Cuba. 

18,665 

101,142 

All other Brit. 



China. 

5,893 

32,699 

N. A. Poss. 

26,776 

33,898 

Dutch E. Ind. 

3,451 

17,255 

Brit. Poss. in 



Mexico. 

1,523 

10,070 

Africa. 

2,451 

3,814 

U. S. of Co- 



Australia.... 

78,898 

82,182 

lombia.... 

4,554 

22,364 

Spain. 

15,960 

17,022 

Other countr. 

13,141 

80,249 

Cuba 

24 495 

29 828 




Ger. Zollv... 

142,943 

188,036 

Total. 

...227,918 

$1,306,358 

France. 

1,012,637 

1,401,080 

COTTON. 


China. 

61,805 

56,395 

Sea Island , unmanufactured: 


Venezuela... 

36,516 

52,147 

To England, .lbs. 

4,192,514 

$2,201,102 

Portugal .... 

701,825 

975,137 

France. 

1,217,266 

_ 705,331 

RblcnT|rYi 

195 964 

303 494 




Other countr. 

88,533 

112,243 

Total. 

5,409,780 

$2,906,433 




Other , unmanufactured: 


Total. 

36,584,115 

$47,171,229 

To England, .lbs.639,168,394 $150,481,457 

Wheat Flour: 



Scotland. .. 

493,276 

107,264 

To England, bbls. 

832,808 

$5,190,881 

Ireland. 

5,311,594 

1,267,103 

Scotland .... 

297,520 

1,759,439 

Canada. 

1,561,008 

407,812 

Ireland. 

58,623 

351,668 

Spain. 

27,704,711 

6,613,573 

Gibraltar.... 

7,132 

42,712 

Germ. Zollv. 

86,775,750 

20,471,435 

Canada. 

316,901 

2,015,245 

France.151,929,235 

35,573,626 






















































EXPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 


199 


To Holland, .lbs. 

Mexico. 

Italy. 

Russia on Bal¬ 
tic Sea.... 

Belgium. 

Other countr. 


Quantity. 

Value. 


Quantity. 

Value. 

8,525,114 

$2,011,694 

To Holland. 

.. 31,810 

$80,863 

6,609,707 

1,412,863 

Italy... . .. 

. 6,073 

17*122 

7,274,510 

1,721,076 

Belgium. 

. 14,327 

41,992 



Austria. 

. 21,418 

55,831 

15,170,334 

3,481,000 

Other countries. 

. 68,413 

185,331 

1,726,152 

372,886 




898,958 

199,402 

Total. 

. 583,316 

$1,776,625 


Total.953,148,743 $224,121,191 


Manufactures not specified: 

To England. $241,151 

Canada. 287,209 

All other Brit. N. A. Poss. 45,521 

British West Indies. 64,698 

British Poss. in Africa... 11,776 

British East Indies. 31,077 

Cuba. 151,754 

German Zollverein. 27,540 

France. 5,269 

French Poss. in America.. 36,207 

Brazil. 278,949 

China. 526,172 

Argentine Republic. 119,522 

Mexico. 332,069 

Japan. 26,632 

U. States of Colombia... 300,663 

Hawaiian Islands. 31,384 

Hayti and San Domingo.. 352,914 

Chili. 160,817 

Denmark and Danish W. I. 13,412 

Turkey. 7,600 

Other countries. 734,946 


OIL CAKE. 


To England. .. .$3,201,153 

Scotland. 55,013 

British West Indies. 142,671 

Cuba. 3,453 

Other countries. 16,998 


Total 


$3,419,288 


Coal Oil: 

To Cuba.galls. 68,609 $24,125 

Porto Rico. 113,976 43,407 

Brazil. 36,500 13,810 

Mexico. 88,334 38,237 

Other countries. 140,829 57,558 


Total. 448,248 $117,137 

Petroleum , crude: 

To England_galls. 48,449 $21,674 

Ireland. 140,149 25,928 

German Zollverein 990,684 197,173 

France.6,827,902 1.414,171 

Italy. 10,000 ' 1,800 

Belgium.1,448,728 290,782 

Sweden & Norway 311,999 67,716 

Other countries. . 177,155 40,911 


Total.$3,787,282 


BOOTS AND SHOES OF LEATHER. 


To Canada. $40,880 

All other Brit. N. A. Poss. 54,148 

British West Indies. 46,776 

Cuba. 25,953 

All other French Poss.... 2,784 

Brazil.. 3,016 

Mexico. 116,761 

Japan . 10,086 

U. States of Colombia... 15,947 

Hawaiian Islands. 41,658 

Central American States. 6,468 

Denmark and Danish W. I. 13,518 

Other countries. 41,617 


Total. 

NAVAL STORES. 

Resin and Turpentine: 

To England.bbls. 243,006 

Scotland. 29,994 

Canada. 11,486 

Australia. 11,136 

German Zollverein 126,833 

Brazil. 15,834 

Argentine Repub. 2,986 


$419,612 


$801,391 

87,058 

65,549 

35,188 

357,471 

40,620 

8,209 


Total.9,955,066 

Petroleum , refined: 

To England..galls. 4,091,490 

Ireland. 4,294,622 

Gibraltar. 7,914,227 

Canada. 267,856 

Brit. W. Indies. 632,736 

Australia. 1,530,259 

Spain. 4,032,542 

Cuba. 1,695,807 

Ger. Zollverein. 31,241,137 

France. 2,925,090 

Brazil. 1,506,053 

Argentine Rep. 429,146 

Holland . 6,976,595 

Italy. 4,263,618 

Belgium. 15,022,980 

Russia on Bal¬ 
tic Sea. 1,910,926 

Russ, on Bl’k Sea 112,463 

Chili. 255,628 

Denmark and 

Danish W. I. 1,068,244 

Portugal. 910,043 

Sweden & Nor¬ 
way. 108,562 


$2,060,155 

$1,283,695 

1,274,795 

2,439,667 

96,111 

197,932 

507,003 

1,236,220 

538,387 

9,330,822 

906,556 

464,559 

138,476 

2,145,205 

1,351,199 

4,582,184 

555,106 

36,899 

87,307 

295,471 

276,564 

31,368 
























































































200 


EXPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 



Quantity. 

Value. 

To Austria. 

2,106,771 

630,453 

Turkey ... gals. 

1,505,164 

$480,256 

Other countries 

3,100,546 

977,958 

Total. 

97,902,505 $29,864,193 

PROVISIONS. 


Hams and Bacon: 

To England.. ..lbs. 

31,002,066 

$4,830,493 

Scotland ...... 

1,865,366 

290,779 

Br. W. Indies.. 

511,915 

86,604 

Cuba. 

3,290,981 

533,098 

Porto Rico .... 

352,196 

63,378 

Ger. Zollverein. 

778,120 

124,353 

France. 

33,191 

5,023 

French Poss. in 

America .... 

153,437 

27,491 

Belgium. 

68,815 

10,853 

U. S. Colombia. 

70,739 

11,973 

Hayti and San 

Domingo.. .. 

158,858 

26,583 

Other countries 

682,572 

112,485 

Total. 

88,968,256 

$6,123,113 

Beef: lbs. 

To England ... lbs. 

12,716,147 

$905,301 

Scotland. 

2,176,298 

157,922 

Canada. 

272,111 

20,562 

Other British 

N. A. Poss. . 

920,819 

61,716 

British W. In- 

dies. 

2,910,847 

238,451 

Cuba. 

201,164 

14,117 

Ger Zollverein. 

2,604,271 

189,448 

French Poss. in 

America .... 

698,930 

51,677 

Dutch W. In- 

dies. 

496,354 

32,526 

U. S. of Colom- 

bia. 

885,691 

60,338 

Hayti and San 

Domingo.... 

474,583 

33,436 

Den’ k & Danish 

West Indies. 

300,351 

20,203 

Other counties. 

2,070,207 

154,081 

Total. 

26,727,773 

$1,939,778 

Pork: lbs. 

To England. 

4,079,047 

$491,130 

Scotland. 

613,300 

72,114 

Canada. 

3,104,773 

484,340 

Other British 

N. A. Poss.. 

2,516,329 

312,327 

Br. W. Indies.. 

6,334,384 

844,063 

Cuba. 

828,127 

109,034 

Porto Rico.... 

1,085,186 

145,845 

Ger. Zollverein. 

371,875 

52,193 

Frch.Poss.in A. 

700,928 

97,299 

Dut. W. Indies. 

686,823 

94,171 

U. S. of Colom. 

278,245 

31,331 


To Hayti and San 
Domingo.... 
Cen. Ameri. S. 
Den. & Dan. W. 

Indies. 

Other countries 


Quantity. 

2,995,600 

44,548 

387,201 

673,465 


Value. 

$380,806 

6,311 

40,831 

91,342 


Total. 

Butter: lbs. 

To all other British 

.24,639,831 

$3,253,137 

X. A. Poss... 

176,084 

$51,004 

Brit. W. Indies. 

274,565 

87,034 

Cuba. 

338,121 

96,620 

Porto Rico.... 

172,291 

45,906 

China. 

130,754 

39,780 

Dut. W. Indies. 

45,128 

13,164 

Mexico. 

60,175 

17,951 

Japan . 

87,006 

32,548 

U. S. of Colom. 

260,933 

74,922 

Hayti & S. Dom. 183,124 
Den. & Danish 

48,780 

West Indies. 

46,224 

13,905 

Other countries 

244,883 

70,615 

Total. 

Cheese: lbs. 

..2,019,288 

$592,229 

To England... lbs. 

45,455,912 

$7,035,276 

Scotland. 

4,789,701 

752,974 

Brit. W. Indies. 

412,555 

67,128 

Porto Rico.... 

148,152 

24,295 

Ger. Zollverein 

4,864,779 

733,848 

Belgium. 

1,176,875 

193,176 

Other countries 

448,353 

75,237 

Total. 

Lard: lbs. 

57,296,327 

$8,881,934 

To England. 

10,299,722 

$1,684,020 

Scotland. 

649,787 

109,364 

Canada. 

54,467 

9,904 

Brit. W. Indies. 

1,997,630 

340.170 

Cuba. 

12,232,870 

2,018,623 

Porto Rico.... 

1,101,295 

194,381 

Ger. Zollverein 

681,147 

116,785 

France. 

French Poss. in 

292,067 

43,679 

America .... 

219,373 

38,722 

Brazil. 

1,638,393 

294,989 

Argent. Rep... 

428,549 

77,381 

Dut. W. Indies. 

238,333 

39.445 

Mexico. 

734,683 

124,107 

Venezuela .... 

544,065 

94,304 

Belgium. 

170,515 

23,876 

U. S. of Colom. 
Hayti and San 

2,095,163 

329,692 

Domingo.... 
Den. & Danish 

702,895 

114,257 

West Indies.. 

208,760 

34,630 

Other countries 

1,518,816 

245,068 


Total.35,808,530 $5,933,397 





















































EXPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 


201 


SEWING MACHINES AND PARTS OF. 

Value. 

To England.,. $533,471 

Scotland. 283,425 

Canada. 23,621 

Australia. 149,144 

Cuba. 37,633 

German Zollverein. 502.849 

France. 148,059 

Brazil... . 152,841 

Argentine Republic. 59,496 

Mexico. 43,928 

United States of Colombia. 16,567 

Chili. 38,392 

Other countries. 133,900 


To 


Total. 

SOAP, ALL KINDS. 


all other Brit. 

N. A. Poss.lbs. 
Brit. W. Indies. 

Cuba. 

Porto Rico.... 

Brazil. 

Dut. W. Indies. 

Mexico. 

Venezuela .... 
U. S. of Colom. 
Hayti & S. Dom. 

Chili . 

Den. & Danish 
West Indies. 
Other countries 


Quantity. 

221,532 

1,370,351 

363,495 

151,063 

189,322 

75,504 

589,136 

43,244 

1.377.890 

2.692.891 
113,411 

127,280 

414,124 


$2,233,326 

Value. 

$17,342 

110,612 

28,274 

9,870 

17,291 

5,502 

47,975 

3,844 

115,710 

218,492 

7,106 

10,124 
30,543 


To Peru.lbs. 

Other countries 


Quantity. 

70,063 

433,186 


Value. 

$7,825 

48,545 


Total.37,513,356 

TOBACCO LEAF. 

To England,. ..lbs. 30,663,240 

Ireland. 1,358,330 

Gibraltar. 10,503,045 

Canada. 5,956,588 

Brit. W. Indies. 1,343,123 
Br. Poss. Africa 2,204,441 

Spain. 11,379,342 

Ger. Zollverein. 43,316,809 

France. 23,389,337 

Fr. Poss. Amer. 840,884 
All other Frch. 

Possessions.. 562,665 

Holland. 14,901,388 

Mexico. 460,835 

Italy. 27,629,871 

Belgium. 1,290,407 

Chili. 778,901 

Portugal. 682,772 

All other Portu¬ 
guese Poss.. 175,525 

Austria. 3,478,485 

Other countries 4,832,893 


$3,814,861 

$5,292,132 

216.310 

973,918 

738,372 

171,764 

306,228 

965,820 

4,121,383 

2,368,955 

68,709 

93,632 

1,365,051 

73,274 

2,979,353 

127,140 

87,218 

67,209 

24,591 

446,314 

613.047 


Total.185,748,881 $21,100,420 

WOOD MANUFACTURES. 

Boards , clapboards, deals, planks, joists, and 
scantling: 



— 


To England. 

$69,473 

Total . 

. 7,729,243 

$622,715 

Ireland. 

19,756 

SPIRITS OF TURPENTINE. 

Canada. 

56,180 

To England. ..gals. 

1,860,922 

$760,604 

British West Indies. 

209,657 

Ireland. 

244,807 

98,965 

British East Indies. 

8,475 

Brit. East Ind. 

8,280 

4,700 

Australia. 

209,949 

Australia. 

49,245 

24,072 

Cuba. 

488,606 

Cuba. 

29,714 

14,074 

Porto Rico. 

131,500 

Ger. Zollverein. 

242,511 

97,095 

French Poss. in America.. 

78,184 

Brazil. 

23,762 

9,917 

Brazil. 

128,277 

Argent. Rep... 

30,196 

14,344 

China. 

45,769 

Holland. 

129,370 

50,762 

Argentine Republic.. 

191,795 

Belgium. 

332,632 

142,260 

Mexico. 

66,824 

Chili. 

10,051 

4,988 

United States of Colombia. 

46,221 

Other countries 

285,207 

135,521 

Hawaiian Islands. 

49,308 




TT m cm n,v 

364,128 

Total. 

.3,246,697 

$1,357,302 

Hayti and San Domingo.. 

50,861 

TALLOW.. 


Peru. 

207,905 

To England... lbs. 

24,835,662 

$2,476,045 

Chili. 

195,331 

Scotland. 

3,352,447 

349,797 

Denm’k & Dan. W. Indies. 

18,198 

Canada. 

416,633 

43,601 

All other Portuguese Poos. 

39,779 

Cuba. 

1,168,985 

109,987 

Other countries. 

244,253 

Ger. Zollverein. 

4,984,733 

524,530 



France. 

698,177 

61,528 

Total. 

$2,920,429 

Holland . 

200,195 

21,708 

Box-shooks, other shooks, staves, & headings: 

Venezuela. 

748,869 

92,407 

To England. 

$133,891 

Belgium. 

704,106 

78,888 

Scotland. 

28,658 
















































































202 


EXPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 


Value. 

To British West Indies. $268,451 

British Poss. in Africa... 51,542 

Spain. 691,814 

Cuba. 2,650,798 

Porto Rico. 462,314 

France. 214,521 

French Poss. in America.. 134,562 

Argentine Republic. 39,934 

Holland. 53,133 

Italy. 103,687 

Belgium . 30,597 

Hawaiian Islands. 67,390 

Peru. 20,893 

Chili . 21,802 

Denm’k & Dan. W. Indies. 15,136 

Portugal. 69,193 

Brazil. 77,758 

Other countries. 135,905 


Total.$5,271,979 


Statement of Foreign Commodities Re-ex¬ 
ported from the United States during the 
ticelve months which ended December 31, 
1870. 

FREE OF DUTY. 

Articles crude used 
in dy’ng & tanning. 

Bolting cloths. 

Cochineal.lbs. 

Cotton, raw.... lbs. 

Dye woods, in sticks c 
GOLD & SILVER. 

Gold bullion. 

Silver bullion. 

Gold coin. 

Silver coin. 

H'hold effects and 
clothes in use..... 

Indigo.lbs. 

Madder, ground or 

prepared.lbs. 

Silk, raw.lbs. 

Terra japonica and 

gambier.lbs. 

Wood, all cabinet, 

unmanuf. 

All other articles... 


Total free of 
duty. 


15,353,660 

DUTIABLE. 
Animals, living, of 
all kinds. 


14,078 

3,418 

Brass, manuf s. of... 
BREADSTUFFS. 

Barley.bu. 

Oats.bu. 


13,782 

64,042 

9,937 

20,644 


Quantity. 

Value. 


$38,711 


15 

1,200 

1,200 

258,377 

51,122 

231,924 

224,367 


25,778 


2,682 


4,689,722 


10,136,226 


4,050 

10,970 

15,470 

20,844 

3,125 

9,620 

50,781 

20,900 

911 


58,057 


51,057 


Quantity. 

Rice.lbs. 12,357,508 

Rye.bu. 301,255 

Wheat.bu. 539,756 


Wheat flour.... bbls. 12,103 

Potatoes.... ...bu. 18,695 

Oth. preparations of 

breadstuffs. 

Books, maps, en¬ 
gravings, &c. . 

Buttons of all kinds. 

Cordage, ropes, and 

twines.lbs. 268,498 

Chiccory.lbs. 24,621 

CLOTHING. 

Cut and sewed to¬ 
gether . . 

Articles of wear not 
specified. 


Coal, bitum... 

.. .T. 

1,809 

Cocoa. 


932,346 

Coffee. 


4,248,945 

COPPER. 



Ore. 

.cwt. 

20,319 

Copper. 

. .lbs. 

85,613 

Manufactures of.... 



COTTON. 

Bleached and un¬ 
bleached... .sq. yds. 3,463,934 
Printed, painted, or 
colored... .sq. yds. 4,891,931 
Hosiery, shirts, and 

drawers. 

Jeans, denims, drill¬ 
ings, &c.. .sq. yds. 
Manufactures not 

specified. 

Cutch & catechu, lbs. 

Chemicals, drugs, 
medicines, & dyes. 

Earthen, stone, and 
and china ware.... 

Fancy goods. 

Fish, fresh & cured, 
not of Am. fisheries. 

FLAX. 

Raw. T. 

By yard. 

Manufactures. 

Fruits, all kinds in¬ 
cluding nuts. 

Furs & fur skins... 

Glass. — Cylinder, 
crown, or common 

window.lbs. 

Cast polished plate, 
not silvered, sq. ft. 

Cast polished plate, 

silvered. 

Manuf s. not spec... 


197,702 

*846 


10 


19,703 

296 

302 


Value. 

$333,981 

191,148 

697,960 

49,745 

9,026 

18,966 

11,427 

3,435 

47,122 

792 


9,591 

11.521 

20*727 

117*342 

421,416 

41,638 

16.775 

6,842 


279,117 

556,487 

15,404 

35,341 

118,270 

51 

246,519 

4,543 

23,771 

218,077 

1,509 

9.040 

102,383 

162,543 

317,193 


1,160 

177 

250 

6,840 





























































































EXPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 


203 




Quantity. 

Value. 



Quantity. 

Value. 

Gums. 


221,113 

$33,612 

Y olatile 

or essen- 



Gunpowder. 


125 

51 

tial.... 


2,854 

$6,074 

Hemp, and 

Manu- 



Opium, and extract 


factures 

OF.— 



of. 


117,560 

806,347 

Raw. 

.T. 

667 

124,680 

Paints.— 

White & 


Manufactures of by 


red lead 

. and lith- 



yard. 

sq. yds. 

794 

270 

arge.. . . 


9,649 

538 


Other manuf’tures. 
Hides & skins, other 
than furs........ 

INDIA-RUBBER AND 

Gutta-p’rciia.— 
Unnr nuf't’d. .lbs. 

Manufactured. 

Iron and Steel, & 
M’nuf’t’es of.— 
Pig- iron.lbs. 

Bar iron.lbs. 

Band, hoop & scroll 
iron.lbs. 

Railroad bars.. lbs. 

Sheet iron.lbs. 

Hardware. 

Anchors, cables, & 
chains.lbs. 

Machinery. 

Muskets, pistols, ri¬ 
fles, t&sp’t’gguns. 

Steel ingots, bars, 
sheets, and wire.. 

Cutlery. 

Files !. 

Saws and tools.... 

Manufs. of iron & 
steel, not specified 
Jewelry, and manu¬ 
factures of gold & 

silver. 

Jute and other 
Fibres.—R aw.T. 

Gunny cloth and 
gunny bags.. .lbs. 

Other manufs.... 
Lead. —Pigs, bars, 
and old.lbs. 

Manufactures of.. 
Leather.—O f all 
kinds.lbs. 

Gloves of kid and 
cheveril.doz. 

All other gloves of 
skin or leather, doz. 

All ot’r manufs. of. 
Oils.—W hale & fi’h, 
not of Amer. fish¬ 
eries.gals. 


1,777,967 


254,640 

455,880 

51,008 

1,106,172 

48,972 


60,935 


230 

51,523 

239,212 

458,386 

263 

649 


Olive, salad.. .gals. 

Olive.gals. 

All ot’r fix’d oils.gals. 6,128,635 


134,708 

3,766 

82 


2,779 

918,807 


629,193 

6,166 


2,202 

11,621 

1,405 

17,230 

3,011 

2,042 

1,418 

5,794 


236,824 


6,449 

577 

43 

587 

81,003 


30,211 

29,105 

1,569 

19,846 

9,416 

266 

97,734 

1,882 

2,997 

8,550 


102,166 

6,144 

119 

1,370,530 


627 


Whiting and Paris 

white.lbs. 

All other paints & 

painters’ colors. 

Paper.—W rit’g pa¬ 
per . 

Other paper. . 

Papier-mache, and 
manufs., & parch¬ 
ment. . 

Perfumery and cos¬ 
metics . 

Precious stones. . 

Provisions, includ’g 
peas & beans, & 

other vegetables. 

Salt.lbs. 11,000,865 

Saltpeter.lbs. 139,639 

Silk. —Dress and 

piece. 

Hosiery, shirts, &c.. 

Manufs. not spec’d. 

Soda.—B icarb, of .lbs. 
Carbonate, incl. sal 
soda & soda ash.lbs. 

Caustic soda... lbs. 

Nitrate, and other 

salts of.lbs. 

Spices of all k’ds. lbs. 

Sugar and Molas¬ 
ses.—B rown, lbs. 12,785,266 

Refined.lbs. 193,869 

Molasses.gals. 1,655,319 

Melada & syrup of 
sugar-cane.. . .lbs. 4,302,082 

Candy and confec¬ 
tionery.lbs. 

Sulph. or brimstone, 

refined.T. 

Tea.lbs. 

Tin.—B ars, pigs.cwt. 

In plates.cwt. 

Manufactures of. .. 

Tobacco. —Leaf. lbs. 

Cigars.lbs. 

Snuff.lbs. 

Other manufac.... 

Watches, and watch 
movements, &c.. 

Wines, Spirits, & 

Cordials. — In 
casks.gals. 


25,556 

230,937 

552,488 

65,915 

2,167,402 


2,095 

197 
5,806,868 
40 
2,706 

704*156 
52,996 
54 


19 

6,081 

599 

662 


6,441 


3,849 

6,000 


1,470,344 

39,981 

5,778 

2,111 

1,147 

106,272 

625 

4,536 

17,800 

2,329 

164,544 

687,239 

17,272 

360,939 

144,948 

306 

5,921 

1,732,038 

1,247 

16,945 

749 

146,154 

93,255 

25 

18,834 

6,524 


66,481 50,730 











































































204 


EXPRESS. 


EYE-STONE. 



Quantity. 

Value. 

In bottles.doz. 

5,339 

$17,633 

Wine in casks. gals. 

99,045 

45,138 

Wine in bot.. .doz. 

12,126 

34,283 

Wood, & Manufac- 



TITHES. —Cabinet- 



ware, furniture, &c. 

t . 

228,183 

B’ds, deals, planks, 



joists, and scant- 



ling.M. ft. 

8,881 

82,847 

Shingles. 


2,479 

Other lumber, incl. 



staves, laths, pa- 



lings, pickets, &c. 


12,954 

Timber, rough. .. . 


50 

Wool and manu- 



FACTURES OF. — 



Raw and fleece. lbs. 1,966,446 

249,326 

Cloths & cassimeres 


32,821 

Shawls. 


40,235 

Blankets. 


9,522 

Carpets.. . .sq. yds. 

1,671 

1,183 

Dress goods, sq.yds. 

512,757 

112,244 

Hosiery, shirts, and 



drawers. 


5,441 

Manuf’tures not else- 



where specified.. . 


121,683 

Zinc, Spelter. — In 



blocks or pigs. .lbs. 

5,500 

294 

In sheets.lbs. 

23,105 

1,333 

All articles not else- 



where enumerat’d 


357,225 

Total dutiable. 

.$15,212,726 

Total free of duty.. 


15,353,660 

Total exports. 

.$30,566,242 

Proportion shipped 



in cars and other 



land vehicles..... 


1,331,926 

Proportion shipped 



in Am’rcan vessels 


13,034,327 

Proportion shipped 



in foreign vessels. 


16,200,133 


Express, a courier or special messen¬ 
ger ; to transmit more rapidly than by or¬ 
dinary means. 

Express companies, associations 
or bodies corporate, which, as common car¬ 
riers, for a proper consideration, under¬ 
take to carry and deliver small or large 
packages of merchandise, money, specie, 
bullion, bonds or other securities, to the 
person or persons to whom such packages 


may be addressed, at a shorter time than 
would usually be required by the ordinary 
public modes of transmission. 

Expressed oil, oil obtained by press¬ 
ing or squeezing it out of the substance 
containing it. 

Express offices, the places where 
the business of the express companies is 
transacted—where merchandise and pack¬ 
ages for transmission are received and 
receipted for. 

Express wagons, the wagons in 
which packages, boxes, &c., are taken to 
and from an express office. 

Extension, an agreement on the part 
of a creditor to allow further time for the 
payment of a debt; the summing up and 
extending to the $ and cts. column each 
line of items on a bill or book of accounts. 

Extracts, the name for certain pre¬ 
parations of vegetable principles obtained 
from the juices expressed from fresh 
plants; or from fresh or dried plants, ex¬ 
tracted by being dissolved in water, spirit, 
or vinegar, and afterward evaporated. 
According to the nature of the menstruum 
employed, the extract is called aqueous , 
alcoholic , or acetones. There are upward of 
100 kinds of extracts on sale at the drug 
establishments. Among those which are 
more generally imported, are extracts of 
belladonna, logwood, cicutse, colocynth, 
elaterium, gentian, hyoscyamus, indigo, 
nux vomica, madder, opium, rhatania, 
rhubarb, stramonium, &c. Extracts for 
tanning, include such as are obtained from 
hemlock, chestnut, and black oak, and 
other tanning barks, &c.; those for dyeing, 
such as are obtained from the various dye- 
woods. 

Extract wool, a wool, or woollen 
fibre or substance, obtained by extracting 
or separating the woollen portion from fab¬ 
rics of cotton wax-p and woollen or worsted 
weft; the cotton is destroyed by chemical 
agencies, and the wool is left uninjured, 
hence the name ; it is used in making felt¬ 
ing cloths. 

Eyelefls, small metallic rings for re¬ 
ceiving cord lacers in parts of ladies’ dress¬ 
es or boots. 

Eye-stone, a small calcareous stone 
found in the shell of some molluscous ani¬ 
mal, used for removing any substance from 
between the eye-lid and the ball of the eye. 

































SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Factor 

Facteur 

Factor 

Factoor 

Fattore 

Factor 

Failure 

Faillite; chute 

Fall; Concurs 

Val 

Caduta 

Quiebra 

Fair 

Foire 

Messe 

Mis 

Fiera 

Feria 

Fancy goods 

Articles de mode 

Galanteriewaaren 

Galanterien 

Articoli di moda 

G 6neros de moda 

Fans 

Eventails 

Facher 

Waaijers 

Vcntagli 

Abanicos 

Fashions 

Fapons; Modes 

Fagonen; Moden 

Fatsonen 

Modi 

Vogas 

Feathers 

Plumes 

Federn 

Veeren 

Penne; piume 

Plumas 

Figs 

Figues 

Feigen 

Vijgen 

Fichi 

Higos 

Files 

Limes 

Feilen 

Vylen 

Lime 

Lima 

Fish 

Poissons 

Fische 

Visschen 

Pesci 

Pescados 

Flag 

Pavilion 

Flagge 

Vlag 

Bandiera 

Bandera 

Flannel 

Flanelle 

Flanell 

Flanel 

Flanella 

Franela 

Flax 

Lin 

Flachs 

Vlas 

Lino 

Lino 

Flaxseed 

Graine de lin 

Leinsaat 

Lynzaad 

Linseme 

Linaza 

Flour 

Farine 

Mehl 

Meel 

Farina 

Harina 

Foreign [ness 

Etr anger [tion 

Auslandisch 

Buitenlandsch 

Estero [zione 

Estranjero [cion 

Forwarding busi- 

Maison d’expedi- 

Speditionsgeschaft 

Expeditiezaak 

Negozio di spedi- 

Casa de expedi- 

France 

France 

Frankreich 

Frankrijk 

Francia 

Francia 

Free 

Franc; affranchi 

Frei 

Vrij 

Franco 

Franqueado 

Free trade 

Libre ^change 

Freihandel 

Vrijhandel 

Traffico libero 

Comercio franco 

Freight 

Fret 

Fracht 

Vracht 

Nolo 

Flete 

Fringes 

Franges 

Fran sen 

Franjen 

Frangi 

Franjas 

Fruit 

Fruit 

Friichte 

Vruchte; Ooft 

Frutta; Frutte 

Fruta 

Funds 

Fonds 

Fonds 

Fonds [ren 

Fondi 

Fondos 

Furniture 

Meubles 

Mobel; Mobilien 

Roerende goede- 

Mobili 

Muebles 

Furs 

Fourrures 

Pelzwerke 

Pelterijen 

Pellicce 

Peleteria 

Fustic 

Bois jaune 

Gelbholz 

Geelverfhout 

Cotino 

Fustete 


Fabrics, woven textile articles, such as 
silks, woollens, linens, Ac.; woven or felted, 
or manufactured cloths of any description, 
or of any material. 

FaS»riIe, belonging- or pertaining to 
work in wood, stone, iron, or other metal. 

Face, the surface ; the exact amount 
expressed on a bill, bond, or other mercan¬ 
tile paper, without any addition for inter¬ 
est, or reduction for discount. 

Facia, a Turkish medicine used, as an 
antidote against poisons. 

Facials, certain kinds of cloths, mus¬ 
lins, or silks, used for facing garments. 

Factitious, not natural; artificial. 

Factor, a commission merchant; a 
mercantile agent employed to sell goods 
consigned or delivered to him by or for his 
principal. A factor is distinguished from 
a broker by being in possession and having 
the control of the goods sent to him for 
sale, and by being authorized to buy and 


sell in his own name as well as that of his 
principal; he may use his own name in 
suits at law, and he has a special property 
in or lien on the goods in his hands, for his 
advances, expenses, and commissions, and 
for his balance of his general account. A 
broker may often act for both parties, a 
factor only for the party employing him. 
When a factor resides in a different State 
or country he is called a foreign factor, but 
for the purpose of the distinction between 
home and foreign factors, it is held that 
our States are not foreign to each other. 
Like other general agents, a factor must 
obey the instructions he receives; but hav¬ 
ing much discretion, such instructions, to 
be binding, must be definite and positive. 
In the United States the word factor is 
nob much used by merchants; the phrase 
commission merchant has taken its place, 
and means much the same thing. 

Factorage, the commissions allowed 



















206 


FACTORSHIP. 


FAILURE. 


to factors by merchants or manufacturers 
who employ them. 

Factorship, the business of a factor. 

Factory, an American term now in 
general use as an abbreviation for manu¬ 
factory ; a workshop ; an establishment or 
building occupied by factors who conduct 
trade in foreign or colonial ports; an es¬ 
tablishment of merchants or traders in a 
foreign country, governed by regulations 
adopted for their mutual protection. 

Factory uihuikI, a weight of India 
of 74f lbs. 

Fact arc, an invoice or bill of parcels. 

Faded, a partial loss of color; a loss 
of distinctness of color or pattern. 

Fadge, a covering of undressed leath¬ 
er enclosing a bundle of other valuable 
leather; a bundle. 

Fag, a knot or excrescence in cloth. 

Fag ends, the ends of a web of cloth, 
generally of coarser materials. 

Fagot, bars of steel bound together 
and weighing 120 lbs. 

Faliam-tea, the dried leaves of a 
species of angrecum , a fragrant orchid. 

Faience, a general term comprising 
all the various kinds of glazed earthen¬ 
ware and porcelain, named after Faenza, in 
Italy. 

Fail, to suspend payment; to become 
insolvent or bankrupt. 

Fail are, suspension of payment; in¬ 
ability to meet mercantile engagements. 
A merchant in commercial cities, whose 
notes (from inability to pay them) are not 
promptly paid at maturity, is regarded as 
having failed, and the protest of his pa¬ 
per is considered the evidence of his fail¬ 
ure. Such a failure, however, is neither 
evidence of insolvency, nor, of itself, 
ground for proceedings in bankruptcy. It 
has frequently bepn asserted that 95 per 
cent, of all who engage in mercantile pur¬ 
suits fail in business. This may be so. 
Certainly a very large proportion of them 
at some period in their business lives sus¬ 
pend payment or fail; but this does not 
prove that any such proportion die bank¬ 
rupt, or that 95 out of every 100 are ulti¬ 
mately unsuccessful. 

In most of the States of the Union mer- 
. chants who fail in business may avail them¬ 
selves of the insolvent laws of their respec¬ 
tive States, and thus acquire, to a consid¬ 
erable extent at least, immunity from the 
legal consequences of their indebtedness. 
The national bankrupt law may also be 
availed of for partial relief. But as a rule 
in commercial cities, failures arising from 


vicissitudes of trade, followed by an honest 
exhibit, and prompt surrender of property, 
are met by creditors with a full discharge, 
and the failing merchant resumes busi¬ 
ness with a renewed energy, and an in¬ 
creased experience, which is very likely to 
add to his chances of success. 

In the great commercial city of Ham¬ 
burg, where failures occur very frequently, 
a merchant whose books show that mis¬ 
fortune alone has occasioned his failure ; 
that he has all along lived within his prob¬ 
able income, and can account to his as¬ 
signees completely for all his losses, is ad¬ 
judged an u unfortunate ” bankrupt, and 
is considered entirely and forever free 
from his debts. But persons who have 
entered into speculations exceeding their 
means, who have gone on for a consider¬ 
able time after they found their affairs in 
arrear, who have lived beyond their in¬ 
come, have not kept their books in good 
order, and so forth, are adjudged “ care¬ 
less ,,” and are liable to be confined in prison 
for a period of 3 or 6 months ; and provid¬ 
ed they have not paid a dividend of 40 per 
cent., may be called upon for payment of 
their debt after 5 years from their dis¬ 
charge as careless bankrupts. If a claim be 
made by any creditor after this lapse of 
time, the bankrupt is obliged to pay what¬ 
ever sum he is able for the benefit of his 
creditors. He must swear that he cannot 
pay anything, or not above a certain sum, 
without depriving himself and his family 
of necessaries. Every five years the claim 
may be repeated. Failures occurring from 
frauds are followed by imprisonment of 
the parties, and by other penalties of more 
or less severity, according to the extent of 
the frauds. 

The failures throughout the United 
States for one year, as carefully ascertain¬ 
ed and collated by a Mercantile Agency in 
New York, were as follows : 


FAILURES FOR 1870. 


States. 

Failures. 

Liabilities. 

Alabama. 

31 

$788,000 

Arkansas. 

4 

22,000 

California. 

Colorado. 

CO 

2,423,000 

Connecticut. 

68 

1,820,000 

Delaware. 

14 

197,000 

District Columbia.. 

5 

28,000 

Florida. 

7 

91,000 

Georgia.. 

98 

1,403,000 

Illinois. 

214 

5,919,000 

Indiana. 

86 

960,000 

Iowa. 

67 

732,000 

Kansas.. 

45 

504,000 


















FAINTS. 


FAIRS. 


207 


States. 

Failures. 

Liabilities. 

Kentucky. 

75 

$1,194,000 

Louisiana. 

30 

1,886,000 

Maine. 

105 

1,374,000 

Maryland. 

58 

1,383,000 

Massachusetts. 

267 

7,598,000 

Michigan. 

168 

3,227,000 

Minnesota. 

43 

568,000 

Mississippi. 

24 

296,000 

Missouri. 

115 

2,281,000 

Montana. 


Nebraska. 

8 

152,000 

New Hampshire... 

40 

261,000 

New Jersey. 

New York (except 

93 

1,121,000 

N. Y. city). 

388 

5,692,000 

North Carolina. .. . 

31 

738,000 

Ohio. 

266 

7,596,000 

Pennsylvania. 

418 

10,982,000 

Rhode Island. 

23 

958,000 

South Carolina. ... 

21 

315,000 

Tennessee. 

31 

821,000 

Territories. 

5 

150,000 

Texas. 

28 

1,007,000 

V ermont. 

35 

537,000 

Virginia. 

76 

1,178,000 

Wisconsin. 

74 

1,107,000 


3,121 

$67,689,000 

N.Y. City andB’klyn 

430 

20,573,000 

Total. 

3,551 

$88,242,000 


Faints, an impure spirit produced in 
the distillation of whiskey. 

Fair, honorable dealing; practising no 
fraudulent or deceptive arts; a grade or 
quality above middling. 

Fairly, honestly ; legibly ; plainly. 

Fairs, places where various kinds of 
merchandise are brought together and ex¬ 
hibited and sold, usually at stated periods. 
As commercial gatherings or marts for the 
sale of merchandise, they have never at¬ 
tained much importance in the United 
States, nor do they at the present time 
exist to any extent in Great Britain. A 
great butter and cheese fair is held at Ips¬ 
wich, England, in the month of Septem¬ 
ber, but the others held there, and in Scot¬ 
land and Ireland, are strictly agricultural, 
and the sales are confined to horses, sheep, 
or cattle. In France there is a fair held 
at Guibray, in August of each year, where 
sales of hides, leather, and other articles 
take place to the amount of 3 or 4,000,- 
000 dollars. But the most important fair 
held in France takes place at Beaucaire, 
which commences on the 1st and ends on 
the 28tli of July; it is visited by thousands 
of merchants from all parts of Europe, 


and from Barbary, and the Levant. All 
kinds of merchandise are found here—silks, 
ribbons, laces, shawls, cloths, Ac., from 
the manufactories at Lyons, St. Etienne, 
Avignon, Nimes, and Paris. Guadeloupe, 
Martinique, and Algiers are also represent¬ 
ed, and the French trade in sugar, coffee, 
indigo, spices, Ac., finds here an important 
outlet. A great fair is held in July and 
August at Sinigaglia in Italy, which is at¬ 
tended by merchants from all parts of 
central and northern Europe, north Africa, 
and the Levant. Italian silks are the prin¬ 
cipal attraction of this fair. Fairs are also 
held at Perth and at Debreczin in Hungary, 
and at Madrid in Spain. The fairs of the 
greatest European importance, however, 
are those of Germany; the most prominent 
of which are those of Leipsic, Frankfort 
on the Main, Frankfort on the Oder, and 
Brunswick. The Easter and Michaelmas 
fairs at Leipsic, the former especially, are 
celebrated for the vast number of new 
publications usually offered for sale. They 
are attended by all the principal booksellers 
of Germany and by many from other 
countries. The value of the books which 
change hands here frequently exceeds 
$6,000,000, and the number of visitors, 
who are from all parts of the world, ex¬ 
ceeds 60,000. Saxony woollens and other 
goods, French silks and English calicoes, 
and other descriptions of merchandise, are 
also sold here. These fairs, though adver¬ 
tised to last but eight days, usually con¬ 
tinue for three weeks. The most important 
of all the trading fairs held in the world, 
is that which commences in July and lasts 
for two months, at Nijni Novgorod, in 
Russia. There are upward of 3,000 dis¬ 
tinct stalls for the sale of good.s ; these 
stalls are laid out in regular quarters, a 
particular quarter being allowed to every 
special class of merchandise ; in one silks, 
in another tea, in another furs, and so on. 
These stalls are divided into parallel rows 
or streets, are constructed of stone walls, 
roofed with iron, having covered galleries 
in front, supported by iron pillars. The 
vessels engaged in taking in and out car¬ 
goes are so numerous that the waters of 
the Oka and the Volga rivers, at the con¬ 
fluence of which the town is situated, are 
literally crammed by the mass of shipping. 
The total value of the goods brought to 
the fair, the most of which are actually sold, 
averages $50,000,000. The goods are main¬ 
ly of Russian produce, but large amounts 
are from China and Persia, and some 
of European produce. The annual fair 
































208 


F ADDING. 


FANS. 


at Kiakhta in Siberia is also one of much 
importance; here Russian furs, cattle, 
lamb-skins, broadcloths, coarse linens, 
woollen goods, iron wares, Ac., are barter¬ 
ed for Chinese teas, silks, and other pro¬ 
duce of the Celestial Empire. Large cara¬ 
vans of Russian and Chinese traders meet 
every year in December at this fair. There 
are numerous other fairs held in different 
parts of Russia, of more or less impor¬ 
tance. The chief fairs of Turkey are 
those of Yenidge, Vardar, and Serres, the 
traders being mostly Turks, Greeks, and 
Armenians. A great fair is held at Mecca, 
the average concourse of visitors being 
about 100,000. The largest Indian fair 
is held in the month of September, at 
Hurd war, in North Hindostan ; no fewer 
than 200,000 to 800,000 persons congregate 
there every year. This fair is the great 
focus for the produce of Nepaul, the Pun- 
jaub, Afghanistan, and Bokhara, and chief¬ 
ly consists of horses, cattle, camels, Per¬ 
sian dried fruits, spices, drugs, shawls, Ac. 
There are a great many other fairs, but 
the foregoing comprise the principal ones. 
This account of them is made up in part 
from an article which appeared in the 
“Household Words,” and from other 
sources. 

The annual fairs held in the United 
States, that of the American Institute, of 
New York, being the one of chief im¬ 
portance, are competitive, not commer¬ 
cial ; their design being to exhibit, and to 
foster, improvements in machinery and 
products, instead of being marts for the 
sale of merchandise. The fairs of the 
different States held under the auspices 
of State authority are chiefly agricultural 
exhibitions. 

Fahling, a kind of coarse cloth. 

Fa lcrilian, wine made from grapes 
of Falernus, in Italy. 

Fall, a term used to denote a decrease 
in price or value. 

Fall goods, goods adapted to the de¬ 
mands of the autumn months. 

Fa Hi SB merchandise declining in 
commercial value. 

Fall SbbI f market, a continuous de¬ 
cline in the salable value or price of mer¬ 
chandise. 

Falling oir, diminution of sales, 
—without reference to price. 

False Jewelry, ornaments in imi¬ 
tation of fine jewelry, made of base metals, 
and gilded, or of alloys, which before being 
tarnished by use or exposure have the ap¬ 
pearance of gold or silver. 


False pretences, misrepresenta¬ 
tions and statements made with a fraudu¬ 
lent design to obtain goods on credit, that 
is, with intent to cheat. But misrepre¬ 
sentations may be made for the purpose of 
gaining credit, without intention to cheat. 
Instances have occurred where goods so 
obtained, after having been profitably dis¬ 
posed of by the party obtaining them, were 
paid for according to the terms. It seems, 
however, that in the construction of law the 
crime is the same, the intent to cheat is in¬ 
ferred from the misrepresentation, and the 
intent is all that is requisite; it is not 
necessary that the party defrauded should 
sustain loss. Property acquired by means 
of false pretences may be recovered by the 
party from whom it was thus obtained ; 
and obtaining goods by false pretences is 
an indictable offence. 

FaBtranck, a drink formed of aro¬ 
matic plants, used as a medicine. 

Faonily expenses ; most merchants 
keep an exact account of what it costs to 
maintain their families, which in cases of 
failure, especially under the bankrupt law, 
is often very important. 

Fa mis, a kind of Spanish gold cloth 
or brocade. 

Fancy boxes, boxes made from 
pasteboard and other materials, and orna¬ 
mented by gilt or colored paper, or other¬ 
wise. 

Fallacy checks, cambrics marked 
with cords and stripes by heavy threads in 
both warp and weft. 

Fancy goods, fabrics made of va¬ 
rious colors and patterns; ornamental 
goods, generally of light material; small 
wares. 

Fancy groceB*ies, a common des¬ 
ignation on the signs of a class of stores 
in New York, where are sold teas, spices, 
cigars, dry salteries, Ac. 

Fancy stocks, corporate or joint 
stocks of uncertain intrinsic value, the 
shares of which are bought and sold by 
brokers and stock gamblers. 

Fancy slm’cs, stores where are sold 
ornamental and fancy goods. 

Fanega, a grain measure equal to 
about one bushel. 

Faaigot, a quantity of wares, as raw 
silk, from 1 to 2f cwts. 

FaBBS, ornamental hand instruments 
used chiefly by ladies to produce coolness 
by agitating the air; they are made of 
parchment, kid skin, satin, feathers, palm- 
leaf, paper, carved wood, carved silver, 
bamboo, ivory, etc. Fans of ivory, bone, 



FARANDAMS. 

sandal-wood,&c., and of feathers and palm- 
leaf, are made in China for the American 
market; those made in China for their 
own use are of polished or lackered bam¬ 
boo covered with paper. Next to China, 
France is most celebrated for its manufac¬ 
ture of fans; they are extensively made 
also in England, Germany, and the United 
States, but the great bulk are made in 
France. 

Fai audams, a fabric of silk and 
wool. 

Fard, a cosmetic or paint for the face, 
made from Venetian talc. 

Fardel, a bundle; a term used in 
reckoning in Germany equal to 45 pieces 
of cloth of 22 or 24 ells each. 

Fargot, in some parts of France, a 
bale of manufactured goods weighing 150 
to 160 lbs. 

Farina, the flour or meal of cereal or 
leguminous plants; starch obtained from 
roots and grains. 

Farm, to hire at a certain rate ; per¬ 
mission to vend certain articles subject to 
duty. 

Farmers’ drills, a coarse linen fab¬ 
ric, most of which is made in Ireland, 
and imported and sold at the South for 
negro clothing. It comes in pieces of 30 
or 40 yards, and is 27 inches wide. 

Farmers’ satin, Italian cloth. 

FartSiing, a copper coin of England 
of the value of about one-half a cent. 

Fasco, a liquid measure of Paraguay. 

Fashion, in trade this word relates to 
material or fabric, to color, to shape, &c., 
more particularly applicable to articles of 
dress, and always carries with it the idea 
of change or mutability. 

Fashion plates, engravings, plain 
or colored, showing the prevailing style of 
dress. 

Fass, a measure of capacity used in 
Germany of very various dimensions: at 
Berlin, 60| gals. ; at Berne, 176 fa gals. ; 
at Danzig, 60^- gals. ; Dresden, 89 gals. ; 
for whale oil at Hamburg, 38J: gals.; it 
is also a variable grain measure, varying 
from i to J bushel, and from 1 to bush¬ 
els. 

Fast colors, the colors of fabrics in 
which the dyeing is fixed and permanent, 
and not liable to fade by exposure to air 
or by washing. 

Fathom, a measure of length equal 
to 6 feet; used for measuring the length 
of cordage and the depth of water, or the 
depth of mines. 

Fat late, a kind of putty; a mixture 

14 


FELT. 209 

of pipe clay and linseed oil, used for filling’ 
joints. 

Fats, animal and vegetable fats or 
oils. They enter largely into commerce ; 
the former in the form of lard, tallow, 
suet, soap-grease, butter, fish-oils, &c. ; 
the latter in the form of oils, such as lin¬ 
seed, nut, colza, olive, &c. 

Fatty acids, acids used by soap- 
makers, as stearic, margaric, and oleic 
acids. 

Faucet, a spout with spigot for draw¬ 
ing liquids from a cask. 

Favor, a term used in commercial cor¬ 
respondence, as “ jour favor of—instant,” 
meaning your letter of such a date. 

Fa yard paper, a medicinal paper- 
plaster, so named from the manufacturer 
in France. 

Fearnailglat, a thick sort of woollen 
stuff, sometimes called dreadnaught. 

Feather brushes, brushes made 
from feathers, with long or short wooden 
handles, for dusters. 

Feather flowers, artificial flowers 
made from feathers. 

Feathers, the plumage of birds; vari¬ 
ous kinds of which enter into commerce. 
The most common, and the largest trade 
in them, are those from the breasts of 
geese, used for bedding, pillows, &c. The 
kinds most used for millinery and military 
purposes are those of the ostrich, stork, 
emu, heron, birds of paradise, ibis, and 
domestic fowls. Grebe and loon skins, 
and swans’ down, are used for muffs, and 
trimmings of ladies’ dresses; and the 
feathers of tropical birds are used in the 
manufacture of flowers. 

February, the second calendar 
month, abbreviated Feb. 

Fecula, starch or farina from plants ; 
lees of wine ; dregs. 

Feed stores, stores where are sold 
oats, hay, corn, ground meals, &c., for 
horses and cattle. 

Feet, a commercial name given to the 
twenty-five small plates of tortoise-shell 
obtained from the edges of the carapace. 

Fe S3, a skin ; the hide of an animal. 

Fell monger, a dealer in hides or 
skins; one who separates the wool from 
the sheep’s skin. 

Felspar, a silicious mineral from 
which is obtained kaolin, and some varie¬ 
ties of which are used in jewelry, and 
some in the construction of mineral teeth. 

Felt, a fabric of hair, fur, wool, silk, 
or other material, separate or mixed, 
worked into a firm texture by matting the 




210 


FELT CUTTINGS. 


FICHUS. 


fibres together without spinning or weav¬ 
ing ; used for hat bodies, heavy cloths, car¬ 
pets, printers’ blankets, &c. In trade vari¬ 
ous kinds of woven woollen goods, heavy 
and fulled, are called and sold as felts. 

Felt cuttings, clippings from the 
manufacturer of druggets, caps, leggings, 
&c. They are collected, sold, and boiled 
down and felted over again, and made into 
felt caps, &c. 

Felted siaeatliiugs, a felted mix¬ 
ture of hair and vegetable fibre used as a 
layer under copper sheathing—not as a 
substitute. 

Felt for roofing, a cheap kind of 
felted cloth used for roofing purposes, 
formed of various kinds of fibrous material 
and saturated with asphalt or bitumen. A 
kind of felt saturated with waterproof 
material free from the smell of bitumen is 
frequently sold as roofing felt, but it is 
mostly used to prevent wall paper from 
being injured by damp. 

Felt bats, hats made of felted fabrics, 
whether of fur, hair, or wool. The ordi¬ 
nary felt hats of this country are made of 
coney fur and cotton. 

Felt Bing Stirs, furs employed in hat¬ 
making, such as beaver, nutria, muskrat, 
&c. 

Feltings, the collective name for felt 
fabrics. 

Felucca., a small two-masted vessel. 

Feme sole trader, a law term, 
which, reduced to commercial language, 
means a married woman who trades and 
deals on her own account independently of 
her husband. 

Feiagite, transparent alabaster or mar¬ 
ble, used for windows. 

Fe as bibs, a petty money of account in 
Switzerland, 675 making about one dollar. 

FenSvS, the refuse of the blubber of 
the whale, said to have a commercial value 
as a source of Prussian blue. 

Feiotei-flower seeds, are used as 
a cheap condiment, and it is said exten¬ 
sively in the adulteration of pepper. 

Fennel seeds, the seeds of the 
anethum fcenic ulum, from which is obtained 
a valuable volatile oil. 

Fesaflagreeik. seed, the seeds of a 
leguminous plant, a species of trigonella 
used in veterinary practice, cultivated in 
the south of Europe and France, only for 
the seed. 

Ferde, a piece of coarse cotton cloth. 

Fei’diang, a small money of account 
in the Russian ports of the Baltic, the 80th 
part of the rix dollar. 


Feeling, the 16th part of the ounce in 
Italy. 

Fermented liquors, as known in 
commerce, are those beverages which are 
obtained by subjecting certain grains, 
fruits, or vegetables to the process of fer¬ 
mentation, such liquors having in them 
ordinarily a much lower proportion of al¬ 
cohol than those which are obtained by 
distillation; ales, beers, and porter, are 
the more common liquors of this class. 

Fera’acto, a grain measure of Spain, 
about half a bushel. 

FerrUlidine, a stuff made of silk and 
wool. 

Ferret, a kind of narrow tape or 
binding. 

Ferrrtto, a substance used in color¬ 
ing glass. 

Fertilizers a general term for com¬ 
mercial manures, as guano, phosphate of 
lime, poudrette, &c. 

Fescue yvass seed, the seeds of a 
valuable lawn grass, a species of festuca. 

Fidel®, to obtain or bring, as a price. 
The use of this word in commercial trans¬ 
actions is less common in this country 
than in England. 

Fettle, in good order; neatly done 
up. 

Fever-Mash berries, ' the dried 

berries of a shrub, also called spice-bush, 
the laurus benzoin ; the berries are used as 
a substitute for allspice, and also yield 
a stimulant oil. 

Feverfew, a plant resembling camo¬ 
mile, used in medicine and in tanning. 

Feverwort, Indian sage ; fever root, 
or wild ipecac. 

Fez, a red cap, made of felt, much in 
demand in Turkey, Greece, and Northern 
Africa. 

Fiars, a word signifying the prices of 
grain for the current year in the different 
counties of Scotland, fixed by the sheriff 
and a jury in the month of February of 
each year; and the prices so fixed are 
termed thenar* 1 of the year, and regulate 
the prices of grain which may have been 
stipulated to be sold at the fiar price. 

Fiasco, a measure in Italy, of about 
2 quarts. 

Fibre, the general name for the raw 
materials, whether of vegetable or animal 
origin, which may be prepared and woven 
into textile fabrics, or made into cordage, 
such as wool, hair, silk cocoons, cotton, 
hemp, flax, jute, coir, esparto, ejoo, &c. 

Ftclitas, three-cornered shawls or 
neckerchiefs. 



FIDDLE WOOD. 


FINES. 


211 


Fiddle wood, a hard, valuable 
wood or timber from the West Indies. 

Field madder, a kind of weed or 
plant, the sherardia , growing in Italy, 
which yields a small amount of a coloring 
matter, somewhat similar to madder. 

Fig - S>3me, a blue consisting of indigo, 
reduced by starch. 

Figs, the dried fruit of the ficus carica, 
the chief imports of which into this 
country are from Smyrna and other ports 
on the Mediterranean. They are raised in 
great abundance in Turkey, Greece, Spain, 
Italy, and Northern Africa, and to some 
extent in our own Southern States and in 
California. For commerce, figs when 
ripe are generally dried in ovens, and then 
packed very closely in drums or boxes, in 
which they are exported. 

Figure, amount; price; value ; as, the 
goods were sold at a very high figure ; a 
design or representation on cloth. 

Figured muslins, woven fabrics in 
which a pattern or design is woven or 
wrought. 

Figures, arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3, 4, 
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0. 

Figure stoase, the bildstein, a va¬ 
riety of talc-mica of many colors; a mineral 
which in China is extensively used for 
carving into various kinds of grotesque 
figures, toys, and ornaments. 

Figure weaving, a process of 
weaving patterns or designs by employing 
threads of different colors. 

FIS (French), thread, hair, ware; a 
small twist of silk, hemp, or flax. 

Filature, an establishment for reel¬ 
ing silk yarn or cotton twist, or where silk 
is reeled from cocoons and spun. 

Filberts, hazel nuts; the fruit of the 
cultivated hazel. The principal importa¬ 
tions to the United States are from Paler¬ 
mo, Naples, and other Mediterranean ports, 
in bags of about 195 lbs.; those which 
come from France are in barrels or bags; 
small quantities are brought from Eng¬ 
land, usually in the husk. 

File i>!ailk§, bars or plates of steel, 
made into the proper shapes for the dif¬ 
ferent kinds of files. 

File, fine wire thread of gold or silver; 
tinsel-covered silk. 

Files, instruments for smoothing met¬ 
als, wood, or other substances. They are 
formed by cutting rough lines on bars of 
steel; if cut with one set of lines of paral¬ 
lel ridges, they are “ single cut,” and are 
called floats; if cut in triangular teeth, 
they are called rasps. Small files are cut 


by hand, large ones mostly by machinery. 
They are largely imported from England, 
though successfully manufactured in the 
United States. The word files is also used 
for contrivances for keeping letters or 
office papers so that their contents can be 
readily ascertained from the endorsements 
written upon the back. 

Filet, a small thread or fibre ; a string 
or lace. 

Filibuster, a pirate or sea robber; an 
American pirate. 

Filigree, a style of delicate wire- 
work used for ornamenting gold and sil¬ 
ver, introduced by the Italians, who call 
it filigrana, a word compounded of filum , 
a thread or wire, and granum a grain 
or bead; it is practised by the Italians, 
Greeks, Turks, and Hindoos. 

Filings, fragments or raspings of 
metal, ivory, &c. ; rubbed off in the pro¬ 
cess of filing. 

Filling, the yam which forms the 
woof or cross-texture of woven fabrics. 

Filtering-paper, a thick, soft, tin- 
sized paper, used in the chemical labora¬ 
tory for filtering purposes, and as a blot¬ 
ting-paper on the desk or writing-table. 

Filllhlc, a light kind of hemp. 

Fbbs, the trade name in England for a 
blade of whalebone. 

Findings, the wax, thread, bristles, 
tools, Ac., used by shoemakers. 

Finding store, a store where lasts, 
tools, thread, wax, trimmings, Ac., used 
by shoemakers, are sold. 

Fine, composed of fine-spun threads; 
not coarse. 

Fine goods, woven fabrics of fine 
texture and quality. 

Fines, penalties, and forfeit¬ 
ures. Vessels engaged in illicit trade, 
merchandise smuggled into the country, 
goods falsely invoiced or fraudulently en¬ 
tered, with intention to avoid the payment 
of duties, are all liable to seizure ; and 
upon due conviction of a fraudulent intent 
to violate the laws, are subjected to cer¬ 
tain fines and penalties, which for the 
most part consist of absolute forfeiture of 
the vessels or merchandise, or of a fine 
or penalty equivalent to their full value. 
Under the provisions of the Act of Con¬ 
gress passed in the year 1799, and still in 
force, one-half of such fines, penalties, 
and forfeitures goes to the United States, 
and the other half is divided between, and 
paid in equal proportions, to the Collector, 
Naval Officer of the District, and Surveyor 
of the Port. 




212 


FINGER. 


FIRM. 


This Act of Congress is copied from an 
old English law, and is the relic of an old 
English custom of giving certain crown 
officers a division of crown spoils. The 
excuse, or the argument for continuing 
the law in this country, is the incentive 
which it gives these officers to a vigilant 
discharge of their duties. This seems to 
be an argument based on the presumption 
that they would fail in the performance 
of their duties, unless impelled to it by 
other considerations than their personal 
integrity, their salaries, and their oaths of 
office. But no such incentives are neces¬ 
sary in other offices, why in these ? Not 
one case in a hundred of the seizures 
which result in forfeiture are attributable 
to any foresight, skill, or vigilance on their 
part. But if it were otherwise, the char¬ 
acter of the gentlemen who are selected to 
fill these offices, should shield them from 
the imputation of acting only from mer¬ 
cenary motives. If the law is an incen¬ 
tive to duty, it is also an incentive to op¬ 
pressive abuses, and its constant tendency 
is to the demoralization of some of the 
divisions of the Customs Revenue Depart¬ 
ment. 

Finger, a measure in domestic use in 
the United States, of about 4£ inches, or 
the i of a yard. 

Finger in, worsted spun on a small 
wheel from combed wool. 

11115! routs, woollen cloth made of 
combed wool. 

Fillings, substances used for clarify¬ 
ing beer. 

Finish, the peculiar style and effect 
produced on the surface by the last touch¬ 
es. 

Finnan liaddocli 9 the common name 
for the Findon haddock, a species of 
smoke-dried fish prepared in Scotland. 

Fire arms, a collective name for the 
smaller kinds of arms, charged with pow¬ 
der and balls, as rifles, fowling-pieces, 
muskets, pistols, &c. 

Fire Iiricks, bricks made of fire clay, 
and used for lining fire grates, stoves, fur¬ 
naces, &c. 

Fi re clay, a refractory clay, a kind 
of clay that will resist an intense heat, 
nearly a pure silicate of alumina; used for 
the manufacture of fire bricks, gas retorts, 
&c. 

Fire crackers, a Chinese preparation 
of gunpowder, clay, and paper, which, 
when ignited, make a report like the firing 
of musketry; imported from China into 
the United States, where they are dis¬ 


charged for amusement on the national 
holiday, 4th of July, and by the Chinese 
in San Francisco on the 1st day of their 
new year, which occurs some time in the 
month of February. They are shipped from 
Canton usually in boxes of 40 packs; the 
imports to New York average $250,000 to 
$300,000 per annum in value. 

Fire insurance, a contract of in¬ 
demnity against loss from fire, wherein 
the Insurance Company, in consideration of 
a certain premium, undertakes during the 
time agreed upon to indemnify the insured 
against any loss or damage by fire which 
he may sustain, up to a certain amount, 
on the goods or merchandise mentioned 
and described in the policy. 

Fire proof safes, safes of iron and 
plaster of Paris or other non-combustible 
material,for securing books,papers, money, 
and securities against fires and burglars. 

Fire wood, hickory, oak, ash, or 
other hard wood used for fuel for domes¬ 
tic purposes, cut in lengths of 4 feet and 
sold by the cord ; a cord consists of a pile 
of 4 feet high and eight feet long, the wood 
being 4 feet in length, or 128 cubic feet of 
wood. 

Fire works, various pyrotechnic pre¬ 
parations such as rockets, colored, revolv¬ 
ing and explosive wheels, squibs, serpents, 
&c. &c., made of powder and other com¬ 
bustible materials to be fired for amuse¬ 
ment. Squibs and serpents are in Eng¬ 
land declared a common nuisance, and the 
makers or sellers of them are liable to a 
fine of £5 and any one casting or firing one 
is subject to a penalty of £1. In New 
York, and most other cities, they are also 
prohibited. 

Firkin, a small vessel of indetermin¬ 
ate capacity ; a cask containing in England 
9f gallons of ale, of soap 04 lbs. ; in New 
York, and generally, for butter, 56 lbs. ; in 
some parts of Pennsylvania, 110 lbs. 

Firlot, a Scotch dry measure; for 
wheat equal to l-|- 0 - bushel, for barley 1| 
bushel. 

Finn, the persons composing a co-part¬ 
nership taken collectively; a house of 
business; the abbreviated title under 
which a trade is conducted by a number 
of partners, as the firm of A. T. Stewart 
& Co. Under the laws of the State of 
New York no person may transact business 
in the name of a partner not interested in 
his firm, and where the designation ‘ 1 and 
Company” or “& Co.” is used, it shall 
represent an actual partner or partners. 
But the business of two or more persons 




FIRST CLASS. 


FIVE-TWENTIES. 


213 


may be conducted under the firm name of 
but one person ; or without the use of the 
name of either of the parties composing the 
firm, as the firm of James G. King’s Sons. 

First class, the best quality. 
First-class passengers, persons 
who secure the best accommodations on 
vessels or on railways; contradistinguish¬ 
ed from the second and third class passen¬ 
gers, who pay lower fares and have inferior 
accommodations. 

First hands, articles obtained direct 
from the manufacturer or maker, or from 
the place of production, not through inter¬ 
mediate parties, are said to have been ob¬ 
tained from first hands. 

First finale, the chief officer of a 
merchant vessel, the next in rank to the 
captain. 

First rate, excellent; of superior 
quality. 

Fir timber, a general name in Eng¬ 
land for the timber of firs and pines; in 
this country, instead of fir we use the 
term spruce. 

Fish, a general name for the cured or 
salted fish which enter into commerce as 
food; in trade the word is always used 
collectively instead of the plural, fishes. 
The principal fish of commerce in the 
United States are codfish, mackerel, her¬ 
ring, and salmon ; though white fish, pick¬ 
erel, and lake trout are largely sold in the 
Western States. A barrel of fish is 200 lbs. 
net, exclusive of salt or brine. 

Fisher fur, a name for the fur of the 
weasel or pekar, mustela canadensis ; much 
used for trimmings and linings. 

Fish-eye stone, a beautiful mineral 
found in Hayti. 

Fish glsie, isinglass, prepared from 
the air-bladders of the sturgeon and other 
fishes. 

Fisll gliasio, fish dried and ground 
into powder, largely manufactured at dif¬ 
ferent points on the New England coast, 
put up and sold in bags and barrels as a 
substitute for Peruvian guano. 

Fish hooks, small steel hooks used by 
anglers for catching fish ; until very recent¬ 
ly the principal supply came to the United 
States from England, where they are manu¬ 
factured on a large scale at the village of 
Redditch, Worcestershire; they are now 
made in New York and Brooklyn and other 
places in this country, and American fish 
hooks are pretty largely exported. 

Fishing linos, lines of silk, hair, 
grass, or other fibre used for catching fish, 
by means of a hook attached. 


Fishing rods and tackle, the 

appliances for angling, including rods, 
lines, hooks, &c. The business of furnish¬ 
ing these articles is extensive, and in this 
country is principally concentrated and 
conducted in Fulton street, New York. 

Fish iiiaws, the sounds of fish, large 
quantities of which are sent from the 
Eastern seas to China, and used as glue. 

Fisli monger, a general dealer in 
fish. 

Fish oils, the leading fish oil of com 
merce is whale oil, which is the product 
of different species of whale; the oil of 
the dolphin, sturgeon, seal, shark, por¬ 
poise, cod, &c., are all comprised under 
the head of fish or train oils. 

Fish plates, the commercial name 
for the small plates of wrought iron used 
to connect the ends of the iron rails on 
railroads. 

Fish scales, the scales of some kinds 
of fish are in demand for making orna¬ 
mental work; and some, after being dis¬ 
solved, are used to coat the inner surface 
of glass beads or artificial pearls. 

Fish skins, the rough skins of the 
shark and dog fish, after being dried, are 
used as a substitute for sand paper for 
rubbing wood work or metals; those of 
the porpoise and of the seal are tanned; 
eel skins are used for bale-lashings; and 
other kinds are prepared, and enter into 
trade for various purposes. 

Fish son salts, the swimming bladders 
of fishes prepared for isinglass, and for 
food ; and also largely sold to the Chinese 
under the name of fish maws for glue. 

Fistic-nuts, a name for pistachio- 
nuts. 

Filch skins, the skin of the Euro¬ 
pean pole cat, used for fur. 

Filter, a coal broker; a weigher at 
the mint. 

Fittige, a piece of coarse cotton 
cloth, used as a medium of currency in 
Nubia. 

Fittiaags, store fixtures; tackle for a 
ship; equipment, &c. 

Five-Forties, the popular and the 
commercial phrase for the Bonds issued 
by the United States, redeemable at the 
pleasure of the Government after any 
period not less than five years, and pay¬ 
able at any period not more than forty 
years from their date—the bonds bearing 
interest at the rate of 6 per cent, per 
annum. 

Five-Twenties, United States bonds 
which are redeemable at the pleasure of 




214 


FIXED OILS. 


FLAX SEED MEAL. 


the Government after five years from 
date, and payable twenty years from date ; 
and bearing interest at the rate of six per 
cent, per annum. 

Fixed oils, oils which do not evapor¬ 
ate or volatilize at ordinary temperatures ; 
they are sometimes termed expressed oils, 
from the mode in which they are pro¬ 
cured ; the consistence of fixed oils varies 
from that of tallow to perfect fluidity, but 
the most of them are liquid at ordinary 
temperatures. 

Fixtures, the more permanent fur¬ 
niture of the counting house or store, as 
the counters, desks, drawers, gas-burners, 
&c. 

Flack, a square plaid. 

Flagging stones, large flat stones 
for paving the sidewalks of streets, from 
1$ to 3 inches thick, and of various lengths 
and breadths. 

Flag - off tEse United Slates; in 

the year 1818, Congress enacted that 
from and after the 4th day of July then 
next, the flag of the United States be 13 
horizontal stripes, alternate red and white, 
that the union be 20 stars, white in a blue 
field (that number of States then being in 
the Union); that on the admission of every 
new State into the Union, one star be add¬ 
ed to the union of the flag, and that such 
addition shall take effect on the 4th day of 
July then next succeeding such admission. 
The 13 stripes indicate the 13 original 
States, the stars show the actual number 
of States in the Union. As the number of 
stars designate the number of States at the 
time when the flag is made, it is to be re¬ 
gretted that the “year of Independence ” 
is not also required to be placed in con¬ 
spicuous figures within the Field. Every 
flag in that case would show to what period 
the particular number of stars which 
it contains is applicable, and to that ex¬ 
tent w r ould be historic. As it is, flags float 
on vessels and public buildings with any 
number of stars, from 20 to 37, without 
apparent reason for the variance. 

Flake wllite, a sub-nitrate of bis¬ 
muth ; pure diy white lead; when levi¬ 
gated, it is called body white. 

Flamingo feathers, the plumage 
of the American flamingo; highly esteem¬ 
ed, and always in demand. 

Flanders brick, a soft brick for 
cleaning knives, something like the Bath 
brick. 

Flannel, a soft, nappy woollen fabric, 
or a fabric between a woollen and a wors¬ 
ted, of which there are a great number 


of kinds, plain, colored, checked, &c ., but 
all of them having the peculiar character¬ 
istics in their manufacture which bring 
them commercially within the class of 
goods called flannels. This class of goods 
has always in our laws been recognized as 
distinct from other kinds of woollen or 
worsted manufactures. The manufacture 
of flannels, both in this country and in 
England, is very large, extending to many 
millions of yards annually. 

Flask, a kind of flat pocket bottle ; a 
measure for holding gunpowder; a glob¬ 
ular glass vessel for holding liquids, of va¬ 
rious sizes; in Holland, 10 gin flasks are 
equal to about 10^ gallons; the flask of 
quicksilver from California is about 75 lbs. 

Fla t, dull of sale, not in demand, in¬ 
sipid, tasteless; a stock exchange term 
used to express the price of bonds, &c., 
when the sales are made without reference 
to accumulated interest. 

FI sat cap, writing paper put up in 
reams and bundles without being folded, 
mostly used for blank books; size 13x16 
or 14x17 ; a London shopkeeper. 

Flats, plaited or braided straw, sewed 
and ready to be put in shape for bonnets 
or hats. 

Flavine, a vegetable extract which 
takes the place of quercitron bark, and 
gives a yellow color to cloth. 

Flaw, a crack ; a fracture or defect in 
metals, gems, &c. 

FSsix, a plant of the genus linum 
( l. usitatissimum), which furnishes one of 
the most useful and important vegetable 
textile fibres known in manufactures. It 
is found in nearly every part of the world, 
and is largely cultivated in the East Indies 
and the United States for its seeds ; and 
in Holland, Belgium, Russia, and Ireland 
for its fibre. The seeds from the tropical 
climates yield the largest amount of oil, 
the fibres raised in the temperate regions 
are most esteemed for manufacturing pur¬ 
poses ; the largest exports are from Russia, 
amounting to some 50,000 tons annually. 

Flax cotton, a preparation of flax 
by which its substance is so modified that 
it may be spun with the usual cotton 
machinery, and a cotton-like softness im¬ 
parted to the product. 

Flsixcn, made of flax; linen goods; 
having the color of flax. 

Flax seed, the seeds of flax, known in 
commerce as linseed ; a bushel of flax seed by 
the laws of New York consists of 55 lbs. 

Flux seed meal, the ground seeds 
of flax, sold at drug stores. 




FLAXSEED OIL. 


FLORETTA. 


215 


Flaxseed oil, an oil expressed from 
flax seed ; linseed oil. 

Flux silk, flax so prepared that when 
mixed with silk the glossiness of silk is pro¬ 
duced. 

Flax tlaread, twisted flax yarn. 

Flax wool, a preparation of flax 
which, when combined with wool, gives the 
fabric something like the warmth of wool¬ 
lens. 

Flax yarn, the yarn spun from flax. 
It is put up in what are called leas, hanks, 
bundles, and bunches. On the larger reels 
120 threads make 1 lea; ten leas 1 hank; 
20 hanks 1 bundle, and 3 bundles (180,000 
yards) 1 bunch. On the smaller reels, 100 
threads make 1 half lea; 10 half leas 1 
hank; 10 hanks 1 bundle, and 6 bundles 
or 300,000 yards 1 bunch. The fineness 
is designated by the number of leas to the 
lb.; the finer kinds are from 200 to 400 
leas to 1 lb. 

Fleato.mc, a medicinal plant found 
in the northern and middle States; a distinct 
variety is found in the neighborhood of 
Philadelphia which is known as the Phila¬ 
delphia fleabane. 

Flecked, mottled, dappled, spotted. 

Fleece, the wool that is shorn from 
one sheep. 

Fit »ece wools, the wool obtained 
from the annual shearing of sheep. 

Fleet, a number of merchant ships 
sailing in company. 

Flemish bricks, hard, yellow pav¬ 
ing bricks. 

Flencli gilt, layers, slices, or strips 
of whale blubber. 

Flesh color, the color of flesh; 
white with a blush of pink. 

Fleiiret, a sort of coarse silk ; a kind 
of narrow ribbon; lock of wool; ferret or 
floss silk. 

Flies, artificial insects made of bright 
feathers, silk, &c., for the use of anglers. 

Flimsy, a loosely woven fabric, want¬ 
ing in firmness of texture. 

Flmkiisg combs, dressing-table 
combs for the hair. 

Flint, a hard, silicious stone which, 
after being calcined and ground, is em¬ 
ployed in the manufacture of glass, por- 
oelain, and smalt. 

Flint glass, common table glass, 
so named from the large amount of flint 
which it contains; it is called by the 
French crystal glass. 

Flint powder, pulverized flint used 
in manufactures as a polishing material. 

Flints, small pieces of a hard silicious 


stone known as flint stone, cut in regular 
form for striking fire, and, formerly, large¬ 
ly for flint-lock guns. 

FlitcEa, a side of bacon ; in the pork 
trade the side of a hog salted and cured. 

Flit tern bark, a valuable tanning 
bark obtained from young oak trees. 

FIoa 11 mg pier, a landing stage or 
pier, which rises and falls with the tide. 

Floats, single cut files. 

Flock, a lock of wool; clippings of 
white or colored woollens, stove dried and 
ground or pulverized,—imported in consid¬ 
erable amounts in various colors. 

Flock paper, wall hangings in 
which finely pulverized and dyed wool is 
laid on the surface of paper and attached 
by size. 

Flocks, refuse or waste wool, used in 
the manufacture of certain yams, and for 
stuffing mattresses, &c. ; imported in bales 
from Germany and England. 

FI ok kit (Scotch), having the nap rais¬ 
ed or thickened. 

Flood tide, the advancing tide, in¬ 
creasing towards high water. 

Floor cloth, commonly called oil 
cloth, a covering for floors, made of can¬ 
vas, with several coats of thick oil paint 
applied on both sides to give it consistence, 
the under side being plain and the upper 
ornamented with impressed patterns. 

Floor cloth canvas, a coarse 
fabric made partly of hemp and partly of 
flax, in width varying from one to eight 
yards. 

Floram, fine-grained tin. 

FOoree, powder blue or indigo. 

Florence, a gold coin worth 72 
cents ; a kind of wine ; a kind of cloth. 

Florence leaf, a kind of Dutch 
bronze leaf composed of copper and zinc, 
of a greenish gold color. 

Florence oil, olive oil, sold in what 
are distinguished as Florence flasks. 

FI ore El tine, a kind of wrought satin 
made in Florence ; lake-color extracted 
from the shreds of scarlet cloth. 

Florentine orris root, the root 
of the iris Jiorentina , which emits an 
agreeable odor similar to the violet; the 
plant is cultivated in Italy and the south 
of Europe for the root, which is used in 
the composition of tooth-powders and also 
in medicine; it is principally imported 
from Leghorn in large casks. 

Flores, a commercial classification for 
the best quality of indigo dye. 

Floretonne, a Spanish wool. 

Floretta, refuse or floss silk. 



216 


FLORIDA WOOD. 


FLOWERS. 


Florida wood, a hard, close-grain¬ 
ed wood resembling dog-wood, from a tree 
of scrub growth growing in Florida, used 
for inlaying cabinet work. 

Florin, a silver coin of different val¬ 
ues ; the custom-house value of the florin 
of Netherlands, the southern States of 
Germany, of Nuremburg and of Frank¬ 
fort, is 40 cents; of Austria, 46-, 1 f, a 0 - cents; 
Trieste, Bohemia, and Augsburg, 48s- 
cents; the mint value of the florin of Tus¬ 
cany is about 27^ cents. 

Floritta, the fine part of the fleece 
of wool which extends along the spine to 
within six inches of the tail, including 
one-third of the breadth of the back or 
saddle. 

Floss silk, the ravelled soft silk 
broken off in the filature of cocoons, carded 
and spun like wool into yarn. 

Floss thread, a kind of soft flaxen 
yam or thread, generally in skeins, used 
for embroidering. 

Flotant soaps, favorite toilet soaps 
made of olive, palm, or sweet almond oil, 
which, in the process of manufacture are 
inflated with air and rendered buoyant. 

Flotilla, a fleet of small vessels. 

Flotsam, goods which lie floating 
upon the sea when a ship is wrecked or 
sunk. 

FI oil r . Asa commercial term, flour is 
restricted to ground and bolted wheat; 
all other ground cereals, except rye, are 
termed meals, and rye flour is always so 
called. Flour in the U. S. is sold by the 
barrel, which contains 196 lbs. It consti¬ 
tutes one of the chief commodities of do¬ 
mestic commerce, and is also an important 
item in the articles of our foreign exports. 
The annual receipts of wheat flour at New 
Orleans, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New 
York, Boston, and Portland, are from six 
millions to eight millions of barrels; of 
which from one-third to one-half may be 
exported, the bulk of it to Great Britain; 
shipped either directly to British ports or 
via Canada. Considerable shipments are 
also made to the West India Islands, 
Mexico, China, Brazil, Venezuela, and oc¬ 
casionally to France and various other 
countries. The terms used to express dif¬ 
ferent grades are local and arbitrary. In 
New York they are usually expressed by 
the States from which they are received, 
and particular brands from the same State 
vary in price according to the reputation 
of the brand. In Cincinnati they recog¬ 
nize three grades of commercial flour: 
Superfine, Extra, and Family; the value 


of each, in the order here stated, increas¬ 
ing about 50 cents a barrel. 

FIoibi* barrels, barrels made to hold 
flour. These barrels are manufactured to 
order, most of the merchant-millers having 
a peculiar or distinctive kind—differing 
somewhat perhaps in the shape, size, or 
number of the hoops, or of the kind of 
wood employed; and hence, although mil¬ 
lions of them are made annually, they ac¬ 
quire no commercial character until filled 
with flour. 

Flour barrel Stoops, hoops for 
flour barrels. They are sold in immense 
numbers in all flour-producing districts, 
and enter largely into commerce both in 
an unmanufactured and manufactured 
state. Beside what we produce in our 
own country we import them very largely 
from Canada, chiefly through the port of 
Rochester. 

Flower pots, earthenware or china 
pots or vases for holding flowering plants, 
or flowers. 

Flowers, flowers of various plants 
are cultivated for commercial purposes, 
and in their fresh and green state are large¬ 
ly sold in the cities, for hand bouquets and 
for decorative purposes; but the flowers 
which enter most largely into commerce 
are those which, in their dried state, are 
classed with medicinal or dyeing drugs, as 
arnica-flowers, orange-flowers, camomile- 
flowers, safflowers, etc. Artificial flowers 
are a well-recognized article of commerce, 
and are as definitely provided for as any 
other manufacture, generally paying a 
high rate of duty, and their importation 
affording to the government a consider¬ 
able revenue. Natural flowers when im¬ 
ported pay a much lower rate of duty. On 
an importation of natural flowers, “dried 
and prepared with moss,” the Secretary 
of the Treasury decided that the drying 
and preparing them rendered them ‘ ‘ arti¬ 
ficial,” and a duty of 50 per cent, on their 
value was exacted.— Dee. Sec. of Tready, 
June 30, 1863. This decision was a violent 
perversion of the commercial meaning of 
the word artificial. Merchants in such 
cases have no redress. For although the 
United States courts have frequently de¬ 
cided, that in the construction of the tar¬ 
iff laws words shall be taken and inter¬ 
preted according to their commercial use 
and meaning, unless the amount involved 
is large, it is generally better to submit to 
the loss than to engage in an expensive 
and protracted lawsuit. The merchant 
loses his money, the Department incurs the 





FLUCTUATION OF PRICES. 


FOOT. 


217 


loss of respect for its decisions. The sub¬ 
limated vapors of some volatile substances 
are found in commerce under the head of 
flowers, as flowers of benzoin, of sulphur, 
of zinc, etc. 

Fluctuation of prices, rising and 
falling prices; uncertain and vacillating. 

FI lie, a term for soft down, or loose fur. 

Flues, iron pipes used for passing the 
gaseous products of combustion; wrought- 
iron lap-welded flues for steam boilers, of 
varying diameters, are largely imported 
from England, and also made at several 
places in Pennsylvania. They are made 
from the best quality of iron, and their di¬ 
ameter measurement is always from the 
outside. 

Finn Keys, persons who think they 
know all about buying or selling stocks, or 
who are induced by the persuasion of others 
to buy or sell; and being ignorant of the 
snares of Wall street, speedily lose their 
money. 

Fluoric Jicid, a corrosive liquid pre¬ 
pared from fluor spar, used for etching 
upon glass, &c. 

Fluor spur, a mineral used as a flux 
for certain ores, and some of the colored 
specimens of which are made into vases 
and other ornaments. 

FlusSi i istfs, a heavy coarse cloth man¬ 
ufactured from shoddy, popularly known 
in England by the name of short-ends. 

FI uxes, substances used in the fusion 
and reduction of metallic ores, or for pot¬ 
tery ; limestone, fluor spar, borax, pro¬ 
toxide of lead, carbonate of potash, and 
charcoal, are among the substances used 
as fluxes. 

Fly, that part of a flag which extends 
from the union to the extreme end ; the 
alternate white and red strips of the flag 
of the U. S. 

Fly bout, a large flat-bottomed Dutch 
built vessel of several hundred tons. 

Fly powder, a preparation of arseni- 
ous acid. 

F. o. !>., free on board; the bill or in¬ 
voice with f. o. b. includes the transporta¬ 
tion to the shipping port and all the ship¬ 
ping expenses. 

Fob, to cheat or defraud. 

Fodder, a weight by which lead is 
sold in England; at Newcastle it is 21152 
lbs. ; at Stockton on Tees 2464 lbs; and 
at other places in England 2184 lbs. 

Foglietta, an Italian liquid measure, 
varying from 1 to 3 pints. 

Foils, thin leaves of gold, silver, tin, 
or other metals or alloys, used in dentistry, 


jewelry, glass plating, etc., differing from 
leaf in being rolled instead of being beaten 
with a hammer ; fencing swords. 

Foil stone, an imitation jewel. 

Foies, leather bottles used in Spain. 

Foli o, the right and left hand pages 
of a ledger or account book. 

Folloing, paging the ledger or other 
counting-house book of accounts. 

Folios, denoting large books, twice 
the size of quartos; books of the size of 
the “ medium ” sheet of paper, doubled 
in two leaves only, or four pages. 

Follow, to be occupied with, as to 
follow or pursue the business of selling a 
particular kind of merchandise. 

Fondiqne, a hall for merchants ; an 
exchange, a customs warehouse in Spain 
and Portugal. 

Fong, a coin current in Siam, worth 
about 7 cents. 

Fontali, an apron fabric of cotton 
and silk, made in Turkey. 

Fooclsow, one of the principal open 
ports of China, lying on the river Min at 
the head of junk navigation ; distant from 
Amoy nearly 200 miles, from Shanghai, 
400, and from Hong Kong, 500 miles. The 
foreign trade of this port is of recent 
date, but as an entrepot and outlet for the 
souchong and congou teas raised in the 
Bohea hills, and also for oolongs, the port 
is rapidly rising into commercial impor¬ 
tance. The only item of any account in 
foreign exports is tea, amounting annually 
to about 70,000,000 of lbs., two-thirds of 
which, consisting of congou and souchong, 
goes to England. That which is exported 
to the United States is oolong; of the 
foreign imports, amounting to five millions 
of dollars and upwards, fully one-half is 
opium. At this place the catty weighs the 
same as the avoirdupois lb., and a picul is 
therefore only 100 lbs. 

Food, a general term for whatever is 
eaten by man or beast. 

Fool$cag>, a long folio writing paper 
about 13£ by 16£ inches ; a foolscap mill- 
board is 18^ by 14-£ inches. The name is 
said to have been derived from a practice 
which once prevailed in schools of cutting 
a paper into the required dimensions 
(13 by 16 inches), forming it into a fantastic 
shape, and placing it on the head of some 
unlucky urchin who failed in his lessons. 
But the more probable origin of the term 
is from the foolscap and bells having been 
at one time employed by paper-makers as 
a water-mark on paper of this size. 

Foot, a linear measure of 12 inches; 




218 


FOOTING. 


FOXED. 


to add up, as figures; to pay the expenses, 
as to foot the bill. 

Footing, fragments of whale blub¬ 
ber ; summing up an account; the sum 
total of an account; plain, narrow cotton 
lace. 

Foot*, refuse or sediments, as at the 
bottom of a sugar or oil cask, &c.; a name 
for a measure used for grindstones. 

Forage, provender or food suited for 
horses and domestic cattle. 

Foi •age caps, rough-made military 
caps. 

Forced sales, sales of goods made 
under some kind of necessity or compul¬ 
sion, either at auction or at private sale. 

Forecastle, the forward part of the 
ship under the deck, occupied by the sail¬ 
ors on merchant vessels. 

Foreign 6>iBls of Exchange, bills 
drawn by a person residing in one country 
or State, upon a person residing in an¬ 
other country or State; or by a person in 
a foreign country on another person of an¬ 
other foreign country. It is not well set¬ 
tled whether a bill drawn in the United 
States upon any place within the United 
States is an inland or a foreign bill. 

Foreign goods, merchandise from 
another country; not domestic or home 
manufacture; imported merchandise. 

Forestalling, buying up or prevent¬ 
ing the arrival of provisions to market; 
any device, by act, conspiracy, words, or 
false rumors, to enhance the price of vict¬ 
uals or other provisions. 

Forest wool, a coarse, brownish 
fibre obtained by boiling pine leaves in a 
solution of caustic alkali, and subjecting 
them to other chemical processes. This 
fibrous material mixed with sheep’s wool is 
used in the manufacture of blankets ; and 
forest-wool yam is manufactured into 
jackets, drawers, &c. ; the fibre is made in 
Silesia. 

Forgery, a fraudulent or counterfeit 
imitation or deception practised in the 
making or uttering a false note, bill of 
exchange, or other instrument; or by alter¬ 
ing a note, check, or order, with a fraudu¬ 
lent intent. 

Foring, an Iceland weight of 11 lbs. 

Forks, instruments divided at the 
end into two or more prongs: those for the 
table are included in the term cutlery; 
most others with agricultural implements, 
which include garden, hay, manure, &c. 

Formic acid, an acid obtained from 
red ants ; it is also made by distilling cer¬ 
tain acids with manganese and water. 


Forril, a kind of parchment. 
Fortin, a Turkish dry measure, at Con¬ 
stantinople, nearly 3/ 0 - bush. ; at Smyrna, 
5i a 0 - bush. 

Forwarder, a forwarding merchant. 
Forwarding iionsc,aname assum¬ 
ed by mercantile firms who act as forward¬ 
ing merchants. 

Forwarding merchant, one who 

receives and forwards goods to distant con¬ 
signees, for which he receives a compensa¬ 
tion from the owners; but who has no 
concern in the vessels or vehicles by which 
they are transported, and no interest in 
the freight; he is not a common carrier, 
but a warehouse man or agent, and is re¬ 
quired to use only ordinary diligence in 
sending the merchandise by responsible per¬ 
sons and properly appointed conveyances. 

Fossils, petrified shells; remains of 
animals, plants, &c. 

Fot, the Swedish foot, equal to Ilf 
inches. 

Fotiicr, a cartload of lead or coals; 
a large quantity ; a weight for lead, ordina¬ 
rily 2,184 lbs. or 8 pigs, but variable. 

Fotsfiial, a commercial term for 70 lbs. 
of lead. 

Fouang, a coin of Siam, worth 800 
cowries ; a weight equal to 29f grains. 

Foulard, a kind of silk material for 
ladies’ dresses, plain, dyed, and printed; a 
kind of silk handkerchief. 

Foundation muslin, an open- 
woven, gummed fabric, used by mantua- 
makers and milliners. 

Founder, one who established,—as 
the founder of the house of Grinnel , Min¬ 
ium & Co. 

Foundor’s dust, charcoal powder, 
and coal and coke dust, used in iron found¬ 
ries. 

Founder’s sand, a kind of sand 
used in iron foundries. 

Fount, a complete assortment of any 
one particular size of printing types, usu¬ 
ally called font, and of a sufficient quantity 
to be of practical use in a printing-office. 

Fourgoit, a kind of French baggage- 
cart. 

Fourpenoe, a British silver coin; a 
groat. 

Fowling-piece, a light, long-bar¬ 
relled gun for shooting birds. 

Fox, a seaman’s name for a kind of 
strand of two or more rope-yarns, twisted 
together ; to make sour, as beer in ferment- 
ing. 

Foxed, timber or paper discolored by 
incipient decay. 







FOX-GLOVE. 


FREE TRADE. 


219 


Fox-glove, the leaves and seeds of 
the digitalis purpurea, imported from Eu¬ 
rope and also cultivated in this country 
as a crude drug ; the medicinal preparation 
from the drug is called digitaline. 

Fox-ski sis, the skins of several varie¬ 
ties of the fox species of animals; they 
are valuable for their furs, and are 
made into robes and various other useful 
articles. The fiery fox, so called from its 
brilliant red color, taken near the north¬ 
east coast of Asia, both on account of its 
color and fineness is the most valuable. 

Fractional currency, notes issu¬ 
ed by the U. S. Government for the frac¬ 
tions of a dollar, to wit— 50, 25, 15,10 and 5 
cents, the last-named no longer issued; the 
whole issue limited by law to $50,000,000. 
All such notes are exchangeable by assist¬ 
ant treasurers in sums not less than three 
dollars; and are receivable for postage and 
revenue stamps for any amount; and in 
payment of any dues to the United States 
less than five dollars, except duties on im¬ 
ports ; and are redeemable on presentation 
at the Treasury of the United States, in 
such sums, and under such regulations as 
the Secretary of the Treasury may pre¬ 
scribe. 

Fragile, brittle, easily broken, as glass, 
pottery, &c. ; this word is usually found 
conspicuously marked on the boxes which 
contain imported glass or china, and is 
designed to insure caution and care in hand¬ 
ling. 

Frail, a basket made of rushes, used 
especially for dried fruit. 

Framework, a term in the hosiery 
trade for a hand process of weaving the 
woollen or cotton thread up into the knitted 
fabric. 

Franc, the principal French silver 
coin, of 100 centimes, worth 18/ 0 - cents. 
The franc is the monetary unit of France, 
and all other coins, either silver or gold, 
are its mere multiples, by whatever name 
they may be called. 

Fra.iigipa.nc, a kind of pastry; a per¬ 
fume of jasmine. 

Fraaigof e, a bale of goods in Spain. 

Frankfort black, charcoal pro¬ 
cured chiefly by the calcination or burning 
of vine branches and the refuse lees of the 
vinegar vats of Germany, used for copper¬ 
plate printing. 

Frankincense, a name for the 
gum olibanum of commerce ; an odorifer¬ 
ous resin obtained from a species of bos- 
wellia , a large tree growing in the moun¬ 
tains of India near Nagpoor ; also a resin¬ 


ous exudation from the common spruce 
fir, which has a turpentine-like odor and 
taste, and is used in the composition of 
plasters; that from Sierra Leone, and 
also a kind called Arabian frankincense, are 
but little known in the commerce of this 
country. 

Franklinite, an ore of iron, zinc, 
and manganese ; named in commemoration 
of Dr. Franklin, and found in considerable 
quantities in Sussex county. New Jersey, 
and in mines of Altenburg, near Aix-la- 
Chapelle. 

Franklinite pig, a valuable pig 
iron obtained from Franklinite. 

Fraud, a dishonorable transaction; 
adulteration; deception; in contracts, a 
misrepresentation, or a concealment of a 
material fact. 

Fray, to fret or rub ; to unweave. 

Frazil, the Arabian name for a bale 
of variable weight, ranging from 18|- lbs. 
to 30 lbs. 

Frederick d’or, a gold coin of 
Prussia, of the value of about $4. 

Free cities, a name given to those 
cities of the Hanseatic League, which, in 
all commercial matters, exercised indepen¬ 
dent municipal authority. Lubec, Ham¬ 
burg, Bremen, and Frankfort are the rem¬ 
nants of this old and powerful commercial 
confederacy, which was associated under 
the name of the Hanse Towns in Germany 
for the protection of commerce. . 

Free goods, goods which are ad¬ 
mitted into a country free of duty. 

Free on board, usually expressed 
on foreign invoices f. o. b., meaning that 
the seller delivers at his own expense the 
merchandise mentioned or described in the 
invoice, on board a vessel at the port of 
shipment. 

Free port, a port where merchandise 
may be landed, warehoused, and exported 
free of duty. 

Free skips, neutral vessels. 

Freestoaac, sandstones which are 
easily worked by tools, and used as build¬ 
ing stones. 

Free stuff, timber or boards without 
knots; also called clear stuff. 

Free trade, commerce unrestricted 
by customs duty or tariff regulations; free 
interchange of commodities, or liberty of 
introducing merchandise into any country 
from any other country without payment 
of Government duties. A good example 
of such international commerce exists 
in the United States as between all the 
States; as between foreign commercial na- 



220 


FREE TRADE. 


FRENCH POLISH. 


tions it has no practical existence. The 
term is generally used, however, in this 
country in a restricted sense, as opposed 
not so much to a strictly revenue , as to a 
protective tariff. 

The American Free Trade League pre¬ 
sents its doctrine or creed in the following 
condensed propositions : The League 

u Holds That, Every man has a natural 
right to sell the produce of his labor to 
those who will give the most for it, and to 
expend the proceeds in the way which he 
himself may judge most serviceable; and 
that just as the total denial of this right 
constitutes slavery, so a partial denial there¬ 
of is a partial enslavement 

It Acquiesces In taxation and duties 
levied to meet the needs of Government, 
but denounces as pure robbery and tyranny 
all taxation for the benefit of special 
classes. 

It Holds That , One of the truest and 
most comprehensive means of preventing 
pauperism, is to remove all obstruction in 
the way of the free exchange of the pro¬ 
duce of labor; and to allow men to pursue 
their own welfare in their own way, so 
long as they do not infringe on the rights 
of others. 

That, The ‘ Protective System ’ is a 
form of ignorant national selfishness which 
defeats its own ends; that it is contrary to 
the wise and beneficent laws of Provi¬ 
dence ; that it partakes of the odious and 
iniquitous peculiarities which distinguish 
class legislation; and that it is a fertile 
source of social, sectional, and interna¬ 
tional discord. 

That , The ‘ Protective System ’ diverts 
capital and labor from the most efficient 
occupations to others proved to be less 
efficient, by their need of artificial sup¬ 
port ; that it results in waste ; that it in¬ 
jures the ‘ Protected ’ classes by diminish¬ 
ing their markets, and by the fluctuations 
and incertitude which attend it. 

That, The more we impoit, the more we 
encourage Home Industry, on account of 
the employment it finds in producing com¬ 
modities to exchange for those which we 
receive. 

That, A people is most enriched by en¬ 
gaging in those occupations for which it 
possesses advantages over other countries, 
and exchanging its productions for those 
for which those countries possess advan¬ 
tages over itself. 

That , Free Trade with all the world will 
conduce to the highest interests of our 
country, and that this policy is preemi¬ 


nently worthy of the American People, who 
should be foremost in breaking down all 
restrictive barriers, social and commer¬ 
cial.” 

Free trade and sailors’rIs?lits. 

The origin of this phrase has been attribu¬ 
ted to Henry Clay in a speech in Con¬ 
gress. It was the rallying cry of the 
American people at the time of the en¬ 
croachments on our commerce by the Bri¬ 
tish nation, which resulted in the war be¬ 
tween these two countries in the year 1812. 

Free YinSner, a term used in Eng¬ 
land to denote a member of the vintners' 
company ; one who can sell wine without a 
license. 

Freight, the charge made for the car¬ 
riage of merchandise, the amount of which 
is generally specified in the bill of lading; 
when not fixed or agreed upon by the par¬ 
ties, it is ascertained by the usage of trade 
and the circumstances and reason of the 
case. The term is also frequently used to 
express the cargo itself, as, her freight con¬ 
sisted of cotton and tobacco. 

Freighter, he to whom a ship or ves¬ 
sel has been hired. 

French Bsenies, the rhamnus ca- 
tharticus. The juice of the unripe berries 
has the color of saffron, and is used for 
staining maps or paper; the juice of the 
ripe berries, mixed with alum, is the sap- 
green of the painters. 

French calico, printed muslins 
from France, usually of 1 yard in width— 
fast colors and generally of better quality, 
and more expensive than English or Ameri¬ 
can. 

French cement, a mixture of 
slaked lime and caoutchouc of the consist¬ 
ence of putty—used for cementing glass. 

French chalk, a soft magnesian 
mineral, a species of steatite or soapstone, 
or indurated talc, used to remove grease, 
stains, etc. ; and by tailors for marking 
cloth. 

French china, a very fine porcelain 
ware mannfactured in France. 

French eSB, a measure of feet. 

French leaf, a kind of Dutch bronze 
leaf composed of copper and zinc, the 
proportion of zinc being larger than in 
the common bronze Dutch leaf, and less 
than in the Florence leaf, and of a yel¬ 
lower color. 

French morocco, an imitation 
morocco made from sheep or lamb skins. 

French poli§h, a kind of varnish for 
articles of furniture, composed of shellac or 
other gum or resin, dissolved in spirits. 



FRENCH SAND. 


FUR. 


221 


Frencli sand, a silicious mineral 
which is imported from France, and used 
in the manufacture of glass. 

Frencli wliitc, pulverized talc; car¬ 
bonate of lead. 

Frequin, a cask used in France for 
holding sugar or molasses. 

Fr*‘§li-water sailors, boatmen or 
watermen whose experience as sailors has 
not extended beyond river or canal navi¬ 
gation. 

Fretwork, covered or open work in 
ornamental devices and patterns. 

Friar’s ISalsasn, an alcoholic solu¬ 
tion of benzoin, styrax, tolu balsam, and 
aloes. 

Frickle, a bushel basket. 

Friesland green, a green pigment; 
oxychloride of copper. 

Frieze, a kind of coarse woollen cloth 
with a nap on one side. 

Frigatoon, a small Venetian vessel 
with a square stern, carrying a mainmast, 
mizzen, and bowsprit. 

Fringe, an ornamental border of loose 
threads or cords of silk, worsted, &c. ; an 
edging of pendent parallel threads not 
crossed or interlaced, of varying widths. 

Frippery, old clothes ; old furniture ; 
trumpery ; trade in old clothes. 

Frizettes, curls of hair or silk. 

Frizons, a name for silk waste in 
France. 

Frogs, barrel-shaped buttons, usually 
of silk, and used as a trimming. 

Frontignac, a muscadine white 
wine, made in Herault, France. 

Frosted, covered with anything re¬ 
sembling hoar frost; a kind of chasing 
on metals. 

Frost wort, a medicinal herb or plant 
growing in all parts of the United States. 

Frowy Stuff, evenly tempered tim¬ 
ber, which works without splitting or 
tearing. 

Fruiterer, a dealer in fruits. 

Fruit essences, flavoring substances 
obtained from various kinds of fruit; also 
artificial fruit essences composed of differ¬ 
ent kinds of compound ethers made from 
fusel oil and alcohol. These ethers possess 
the odor and flavor of certain fruits, and 
are employed as flavoring materials by con¬ 
fectioners for flavoring ices, jellies, syrups, 
&c., largely manufactured at Wolverhamp¬ 
ton, England, and at Philadelphia. 

Fruits, under this term are sold a 
great variety of products both of domestic 
and foreign origin. Apples, peaches, 
pears, plums, cherries, grapes, currants, 


&c., are all raised in most of the States, 
and are sold both green and dried, and 
also put up in tin cans. Oranges, lemons, 
citrons, bananas, &c., are sold green, but 
are imported. Figs, raisins, dates, cur¬ 
rants, prunes, &c., are also imported, and 
sold in a dried state. What in commerce 
is recognized as fruits are the seeds, with 
the pericarps, of many kinds of trees and 
plants; divested of the walls or pericarp 
fruit becomes, commercially, either seeds 
or nuts. On an appeal by D. St. Amand , 
a merchant of New York, wherein he con¬ 
tended that “the walnut is a fruit,” 
Secretary Cobb decided that in commerce 
walnuts were not fruit; Let. of Secretary 
of Treasury , Aug. 10, 1857. And in a case 
where P. Balm & Co. contended that 
“ almonds” were “dried fruit,” a similar 
decision was rendered, Dec. of Aug. 11, 
1857. Currants, strawberries, cranberries, 
and other kinds of berries are called small 
fruits. 

Fruit-stall, a stand on the pavement 
where fruit is sold in the streets. 

Frundele, a dry measure of one-half 
a bushel. 

Fuller, a large cask; a variable liquid 
and dry measure used in G-ermany—at 
Bremen and Hamburg, 280 gals. 

Fuller’s earth, a species of marl, 
or clay, of a greenish and somewhat spotted 
color, very soft, and unctuous to the touch, 
having the property of absorbing grease ; 
largely used in woollen manufactories. 

Fuller’s thistles, a name for the 
teasels used in dressing woollen cloths. 

Fulled, woollen cloths which, after 
they are woven, are made thicker and 
more compact or firm, by a process of 
fulling. 

Fuu, another name for the candareen, 
a Chinese weight. 

Fund, a stock or capital; a sum of 
money appropriated as the foundation of 
some commercial operation; money lent 
to Government for a term of years on which 
interest is paid. 

Funded, turned into a permanent 
loan on which is paid an annual interest. 

Funifera eordase, a cordage made 
from the leaf-stalks of the attalea funifera, 
a species of palm. The cordage from this 
fibre is said to be the finest in use in the 
Brazilian navy, and is better known in 
commerce as piassaba cordage. 

Flint, the Russian pound weight of 14 
oz. 7£ drachms. 

Fur, the fine, soft, short hair of certain 
animals, distinguished from the proper 





222 


FURBISHED. 


FUSEL OIL. 


hair, which is longer and coarser; the skins 
of certain wild animals with the fur; peltry. 

Furbished, burnished or polished. 

Fur cap§, caps for men made of the 
skin of some animal with the fur on. 

Flirdiugar, a liquid measure of Fin¬ 
land, about 7+ pints. 

FiirufsEiigeg shops, in England 
ironmongers’ or furniture brokers’ shops; 
not used in the United States. 

Furuishiiis; store, a term for a 
store which supplies or fits out a gentle¬ 
man or lady’s underclothing, and the 
lighter articles and appendages of dress or 
apparel; also, less specific, a house-furnish¬ 
ing store. 

Furniture dealer, one who buys 
and sells cabinet furniture, or goods, uten¬ 
sils, and appendages for housekeeping ; al¬ 
so one who deals in second-hand furniture. 

Furniture, movable articles of cab¬ 
inet-work, upholstery, &c. 

Furniture polish, a kind of var¬ 
nish or oil, sold under the name of French 
polish. 

Furniture store, a place where 
household cabinet furniture, and desks, 
chairs, &c., are sold. 

Furniture woods, hard ornamen¬ 
tal woods, used for cabinet-work. 

Furrier, a dealer in furs and in the 
skins of fur-bearing animals; one who 
makes or sells muffs, tippets, and other 
articles of fur for dress or ornament, or 
other use. 

Furs, a collective name for the fur of 
different animals ; sold either as undressed 
on the skin, dressed on the skin, or fur 
(as hatters) not on the skin ; a set of furs 
worn by a woman. 

Fur trnde, commerce in the skins of 
fur-bearing animals. The most valuable 
furs are chiefly obtained in Arctic America 
and Russia. The Hudson’s Bay Company, 
established for the express object of pro¬ 
curing furs, was chartered in England in 
the year 1670. In 1783 a rival association, 
called-the North West Company, was es¬ 
tablished by British settlers in Canada. 
These two associations subsequently uni¬ 
ted, and the furs collected by them were 
thence after shipped to London, some from 
their factories at York Fort, and on Moose 
River in Hudson’s Bay; other portions 
from Montreal and the Columbia River. 
In the Northwestern Territories of the 
United States the trade was prosecuted 
for many years by an association called 
the North American Fur Company, the 
principal managers of which resided in 


New York. The Russian Fur Company’s 
operations in America were confined to 
what was formerly called Russian America, 
now a part of the United States. The 
principal skins taken for their fur, and 
those which constitute the larger portion 
of the fur trade, are the ermine, sable, 
marten, fox, nutria, sea otter, seals, bears, 
foxes, beavers, rabbits, raccoons, badgers, 
musks, skunks, lynxes, muskrats, hares, 
and squirrels. The annual value of the 
fur trade of the world has been estimated, 
on what is supposed to be good data, at 
upwards of $25,000,000. London and 
Leipsic are the principal marts, but large 
sales are made at the annual fairs at Ki- 
achta, on the borders of China, and at 
Nijnii Novgorod, in Russia. The trade in 
furs is exceedingly fluctuating and preca¬ 
rious. The quality of furs differs very 
much in different years ; and the caprices 
of fashion also affect their value, so that 
in a single year, or perhaps within a single 
month, the prices of certain kinds of furs 
may fall 50 or even 75 or 80 per cent., or 
rise 100 or even 200 or 300 per cent. 

It is remarked as a curious feature of 
the fur trade, that almost every country 
or town which produces and exports furs, 
imports and consumes the fur of some 
other place, frequently the most distant. 
It is but seldom that an article is consumed 
in the country where it is produced, though 
that country may consume furs to a very 
great extent. The principal consumption - 
of the finer and more expensive furs is 
in China, Turkey, Russia, and England. 
Germany consumes a considerable quan¬ 
tity, while the consumption in the United 
States or in any part of America is com¬ 
paratively little. In Africa none but the 
Egyptians wear fur. In Australia none is 
consumed. (See Hudson's Bay -Co.) 

Fur waste, the clippings and refuse 
of fur manufacturers’ shops; packed in 
bales and imported from France and Eng¬ 
land, and used in the manufacture of felt¬ 
ing cloths. 

Fusel oil, or aniylic alcohol, 

a colorless oily spirit obtained by distilla¬ 
tion from fermented grain or potatoes, by 
continuing the process after the ordinary 
spirit has ceased to come over, or when 
the distillation has gone a little too far. 
It is disagreeable in taste and odor, but 
has been brought into use in the manufac¬ 
ture of various fruit essences, and largely 
manufactured and sold in Germany ; call¬ 
ed also potato spirit, oil of grain, and 
corn-spirit oil. 





FUSES. 


FYRKE. 


223 


Fuses, metallic tubes filled with explo¬ 
sive and combustible substances with a slow 
match attached, used for blasting purposes. 

Fusii»le met ill, an alloy of bismuth, 
tin, and lead, which melts at a very low ! 
temperature. Lead melts at 600 Fahr., ; 
bismuth at 500°, and tin at 442'; but a 
combination of 5 lead, 8 bismuth, and 3 
tin will melt at 200°. Varying the propor- j 
tions gives other degrees of fusibility ; 50 
per cent, bismuth, 20 per cent, tin, and 30 
per cent, lead, melts at about 212°, or the 
heat of boiling -water. It is used for tak- ’ 
ing casts of anatomical preparations, or 
from medals, from the surface of carved 
wood, or embossed paper, &c. 

Fu§*, a variable continental measure of 
length, at Berlin, jVo of a yard. 

Fuslil, a name in Spain for a small 
sailing vessel; also a kind of woollen cloth. 


Fustian, a description of cotton man¬ 
ufacture ribbed on one side; a coarse, stout 
twilled cotton fabric, or velvet,—a generic 
name for many varieties, as corduroy, 
velveteen, thickset, &c. ; plain fustian is 
called pillow ; strong twilled fustian, crop¬ 
ped before dyeing, is known as moleskin ; 
when cropped after dyeing, beaverteen. 

Fustic, a hard, yellow dye wood ob¬ 
tained from a species of mulberry, monis 
tinctoria , a large tree growing in the West 
Indies and South America, known in corn- 



derived from the Thus cotinus. It is em¬ 
ployed in dyeing and calico-printing. 

Fiat, the French name for a cask or 
vessel for liquids. 

Fyrke, a petty copper coin and money 
of account in Denmark. 




SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 

Or. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Galls; gall-nuts 

Noix de galle; 

Gallen; Gallapfel 

Gal-noot 

Galli; noci di 

Agallas 

Gamboge 

galles 

Gomme gutte 

Gummigutt 

Gutte gom 

galla 

Gommagutta 

Gutagamba 

Game 

Gibier 

Wildpret 

Wild-braed 

Salvaggma 

Caza 

Garancine 

Garance 

Krapp 

Meekrap 

Garanzia 

Granza; rubia 

Garnets 

Grenats 

Granaten 

Granaten 

Granati 

Grenates 

Gauging 

Jaugeage 

Visirung 

Ijkloon 

Stazatura 

Aforamiento 

Gauze 

Gaze 

Gaze 

Gaas 

Yelo: tocca 

Gasa: rengue 

Gelatine 

Gelatine [euses 

Gallert 


Gelatin a 

Gelatina 

Gems 

Pierres preci- 

Edelsteine 

Edelgesteinten 

Pietri preciosci 

Piedras preciosaa 

Geneva 

Geneve 

Genf 

Gen&ve 

Ginevra 

Ginebra 

Genoa 

Genes 

Genua 

Genua 

Genova 

Genova [dium 

German silver 

Argentan 

Neusilber 

Nieuwsilber 

Argentino 

Argenton: pala- 

Germany 

Allemagne 

Deutschland 

Duitschland 

Germania 

Alemania 

Gilding 

Dorure 

Vergoldung 

Yerguldsel 

Indoramento 

Doradura 

Gin 

Genievre 

Genever 

Jenever 

[epro 

Acquavite di gin- 

[nebrina 
Aguardiente de 

Ginger 

Gingembre 

Ingwer 

Gember 

Zenzero 

Gengibre 

Ginghams 

Guinghains; toile 

Gingangs; bonten 

Gingangs 

Tela cubica 

Carranclanes 

Ginseng 

a carreaux 
Ginseng 

[seng 

Kraftwurzel; Gin- 


Ginseng 

Jinseng 

Glass 

Vitre; verre 

Glas 

Glas [raaltjes 

Vdtro 

Vidrio 

Glass beads 

Perles de Venise 

Glasperlen 

Kleine glazen ko- 

Perli di vetro 

Rocallas 

Glass ware 

Verrerie 

Glaswaare 

Glas-waeren 

Vetreme 

Cristaleria 

Gloves 

Gants 

Handschuhe 

Handschoenen 

Guanti 

Guantes 

Glue 

Colle 

Leim 

Lijm 

Colla 

Cola 

Glycerine 

Goats’ hair 

Glycerine 

Poils de ch<jvre 

Glycerin 

Ziegenhaar 

Geitenhaar 

Glicerina 

Peli di capra 

Pelo de cabro 

Goat-skins 

Peaux de bouc 

Bockfelle 

Boksvellen 

Pelli di becco 

Pieles de corro 

Gold 

Or 

Gold 

Goud 

Oro 

Oro 

Geld beaters’skin 
Gold coin 

Baudruche 

Piece d or 

Goldschlagerhaut 

Goldmi'mze 

Goudenmunt 

Moneta d’oro 

Pieza de oro 

Gold lace 

Dentelle d’or 

Goldspitzen 

Goudkanten 

Oro merletti 

Galon de oro 

Geods 

Marchandise 

Waare 

Goederen 

Mercanzia 

Mercancia 

Grain 

C6reales 

Cerealien 

Granen 

Cereali 

Cereales 

Grapes 

Raisins 

Weintrauben 


Grappoli 

IJvas 

Graphite 

Plombagine 

Graphit 

Teekenpotlood 

Grafite 

Lapis plomeo 

Great Britain 

G rande-Bretagne 

Grossbrittanien 

Groot Brittanie 

Gran Bretagne 

Gran Bretafia 

Greece 

Grfece 

Griechenland 

Greikenland 

Grecia 

Grecia 

Greenland 

Groenland 

Gronland 

Groenland 

Gronlandia 

Groenlandia 

Green talc 

Chlorite 

Chlorit 

Chloriet 

Talco verde 

Clorita fras 

Grindstones 

Pierres & aiguiser 

Schleifsteine 

Slijpateenen 

Coti 

Piedras amolade- 

Groceries 

Rpiceries 

Spezereiwaaren 

Speceryen 

Spezierie 

Especieros 

Gross 

Douze douzaines 

Gross 

Gros 

Grossa 

Greusa [ates 

Ground-nut3 

Glands de terre 

Erdeicheln 

Aardachers 

Catapuzze minori 

Chufas; cacahu- 

Gruyere cheese 

[yere 

Fromage de Gru- 

Greyerzerkiise 

Gruyere kaas 

[swizzera 
Fromaggio di 

[yere 

Queso de Gru- 

Guaranty 

Garantie 

Gewahr 

Waarborg 

Garanzia 

Abono 

Gum arabic 

Gommearabique 

Arabisches Gummi 

Arabische gom 

Gomma arabica 

Goma arabiga 

Gunpowder 

Pondre 4 tirer 

Schiesspulver 

Kruid 

Polvere 

Polvera 

Gutta percha 

Gutta percha 

Gutta percha 

Guttapercha 

Guttaperca 

Gotapercha 

Gypsum 

Gypse; platre 

Gyps 

Gips 

Gesso 

Yeso 























GABARAGE. 


GALLS. 


225 


Gabara^e, a kind of coarse cloth 
used for packing. 

Gal>i;tn, a name for the petroleum or 
naphtha found at Gabian in France. 

Gai>i39a, a finger or parcel of tobac¬ 
co in Cuba, consisting of about 36 to 40 
leaves ; the bales are usually made up of 
80 hands, each of four gabillas. 

Galira wood, another name for 
eagle-wood. 

Oaln, profit; overplus in a computa¬ 
tion ; opposed to loss, as loss or gain. 

Gainer, the one who obtains the bet¬ 
ter bargain. 

Galasings, the acquisitions made by 
successful trade. 

Gajum, a variable cloth measure used 
in the East Indies. 

Galacfia, a nutritious milky sub¬ 
stance obtained from the sap of the galacto- 
dendron , the milk or cow tree of South 
America. 

Galaetite, a mineral which resembles 
steatite, and is known as milk-stone. 

Galana butter, a dirty white, some¬ 
times reddish fat, of mild odor and taste, 
the product of the phulwana-tree, growing 
in Africa. It very soon becomes rancid, 
and saponifies readily. 

Galum gussi, a kind of gum-arabic, 
being a variety of Senegal gum. 

Gain algal root, roots of the Alpinia 
galanga , which have the aromatic smell and 
pungent taste of a mixture of pepper and 
ginger ; the roots are brought from China, 
Sumatra, and Java, and used in medicine 
and in cookery. 

Gala sgal seeds, the aromatic seeds 
of the Alpinia galanga , called red nutmegs, 
and used in medicine. 

Galatz, or Galacz, a city of Mol¬ 
davia, situate on the Danube. It is a place 
of great commercial importance, being the 
chief medium of the commerce carried on 
between Germany and Constantinople, 
vessels of 300 tons being able to ascend 
the Danube thus far. The exports consist 
of wheat, Indian corn, barley, tallow, hides, 
skins, bristles, bones, timber, yellow ber¬ 
ries, linseed, barilla, butter, coarse cheese, 
Ac. The imports are chiefly cotton 
goods, iron, steel, hardware, sugar, coffee, 
etc. Money, weights, and measures same 
as at Constantinople. 

Galatz wool, a long coarse wool of 
Moldavia, known in trade as a Russian wool. 

Gill3>;t 1191ai, a fetid gum resin, which 
comes in pale-colored pieces about the size 
of a hazelnut, from Persia, Syria, and the 
Cape of Good Hope, and is used for mak- 
15 


ing varnish, and in making pills, plasters, 
and other medicinal preparations. To pass 
the custom-house under our laws, it is re¬ 
quired that the drug shall contain 60 per 
cent, of resin, 19 per cent, of gum, and 6 
per cent, of volatile oil. 

Galena, a native sulphuret of lead, 
from which most of the lead of commerce 
is obtained; in the form of powder called 
alquifoux it is used for glazing pottery. 

Galiot, a merchant ship, rounded 
both fore and aft, heavily and clumsily 
built but strongly timbered, and of from 
200 to 300 tons burden; this vessel is 
peculiar to the Dutch, Swedes, and other 
northern nations of Europe. 

Galiipot, a glazed earthenware pot 
or jar, used by apothecaries in the prepar¬ 
ation of medicines ; a kind of turpentine. 

Gall, the fluid secreted by the liver of 
the ox; it is used for scouring cloth, and by 
artists. 

Galley, a low, flat-built, decked vessel 
used in the Mediterranean, and navigated 
with oars and sails ; an open boat used by 
custom-house officers in the Thames. 

Gallic acid, an acid obtained from 
nut-galls, and other astringent vegetable 
substances. 

Gallipoli oil, a general name for an 
inferior kind of olive oil, very largely ex¬ 
ported from Gallipoli, a seaport city of 
Italy. 

Galliot, a Dutch vessel, a sort of 
brigantine, slightly built and designed for 
fast sailing. 

Gallon, the standard or unit measure 
of capacity for liquids, consisting of 231 
cubic inches. This is the standard gallon, 
and is known as the wine gallon in the 
United States, and in the East and West 
Indies, and is the Winchester gallon of 
England; the beer gallon of England is 
of greater capacity, 14 of which are equal 
to 17 of wine gallons. The imperial gallon 
of England is one and one-fifth of the 
United States or Winchester gallon; in dry 
measure the eighth of a bushel. 

Gel IIa narrow thick ferret or 
lace, of cotton, mohair, or silk, and some¬ 
times of wool, thread, gold, or silver; the 
common kinds are used for binding shoes, 
hats, etc. 

Gallo-tannic acid, the pure tan¬ 
nin of nut-galls. 

Galls, or gall-nut*, nut-galls ; ex¬ 
crescences found upon the leaves of some 
species of oak, occasioned by an insect de¬ 
positing its ova in the bud. The galls of 
commerce are chiefly those which occur on 



226 


GALL-STONES. 


GAME. 


the quercus infectoria, which grows in the 
Levant. They vary in size from that of a 
pea to that of a nutmeg, and vary also 
in color, some being blue, others gray, or 
black, or green ; those which are white are 
of little value. In commerce they are almost 
invariably found in a pierced state, but those 
which are not perforated are preferred. 
They are produced abundantly in Asia 
Minor, and the best come from Aleppo or 
Mosul; they are employed in ink-making, 
medicine, and dyeing, and are imported 
in bags and in chests. 

GssIll-stones, calcareous concretions 
found in the gall-bladder of animals, and 
used by painters as a yellow coloring mat¬ 
ter. 

Galvanized Iron, iron coated with 
zinc, by a peculiar process ; it is made in 
corrugated sheets, and varies in thickness 
or weight from 800 to 2,000 square feet 
per ton, the extreme range being somewhat 
lighter and heavier. The term galvanized 
is here used as a trade term ; the iron is not 
galvanized. 

Galveston, the principal seaport and 
commercial city of the State of Texas, 
situate on an island at the mouth of Gal¬ 
veston Bay, on the north shore of the Gulf 
of Mexico, distant, westerly, from New 
Orleans about 450 miles. The commerce 
of the city is large and rapidly increasing. 
Vessels drawing more than 9.[ feet water 
seldom attempt to cross the bar outside 
the harbor. The exports, foreign and do¬ 
mestic, consist principally of cotton, wool, 
cattle, horses, provisions, hides, skins, etc. 
The imports are cotton manufactures, 
hardware, agricultural inplements, ma¬ 
chinery, and other manufactured goods. 
The annual exports of cotton to foreign 
ports direct from Galveston exceed $10,- 
000,000; the imports from foreign ports 
amount to about $6,000,000. Galveston is 
the only port of entry in Texas, to which 
are annexed Corpus Christi, Matagorda, 
Cavallo, La Vaca, Sabine, and Velasco, as 
ports of delivery only. 

Gilimi Grass, a tall fodder-grass of 
Florida and Texas. 

GaiaMi’, a species of catechu—an 
extract prepared at Singapore and in va¬ 
rious parts of the East Indies, from a 
climbing shrub, the leaves and young 
shoots of which are boiled and the decoc¬ 
tion evaporated. It is used as a dye, and 
tanning substance; frequently, but im¬ 
properly, called terra jayonica ; the ex¬ 
ports average from 10,000 to 12,000 tons 
per annum, mostly to England, the Uni¬ 


ted States, and Germany. Gambir, cat¬ 
echu, cutch, and terra japonica, are all 
considered, in commerce, as essentially, if 
not absolutely, identical.— Dee. Tr. Dept., 
May 3, 1864. 

Gamboge, a yellow gum resin, ob¬ 
tained from several plants, and used as a 
pigment, and in medicine. The gamboge 
of commerce is mostly from Siam and 
Cochin China, though it is said to be ob¬ 
tained in large quantities from a tree 
growing in Ceylon. The required standard 
of purity, under the commercial regula¬ 
tions of the U. S., is 70 per cent, of pure 
gamboge resin, and 20 per cent, of gum. 

Gambroon, a kind of twilled linen 
cloth for linings. 

Game, such wild animals and birds as 
are pursued and taken by sportsmen, and 
afford meats for the table. Chicago is the 
chief centre for the commerce in these 
kinds of animals, large shipments of which 
are made from thence to the Atlantic cities, 
and also, of some kinds, directly to Eng¬ 
land. The trade for one year, as reported 
in the Times newspaper of that city, early 
in 1871, was as follows: — 

Average cost. Amount. 


Buffalo,. ..lbs. 

160,000 

$ 07 

$11,200 

Antelope,. “ 

90,300 

10 

9,430 

Venison,.. “ 

109,350 

10 

10,935 

Bear,. “ 

7,700 

08 

616 

Grouse,...doz. 

42,800 

3 50 

149,800 

Quail,.... “ 

88,595 

2 00 

117,190 

Ducks,... “ 

63,840 

3 00 

191,520 

Geese,. 

4,650 

80 

3,720 

Brant. 

1,190 

40 

793 

Partridge, doz. 

104 

4 00 

416 

Snipe,... “ 

1,120 

2 00 

2,240 

Woodcock “ 

100 

2 00 

200 

Pigeons,. ‘ ‘ 

33,333 

1 25 

41,666 

Turkeys,. 

1,532 

2 00 

3,064 

Rabbits,. .doz. 

15,362 

1 00 

13,360 

Squirrels, ‘ ‘ 

300 

60 

180 


Total..$556,330 

There are in Chicago numbers of whole¬ 
sale firms by whom hunters are kept in 
regular employment to furnish them with 
game of every sort, and by whom some 
hundreds -of retail dealers are supplied. 
In addition to these there are a number of 
commission merchants to whom game is 
consigned from the country, and who also 
furnish supplies both to wholesale and 
retail dealers, the former resorting to them 
principally when they have on an emer¬ 
gency to fill up orders for the East. A 
large body of men are thus enabled to fol¬ 
low hunting as an occupation in the west 











GAMEL. 


GARRAFOU. 


227 


em States, whither the game is being 
gradually driven by the steady advance of 
civilization. 

The region from which the game-dealers 
of Chicago obtain the bulk of their sup¬ 
plies comprehends the States of Illinois, 
Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, Michigan, and 
Indiana. The two first-named States 
abound in prairie chickens, wild ducks, and 
quails. The shooting season begins in the 
middle of August, but not much is done 
commercially until the cold weather sets 
in, when the birds are more accessible and 
the wholesale traders can venture on ship¬ 
ping large consignments to the eastern 
markets. Wisconsin and Michigan are 
the principal sources of supply for veni¬ 
son ; Missouri sends prairie chickens, quails, 
and wild turkeys; and Indiana likewise 
furnishes ducks and quails in considerable 
abundance. Buffalo, bear, and opossum 
meat come from farther west. 

GanitiB, a rice measure on the east 
coast of Africa, of 38 lbs. weight. 

Gantene, madder which has been 
dried and ground, without removing the 
outer pellicle. 

Gammon, the buttock of a hog salted 
and dried, and sold usually as bacon. 

Gnn<8aaa;£, a bale of 25 pieces of 
cloth in the Philippine islands. 

Gang casks, small casks for bringing 
off water in boats. 

Gangway, the passway or entrance 
into a ship by the steps on the side. 

Gaaeiisicr, a variety of sandstone, 
which when ground and mixed with clay 
is used for lining furnaces. 

GaiitaBig, a measure of capacity con¬ 
taining 256 cubic inches; in Borneo a frac¬ 
tion less than fths of a bushel, and in the 
East Indies about -ninths of a bushel. 

Ganza, a coin in some parts of India, 
worth about two cents ; also a name in 
India for the dried leaves and flowers of 
hemp, an article of export from Bombay. 

Ganze-kopf, a coin current in Vien¬ 
na for 20 kreutzers, and worth about 15 
cents. 

Garance, a trade name for ground 
madder. 

Garanefne, a dyestuff or powder, 
prepared from madder by boiling in diluted 
sulphuric acid, which dissolves the woody 
fibre without injuring the coloring proper¬ 
ties. It is largely used by calico-printers 
for dyeing reds, and browns, and mixed col¬ 
ors. 

GaranCCUX, a dyestuff prepared from 
spent madder, or madder which has been 


used once for dyeing finer colors, such as 
pink, purple, etc. By boiling in diluted 
sulphuric acid a large percentage of color¬ 
ing matter is obtained, which is used for 
dyeing ordinary colors. 

Gantvc, a grain measure of Syria of 
41 , L ( Miths bushels. 

Garbled, a commercial term for 
drugs, spices, or other goods which have 
been sorted or picked, and freed from im¬ 
purities. 

Garbles, the dross, dirt, or impurities 
separated from drugs and spices; some¬ 
times called garblings. 

Garre, an Indian measure for grain, oil, 
seeds, etc. ; the garce of Masulipatam is 
156^ bushels; at Madras 139^ bushels; at 
Pondicherry 104 bushels. 

Gardenia 15 o rid a, the cape jas¬ 
mine ; the fruits and seeds are used by the 
Japanese to dye yellow, and the Chinese use 
them for the same purpose in dyeing the 
robes of the mandarins. 

Garden-tools, spades, hoes, forks, 
rakes, and other implements for cultivat¬ 
ing a garden. 

Garlic, the bulb of the allium sa¬ 
tivum , a very strong-scented and well 
known product of our vegetable gardens; 
employed for culinary purposes, as a condi¬ 
ment, and in medicine; although culti¬ 
vated in every part of the United States, it 
is imported in considerable amounts from 
Malaga, Sicily, and other parts of Europe. 
It comes packed in ceroons. 

Garnet, a corn measure of Russia. 

Garnets, gems which, when cut and 
polished, bear some resemblance to the 
ruby in color, transparency, and lustre; 
those most esteemed in jewelry are obtain¬ 
ed from Ceylon and Greenland. The name 
is derived from pomegranate, on account 
of the red color resembling the seeds of 
that fruit. 

Garniec, a variable measure of capa¬ 
city in some parts of Russia and in Poland ; 
a measure of about 1 gallon. 

Garnished, decorated, ornamented, 
or embellished. 

Garnishee, a person in whose hands 
money or property belonging to a third per¬ 
son is attached, he being notified of such 
attachment. 

Garnatz, a liquid measure at Lemberg 
of l T oo gallon ; dry capacity -,Vo bushel. 

Gar rata, a liquid measure at Rio 
Janeiro of -nv 0 ths of a gallon. 

Garrafoil, a Spanish name for a large 
stone jar in which spirits or cordials are 
sometimes shipped. 







228 


GASKINS. 


GENERAL ORDER STORE. 


Gaskins, packings of hemp; wide 
hose or leggings. 

Gasp<;reaux, a name for the alewife. 

Gas-pipes, iron tubes for conveying 
gas through buildings; iron service pipe and 
mains for passing gas from the gas-works 
through the streets. 

Ga*s, or gassa, a Persian money of 
account of the value of cent. 

GnssiiBig, the process of singeing nets, 
lace, etc., in order to remove the hairy 
filaments from the cotton ; it is performed 
by passing the material between rollers 
and exposing it to the action of minute jets 
of gas. 

Gassmil, a mineral soap exported 
from Morocco. 

Gas tar, the bituminous substance 
which distils over in the manufacture of 
coal-gas. 

Galtie, an East Indian gum, resem¬ 
bling gum-arabic, obtained from the ba- 
bool. 

Ganb, the fruit of diospyros embryop- 
tens, which by expression yields tannic acid. 

Gauger, a measurer of the capacity 
or contents of casks, etc. ; an officer ap¬ 
pointed to measure casks of liquids, and to 
mark the contents according to the lawful 
measures. 

Gauging, determining the amount of 
liquid contained in casks, vats, etc., by 
internal measurement. The usual rates 
for gauging in New York are, for casks of 
all descriptions, 12 cents each ; cases and 
baskets, 4^ cents; and porter, ale, and beer 
in bottles, H cts. a doz. 

Gauging inst runieni*, the mea¬ 
suring instruments used by gaugers, as 
calipers, bung-rod, scale, wantage-rod, etc. 

Gauuf Bets, loug leather gloves which 
come up over the wrists on the arm. 

Gausabey, a court in Ceylon which 
has jurisdiction of suits which arise in 
transactions in paddy. 

Gauze, <- thin, transparent textile 
fabric, made of fine silken threads, and 
sometimes of thread and silk; the texture 
is different from that of plain weaving, 
a degree of transparency being attained 
without producing a looseness of the 
fabric. 

Gauze ribbon, a thin kind of ribbon 
made of gauze. 

Gave8, a small parcel of grain; toll or 
custom. 

Ga ze-a-bl u toir, silk gauze for mil¬ 
lers’ bolting-cloths. 

Gazzies, African caravans, comprising 
mules and camels. 


Gebok, a hamper of edible birds’-nests 
in the East, weighing 25 catties. 

Gedda gum, a variety of the Turkey 
gum-arabic. 

Gelatine, a jelly extracted from 
various animal tissues, and sold both under 
the name of gelatine and isinglass. Com¬ 
mercial gelatine, prepared for food, is in 
thin sheets of semi-horny texture, without 
taste or smell, colorless and transparent, and 
varying in toughness according to the 
tissues from which it is prepared. Gela¬ 
tine is used for clarifying liquors, in the 
manufacture of cements, in photography, 
confectionery, as a chemical test for tannin, 
for coating pills, for capsules, in dressing 
silks and stuffs, for artificial flowers, for 
taking casts or forming moulds, etc., etc. 
It is largely manufactured in New York. 

Gems, small stones which combine 
hardness and lustre with striking colors. 
They are divided into two kinds, real gems 
or jewels, and precious stones. The real 
gems comprise diamond, sapphire, ruby, 
spinelle, emerald, beryl, topaz, zircon, gar¬ 
net, chrysoberyl, tourmaline, rubellite, 
essonite, cordierite, iolite, cyanite, chrys¬ 
olite, and the varieties of rock crystal. 
Precious stones possess the same characters 
as the gems, only in a minor degree. 
They are generally only translucent or 
semitransparent, and occur in larger and 
in irregular masses. In commerce gems are 
generally named according to their colors, 
thus, the oriental ruby, spinelle, or topaz 
are all, when red, called ruby; if green, 
emerald; if blue, sapphire; and if yel¬ 
low, topaz. Artificial gems or paste jew¬ 
els are extensively manufactured in France 
and in England, from a kind of glass called 
strass, composed of rock crystal, melted 
with alkaline salts, and colored with me¬ 
tallic oxides. 

Genappe, a worsted yarn or cord 
used in the manufacture of braids, fringes, 
etc. 

General average, a term signifying 
a contribution made by the owners of the 
ship, freight, and goods on board, in pro¬ 
portion to their respective interests, to¬ 
wards any particular loss or expense sus¬ 
tained for the general safety of the ship 
and cargo. 

General order store, a govern¬ 
ment bonded warehouse to which, under a 
u General Order,” all foreign merchandise 
is sent that is not claimed by the owner or 
consignee within a certain number of 
hours or days after the arrival of a vessel 
in port; the owner and the goods answerr,- 




GENEVA. 

Me for the expenses of cartage, storage, 
etc. 

Geneva, a spirituous liquor procured 
by fermenting a mixture of malt and rye, 
and distilling the product with juniper ber¬ 
ries. It is principally made in the Nether¬ 
lands, and chiefly at Schiedam, a town of 
Holland, near Rotterdam, from whence it 
is largely exported to the United States and 
other countries. It is generally called gin, 
but it is entirely different from a liquor 
generally made and sold under that name. 

Genevrette, a wine made of juniper 
berries. 

Genoa, a seaport city of northern 
Italy, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 
with a large commerce, exporting olive 
oil, vermicelli, hemp, rags, argol, silks, 
velvets, paper, soap, works in marble, ala¬ 
baster, coral, printed cottons of Switzer¬ 
land, etc. The imports consist of cotton, 
cotton goods, iron, hardware, linen, wool, 
woollens, machinery, copper, coals, sugar, 
spices, indigo, hides, codfish, lead, etc. 
The direct trade with the United States 
is inconsiderable; with England it amounts 
to about $5,000,000 a year. 

Accounts are kept in lira, divided into cents, 100 
centesimi = 1 lira Italiana, the latter being exactly 
of the same value as the French franc. The weights 
and measures are 100 lbs. Genoa = 69.88 avoirdupois; 
100 rottoli of 1£ lb. = 104.83 lbs. avoirdupois; the 
braccio of 2)4 palmi — 22.96 inches; the barile of 
wine 19.60 gals. 

Gentian root, the root of gentiana 
lutea , obtained in tUe Alps and other ele¬ 
vated regions of Europe, and imported 
into the United States from Saxony ; it is 
used in medicine, and it is said that the 
Swiss prepare from it a kind of liquor. 
The roots of the blue gentian which 
grows in North and South Carolina are 
said to afford a drug of equal efficacy. 

Genlionella blankets, a heavy, 
closely woven woollen fabric, partaking 
of the character of petersham or pilot 
cloth, used for coatings and wrappers. 

Georgia clay, a kind of heavy clay 
obtained in Georgia, and sold in the New 
York market to paper-makers, and it is 
said also to confectioners and others, to 
adulterate and increase the weight of their 
manufactures. 

Georgian wool, a white and color¬ 
ed wool imported from Turkey, and class¬ 
ed among the Turkey wools. 

Georgia pine, a general trade 
name for the timber, planks, boards, etc., 
of the yellow pines of Georgia, much used 
in New York and other northern cities for 
building purposes, floors, etc. I 


GHEE. 229 

Gersih, an Indian cloth measure, 
equal to inches. 

Geranium oil, an oil obtained from 
the geranium, and imported from Turkey 
in 2-lb. cans. 

Gerle, a wine measure of Switzer¬ 
land, about 16 gallons. 

Gcrl oanHieo, a fine colored marble, 
used for statuary purposes in Rome. 

German camomile, a distinct 
species of camomile, the dried flowers of 
which are much smaller than the common 
kind of this country ; imported from Ger¬ 
many. 

German paste, a food sold for cer¬ 
tain kinds of cage birds, made of pea 
meal, hemp-seed, maw-seed, lard, and 
honey or molasses. 

German sarsaparilla, a name 

for the sweetish rhizomes of the carex 
arenaria, a plant which grows in Germany 
and in England. 

German silver, an alloy of copper, 
zinc, nickel, and iron, resembling silver, 
made of variable proportions. The gen¬ 
uine German silver, as originally made, 
consisted of copper, 40.4; nickel, 31.6; 
zinc, 25.4, and iron, 2.6; it is sometimes 
composed of copper 60, zinc 25, and nickel 
15. 

German steel, a kind of steel made 
from charcoal iron, which is produced 
from bog iron, etc. 

German tinder, a spongy com¬ 
bustible substance prepared from a fungus 
found growing on the oak, birch, and other 
trees. It is also called spunk, and is 
known also as touchwood. 

Geropiga, a factitious liquor manu¬ 
factured in Portugal, and used in the 
adulteration of wine. It is a vile com¬ 
pound, strong, sweet, and high colored, 
consisting of brandy, molasses, unfer¬ 
mented grape-juice, besides various other 
coloring and sweetening substances, some 
of which it is said are of a noxious char¬ 
acter. It is extensively used in Portugal 
for adulterating various kinds of wine, 
and is largely exported, usually in pipes 
containing upwards of 100 gals. 

Gerra jarra, a liquid measure of 
Minorca, rather more than 2} gallons. 

Gesheld, a grain measure of Ger¬ 
many, ranging from 3 to 3| pints. 

Ghee, liquid butter, or boiled oil, 
made by the Hindoos from the milk of 
buffaloes; it is an article of considerable 
commercial importance in India, Arabia, 
and other eastern countries, and is con¬ 
veyed in leather or hide bottles, holding 




230 


GHERKINS. 


GINSENG. 


from 10 to 40 gallons each. Galam butter 
is also sometimes called ghee. 

Glierkins, small cucumbers used for 
pickling. 

Gies, strong mats made of bark, worn 
by native boatmen in the Pacific, to keep 
off the wet. 

Gilt! bib sr, the act of laying gold leaf 
on any surface by the use of size, or cov¬ 
ering the surfaces of bodies with a thin 
coating of gold. 

GUI, a liquid measure, four of which 
make one pint. 

GiSleimi root, the American ipeca¬ 
cuanha ; it is obtained from the plant 
which grows in Pennsylvania and other 
Atlantic States, and is used in medicine. 

Gs BIS sag thread, strong linen thread 
yam, made for fishing-nets, generally put 
up in 1 or 2 oz. balls. 

Gi nonsuit o, a coloring substance 
made of argols and yellow berries. 

Oilt, covered by a thin coating of gold 
leaf. 

Oilt jewelry, gilt trinkets and orna¬ 
ments of base metals, made to represent 
gold; mock jewelry. 

GfmcracKs, trifling ornaments or 
toys. 

Gimp, silk, cotton, or worsted thread 
or twist, used for dress trimmings, in 
coach lace making, etc., it is sometimes 
interlaced with metallic wires. 

Oin, a common trade name for the 
Geneva, a spirituous liquor made in Hol¬ 
land. As a general fact the liquor sold un¬ 
der the name of gin is an imitation of 
Dutch Geneva. What is called English 
Geneva, or gin, is generally prepared by 
adding certain flavoring ingredients to 
spirits made from barley or oats, the prin¬ 
cipal one being the juniper berry. But 
oil of turpentine, alum, calamus root, or¬ 
ange peel, sulphuric acid, and various 
other substances are said also to be used. 

Gmgits, cloth for mattresses. 

Gingelie seeds, the seeds of the 
sesamum orientate, called also semsem seed, 
and teel seed. 

Gillgelic oil, oil obtained from the 
seeds of the oil-plant or semsem. 

Ginger, a pungent condiment obtain¬ 
ed from the roots of the zinziber officinale , 
which is cultivated in the East and West 
Indies and at Sierra Leone. The Jamaica 
variety, which is known in commerce as 
white ginger, is the most highly prized; 
besides the greater care in the selection 
and preparation of the roots, this variety 
is sometimes further whitened by bleach¬ 


ing with chloride of lime. The ordinary 
ginger of commerce is the black ginger, 
which is not scraped or bleached. This 
is mostly imported from the East Indies, 
and is the article in common use in the 
United States. The color is a light yel¬ 
lowish brown, while that of the white 
ginger, as imported from England, where 
it undergoes the bleaching process, is a 
yellowish white. The importations of the 
root, or green ginger, are about 2,000,000 
lbs. per annum, and of ground ginger 
about 100,000 lbs. The last-named kind 
is much adulterated,—sago, tapioca, wheat 
flour, ground rice, and other substances 
being frequently employed ; turmeric 
powder being used to preserve the color, 
and Cayenne pepper and mustard to dis¬ 
guise the foreign substances; the inferior 
qualities are also made to resemble the 
best by bleaching, and also by washing 
in chalk and water. 

Ginger sweetmeats, a preserve 
made from the young and tender roots of 
the ginger by boiling them in syrup. 

Cw i Biglianis, thin checkered or striped 
cotton fabrics for dresses; those for um¬ 
brellas are plain. The stripes and colors 
are produced in weaving, by colored yarns, 
not printed. 

Giiako, a name for the fruit of maid¬ 
enhair tree, salisburia adiantifolia , a large 
tree extensively cultivated in China for its 
fruit, but to what purpose the fruit is ap¬ 
plied is not certain, as it does not appear 
to enter into foreign commerce, though it 
is said to be exposed in the markets in 
China. 

Gliming, cleaning or separating the 
cotton-wool from the seeds, by the use of 
the cotton-gin. 

Ginseng, the root of the panax quin- 
quefolium ; the plant grows wild in the 
northern, middle, and western States, and 
the roots, which are two or three inches 
long and about as thick as the little finger, 
are collected and brought to the seaboard 
cities, particularly to Philadelphia, from 
whence it is exported to China, where it 
was formerly considered as possessing won¬ 
derful curative powers. In the city of 
Pekin at one time it was worth its weight 
in gold, and the first shipments from this 
country yielded enormous profits; the sub¬ 
sequent abundant supply has diminished 
its value, but it still continues to be a 
valuable drug for export to that market. 
The principal collections of it for shipment 
are now made in Western Virginia, Penn¬ 
sylvania, Ohio, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. 







GINSHIBUICIII. 


GLAUBER SALTS. 


231 


The annual exports from the United States 
are about 500,000 lbs. The root is also 
found in Northern China, but all which is 
there obtained is imperial property, and if 
sold, commands four or five times the price 
of the American kind. 

Ginsltibisfclii, an alloy of copper 
and silver, in which the amount of silver 
varies from 30 to 50 per cent. It is sub¬ 
jected to the same process as shakdo, in or¬ 
der to give it the much admired gray color. 

Girasol, a valuable kind of mineral of 
a milk-white color, which reflects a red 
color when turned towards the sun or any 
bright light. 

Gi*I>orne’s pafnU, a valuable kind 
of paint used for ships’ bottoms, crude 
quicksilver being one of its constituents. 

Give, to pay or exchange, as, for so 
many bushels of wheat, I will give you so 
much. 

Giving time, an agreement by which 
a creditor extends the time for payment 
of debt beyond that contained in the ori¬ 
ginal agreement. 

Glace cotton, cotton threads or 
yarn twisted, gummed, and highly finished, 
used as warps for velvets, for trimmings, 
etc., made at Paisley and Leicestershire ; 
also glace sewing cotton. 

Glace silk, a kind of shaded silk for 
ladies’ dresses. 

Glasice, a term for certain minerals 
which have a metallic lustre, as glance 
coral, etc. 

Glasice wood, a hard wood import¬ 
ed from Cuba, and manufactured into 
gauging instruments, carpenters’ rules, etc. 

Glass, a transparent substance formed 
by fusing sand or silica with alkalies. The 
principal commercial kinds are plate glass, 
crown glass, window glass, bottle glass, 
flint glass, and colored glass. The classi¬ 
fication in the U. S. tariff is, common win¬ 
dow glass, cylinder and crown glass, polish¬ 
ed, fluted, rolled, or rough plate; cast 
polished plate, silvered and not silvered. 
In manufacture there are five distinct kinds 
of glass, viz. : flint glass, or crystal; crown 
glass , or German sheet glass; broad glass , 
or common window glass ; bottle glass , and 
plate glass ; the principal ingredients used 
for the production of each of these kinds 
of glass, are silex or flint, or sea sand, 
and an alkali, and the varieties are produ¬ 
ced by differences in the proportion of the 
constituents the nature of the alkali, the 
presence of foreign matters, or the process 
of manufacture. Flint glass , known also 
as crystal, is the most generally useful, the 


most brilliant and the heaviest; the alkali 
used in its manufacture is usually purified 
pearlash. Crown glass is the best de¬ 
scription of window glass; the alkali used 
in its manufacture is the same as used for 
flint glass. Broad glass is an inferior kind 
of window glass ; made with a cheaper 
kind of alkali. Bottle glass is still inferior 
in quality to broad glass, the alkali em¬ 
ployed being the cheapest that can be pro¬ 
cured. Plate glass, which is made from 
nearly the same materials as flint glass, 
with the addition of about one-fourth part 
of broken plate glass, derives its name 
from being cast on a table, on which the 
melted glass is distributed by means of a 
roller over the whole surface of the table ; 
the plates after annealing are ground with 
powdered flint, and then with emery 
powder, and afterward polished with oxide 
of iron. Our importations of window glass 
are principally from Belgium, of plate glass 
and glass ware from France, Belgium, 
England, and Germany. 

Glas* armlets or bangles ; these 
are made by the Chinese, of a kind of 
strass or glass, to imitate jade and chalce¬ 
dony. They are put up in pairs, each box 
containing 1,000 pairs, estimated to weigh 
a picul, and valued at Canton at about 
$50. Besides wristlets and anklets, ear¬ 
rings, finger rings, buttons, mouth pieces of 
pipes, etc., are made by the Chinese of the 
same material. 

Glasses, spectacles for assisting the 
sight; tumblers or goblets used as drinking 
vessels. 

Glass beads, beads made of glass ; 
they are made of various sizes, shapes, and 
colors. 

Glass ^all 9 the neutral salt skimmed 
from the surface of melted crown glass, 
also called sandiver. 

Glass of antimony, a preparation 
of antimony which, as found in the shops, 
is in thin pieces and of a reddish color. 

Glass paper, a preparation similar 
to that of emery paper, made by dusting 
pulverized glass upon paper which is 
brushed over with thin glue, used for rub¬ 
bing wood and metals ; thin cotton cloth is 
sometimes used, but this, too, is generally 
sold and called glass paper. 

Glassware, manufactures of glass, 
embracing bottles, watch crystals, plain and 
cut glass articles, Bohemian glass, colored, 
painted, and ornamented glass, etc., etc. 

Glauber salts, sulphate of soda, 
named after the discoverer, Rodolph Glaze 
ber , a German chemist. 



232 


GLAZE. 


GOAT-SKINS. 


Glaze, an enamel, or transparent 
coating which covers the surface of pot¬ 
tery ware, produced by the application of 
a powder which vitrifies by heat. 

Glazed, covered with glaze. 

Glaziers’ diamond, a cutting 
tool used by glaziers, consisting of a small 
diamond mounted in a handle. 

Glazing, applying a varnish or vit¬ 
reous coating of any kind to articles. 

Glen live!, a Scotch whiskey, named 
from the district in which it is made. 

Gloss, a lustre, a shining surface, as 
silk, linen, or alpaca goods, which are 
glossy. 

Glossy, having a smooth, shining sur¬ 
face. 

Gloucester clieese, a kind of 
cheese made in the county of Gloucester, 
in England, known in trade as single and 
double Gloucester. 

Gloves, coverings for the hands, made 
of fur skins' buck skin, sheep skins, kid 
skins, rat skins, and skins of other ani¬ 
mals ; of wool, worsted, cotton, linen, 
india rubber, cloth, etc. Those made 
from kid skins form the largest portion in 
numbers and value which enter into the 
trade of France, England, and the United 
States; and the best are those made in 
France, where it is computed not less than 
4,500,000 skins are annually cut up in 
their manufacture. The importation of 
leather gloves into the United States, 
chiefly from France, and principally ladies’ 
and gentlemen’s kids, amount to about 
$2,000,000 annually; of worsted, thread, 
and other gloves, mostly from England 
and Germany, the annual importation 
amounts to about $1,000,000. Large 
numbers of gloves are also manufactured 
at Gloversville, N. Y., also in Philadelphia, 
New York, and in Connecticut and Mas¬ 
sachusetts. They ard. made of deer skins, 
imported goat and sheep skins, and from 
a kind of hog skin from South America, 
and of a kip skin of India. Some of the 
sheep-skin ladies’ gloves made in Eng¬ 
land, and called imitation kid, are very 
handsomely finished and very showy, and 
are sold in many parts of the country as 
real kid; while most of the best of those 
from sheep skin made in the United 
States, especially men’s gloves, are sold 
by the retailers as dog-skin gloves. 

“English glove makers,” says Mr. Mc¬ 
Culloch, “ have not successfully competed 
with France, and even Germany is now 
beginning to send us large quantities of 
leather gloves. In the articles of cotton 


and Lisle gloves, K Germany sends three- 
fourths of those now (1868) sold in Eng¬ 
land, and for export has nearly the whole 
custom of the United States (formerly 
buying this class of glove in Nottingham 
and Leicester).” 

“ Free trade,” continues Mr. McCulloch , 
“has enabled us to buy and sell foreign 
merchandise here, but at the same time 
has almost extinguished a great part of 
this industry with us.” 

Glove stretchers, wooden stretch¬ 
ing instruments kept for use at retail 
glove or hosiery stores, for opening the 
fingers of gloves, that they may be more 
easily drawn on the hand of the customer. 

Glucose, a potato starch used in¬ 
stead of gum-arabic by weavers, cloth 
dressers, paper stainers, etc., and for stiff¬ 
ening gauzes, glazing of paper, etc. It 
is also used by brewers and confectioners. 

Glue, an animal gluten, or impure 
form of gelatine, obtained from various 
animal substances by boiling them in 
water, straining the solution, and evapo¬ 
rating and cooling. It is manufactured 
from hoofs and ears of cattle, from refuse 
bone chippings and parings of hides and 
horns, the pelts obtained from furriers, 
etc. It is chiefly employed for cementing 
wood work in carpentry and in cabinet 
work, but is also used by hatters, by print¬ 
ers, and in the arts. The strongest glue 
is in thin sheets of a dark color, free from 
cloudy spots and perfectly transparent. 
The consumption is very large, but the 
amount imported is inconsiderable, as it is 
produced on a large scale at various places 
in the United States, notably at the glue 
factory of Peter Cooper, in New York. 

Glutinous, viscid or tenacious; hav¬ 
ing the quality of glue. 

Glycerine, a kind of syrup or liquid, 
a product of fats and oils; when pure, it 
is transparent, colorless, and inodorous. It 
is used in the arts and in pharmacy; and 
by Scheele, the discoverer, was called the 
sweet principle of oils. 

Gnatoo, a name for clothing made 
from the bark of the Chinese paper mul¬ 
berry. 

Goats’ hair, the fleece or hair of 
several species of goat; the long wool of 
the Angora goat, called mohair, and the 
soft down of the goats of Thibet are especi¬ 
ally esteemed for manufacturing purposes. 

Goat-skins, these are largely import¬ 
ed, and manufactured, in this country, in¬ 
to morocco leather; they generally come 
in bales, and are brought from Tampico, 





GOATS’ RUE. 


GOLD AMALGAM. 


233 


Matamoras, Vera C^z, Buenos Ayres, and 
Curacoa ; those from the first three named 
places being worth, say, 42 cts. per lb., 
against 35 cts. for those from the last- 
named places. 

Goals’ rue, the roots of the galega 
virginiana, used in medicine. 

Goats’ Avool, the wool or hair of the 
Angora goat of Asiatic Turkey, celebrat¬ 
ed for its softness, and is exported to the 
extent of about 2,000.000 lbs. annually. 

Gobelins, tapestry and carpets manu¬ 
factured at the Royal Manufactory of the 
Gobelins, at Paris; the name is derived 
from Giles or .Tehan Gobelin, a Flemish 
dyer,who founded the establishment, which 
now belongs to the French Government; 
the articles produced excel in colors, de¬ 
signs, textures, strength, and fineness all 
others, but they are not sold. Tapestry 
in the gobelin style is manufactured at 
Beauvais in France. 

Go-between, a kind of agent for 
both parties. 

Gol>i 1 iar«b, planks for stairs. 

Goblet, a name for the bechar, a dry 
measure of Switzerland, 64 of which make 
a sack of grain. 

Godfrey’s cordial, a popular me¬ 
dicinal syrup sold by apothecaries, com¬ 
posed of tincture of opium, oil of sassa¬ 
fras, molasses, alcohol, and anise-seed. 

Godovro, a warehouse or store for 
storing merchandise in the East Indies. 

Goelack, a weight in Java for pep¬ 
per, of about 2 lbs. 

Goffered ruche, plaited quillings 
or trimmings of lace or muslin. 

Goffering', plaiting, puckering, or flu¬ 
ting linen, lace, etc. 

Golader, an Indian store-keeper. 

Go lab, the Hindostan name for a 
warehouse. 

Gold, the most valuable of all the 
metals, and used by all civilized nations 
as a standard of value. Besides entering 
largely into the arts, it forms the coin 
most generally in use in Europe and the 
United States, and is an article of produc¬ 
tion and export from the latter country. 
Gold is preferable to silver for coin, as the 
expense of coming a given sum is only 
about one tenth of that of silver, while it 
is much more conveniently carried ; and in 
large sums it is more easily and rapidly 
paid out. It is exported in bars and in 
coin. 

A great impetus was given to commerce 
about the middle of the present century, 
by the astonishing increase in the produc¬ 


tion of gold w’hich took place at that 
period. The immediate effect was an ad¬ 
vance in the prices of certain necessary 
articles required in the then remote mining 
regions of California and Australia, and in 
a demand for vessels to transport these 
articles, together with thousands of adven¬ 
turous miners and traders, to the mining 
districts. The next effect w r as to disturb 
the relative values of products; gold being 
the standard of value. This gave higher 
prices; higher prices stimulated produc¬ 
tion ; and increased production demanded 
of commerce new markets for exchanges, 
and new and larger facilities for effecting 
them. This demand upon American com¬ 
merce w r as promptly met. It immediately 
established steam communication between 
New York and New Granada ; founded a 
new city on the coast of the latter country 
for the accommodation of general com¬ 
merce ; built a railroad across the Isthmus 
of Darien; organized steamers on the Paci¬ 
fic, to connect New York with San Fran¬ 
cisco ; constructed a telegraph across or 
under the Atlantic Ocean; made and 
equipped a railroad over and through the 
hitherto comparatively impassable Rocky 
Mountains; and, finally, established direct 
steam communication between our own 
country and Japan, China, and the East 
Indies : all these wonderful achievements 
having been accomplished within the space 
of about 20 years after the new discoveries 
of gold. 

The continued production of gold from 
the sources alluded to, as well as from 
other parts of the world, would seem to 
preclude the probability of a return to the 
general scale of prices which existed prior 
to the year 1850. 

The annual production of gold through¬ 
out the world is now pretty uniform; the 
amount varying in each country more or less 
each year, but in the aggregate is probably 
not far from $200,000,000 ; some estimates 
are below and others above that amount. 
In a report made to Congress recently it 
was put down at $150,000,000; furnished 
by different countries as follows :— 


United States..$60,000,000 

Mexico and South America. ... 5,000,000^ 

Australia. 60,000,000 

British America. 5,000,000 

Siberia. 15,000,000 

Elsewhere. 5,000,000 


Total.:.$150,000,000 

Gold, made of gold. 


Gold amalgam, a yellowish white 











234 GOLD-BEATERS’ SKIN. 

mineral; a mixture of gold and quick¬ 
silver. 

Gold-beaters’ skill, a fine mem¬ 
brane prepared from the intestines of the 
ox, or other animals, between layers of 
which gold-beaters lay the sheets of their 
metal while they beat it into leaves. A 
mould of gold-beaters’ skin contains 800 
to 1,200 leaves, about 5£ inches square. 

Gold elolli, a woven cloth of golden 
wire. 

Gold eolu, coin made of gold, alloyed 
with copper or silver to render it sufficient¬ 
ly hard; the extent of such alloy being 
fixed by the government. The standard 
for the gold coins of the United States is 
9 parts of pure gold and 1 of alloy; of 
Great Britain, 11 parts of fine gold and 1 
of alloy. 

Gold dust, gold ore or fine grains or 
particles of gold as washed from the earth 
in the gold fields; conveyed by miners 
in goose quills, vials, etc., and in larger 
amounts in tin cases soldered and sealed 
up. 

Golden, made of gold ; of the color 
of gold. 

Golden rule, in arithmetic the Rule 
of Three or rule of proportion, so named on 
account of its universal use and great prac¬ 
tical value. 

Golden yellow, a pigment of sul¬ 
phur of antimony, which produces an 
orange yellow. 

Gold foil, thin rolled sheets of gold, 
used chiefly by dentists. 

Gold frames, picture and looking- 
glass frames, made of wood and other ma¬ 
terial and gilded. 

Gold lace, the commercial name for 
a kind of gilt-lace or trimming; a rod of 
silver is thinly coated with gold, and then 
rolled and drawn until it becomes an exqui¬ 
sitely fme flattish wire. By this time the 
gold has become so thin that one ounce 
covers one hundred miles of wire, and yet it 
coats the silver in every part. Yellow silk 
thread, spun for this purpose, has this sil¬ 
ver gilt wire twisted around it, and then 
gold lace, braidings, etc., are woven with 
the complex thread prepared. France and 
Belgium excel in this manufacture. 

Gold leaf, gold beaten by hammers 
into thin sheets. The regular commercial 
gold leaf is about txootttt of an inch in 
thickness, though much of it is not more 
than 77 T 7 ro” 7 Ta of an inch, varying in thick¬ 
ness and fineness according to the purposes 
for which it is intended; 25 of these gold 
sheets or leaves, which are about inches 


GOMA OIL. 

square, are laid between the leaves of pa¬ 
per, which constitute what is called a book; 
the color of the leaf depends on the alloy. 
Our gold coin affords a good leaf material, 
and is much used by gold-beaters. An ar¬ 
ticle of leaf called ‘ ‘ Half gold ” is frequent¬ 
ly imported, and consists of a body of silver 
slightly plated or coated on one side with 
an alloy of gold, or sometimes with Dutch 
metal. 

Gold B2BOUI11 isaff, the gold or gold 
plated furnishing or embellishing of arti¬ 
cles, as the mounting of a sword with gold 
scabbard or hilt; the buckles, rings, and 
other metal parts of harness plated with 
gold ; the gold settings of gems, etc. 

Gold paper, a fancy paper, the sur¬ 
face of one side of which is covered with a 
gold size. 

Gold pens. Gold pens are made to al • 
most every required pattern, and may be 
found ready made adapted to almost every 
style of writing. For bookkeepers and ac¬ 
countants they are cheaper and more con¬ 
venient than any other kind of pen, but 
for miscellaneous and irregular uses, they 
are no better, probably not so good, as steel 
pens. 

Gold plate, dishes or table service 
of gold. 

Gold pleasure, the camelina sativa , 
or wild flax; a plant cultivated for its 
seeds, which produce oil; the stems also 
yield a coarse but valuable fibre. 

Gold powders, various prepara¬ 
tions of metallic gold used in medicine. 

Gold purple, a precipitate of the 
solutions of gold and tin, a very durable 
color, principally used in miniature paint¬ 
ing, called also Cassius's purple. 

Gold size, a kind of gold paint or 
thick tenacious varnish used by gilders. 

Go Id silt it Si, a worker or dealer in 
gold and silver articles and ornaments, and 
in jewelry. 

Gold thread, a thread of silk cover¬ 
ed with gold wire. 

Gold t hread roof, the roots of the 
coptis trifoUcita , consisting of long yellow, 
thread-like bitter roots used in medicine ; 
the plant grows in Canada and in some 
parts of New England. 

Gold wire, wire made of silver and 
gilded ; sometimes made of gold. 

Golette, an Italian vessel. 

Golpaflteil, an Indian striped silk. 

Golf shut, a gold or silver ingot. 

Golve-slioes, india-rubber or leather 
overshoes, also called galoshes. 

Goma oil, an oil obtained from the 











GOMBETTA. 


GOSSAMER. 


235 


seeds of the goma plant, a species of net¬ 
tle ; made by the Japanese, in California. 

GoiiiSiotta, a dry measure used in 
Genoa, equal to 2£ pints nearly. 

Gome, grease for cart-wheels, or the 
black grease of cart-wheels. 

Goniell,in India, a handful; literally 
as many rice stalks, with ears attached, 
as can be grasped by the hand. 

Gomel ill, a prepared potato starch in 
powders or crystals; German dextrine, 
used as weavers’ glue and for dressing 
printed calicoes. 

Goinutiis sagfo, a farinaceous sub¬ 
stance obtained from the gomutus palm, 
a native of Cochin China and the Indian 
Isles. 

GosaiiiSus, a name for the palm, aren- 
ga saccharifera , which furnishes the valu¬ 
able fibre known in commerce under the 
name of ejoo. The fibre itself is also 
sometimes called gomuti, or gomutus. 
The juice of this palm when fermented is 
palm wine. 

Gonakie gum, a bitter variety of 
Senegal gum. 

Goilda, a Venetian galley ; flat-bot¬ 
tomed boat. 

Gondola, a large, curiously orna¬ 
mented barge, navigated on the Venetian 
canals, usually by two oarsmen. 

Gong metal, an alloy of 100 parts 
of copper and about 25 parts of tin, the 
metal used in the manufacture of Chinese 
gongs ; and known also in commerce un¬ 
der the name of tutenague, or China spel¬ 
ter. 

G on go nail, a variety of the Para¬ 
guay tea. 

Good, responsible; genuine, as, a good 
bill. 

Goods, in its most enlarged use, this 
word embraces all kinds of merchandise, 
as, Stokes & Co. are just receiving a sup¬ 
ply of goods ; when its use is restricted, it 
is usually by prefacing a qualifying word, 
as dry goods, fancy goods, spring goods, 
fall goods, etc. 

Goods train, the term used in Eng¬ 
land for what, in the United States, is call¬ 
ed a freight train. 

Goods, wares, and inercliaai- 
dlse, the general use of this phrase, 
though by no means well defined, seems 
generally to apply to the entire range or 
assortment embraced in the stock in trade 
of a merchant; a careful analysis of the 
phrase may furnish a suggestive if not a 
distinct meaning to each of its members, 
thus:— goods , as applied to all textile 


fabrics; wares , to all metal, wooden, earth¬ 
en, or other manufactures ; and merchan¬ 
dise, to all crude, unmanufactured, and 
heavy commercial products. Shares in 
railroad companies, manufacturing compa¬ 
nies, and in joint-stock companies gener¬ 
ally, are considered as “goods, wares, and 
merchandise,” within the statute of frauds. 
Goods and wares may be any kind or de¬ 
scription of movable articles, which in 
themselves have a commercial character, 
and yet not always, nor necessarily, be 
merchandise. By the act of Congress of 
March 2, 1821, merchandise coming from 
any foreign territory adjacent to the Uni¬ 
ted States in a boat, raft, canoe, carriage, 
or sleigh, was made subject to the regular 
duties. It was held by the Circuit Court 
in Vermont, that a horse brought from an 
adjacent territory into the United States 
for the purpose of sale, or of being kept 
there, “is merchandise subject to duty,” 
within the meaning of this section. In 
July, 1806. Congress amended the Act of 
1821, so that wherever in said act the 
word “merchandise” occurs, the same 
shall read, ‘ ‘ goods, wares, and merchan¬ 
dise.” 

Good-will, that interest which at¬ 
taches to an established business, and which 
may be the subject of purchase from an 
outgoing occupant. The good-will of a 
business is very frequently the subject of 
purchase and sale. Whether a man who 
sells his stock and the good-will of his busi¬ 
ness may enter upon a similar business so 
near to the old stand as. to interfere mate¬ 
rially with the purchaser, is, perhaps, not 
well settled in law ; but in common hon¬ 
esty no one who receives a pecuniary com¬ 
pensation for the patronage or custom of 
his established business is at liberty to in¬ 
terfere with the rights thus acquired by 
the purchaser. 

Good'll I, a resinous substance resem¬ 
bling myrrh, met with in India, and believed 
to be the bdellium of commerce. 

Gooiuloomisify, a seed or bead used, 
in some parts of the East, as a weight for 
gold and silver, nearly equal to one grain. 

Goor, a name for the syrup of the 
date palm, also called jaggery. 

Goose jfrass, the galium aparine ,—a 
plant common in Europe and the United 
States, the expressed juice of which is 
variously prepared in medicine, and the 
herb itself is used in the form of oint¬ 
ments or decoctions. 

Gossamer, a very thin gauze, or 
finely woven silken web. 



236 


GOUREAU. 


GRAIN. 


Goureaii, a kind of fig ; madonna fig. 

Goureur, one who adulterates and 
cheats in drugs. 

Goaize, a name in Bombay for the 
grain weight, used in weighing gold and 
silver. 

Gowland’s lotion, a popular Eng¬ 
lish cosmetic,—the oil of bitter almonds 
mixed with sugar, spirits, and corrosive 
sublimate. 

Grab, a Malabar ship. 

Grace, the days allowed for payment, 
to the payer of a promissory note, or ac¬ 
cepter of a bill of exchange, beyond the 
time which appears on its face. 

Grade!ail, Scotch snuff. 

Grade, quality, as different grades of 
flour. 

Grain, the smallest weight in use, 
7,000 of which make t lb. avoirdupois, and 
5,760,1 lb. troy. In 1266 it was ordained 
by English statute that 32 grains of wheat 
taken from the middle of the ear and well 
dried should make a pennyweight, 20 of 
which should make an ounce, 12 of which 
should make a pound. The pound then 
consisted of 7,680 grains, but subsequent 
changes finally resulted in the present 
standard. The troy grain as a weight 
for gold and silver, apothecaries’ grain, and 
grain avoirdupois, are the same ; but the 
grain for diamonds is 0.79 gr., for pearls 
0.80, in France, for precious stones 0.79, 
Geneva 0.82, Liege 0.75, Marseilles 0.68, 
Neufchatel 0.82; a small copper coin in 
Malta. 

Gi •ain, a word used by merchants to j 
express a process of manufacture, as goods 
dyed in the grain, that is, the raw materials 
were dyed before the manufacture. 

Grained, painted in imitation of the 
grain or fibres of certain woods. 

Grain leallier, dressed hides, or 
skins finished and blacked on the grain side. 

Grains, the husks of malt or other 
grain after brewing or distillation. 

Grains of Paradise, the aromatic 
seeds of several species of amomum , a kind 
of mellagata pepper from the coast of 
Guinea, from Siam, and Arabia. The fruit 
is shaped like a grape, and contains three 
cells, each of which has a number of black¬ 
ish seeds. The seeds lose their pungent 
stimulating properties unless carefully 
sealed. 

Grain Sin, crystalline tin ore ; me¬ 
tallic tin smelted with charcoal. 

Grain, in oriental commerce a name 
for several kinds of pulse; also a sort of 
grain raised in Bengal for horses. 


Gram, or gramme, the unity of the 
French system of weights, equal to 15 t Vtj 
grains. By the act of Congress of July 27, 
1866, for certain postal services, one half- 
ounce avoirdupois is made equivalent to 
15 grams of the metric weights, and so 
adopted in progression. 

Grain, in commerce, the collective 
name for all kinds of cereals, as wheat, 
rye, Indian coim, oats, barley, buckwheat, 
and perhaps also rice ; though in speaking 
of the grain market, or of the scarcity of 
grain, or of the shipment of grain, rice 
would not enter into the account. Grain 
forms a leading article in the domestic 
commerce of our country; and as we pro¬ 
duce more than we consume, it also forms 
an article of export; the exports, however, 
seldom reaching 10 per cent, of our pro¬ 
duct, more usually less than 5 per cent. 
The bulk of the shipments of grain are to 
Great Britain and Canada. The exports 
of grain for one year, 1869, were as fol¬ 
lows:— 

Oats, bush. 481,871.... $306,678 

Rye, “ 49.501.... 55,957 

Wheat, “ 17,557,836.... 24,383,259 

Barley, “ 60,000.... 47,000 

Corn, “ 7,047,197.... 6,820,719 

Rice, “ 2,232,833.... 145,931 

During the same year there was exported 
of— 

Wheat flour, bbls. 2,431,873.. $18,813,865 
Rye flour, “ 7,228.. 52,250 

Com meal “ 309,867.. 1,656,273 

Allowing each barrel of flour to be equal to 
five bushels of grain, it follows that the 
entire export grain trade for the year was 
31,833,048 bushels, and the money value, 
exclusive of rice, was $45,268,282. Esti¬ 
mating the entire product of the year at 
1,450,000,000 bushels, it follows that less 
than 2£ per cent, of the product of the year 
was exported. 

At the International Statistical Congress 
held at the Hague in 1869, Mr. S. B. Rug- 
gles, delegate from the government of the 
United States of America, presented an 
elaborately prepared statement of the ce¬ 
real [grain] products of Europe and the 
United States, a document of peculiar in¬ 
terest to American and European mer¬ 
chants. The following exhibit of the pro¬ 
duct was the result of the most careful 
examination of official documents, and the 
most thorough comparisons with unofficial 
and private sources of information. The 
fourth and sixth columns show the ratio 
of bushels to population. The figures show 
imperial bushels. 


\ 


i 





GRAIN, 


GRAIN. 


237 


Product of Grain in Europe and the United States. 


Nations. 

Pop. 1868. 

Tot. imp. bush. 


Of wheat bush. 


European Russia. 

62,636,036 

1,359,437,500 

21.7 

439,437,500 

7.0 

Including Finland and Poland. 

7,227,823 

125,000,000 

17.3 

20,000^000 

2.9 

Total.. 

69,883,867 

1,484,437,500 

21.2 

459,437,500 

6.6 

Germany, North and South. 

38,768,291 

664,411,100 

17.1 

108,396,000 

2.8 

France . 

38,954,782 

717.215,996 

18.3 

321,153,252 

8.3 

Austria and Hungary. 

35,444,876 

571,254,765 

16.1 

143,000,000 

4.1 

United Kingdom, Great Britain and Ireland.... 

30,380,787 

380,887,930 

12.5 

128,285,260 

4.1 

Total. 

213,432,603 

3,818,207,291 

17.8 

1,159,272,012 

5.5 

Sweden and Norway. 

5,995,496 

76,225,000 

12.7 

2,960,000 

0.5 

Denmark. 

1,783,625 

57,434,700 

32.2 

2,396,900 

1.3 

Netherlands. 

3,616,318 

29,360,119 

8.1 

3.665,564 

1.0 

Belgium. 

4,901,004 

64,297,692 

13.0 

16,138,936 

3.2 

Switzerland. 

2,517,182 

17,200,000 

6.8 

2,100,000 

0.8 

Total. 

18,813,625 

244,517,511 

13.0 

27,261,400 

1.4 

Italy. 

25,585,060 

191,662.413 

7.1 

95.560,129 

3.7 

Spain, with Balearic Islands. 

16,850,515 

204,876,890 

12.1 

87,732,150 

5.3 

Portugal. 

4,035,460 

26,505.838 

6.5 

5,081,622 

1.2 

Roumania. 

4,605,810 

129,446,658 

20.1 

30,143,780 

6.5 

Servia. 

1,222,000 

10,000,000 

8.2 

2,000,000 

1.6 

Greece, with Ionian Islands.. 

1,375,492 

9,300,000 

6.7 

3,200,000 

2.3 

European Turkey. 

10,500,000 

120,000,000 

11.4 

50,000,000 

4.8 

Total. 

63,877,065 

691,791,799 

10.9 

273,717,681 

4.5 

Total of Europe. 

296,123,293 

4,754,516,604 

16.0 

1,460,051,093 

4.9 

United States of America: In 1850. 

23,191.876 

844,024,821 

36.5 

97,358,288 

4.2 

In 1860. 

31.445.080 

1,221,428,452 

38.8 

165,834,491 

5.3 

In 1868. 


1,405,449,653 

36.0 

217,033,600 

5.5 


Nations. 


European Russia. 

Inc. Finland and Poland. 


Total. 


Germany. 

France. 

Austria and Hungary... 
U. Kingdom, Gt. Britain 
and Ireland. 


Total 


Sweden and Norway 

Denmark. 

Netherlands. 

Belgium. 

Switzerland. 


Total, 


Italy. 

Spain, with Balearic Isl. 

Portugal. 

Roumania. 

Servia. 

Greece, with Ionian Isl. 
European Turkey. 


Total. 


Total of Europe.. 

U. S of America—1850.. 

1860.. 

1868.. 


Rye. 


300,000,000 

30,000,000 


330,000,000 

104,000,937 

74,542,974 

84,249,096 

1,644,810 


6S4,437,817 

17,419.000 

15,729,370 

6,362,311 

19,794,520 

8,500,000 


67,805,201 

7,699,809 

41,427,940 

4,316,139 

2,349,936 

3,000,000 

1,300,000 

15,000.000 


78,093,824 

830,326,842 

13,745,413 

20,320,786 

21,809,525 


Barley. 


160,000,000 

25,000,000 


185,000,000 

102,550,555 

54,924,897 

55,271,360 

72,182,380 


469,929,192 

16,549,000 

17,281,129 

4,146,985 

5,513,000 

1,400.000 


44,890,105 

20,534,906 

47,731,500 

1,756,812 

15,222,820 

2,000,000 

1.800.000 

20,000,000 


109,046,038 

623,865,335 

5,005,546 

15,146,209 

22,180,535 


Oats. 


400.000,000 

35,000,000 


435,000,000 

247,276,693 

200,424,579 

104,137,771 

178,775,480 


1,165,614,523 

36,297,000 

20,900,210 

11,094,042 

20,389,156 

5,200,000 


Bkwh’t & 
Millet. 


Com. 


35,000,000 

15,000,000 


50,000,000 

12,186.915 

31,025,925 

2,875,801 


93,880,408 


518,897 

4,166,820 

2,000,000 

200,000 

8,000,000 


14,885,717 

1,274,380,648 

142,083,425 

172,006,004 

246,993,375 


96,088,641 

3,000,000 

1,127,100 

4,091,217 

2,462,080 


10,680,397 

17.993,738 

(22,975,300) 

' 7,797^695 

1,000,000 

’ 5,000*666 


54,948,733 

161,717,771 

8,677,204 

17,112.584 

19,135,114 


24,000,000 


24,000,000 


30,144,369 

181,242,350 


235,386,719 


45,515,637 

14,332,368 

74,803,606 

' 2,800,666 
20,000,000 


157,451,611 

392,838,303 

573,568.882 

827,887,425 

878,157,094 


Rice. 


1,000,000 


1,000,000 


478,387 


1,478,387 


4,358,194 

2,000,000 

500,000 


2,000,000 


8,858,194 

10,336,581 

3,585.558 

3,121,959 
































































































































238 


GRAMIGNA. 


GREEN CLOTH. 


Gruinigna, a name in Italy for the 
roots of couch or dog grass, triticum repens , 
a favorite food for horses and cattle; it is 
computed that upwards of $200,000 worth 
of this root is annually consumed in the 
city of Naples alone. 

Granary, a warehouse, or place where 
grain of all kinds is stored. 

G run 11 a, the dust or small fragments 
of the cochineal insect. 

Granite, rock, composed of feldspar, 
quartz, and mica; much used as a build¬ 
ing stone, and usually sold by the ton of 
14 cubic feet, or, if dressed, by the super¬ 
ficial foot. The most celebrated quarries 
are at Quincy, Mass., but good quarries 
are found all along the coast of Maine and 
throughout New England. 

Grano, a money of account in Italy. 

Grannlatent, formed into small parts 
or grains, as in sugar. 

Grao, a weight of Brazil of 0.77 grains. 

Grapes, the fruit of the vine, forming 
hi their fresh ripe state an article of do¬ 
mestic commerce of considerable import¬ 
ance ; several kinds of our native grapes, 
the Catawba, Isabella, Delaware, Concord, 
and California grapes being largely culti¬ 
vated and sent to market in boxes or bas¬ 
kets and sold by the pound. The only 
grapes imported to any extent is a large 
solid kind of green grape in large bunches, 
brought from Malaga, put up in sawdust, 
and packed in casks. In their dried state 
as raisins our imports are large. The dried 
currants of the Ionian Islands are known 
as grapes, but not recognized as such in 
American commerce. The grape-vine, 
says Mr. Loudon, is among fruits, what 
wheat is among the cereal grasses, or 
the potato among the farinaceous roots; 
and like them, in every country where it 
will grow, is cultivated with pre-eminent 
care. 

Grape-seed oil. An oil of com¬ 
merce prepared from the seeds of xitis 
vinifera , or common grape, by pressure ; 
it is yellow, slightly odorous, and, when 
fresh, of a mild taste, but becomes thick 
and rancid by age. 

GrapSfiiie, the mineral commonly call¬ 
ed black lead or plumbago; used for lead 
pencils, melting-pots, as a polish for iron 
stoves, and as a lubricator for fine machin¬ 
ery ; it is found at Sturbridge, Mass., Ticon- 
deroga, N. Y., St. John’s, N. B., in the Isl¬ 
and of Ceylon, and other localities; the 
most famous mine in the world for pencils 
is that of Borrowdale, in Cumberland, 
England ; and for crucibles or other manu¬ 


factures, the mines of Ceylon furnish the 
chief supplies. 

Grapliolite, a kind of writing slate. 

Grapnels, anchors with hooks instead 
of flukes, for small boats. 

Grappe, ground madder from which 
the outer pellicle has been removed. 

Grass clotll, a common name for the 
textile fabrics produced in China and sold 
as China grass cloth, or hia-pu ,—summer 
cloth, or Chinese linen. 

Grass aaaals, door-mats made of Span¬ 
ish or other kinds of grasses. 

Grass oils, odorous volatile oils ob¬ 
tained from scented grasses. 

Grave, to clean a ship’s bottom by 
burning. 

Graving <lock, a dock into which 
vessels are taken to have their bottoms ex¬ 
amined and graved. 

Gray goods, cotton fabrics woven in 
the gray and known as printing cloths: 
imported calicoes, or uncolored delaines. 

Gray, a color; also a term applied to 
fabrics of cotton, linen, or worsted, or to 
mixed fabrics of the above materials (in¬ 
tended to be afterward bleached or color¬ 
ed), in the state in which they came from 
the loom or spindle. 

Grease, animal fat of any kind; the 
term grease is specially used for the fats 
sold to soap-boilers ; and a mixture of tal¬ 
low, palm and sperm oils, alkali, etc , consti¬ 
tutes an article called grease, which is in 
large demand by railway engineers, for the 
locomotives and cars. 

Great hundred, the long hundred 
of six score,' or 120. 

Greaves, the sediment of melted tal¬ 
low ; the refuse of tallow-chandlers, made 
into cakes, and in England used for feed¬ 
ing dogs and cattle. 

Grebe skins, the skins of an aquatic 
bird, the feathers of several species of 
which are like fur, and are retained on the 
skin and worn as trimmings, or made into 
muffs, cuffs, etc. 

Green, a color; the substances em¬ 
ployed and sold as green paints and dyes, 
as, Brunswick, Friesland, chrome, iris, 
emerald, Scheel’s green, verditer, etc.; 
unripe, immature, unseasoned. 

Greenbacks, a common name for 
the bills originally issued as money by the 
government of the United States during 
the great rebellion, the engraved backs of 
which are printed with green ink. 

Green bice, a green pigment,—car 
bonate of copper. 

Green clotll, a name for green baize. 




GREEN CROPS. 


GROCERIES. 


230 


Green crops, the farm products 
which are sent to market or sold before 
they come to full maturity, as, green vege¬ 
tables, carrots, turnips, grasses, etc. 

Green earl Si, a mineral, a variety of 
talc, known by artists under the name of 
mountain green. 

Green eS>oiiy, a wood obtained from 
the West Indies, and used for round rulers, 
turnery, etc., and as a dyestuff. 

Green grocer, a retail dealer in 
vegetables and fruit in their fresh or green 
state; generally connected with small, 
regular grocery-stores. 

Greenlieart timber, a fine-grained 
hard wood, obtained from Guiana, and 
used for turnery and other purposes The 
timber will square from 18 to 24 inches, 
and is found without a knot from GO to 70 
feet long. 

Green sand, a silicious stone used as 
a whetstone for scythes, &c. 

Green soap, a name for soft soap,— 
derived from the color imparted, by hemp- 
seed oil, from which it is largely made in 
Europe. 

G reeii-Stone, the name for a kind of 
inferior marble. 

Green tea, one of the two commercial 
classifications of tea of which there are sev¬ 
eral kinds; as, twankay, hyson skin, hyson, 
young hyson, imperial, and gunpowder. 

Green turtle, a kind of turtle ob¬ 
tained in large numbers at the Tortugas 
and other West Indian Islands, and ship¬ 
ped alive by steamers to our Atlantic cities 
and to Europe, to be made into turtle 
soup. The number annually taken 
amounts to many thousands, each one 
weighing from 50 lbs. to 500 lbs. It de¬ 
rives its name from the color of its fat. 

Greeja vertilter, the same in sub¬ 
stance as blue verditer, the latter being 
converted into green by boiling. 

Greeil vitriol, crystallized sulphate 
of iron. 

Green weed, dyers’ weed; green 
broom. 

Grege, a French term applied to raw 
silk. 

Greviiatic, a fibrous material, prob¬ 
ably a kind of moss, from the East Indies, 
used for weaving into straw hats. 

Greilllt, dried lemon-peel. 

Grinielliiio, a money of account in 
Tripoli. 

Grindery warehouse, the name 
in England for a finding-store. 

Grinding slips, hones; a kind of 
oil-stone. . 


Grindstones, flat circular stones of 
different diameters and thickness, mounted 
on axles in such a manner as to revolve by 
the application of a slight force, and thus 
employed to polish steel manufactures, 
and to sharpen or give edge to edged tools 
and cutting instruments. They are also 
used for shaping precious stones, articles 
in metal and in glass, and in polishing the 
surfaces of manufactured articles of any 
sort. In accordance with the variety of 
their uses, they are of different forms and 
of various sizes and qualities of stone. 
They are imported into the United States 
from England, Scotland-, France, Sweden, 
and Nova Scotia; and those of good and 
varying qualities are also quarried in vari¬ 
ous localities in Ohio, and on the shores of 
Lake Huron, in Michigan. The English 
method of classification by measurement 
is by foots , a grindstone foot being 8 inches, 
—the size being found by adding the di¬ 
ameter and thickness together and dividing 
by 8,—thus, a stone 56 inches diameter by 
8 inches thick, making together 04 inches, 
is an 8 foots stone. 

Grlottc, a speckled marble. 

Grip, a small French vessel. 

Gri^ette, a common brown French 
stuff fabric, worn by females of inferior 
class, whence the transfer of the name to 
the wearer. 

Grist, a term in common use in the 
country, as applied to small parcels of 
g-rain taken to the mill to be ground for 
family use ; the word is well known in the 
common saying, “ All is grist that comes to 
his mill. ” 

Grit, hard sandstone employed for 
millstones, grindstones, etc. ; the coarse 
part of meal. 

Grits, cracked or coarsely ground 
wheat; a preparation for which, as a 
wholesome food, there is a large demand. 

Groats, oats deprived of their husks, 
and cut or bruised in the mill—a prepara¬ 
tion esteemed as a nourishing food. 

Grocer, one who sells sugars, coffee, 
tea, liquors, spices, etc., etc. An importer 
of these articles, who sells through auction 
or commission houses, or by the cargo, is 
not termed a grocer, nor is he a grocer who 
sells or deals in only one kind of the above- 
named articles. The term originally meant 
a wholesale dealer, or one who sold by the 
gross, and the word was spelled grosser , 
but it is now equally applicable to retailers. 

Groceries, this term is used with 
much indefiniteness of meaning, and varies 
and accommodates itself to embrace com- 




240 


GROCERS’ DRUGS. 


GUANO. 


moclities according to the place where they 
are found for sale. Thus, sugar, coffee, 
tea, spices, etc., collectively are always gro¬ 
ceries ; and liquors, dried fruits, cheese, 
salt, butter, soap, candles, starch, and 
such like, are groceries when found in 
connection with the first-named articles. 
Generally all articles employed and con¬ 
sumed in the household and in cookery, 
and, excepting meats and vegetables, such 
as are used on the table, are groceries. 

Grocers’ condiments or 

spices used in cookery or on the table,— 
as ginger, pepper, allspice, cinnamon, nut¬ 
megs, cloves, alum, baking powders, cream 
of tartar, etc. 

Grocery stores, stores where are 
kept for sale groceries ; and, in the gen¬ 
eral retail trade, including also various 
articles consumed in the household, as 
meal, rice, provisions, etc. 

Gro^rawi, stuff woven with a large 
woof and a rough pile ; also, a fabric made 
of silk and mohair. 

Grosgruin, a heavy corded silk, of 
various colors, used for ladies’ dresses. 

GroSj a money of Venice, 3 cents; 
also a money in Bavaria and other parts, 
of 2 florins and 24 kreutzers; a French 
weight of 50.02 grains, at Neufchatel 02.71 
grains. 

Grosclicil, a small silver coin and 
money of account in various parts of Ger¬ 
many ; in north Germany the dollar, thaler , 
is divided into 24 good groschen ,—in Prus¬ 
sia, where the dollar of account is a coin 
(thaler 69 cents), it is divided into 30 silver 
groschen. 

Gros «le Naples, a plain neatly 
woven silken fabric made of organzine 
silk. 

Gross, 12 dozen; the great gross is 12 
times 12 dozen. There are certain kinds 
of articles always sold by the gross, as 
buttons, lead pencils, bottles, etc., instead 
of by the dozen, as eggs, or by the 100 or 
1000, as cigars, etc. 

Gross average, the average which 
falls on the cargo and freight as well as on 
the ship. 

Gi *os sou, a French copper coin of 
ten centimes, not quite 2£ cents. 

Gross Aveiglnt, the total weight of 
goods, including chests, bags, boxes, and 
the like. 

Grot, Groote, a petty money of 
Germany, worth about a cent. 

Ground, the color first put on the 
surface ; the prevailing or principal color 
of a woven fabric. 


Ground blood, a preparation of 
blood used as a fertilizer,—blood divested 
of its water, and ground. It is largely 
manufactured at the slaughter-houses at 
Communipaw, near New York, put up in 
bags of 150 lbs. each, and sold by the lb. 

Ground-mds, more commonly sold 
in this country under the name of Pea¬ 
nuts. See Peanuts. 

Ground-nut oil, a fixed oil obtained 
by expression from the ground-nuts, often 
sold under the name of nut-oil. 

Groundsel, a wild plant, the senecio 
vulgaris , found in waste places and gardens 
from New England to Pennsylvania, the 
buds and seeds of which are gathered and 
sold for food for Canary and other cage 
birds. 

Grtui 8i x, wheat flour coarsely ground, 
but freed from the husk. 

Gruyere, a favorite kind of Swiss 
cheese, which is said to owe its excellence 
to the mixture of herbs which grow in the 
valley of Gruyere, and especially to the 
fragrant flowers and seeds of the melilot; 
it is computed that 4,000,000 lbs. of this 
cheese is made annually in the vicinity of 
Gruyere. 

Gsincliopolf wood, a valuable 

timber wood, exported largely from Guay¬ 
aquil. 

Guaco leaves, the leaves of a plant 
allied to the ewpatorium , which grows in 
Central America and in the West Indies, 
used as a drug, and said to be an antidote 
for the bites of poisonous serpents. 

Guaiac, the concrete juice or resin 
obtained from the guaiacum tree, a valu¬ 
able drug, which, if genuine and of good 
quality, should afford 80 per cent, of pure 
resin. It is frequently found adulterated 
with turpentine. 

GisuiaviBiii wood, the wood of the 
guaiacum tree, commonly called lignum 
vitae, which grows in Jamaica and Hayti 
and other West India islands; it is im¬ 
ported in billets or logs, and is used in 
turnery, and the shavings or raspings are 
sold by the turners to druggists, and used 
in medicine. 

GsajiBBilCO, a name for alpaca cloth, 
or fabric made from the wool or hair of 
the guanaco, a variety of the alpaca. 

Gtiano, a valuable fertilizer consisting 
of the decomposed bodies and excrements 
of aquatic birds, which have accumulated 
for ages on uninhabited islets in different 
parts of the world. Upon the Chincha and 
the Lobos islands off the coasts of Peru 
the deposit is enormous, estimated in 1856 






GUARANTEE. 

to be 57,000,000 of tons; in some local¬ 
ities on one of these islands it attains a 
thickness of 150 feet; these islands are 
under the control of the Peruvian govern¬ 
ment, and the revenue derived from this 
trade at one time exceeded that from all 
other sources. Valuable deposits are also 
found upon Baker’s, Jarvis, and How¬ 
land’s islands; these are under the control 
of the American Guano Company of New 
York, held and operated under the protec¬ 
tion of the Government of the United 
States, in the manner provided for by the 
Act of Congress recited below. The Peru¬ 
vian is considered the most valuable; much 
of which, however, is adulterated by infe¬ 
rior kinds, or by substances which have 
no value as fertilizers. Guano is imported 
into all European countries, but principal¬ 
ly to the United States and England, 
amounting in each of these countries to 
nearly half a million of tons annually; it 
is shipped both in bulk and in bags. 

By the act of Congress of Aug. 18, 1856, 
any citizen or citizens of the United States,' 
who may have, or shall hereafter discover 
a deposit of guano on any island, rock, or 
key, not within the lawful jurisdiction of 
any other government, and not occupied 
by the citizens of any other government, 
and shall take peaceable possession there¬ 
of and occupy the same, said island, rock, 
or key may, at the discretion of the Presi¬ 
dent of the United States, be considered 
as appertaining to the United States. 
And the discoverer or discoverers, or his 
or their assignees, being citizens of the 
United States, may be allowed, at the pleas¬ 
ure of Congress, the exclusive right of oc¬ 
cupying said island, rocks, or keys, for the 
purpose of obtaining said guano, and of 
selling and delivering the same to citizens 
of the United States for the purpose of 
being used therein, and may be allowed to 
charge and receive for every ton thereof, 
delivered along side a vessel, in proper 
tubs, and within reach of ship’s tackle, a 
sum not exceeding $8 per ton for the best 
quality, or $4 per ton in its native state 
of deposit. But no guano to be taken ex¬ 
cept for the use of citizens of the United 
States. So much of the provision of the 
above act as prohibits the export of guano 
to other countries, was by act of July 28, 
1866, suspended for five years from July 
14, 1867. 

Guarantee, he to whom a guaranty 
is made. 

Guarantor, one who is bound to an¬ 
other for the fulfilment of an engagement 

16 


GUM. 241 

by a third party; he who makes a guar¬ 
anty. 

Guaranty, the contract entered into 
by a guarantor ; a promise made upon a 
good consideration to answer for the pay¬ 
ment of some debt in case of the failure 
of another party who is in the first instance 
liable to such payment. It is a common 
business transaction, and no special phrases 
or form is necessary, but the words must 
be such as will clearly express the inten¬ 
tion. 

Guava, a species of pomegranate cul¬ 
tivated in the tropics for the fruit; the 
aromatic leaves of some kinds are used as 
a substitute for the leaf of the betel pep¬ 
per. 

Gnava jcliv, a favorite preserve or 
jam made in the West Indies from the fruit 
of the guava, and imported in small thin 
wooden boxes, weighing from half a lb. to 
1, 2, 3, and 4 lbs. 

Guild, a commercial association or cor¬ 
poration possessing special privileges; a 
company of merchant freemen in every 
royal borough in Scotland; in London the 
guilds or companies have an importance on 
account of their freemen possessing certain 
municipal privileges, and their Halls are 
called Guild Halls. 

Guild in*, a silver coin of the Nether¬ 
lands, of the value of about 40 cents. 

Guinea, a British gold coin, commer¬ 
cially obsolete, the sovereign long since 
having been substituted ; but the term is 
still in frequent use, colloquially. 

Guinea com, a name in the West 
Indies for several species of panicum , cul¬ 
tivated for their seeds. 

Guinea grains . the seeds of the 
amomum grana paradisi; grains of para¬ 
dise. 

Guinea grass, a tall, strong forage 
grass. 

Guinea pepper, another name for 
the grains of paradise. 

Giliguette, a coarse linen made in 
Normandy. 

Guipure lace, an imitation of antique 
lace, made by cutting out the pattern 
from cambric, the flowers and heavy parts 
being made of the cambric, and the open 
parts of stitches; in France a guipure 
lace is also made which resembles the 
honiton ; a kind of gimp. 

Gujarat/ clotli, black and white 
cloth made in Transylvania. 

Gullies, a name sometimes given to 
iron rails or tram-plates. 

Guiu, a concrete, inodorous vegetable 




242 


GUM ARABIC. 


GUNNY-BAGS. 


substance which exudes from certain 
trees, and is distinguished from resins 
by its either softening or dissolving in 
water, and not yielding to alcohol; most 
of the commercial gums are obtained by 
incisions made in the bark of several 
species of acacia growing in Arabia, India, 
Egypt, Senegal, &c.; they differ consider¬ 
ably in color even when obtained from the 
same species. 

Cm 6ilit araliic, a general trade name 
for several descriptions of clear soluble 
gums obtained from the acacia vera and 
other species of acacia; the common va¬ 
rieties are the Barbary, Senegal, Turkey, 
Cape, India, and Australian gum. Our an¬ 
nual imports frequently exceed 3,000,000 
lbs. 

Gum artificial, dextrine, or sub¬ 
stitutes for gum arabic, made from burnt 
or calcined flour. 

Cm is in caraama, a resinous substance 
obtained from the amyris , a tree growing 
in Mexico. 

Glim elastic, india rubber, or caout¬ 
chouc. 

Cmii ill juniper, a concrete gum resin 
obtained from the juniperus communis. 

Giunmi guttu, the general European 
name for gamboge. 

Gum resins, substances consisting of 
gum and resin, and generally with other 
substances; they are obtained chiefly from 
trees and shrubs of particular tribes of 
plants, whence they exude spontaneously, 
or are procured by incisions of the stem 
and branches ; when they first escape to 
the surface they are fluid, and of a light 
color, but gradualy harden and become of 
a deeper hue; and are distinguished by 
being partially soluble in alcohol and 
in water, but completely so in neither, 
and generally possess a strong odor; as 
among the principal gum resins of com¬ 
merce are assafoetida, aloes, ammoniac, 
bdellium, euphorbium, gamboge, galba- 
num, olibanum, myrrh, sagapenum, and 
scaminony. 

Cm mil §eiiC£Jl?, a gum resembling gum 
arabic, obtained from the acacia Senegal, 
used in calico-printing. 

Glim tragiicaiilli, a gum procured 
from the astragalus verus and other spe¬ 
cies, used in calico-printing, by shoe-mak¬ 
ers, and in medicine. 

Glim turic, a variety of the Turkey 
gum arabic. 

Cm ii in wood, a wood obtained in Aus¬ 
tralia, shipped in logs and planks to Eng¬ 
land ; it is used in ship-building and joinery. 


Gionclia, a weight used in Acheen, 
about 290 lbs. 

CmHII cotton, an explosive prepara¬ 
tion produced from cotton wool mixed and 
saturated with nitric and sulphuric acids, 
and washed in water and dried ; it has 
the appearance of ordinary cotton, but is 
har^h to the touch, powerfully explosive, 
and subject to spontaneous combustion. 
It is used to a very limited extent as a 
substitute for gunpowder in blasting, and 
to some extent in photography and sur¬ 
gery. 

CmISBI felt, a substance consisting of 
cotton rags torn into pieces and treated 
with chemicals, with properties claimed 
by the discoverer to be intermediate be¬ 
tween gunpowder and gun cotton. 

Gunge, grain market in India. 

GiifiSjnBi, a name for the dried hemp 
plant, which is cut after flowering, and 
formed into bundles from 2 to 4 feet long 
by 3 inches in diameter. The resinous 
substance contained in the plant fs narcot¬ 
ic, causing intoxication. Gunjah is chiefly 
sold for smoking with tobacco, and is 
used in Hindostan, Persia, and other parts 
of the East. 

Guayusa, an Indian balsam. 

Gun-mefill, an alloy of copper and 
tin, 8 or 10 lbs of tin to 100 lbs. of copper. 

Cm tinny, the commercial name for gun¬ 
ny-cloth, a coarse strong sacking, or wrap- 
ping-cloth, manufactured in Bengal from 
jute, the fibre or produce of some species 
of plants of the genus corchorus , and at 
Bombay and Madras from different kinds 
of sunn fibre, or crotolaria juncea , and 
used for making into bags and sacks, and 
for packing generally. A piece of gunny- 
cloth is usually 30 yards long, and weighs 
about 6 lbs. 

Gunny-Sing*, coarse, strong sacks 
or bags, made in India from gunny, those 
from Bengal of jute, and those from Bom¬ 
bay and Madras of what is called Madras 
hemp, or sunn hemp. All the rice, paddy, 
wheat, pulse, sugar, and saltpetre of the 
country, as well as the pepper, coffee, and 
other foreign produce exported from Cal¬ 
cutta, are packed in gunny-bags, and the 
bags are also largely exported. The annual 
imports of gunny-cloth and gunny-bags into 
the United States, used chiefly for baling 
cotton, amount to many millions of lbs. 
It requires 6 yards to make a bale, and a 
crop of 4,000,000 of bales would therefore 
require 24,000,000 yards. About three- 
fourths of our cotton crop is packed in 
gunny-bags, the rest in hemp bagging. 







GUNPOWDER. 


GYPSUM. 


243 


Gunpowder, a composition of salt¬ 
petre, charcoal, and sulphur; sold in bar¬ 
rels and in canisters; manufactured in va¬ 
rious parts of the United States, but chief¬ 
ly in Delaware, New York, and Massachu¬ 
setts. It is usually put up in 25, 50, or 100 
lb. casks, and, owing to its explosive prop¬ 
erties, its transport and storage are sub¬ 
ject to very strict municipal and harbor 
regulations, which are different in differ¬ 
ent cities. 

Gu npowder Sea, a name for a very 
fine kind of green hyson tea. 

Gun*, a general term for all kinds of 
hand fire-arms, including pistols; cannon, 
mortars, and such like are not known as 
guns in commerce. 

Guiilan^, an Indian dry measure, 
rather more than 15 lbs. 

{wiin wad*, circular pieces of card¬ 
board, felt cloth, &c., used to keep down 
the charge in a gun. Felted cattle-hair 
wads are largely imported. 

Gurjun, a thin balsam or wood oil, 
obtained in Burmah, and much used as a 
substitute for linseed oil. 

GlirraSi, a plain coarse Indian muslin. 

Gutta pei'cSia, a concrete milky 
juice, forming a gum resin, which exudes 
from a large tree, isonandra gutta , which 
abounds in Malacca, and in the island of 
Singapore. An officer in the British ser¬ 
vice about the year 1842 discovered the 
singular properties of the product of this 


tree, and sent specimens of it to Europe, 
which resulted in its speedy adoption in 
the arts, and in establishing for it an im¬ 
mediate commercial character. It was 
formerly the custom to cut down a mag¬ 
nificent tree of 50 or 100 years’ growth, 
strip off the bark, collect the milky juice, 
and pour it into a trough, which on ex¬ 
posure to the atmosphere quickly coagu¬ 
lated, and thus formed the gutta percha of 
commerce. An average tree yielded from 
20 to 30 lbs. This destructive mode of 
obtaining the juice is now superseded by 
tapping instead of felling the trees. The 
sap soon coagulates after it is collected, or 
it is made to do so by boiling, and is then 
kneaded into oblong masses 8 to 12 inches 
long and 4 to 5 broad. Its dark reddish 
brown color is derived from the impurities, 
as pieces of bark that have accidentally 
fallen into the juice, or from sawdust and 
other substances introduced as adulterants. 

Guz, a cloth measure at Bagdad and 
Bassora, a little over $ths of a yard; in 
the East Indies, at Gujerat, 0.G48 yards. 

Gynaiis, gold and silver ornaments 
used by the natives of India. 

Gypsum, a native sulphate of lime; 
the white, compact variety used in stat¬ 
uary is called alabaster; calcined and 
ground, it is plaster of Paris; a fibrous 
variety called satin gypsum is applicable 
to ornamental purposes, such as beads, 
brooches, &c. 



SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Haddock 

Dorche;merluche 

Dorsche 

Schelvisch 

Baccalare 

Dorch 

Hair 

Cheveux 

Haare 

Hair 

Capelli 

Cabellos 

Hamper 

Corbeille 

Korb 

Korf 

Paniere 

Cesto 

Hams 

Jambons 

Schinken 

Hammen 

Presciutti 

Jamones 

Handkerchiefs 

Mouchoirs 

Schnupftucher 

Zakdoekcn 

Fazzoletti 

Pafiuelos 

Handwriting 

Venture 

Handschriffc 

Handsschrift 

Scrittura 

Propria mano 

Hanover 

Hanovre 

Hannover 

Hannover 

Annovra 

Hanovre 

Harbor 

Port 

Hafen 

Haven 

Porto 

Puerto 

Hardware 

Quincaillerie 

Eisenwaaren 

Ijzerwaren 

Chincaglie 

Quincallerias 

Hats 

Chapeaux 

Hiite 

Hoeden 

Cappelli 

Sombreros 

Havana 

Havane 

Havanna 

Havanna 

Avana 

Habana 

Head clerk 

Agent, gerant 

Geschaftsf iihrer 

Gerant, adminis- 
trateur 

Agente 

Agente 

Hemp 

Chanvre 

Hanf 

Hennep 

Canapa 

Canamo 

Herrings 

Harengs 

Haringe 

Haringen 

Aringhe 

Arenques 

Hides 

Cuirs; peaux 

Haute 

Huiden 

Pelli 

Cueros; pieles 

Hogshead 

Demi-piece 

Oxhoft 

Oxhoft; vat 

Botticella 

Bocoy 

Holland 

Hollande 

Holland 

Holland 

Olanda 

Holanda 

Honey 

Miel 

Honig 

Honig 

Mele [minelle 

Miel [bras 

Hooks and eyes 

Agrafes et oeillets 

Haken und Oesen 

Haken en oogen 

Gangheri e fern- 

Machos y hem- 

Hops 

Houblon 

Hopfen 

Hoppe 

Lupolo 

Lupulo 

Horns 

Comes 

Homer 

Horen 

Corni 

Cuernos 

Horse-hair 

Crin de cheval 

Pferdehaare 

Paardenhaar 

Crini di cavallo 

Crin de caballo 

Horses 

Chevaux 

Pferde 

Paarden 

Cavalli 

Caballos 

Hosiery 

Bonneterie 

Strumpfwaaren 

Kousen 

Colzette 

Medias 

Hundred weight 

Quintal 

Zentner 

Centenaar 

Quintale 

Quintal 


Ilabbic, a Syrian dry measure, equal 
to about 3^ bushels. 

Hat>crcBa§lier. This term is not 
much in use in this country, though occa¬ 
sionally met with on the signs and bill-heads 
of dealers in small wares. In England it is 
in very general use, and applies to one who 
deals in the subsidiary articles required by 
tailors, milliners, and dressmakers; such 
as threads, twists, sewing-silks, tapes, 
fringes, buttons, pins, needles, hooks and 
eyes, trimmings, etc. ; and it seems also to 
extend to similar kinds of articles required 
by upholsterers, shoemakers, blindmakers, 
and many other kinds of manufactures. 

Haberdashery, the small wares 
dealt in and sold by haberdashers. 

Maberdiaes, dried and salted cod¬ 
fish, the name corrupted from Ab&i'deen- 
Jish. 


Hackberry timber, the timber of 

the celtis crassifolia , or hoop-ash; or the 
celtis occidentalism both of which are species 
of the North American nettle-tree. 

Hackia, a valuable millwright tim¬ 
ber or wood of Demerara, known there 
as lignum-vitse; but it is quite different from 
the lignum-vitse of commerce. 

Hackles, the long, glossy feathers 
from the necks of domestic fowls, used to 
make artificial flies ; angling flies; long iron 
teeth or combs, for separating the coaise 
part of hemp or flax from the fine ; raw 
silks, or any flimsy substances unspun. 

Hackmatack, a common name for 
the timber of the tamarack or American 
larch ; it is much used in ship-building in 
the Eastern States, where the tree acquires 
a large size. 

Haddock, a species of cod-fish, 



















HADID. 


HALF-CROWN. 


245 


caught in great abundance everywhere on 
the American coast, from New York to the 
Arctic regions; also, on the coast of North¬ 
ern Europe. They are less esteemed and 
considerably cheaper than the cod, but are 
caught, cured, packed, and sold in the 
same manner. 

Ha<li<3, a cloth measure at Bassora, of 
about 34 inches or 0.95 yards. 

Hafer Metze, a grain measure of 
Bavaria, of a little more than half a bushel, 
or bushels. 

Hafer scliefel, a grain measure of 
Lippe, of about 1^ bushel. 

Hafer $1 Benner, a measure of Nu¬ 
remberg, of 16-$)% bushels. 

Hafts, solid handles of knives, cut from 
bone, ivory, etc. ; distinguished from those 
that are flat side-pieces riveted to a cen¬ 
tral plate. 

Haggle, to cavil and hesitate in bar¬ 
gaining. 

Ilai loll, a measure of length at Suma¬ 
tra, of 36 inches. 

Hair. Various kinds of hair enter into 
commerce : human hair for wigs, curls, 
etc., made up by workers in hair; the 
Cashmere goat’s or camel’s hair, for 
shawls; horse hair for hair-cloth, fish-lines, 
etc. ; goat’s hair for a variety of kinds of 
woven fabrics; the hair of horses is used 
for stuffing sofas, saddles, etc. ; cattle hair 
for builders’ uses, and the hair of the bad¬ 
ger, martin, polecat, etc., for hair-pencils ; 
the coarser hair of dogs, hogs, etc., for 
brushes. 

Hair’s-breadtli, a nominal measure, 
considered the 48th part of an inch. 

Hair-fornsBies, toilet brushes for the 
hair, made of bristles. 

Hair-clotll, a woven fabric of the hair 
of the horse’s tail, or a fabric of horse-tail 
hair and cotton. The width of the fabric 
is limited by the length of the hair which 
is employed as the woof, the warp being 
black cotton, linen, or worsted yarn. The 
width of hair-cloth seldom exceeds 36 
inches; it is used for chair-bottoms and 
other purposes. An imitation of black 
hair-cloth is made by the use of hard twist¬ 
ed and highly gummed and polished cotton 
threads. 

Hair-dyes, preparations used for 
changing the color of the hair or whiskers. 

Hair-gloves, gloves made from a 
fabric woven from horse-hair, used for rub¬ 
bing the skin. 

Hair liaes, fishing-lines made from 
horse-hair. 

Hair nets, nets made of sewing-silk, 


I mohair, and human hair, and glazed and 
polished cotton thread, for enclosing ladies’ 
hair. 

Hair-oils, oils used for the hair; cas¬ 
tor-oil, being about the only fatty oil which 
readily unites with alcohol, is much used in 
the preparation of hair-oils. Bear’s-grease, 
cocoa-nut oil, and other oils are also used. 

Hair-pencils, artists’ brushes made 
of the hair of the camel, badger, marten, 
polecat, &c., mounted in quills or metal 
tubes. 

Hair-pins, bent wires with double 
points for confining ladies’ hair; manufac¬ 
tured by millions in Connecticut and else¬ 
where, and sold in casks to merchants in 
commercial cities. 

Hair-powder, a preparation of per¬ 
fumed, pulverized starch or flour. 

flair-seating, hair-cloth for cover¬ 
ing chairs, sofas, &c. 

Hair-work, fancy articles made 
from hair, such as ear-rings, bracelets, 
lockets, watch-chains, &c. 

Blake, a fish which is usually split and 
dry-cured, and packed like the cod-fish— 
sometimes called stock-fish. 

Halebi, a measure of length at Con¬ 
stantinople, of a little more than f of a 
yard; in the Crimea, -,*V of a yard. 

Haifa, or alfa, a name in Algeria for 
the fibres of several species of stipa, used 
in the manufacture of paper, &c. 

Half, one thing divided into two equal 
parts, in mercantile transactions expressed 
by vulgar or decimal fractions, as \ or 
-Ms or 0.50. 

Half-blisliel, the unit or standard 
measure of capacity for substances not 
being liquids, containing 1,075 cubic inches 
and -,Vo of a cubic inch. In the State 
of New York it is provided by law that the 
half-bushel shall be made cylindrical in 
form, with plain and even bottom, and 
shall be from outside to outside 15| inches. 
The measure for coal, ashes, marl, Indian 
com in the ear, fruit and roots of every 
kind, and all other commodities commonly 
sold by heap-measure, is the half-bushel 
and its multiples and subdivisions. 

Hal f-cent, a copper coin of the U. S., 
of the value of 5 mills ; not coined since 
the year 1857, and but few remain in cir¬ 
culation. The total coinage of the half- 
cent was, from 1793 to 1817, 5,235,573 
pieces; from 1818 to 1837, 2,205,200 
pieces; and from 1838 to 1857, 544,570 
pieces. 

Half-crown, a British silver coin, 
worth 57 cents, no longer coined. 






246 


HALF-DIME. 


HAMBURG. 


a silver coin of the U. S., 
of the value of 5 cents, weight 19-,% grains. 

Half-dollar, a silver coin of the U. 
S., value 50 cents ; weight, 192 grains. 

Half-eagle, a gold coin of the U. S., 
value $5; weight, 129 grains. 

Half-far!Si oig, a British copper coin 
of the value of about % of a cent. 

Half-Siose, short stockings, or stock¬ 
ings which reach only about half-way to 
the knee. 

Stai Bi-sin perial, a kind of mill-board, 
23|xl6| inches. 

Half-peck, a measure of capacity 
containing 1 of the half-bushel, being one 
of the regular subdivisions of the half¬ 
bushel. 

Half-pcaisiy, a British copper coin, 
weighing about 146 grains, and of the 
value of about one cent. 

Ha I S'-price, in trade, considerably less 
than the usual or current price. 

HaSf-price store, a store where ar¬ 
ticles are sold, or asserted to be sold, at 
less than the standard prices. 

Half-royal, mill-board of 204x13 
inches ; or, large half-royal, 21x14 inches. 

Half-sovereign, a British gold coin 
of the value of 10s. sterling, or $2.42. 

Half-stuff, anything partially pre¬ 
pared for manufacture, as pulp for paper¬ 
making, &c. 

ilali, a weight used in Malacca, of 
32 lbs. 

Malilmt, a large flat sea-fish, sold in 
the New York markets, cut up in the form 
of steaks, and frequently seen there weigh¬ 
ing from 300 to 400 lbs. They are caught 
in large numbers off the coast of New Eng¬ 
land and on the banks of Newfoundland, 
and when smoked and dried, enter into 
general commerce. 

Sfjilsfax, a commercial city, and capi¬ 
tal of Nova Scotia. It is situated on a bay 
or deep inlet of the sea, and has one of the 
finest harbors in America. The trade is 
considerable, and the city derives some im¬ 
portance from the British mail steamships 
stopping at the port, and from having a 
steam intercourse with Boston. The ex¬ 
ports are dried and pickled fish, lumber, 
coal, cattle, and potatoes to the West Indies; 
timber, deals, whale, cod, and seal oil, to 
Great Britain ; and gypsum, coal, and fish 
to the United States. The imports from the 
United States consist principally of flour 
and lumber, which they export again to the 
British West Indies; their other imports 
are colonial produce from the West Indies, 
and manufactured goods from England. 


The Moneys of account in mercantile transactions 
are in currency, and are formed from the valuation of 
the American dollar at a higher rate than its value in 
sterling—the dollar being valued at 5s. instead of 
4 s. 2d. But what is called sterling in the usual lan¬ 
guage of Canadian exchanges is the valuation of the 
dollar at 4s. 6 d., between which and Halifax cur¬ 
rency the relation is as 9 to 10, making £90 in nomi¬ 
nal sterling (in dollars at 4s. 6 d.) equal to £100 
Halifax currency, and the par premium on the nomi¬ 
nal equal to 8 per cent. The weights and measures 
are the same as those of the United States, except in 
the use of the minot for the bushel , the minot being 
1.11-100 of our bushel. 

Sill lie, a French market-place. 

If ill I, the business room in a town 
guild. 

Hill vans, impure ores, which require 
to be washed. 

SSatnbel, woollen blankets, or a kind 
of carpet used in Algeria., 

one of the Hanse towns, 
and the greatest commercial port of the 
European continent, situate on the river 
Elbe, about 70 miles from its mouth. By 
rivers and artificial cuts and sluices, and 
by canals and railroads, it is so connected 
with numerous other cities and with such 
a vast extent of country, that it commands 
almost the entire trade of Germany. Ves¬ 
sels drawing 14 feet water can ascend the 
river clear up to the city at all stages of 
the tide, and those drawing 18 feet come 
safely up with spring tides. Hamburg is 
not a centre of consumption, but of distri¬ 
bution, and the exports and the imports 
consist substantially of the same commo¬ 
dities, embracing every article that Ger¬ 
many either sells or buys from foreigners, 
and amounting in the aggregate to about 
$250,000,000 annually. 

“ The principal trade between Ham¬ 
burg and Great Britain is carried on through 
Hull, a regular communication being main¬ 
tained between them by lines of steamers 
that sail twice a week or oftener. She is 
connected in the same way with London, 
Liverpool, and Dundee. Her trade with 
New York and other American ports, 
which is partly carried on by steamers and 
partly by sailing ships, is also extensive. 
The same may be said of her trade with 
Havre and the principal continental ports. 
She has, further, some trade with India, 
China, and the Eastern Archipelago.” 

There are no duties on exports, and on 
merchandise which is not admitted abso¬ 
lutely free, the duty is only 4 per cent. 

“ The levy of duties is conducted in the 
simplest manner, and on the most liberal 
footing. No vexatious forms check the 
free intercourse or the free course of 
trade; the entry for duty is merely a de- 




HAMBURG LAKE. 


HANDWRITING. 


247 


claration of the current value at the time; 
transitu articles remaining in warehouse 
for exportation require a mere declaration 
to that effect by a burgher or citizen. 
Goods by all vessels, from whatever quar¬ 
ter of the world, pay the same duties ; no 
advantage is claimed for vessels bearing 
her own flag.” 

The moneys of account are : 12 pfennings=1 schil¬ 
ling; 16 schillings=l mark. The rix dollar in ex¬ 
changes is equivalent to 3 marcs, or 48 schillings. 
There are two valuations of Hamburg money; the 
one called banco , the other currency. 100 Hamburg 
marcs banco =£7 8 s 2 cl. sterling= §35.86; 100 Ham¬ 
burg marcs courant =£5 17s. 8d. sterling =. 528 .47. 
The Prussian thaler by law is made a legal tender 
for 2£ marcs currency; and Hamburg coins, 1 and 2 
thaler pieces of the same weight and fineness as the 
corresponding Prussian coins. The value of the 
marc banco in the United States, as fixed by act of 
Congress, is 85 cents. 

100 lbs. Hamburg=100.81 lbs. avoirdupois. 

112 “ “ ..119.625 lbs. 

100 “ Avoirdupois. 93.63 “ Hamburg. 

112 “ “ ..104.86 “ “ 

A stein of flax is 20 lbs., or 21.36 lbs. avoirdupois ; 
of feathers or wool, 10 lbs., or 10.68 lbs. avoirdupois. 

100 viertel=191.220 gallons. 

100 gallons=52.35 vicrtel. 

100 oxhoft=57.22 gallons. 

100 scheffel=298.Sll bushels. 

100 ells (of cloth)=62.581 yards. 

100 ells, Brabant (most used)=75.615 yards. 

In retail measurements, 5 Brabant ells are reckon¬ 
ed to 6 Hamburg. 

Hamburg JaKt 4 , a cochineal lake 
color, rather purplish, or inclining to crim¬ 
son. 

53 ;i llimer-clotll, ornamented cloth 
used for coverings for coachmen’s seats, 
so called from the practice of carrying a 
hammer and nails in a pocket or box 
covered and hid by this cloth. 

Hammer-hard, iron or steel hard¬ 
ened by hammering. 

Mam mer-lieads, hammers without 
the handles, made of iron or steel, and im¬ 
ported from England in casks, and fitted 
with wooden handles in the United States. 

Hammocks, hanging beds made of 
hempen cloth, or netted twine gathered at 
the ends and suspended by cords. 

Hampers, large osier or other kind 
of wicker-work panniers or baskets. 

Hums, the salted, cured, and smoked 
thighs of hogs. They are usually packed 
in tierces, the number of hams contained 
in the tierce and the weight of the whole 
being marked on the end. Cincinnati, 
Louisville, Chicago, and New York are the 
centres of the trade in this article. Differ¬ 
ent packers have their peculiar brands or 
trademarks, which, when once established, 
give them an increased commercial value. 
Those from Westphalia, in Prussia, are the 
most celebrated, the imports of which, 


however, are but inconsiderable; those 
from the small hogs which roam over the 
mountains of West Virginia are, for the ex¬ 
cellence of their flavor, next in esteem. 

Hamster, a small rodent animal of 
the rat species, found in Germany, which 
furnishes an indifferent article of fur. 

IBubs, a trading-depot, caravansary, or 
inn, in the Levant. 

Hand, the palm, a measure of four 
inches, used in ascertaining the height of 
horses; the form of writing or penman¬ 
ship ; a bunch of tobacco-leaves tied to¬ 
gether ; on hand, in present possession, as, 
he has a supply of goods on hand; at 
hand , in command of, as, he has money at 
hand. 

Haild-bi 5Is, advertisements printed 
on small sheets, to be distributed by hand ; 
the term is also used for printed advertise¬ 
ments -which are posted in public places, 
on walls, fences, etc., and also called show¬ 
bills. 

Hand-books, small books which may 
be easily held in the hand, and such as are 
usually earned by travellers; guide-books. 

Hand-brcadtii, a measure of three 
inches; an indefinite measure; a palm. 

Handkerchiefs, pieces of woven 
fabides of linen, cotton, silk, pine-apple 
fibre, etc., generally square, and varying in 
size from 8 to 22 inches, intended to be 
carried about the person ; a piece of cloth 
worn about the neck, or neckerchief. 

Hand-Boom weaving, weaving 
performed on the primitive kind of loom, 
which is mainly constructed of wood, and 
operated by the feet and hands of one per¬ 
son ; mostly used for the manufacture of 
delicate or complicated fabrics. 

BBand-ntoncy, the money paid at 
the closing of a contract or sale by the pur¬ 
chaser ; earnest money. 

Hand-sale, a bargain confirmed by 
shaking hands, a custom which formerly 
prevailed throughout Germany and Nor¬ 
way ; and shaking of hands is still held by 
common people to be necessary to bind a 
verbal bargain. 

Handsel, the price or earnest given 
immediately after, or instead of shaking 
hands. 

Handspikes, wooden bars used with 
the hand as levers; in the United States 
made mostly of American hickory or white 
ash. 

Halid-work, that which is effected 
by the hands alone, without the interven¬ 
tion of machinery. 

Handwriting, the style or manner 




248 


HANGINGS. 


HARDWARE. 


of writing- peculiar to the person; the hand¬ 
writing which should obtain in the count¬ 
ing room of the merchant ought to be 
characterized by the utmost distinctness, 
and by the entire absence of flourish or 
ornament. 

HaiiifiiinS? tapestry or curtains ; room 
papers ; linings for rooms. 

Slaiik, a coil; two or more skeins of 
thread, silk, or cotton tied together; a 
yam measure, which for cotton yarn con¬ 
sists of 840 yards ; for worsted yam, 560 
yards. 

Hankow, a commercial city of China, 
commanding the most extensive river com¬ 
munication of any city in the empire, if 
not in the world. It is nearly in the cen¬ 
tre of China, distant about 680 miles from 
Shanghai. The export trade consists of 
tea, silk, oil, vegetable tallow, etc. ; tea 
constituting about one-half of the whole, 
amounting annually to 40,000,000 of 
pounds. 

Hansard, a merchant of one of the 
Hanse Towns; the standard edition of the 
Reports of proceedings in the English Par¬ 
liament. 

Han SO, a society or trading corpora¬ 
tion, synonymous with the term guild. 

Hanseatic League, the name 
given to an association formed in the 12th 
and 13th centuries, of the principal cities 
of the north of Germany, Prussia, Poland, 
&c., for the protection and better carrying 
on of commerce, and for their mutual 
safety and defence. The League was at one 
time very powerful, and for two or three 
hundred years, in all matters which per¬ 
tained to commerce, commanded the re¬ 
spect and defied the power of kings. 

Hanse towns, cities of the Han¬ 
seatic League, embracing at one time sev¬ 
enty-two cities in Germany, Holland, Eng¬ 
land, France, Spain, and Italy. The 
League has ceased to exist; but certain 
cities called Hanse towns or Free cities still 
enjoy some commercial immunities derived 
from this source, Liibeck, Hamburg, and 
Bremen being the only ones of importance. 

Ilaoii, a term in China for the-^-th of 
a dollar. 

Harbaia, a measure of capacity used 
in Tripoli, Barbary, and other parts of 
Northern Africa, equal to 204 lbs. 

Harbor, a port or haven for ships; 
a place where ships may anchor and ride 
with safety ; a bay or inlet of the sea, in 
which ships can moor and be sheltered and 
protected by the surrounding country from 
the fury of the winds and heavy seas. 


liarbor-master, an officer appoint¬ 
ed to regulate and to station vessels in the 
stream, or harbor, or at the wharves, and 
who has authority to remove ships or ves¬ 
sels not employed in receiving or discharg¬ 
ing cargoes, to make room for such others 
as require accommodations for that pur¬ 
pose, and to perform other like services in 
the interests of commerce. 

Harbor regulations. Vessels are 
subject to such regulations as are in force 
at any port or harbor which they enter; as, 
the distance from the wharf where they 
may moor; in what part of the stream 
they may anchor; where discharge their 
ballast; how dispose of their rubbish ; 
where land gunpowder; what lights to 
hoist at night; and all such other regula¬ 
tions as tend to secure and promote the 
general shipping interest. Each port has 
its own peculiar regulations ; a curious 
one exists at Havre, where it is prohibited 
to have fire or lighted candle, or to smoke, 
on board ships in the harbor. Bitter com¬ 
plaints are made against this rule. All 
cooking has to be done on shore, and small 
sailing vessels, arriving saturated with 
water, and with the clothes of the crew 
wet, have no place to dry in. The conse¬ 
quence is that men quit their vessels, and 
betake themselves to low drinking-shops, 
to the great demoralization of the crews. 

Hardes (French), clothes, luggage, 
apparel. 

Hard-fish, a name for fish salted aaad 
dried. 

Hardback, the roots, leaves, and 
stems of the spiraea tormentosa, used in 
medicine. The shrub grows in the Middle 
and Northern States. 

Hard-joe, the name for a kind of 
hard sailors’ bread. 

Hard rubber, India rubber vulcan¬ 
ized with sulphur and magnesia, by which 
it becomes hard and capable of being 
worked like wood; extensively used for 
knife-handles, and in the manufacture of 
surgical instruments ; also for pencil-cases 
and jewelry. 

Hards, the refuse or coarse part of 
flax. 

Hard soap, a common name for the 
different kinds of the soaps of commerce, 
as distinguished from the soft soaps of 
domestic manufacture, or those produced 
with oily matters and potash. 

Hard-tack, a name given by soldiers 
and sailors to the hard biscuit used for 
their rations. 

Hardware, a general name for all 



HARDWARE STORE. 

wares made of iron or other metals, es¬ 
pecially embracing the various iron, brass, 
steel, and other manufactured metal arti¬ 
cles and tools used in different trades and 
in housekeeping; but the term does not 
include cutlery, machinery, agricultural 
implements, and such like articles. 

II arc!ware store, a store where 
are sold all kinds of hardware and cut¬ 
lery, and the smaller manufactures of iron 
and other metals. 

Hard woods, heavy, close-grained 
woods, such as are used by wheelwrights, 
cabinet-makers, and in turnery. Among 
the woods of our own country included in 
this phrase are walnut, wild cherry, hick¬ 
ory, ash, white oak, chestnut, maple, dog¬ 
wood, locust, cedar, t&c. In the common 
use of the phrase it means the commercial 
woods which are not included with firs, 
pines, or spruce. 

Hare-skins, the skins of hares and 
rabbits, sold for their fur. 

Harness, the equipments of a car¬ 
riage or draft horse, including everything 
which is placed on the horse when he is 
employed. 

Harness plate, the plated bits, 
buckles, rings, &c., on harness. 

Itarra, a weight of Surat, of 787|lbs. 

Hart si! 1, a commercial designation at 
Canton for orpiment. 

Hartford, the principal commercial 
city of Connecticut, situate on the Connec¬ 
ticut River, at the head of navigation, and 
distant from New York about 100 miles. 
It is a port of delivery, attached to the dis¬ 
trict of Middletown, and has a resident 
United States Surveyor of the port. It is 
noted for its manufacture of books, fire¬ 
arms, and railroad cars; and also, and par¬ 
ticularly, for the extent to which its Insu¬ 
rance Companies have secured the confi¬ 
dence, and the business, of commercial 
houses in all the principal cities of the 
Union. 

Hartshorn, the horns of deer, im¬ 
ported mostly from Germany in the form 
of shavings; liquid ammonia, or spirits of 
hartshorn, so named because formerly ob¬ 
tained by distilling the horns of the deer. 

Harvest, the aggregate crop of grain 
harvested and secured. 

Hashish, an intoxicating drug pre¬ 
pared from the cannabis indica , or Indian 
hemp; essentially the same as gunjah. 

Hatch way, a square or oblong open¬ 
ing in the decks of vessels or in the floors 
of warehouses or stores, through which 
merchandise is raised or lowered. 


HAVANA. 249 

Hath, a measure of length for mat¬ 
ting, at Surat, -, A 0 a 0 - of a yard. 

Hat-linings, leather, silk, or other 
inside trimmings for hats. 

Hat-money, a small duty, usually 
called primage, sometimes paid to the offi¬ 
cers and crew of a ship. 

Hats, coverings for the head, made of 
felted fur, of cotton and fur, of wool, of 
silk plush, of straw, cork-wood bark, and 
of grass. The hats which enter most 
largely into trade are those which are 
felted throughout, and those which are 
made with a covering, usually of silk plush 
upon a prepared stiff body. In the former 
class are included the coarse qualities made 
entirely of wool mixed with hair and stiff¬ 
ened with glue; those called plated, 
which are furnished with an external pile 
or nap of finer material than the body; 
and those called short naps, in which some 
of the better class of fur is worked in the 
plating or nap. The long fibres of wool 
are felted, and of this a ruder and cheaper 
quality of hat is made than from fur. 
Straw hats are made on a large scale in 
Massachusetts and Connecticut. The larg¬ 
est hat manufactories in the United States 
are found in New York, Danbury, Conn., 
and Newark, N. J. 

Hatters’ fairs. Instead of beavers’ 
fur, which has now become very scarce, 
most of the furs used in the manufacture 
of hats are rabbits’, the principal supplies 
coming from Germany. The animals that 
furnish it are the common gray and white 
rabbits or hares, and it is known in com¬ 
merce as coney or Russia fur. Consider¬ 
able amounts are also received in New 
York from Virginia and North Carolina. 
Fur waste, or short furs and sweepings, 
are also imported from Germany and 
France, and are known in the trade as low- 
priced hatters’ furs. 

Mat varnish, shellac, seed lac, and 
some chemical preparations used by hat¬ 
ters, which in their trade they call var¬ 
nishes. 

Maul, a measure at Bombay of 18£ 
inches ; at Calcutta about 17| inches. 

Hant-a-has, a French pedler, a 
travelling trader. 

Havana, a seaport city on the Island 
of Cuba, the greatest commercial port of 
the West Indies, and one of the finest har¬ 
bors in the world. The chief products of 
the island, and those which form the great 
export trade of the city, are sugar, tobacco, 
cigars, coffee, copper ore, beeswax, honey, 
and molasses. The exports of tobacco are 




250 


HAVANA CEDAR. 


HEAD-NETS. 


nearly 10,000,000 of pounds per annum, 
and about 200,000,000 of cigars, and of 
sugar 500,000,000 of pounds. The im¬ 
ports consist chiefly of grain, flour, pro¬ 
visions, machinery, cotton goods, &c., &c., 
from the United States ; wines from Spain 
and France; cotton goods, hardware, me¬ 
tals, coal, and East India rice from Eng¬ 
land. By far the larger part of the trade 
of Havana is with the United States. 

The Moneys ai'e, 1 dollar = 8 reals plate = 20 reals 
veil on; 1 doubloon=17 dollars; 444 dollars=£100 
sterling. Weights and Measures. —1 quintal = 100 
lbs., or 4 arrobas of 25 lbs. ; 100 lbs. Spanish=101% 
lbs. United States; 108 varas=100 yards; 1 fanega 
=3 bushels, or 100 lbs. Spanish. A hogshead of 
sugar=1,300 lbs. ; a bag of coffee=150 lbs. ; a hogs¬ 
head of molasses = 110 gallons ; a bale of tobacco= 
100 lbs.; a pipe of tafia, or rum=120 gallons. 

Hav ana cedar, the wood of the 
cedrela odorifera , a West Indian wood used 
for cigar-boxes and cabinet furniture. 

Havana cigars cigars made at Ha¬ 
vana, from tobacco raised in that part of the 
Island of Cuba contiguous to Havana. 

Havana tobacco, tobacco raised 
in the vicinity of Havana, and distinguished 
above all other kinds for its excellent qual¬ 
ities for cigars. Much of the tobacco rais¬ 
ed in the other parts of the Island of Cuba 
is sold as Havana, but it is inferior in qual¬ 
ity, and sells in the market for about one- 
third the price. 

Haven, a port for shelter; any place 
in which ships can be sheltered by the land 
from the force of tempests and a violent 
sea. 

Haversacks, small bags of cloth or 
leather, used by soldiers to carry their pro¬ 
visions. 

Havre, a city of France, situate on 
the English channel, near the mouth of the 
Seine. Next to Marseilles it is the most 
important commercial city of France; its 
importance being vastly augmented by 
the fact of its being the actual shipping 
port of Paris. The moneys of account are 
francs and centimes, and the weights and 
measures are those of the French metrical 
system. 

Hawk’s-bfll turtle, an imbricated 
turtle found in the West Indies, Gulf of 
Mexico, coast of Guiana, and Brazil, and 
in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It fur¬ 
nishes the shells or plates known in com¬ 
merce as tortoise-shell. A good sized tur¬ 
tle of this species furnishes about 15 lbs. of 
shell. 

Hawkery pedlers, or travelling vend¬ 
ers of small wares; they are generally re¬ 
quired to take out licenses under the State 
laws. 


Hawser, a large rope, or small cable, 
in size between a cable and a tow-line. 

Elay, grass cut and prepared for fod¬ 
der. In the United States hay is among 
the largest and most valuable of the farm 
crops—made mostly from clover and timo¬ 
thy grasses, the latter being the most mer¬ 
chantable, and the kind which is usually 
shipped from the Middle and Eastern States 
to the Southern States and to the West 
Indies. It is shipped in large bales, well 
pressed and bound. Hay is cured or pre¬ 
pared grass, not a manufacture. The de¬ 
cision of the Treasury Department, of 
April 8, 1808, that it should be classed 
with “ articles manufactured, in whole or 
in part,” was not well considered. Hay is 
no more a manufacture than are oats or 
corn. 

Hay-market, the space allotted for, 
or the place in a city, where hay is brought 
and exposed for sale. 

Hazel-nuts, a naine for the different 
varieties of nuts of the corylus, or nut- 
tree, including the filberts of commerce. 
The wood of the hazel-nut tree, in England, 
is used for making crates, hoops, hur¬ 
dles, &c. 

Mead, the principal of the house or 
firm; a bundle of flax; in the north of 
Europe, 18 heads of flax or hemp are equal 
to 112 lbs. The term is used in the sale 
of cattle, and the singular is used to ex¬ 
press many, as he bought twenty head of 
oxen. 

Head-bands, narrow silk or cotton 
cord, or braid, used by bookbinders. 

Head-dress, caps, feathers, or other 
ornaments or coverings worn on the head 
by females. 

Heading's, boards or planks used for 
the heads of sugar hogsheads and other 
kinds of casks; those for molasses hogs¬ 
heads have the edges bevelled, those for 
sugar are square. They are usually sold 
with the shooks, but may be purchased 
separately; when sold together, “ 1,000 
shooks and heads” means 1,000bundles of 
staves and 2,000 heads. Bangor and Port¬ 
land are the chief depots for their sale. 
Headings from the Province of New Bruns¬ 
wick, under the reciprocity treaty, were 
refused free entry as “ lumber unmanufac¬ 
tured,” or manufactured only by “ hewing 
and sawing,” because of their having a 
hole bored in them by a bit, for the pur¬ 
pose of inserting a dowel.— Let. Sec. of Tr. 
to Col. at Portland, Me., June 2, 1868. 

Ilcad-nets, caps or coverings for the 
head, made of human hair, silk, glazed 








HEAP-MEASURE. 


HEMP. 


251 


and polished thread, or mohair, netted in 
open meshes; worn by ladies. 

Heap-measure, a measure in which 
the commodity is heaped up above the 
sides in the form of a cone, the outside, or 
outer edge of the measure being the limit 
of the base of the cone, and the cone to be 
as high as the article will admit .—Laws 
State New York. 

SlcuHk- rugs, ornamental mats of 
thick woollen or worsted stuff, or of car¬ 
pet-work, or dressed skins with the wool 
on, to lay on the floor or hearth before a 
fire-place. 

Heart-wood, the hard central part 
of the trunk of a tree ; wood or timber di¬ 
vested of the sap-wood. 

Heavers, stevedores, or ’long-shore 
men. 

Heavy, large in amount, as, a heavy 
expense, a heavy debt; dull of sale. 

Heavy-Baden, vessels having a full 
cargo and sitting deep in the water. 

Heeto, a prefix to French weights 
and measures, signifying a hundred times 
greater. 

Hectogramme, 100 grammes, a lit¬ 
tle more than 34 ounces. 

Hectolitre, 100 litres—a liquid ca¬ 
pacity nearly 204 gallons; or accurately, 
26.4178 gallons; dry capacity, 2.8378 bush¬ 
els. 

Heelge-Jiog, a dredging machine used 
for removing shoals in rivers. 

Heel-ball, a kind of hard wax or pol¬ 
ishing substance, used by shoemakers. 

Hecr, a yarn measure ; a heer of 24 
cuts or 240 threads is 600 yards. 

Hellebore, a medicinal drug; the 
roots of the black hellebore of Southern 
Europe, the white hellebore, veratrum 
album , of the Alps and Pyrenees, and the 
American hellebore, veratrum viride, known 
as poke-root, are all drug roots. 

Helmet shells, a name for several 
species of shells found in the East Indies, 
used for cutting into cameos. 

Help, pecuniary assistance—he cannot I 
get through his payments this month with¬ 
out help. 

Heiliatilie, a coloring matter pre¬ 
pared from logwood. 

Hematite ore, a species of iron ore 
of which there are several varieties, and a 
very remarkable deposit of which is found 
in the Iron Mountain, in Missouri, about 
90 miles south of St. Louis. Hematite is 
sometimes hard enough to take a fine pol¬ 
ish, and is then used for polishing glass and 
metals ; it also possesses the property of 


laying gold and silver leaf on metals, with¬ 
out tearing or fraying the leaf. The bur¬ 
nishers of gilders, goldsmiths, and cutlers 
are of hematite. The kind used for this 
purpose is of a very dark red color and fine 
grain. Galicia, in Spain, is the chief local¬ 
ity whence this description is obtained, and 
the people of Compostella, who specially 
devote themselves to the search for it, sup¬ 
ply nearly the whole commercial demand of 
Europe and America. Reduced to a fine 
powder it is used also for polishing tin, sil¬ 
ver, and gold, and also as a coloring mate¬ 
rial. The name is derived from a Greek 
word signifying blood, on account of its 
color. The brown hematite ore is similar 
in its composition to bog ores, and is the 
kind to which the term is usually applied 
in the United States, and from which a 
large port' -n of the iron made in this coun¬ 
try is produced. 

HeinatOSllie, the red coloring mat¬ 
ter of blood in its dried state, sold for mak¬ 
ing Prussian blue. 

Hemlock bark, the bark of the 
hemlock tree, very extensively used in tan¬ 
ning leather. The large hemlock trees of 
the Northern States are felled, and peeling 
the bark from them gives employment to 
thousands of hands in the spring of the 
year. The bark is usually cut into lengths 
of four feet, and is sold by the cord. 

Hemlock timber, the timber of the 
American hemlock tree, a coarse-grained 
wood, used in ordinary carpentry. It is 
found in great quantities in the Northern 
States and in Canada. 

Hemlock gum, a common but in¬ 
correct name for Canada pitch. 

BIcieilock sole, sole leather tanned 
with hemlock bark. 

flciimBiiig', a shoe or sandal made of 
raw hide. 

Mcibijb, a plant of the nettle tribe, the 
cannabis saliva. It is largely cultivated in 
Europe, Asia, and in our Western States, 
for its valuable fibre. Tbe imports of this 
fibre are mostly from Russia, though occa¬ 
sionally shipments are received from Italy. 
Kentucky furnishes the larger portion of 
our domestic yield. It is made into sail¬ 
cloth, towelling, bagging, and other coarse 
canvas fabrics; and is used in the manu¬ 
facture of carpeting, cordage, &c. The 
trade varieties are distinguished as Ameri¬ 
can and Russian, but there are several 
other fibres known in commerce to which 
the term hemp is more or less loosely ap¬ 
plied, as, jute hemp, Manilla hemp, pita 
hemp, brown hemp, sunn, Bombay, and 





252 


HEMPEN. 


HIDES. 


Malabar, Sisal, Tampico, &c., &c. The act 
of Congress of June 12, 1859, prohibits the 
purchase of foreign hemp for the use of 
the navy, unless there be a deficiency in 
the supply of American ; provided, that 
the quality of the latter be equal, and the 
price not above that of the foreign. 

Hempen, made of hemp; a class of 
goods known in trade as Dundee goods. 

Hemp-seed, the seeds of the common 
hemp plant. 

Hemp-seed oi2, an oil obtained from 
the seed of the cannabis sativa by pressure; 
it forms a large trade in Russia, where it is 
produced in large quantities. 

He nbane, the seeds and the leaves 
of the hyoscyamus , a medicinal drug. The 
plant grows in the Southern States, and in 
great abundance in Michigan; but the 
drug is chiefly imported from Manheim, 
usually in bales of 175 pounds. 

HcaikcniUBm. a measure for liquids 
in Oldenburg of 10^ gallons, and for grain 
of 1 rs bushel. 

Herma, a red or orange coloring sub¬ 
stance obtained from a tropical shrub 
known as the Egyptian privet. The Ma¬ 
hometan women use it for dyeing the nails 
red; the manes and tails of the horses in 
Arabia and Barbary are also stained red in 
the same manner. The flowers of the plant 
are used in perfumery. 

Herbalist, a dealer in medicinal 
plants. 

Herbs, plants which die to the root 
every year, which distinguishes them from 
shrubs or trees. The leaves and stems of 
many kinds are sold by druggists, and are 
used in medicine and for culinary pur¬ 
poses. 

Hermetically sealed, perfectly 
closed, as a bottle corked and a coating of 
wax put on the top to render it impervious 
to air. 

Hermitag'C, the name of a French 
wine. 

Hernant-seeds, the commercial 
name for the seeds of a large tree growing 
in the East Indies, the hernandia origera ; 
the nuts or seeds are very large, and are 
exported to Europe for tanning purposes. 

Herrings, a valuable kind of fish, and 
among the most important of any which 
enter into commerce. They move in vast 
shoals, coming from high northern latitudes 
in the spring to the shores of Europe and 
America. The white or pickled are merely 
salted and put into barrels; the red herrings 
are gutted, salted, and smoked. The for¬ 
mer are sold by the barrel or half barrel, the 


latter in boxes of 50 or 100 lbs. The 
common American species are found on 
the coasts of New England, Nova Scotia, 
and Newfoundland. They do not ascend 
rivers, and are generally caught in seines 
and sweep nets, but they are by no means 
so abundant as they were in former years ; 
whereas the catch of the herring fisheries 
of Great Britain is on the increase, reach¬ 
ing to as many as 1,000,000 of barrels in a 
year, and giving employment to 100,000 
persons. Yarmouth is the great seat of 
the English herring fishery; the fish at this 
place are counted thus: Two are taken in 
each hand, and the four thrown together 
in the heap make a warp; 4 herrings make 
a warp, 33 warp make 100 (the Yarmouth 
100 being 132). A last of herring is defined 
by measure instead of count, but a last is 
estimated to contain about 10,000 Yar¬ 
mouth herrings, and a larger number, say 
13,000 of Baltic herrings. 

Hessians, a Dundee manufacture of a 
coarse fabric of jute and hemp, used for 
bagging. 

it Sid., abbreviation for hogshead. 

Hickory, the timber of the common 
American hickory. It is perhaps the 
toughest and strongest of any kind of 
American timber, and particularly valuable 
for handspikes, carriage-shafts, whip-han¬ 
dles, and for many mechanical purposes; 
and for fire-wood it is especially esteemed. 

Hickory suits, the nuts of the shell- 
bark hickory; they are held in much 
esteem, and are sold by the bushel in the 
cities of the United States; those of the 
other varieties of hickory, as the pig-nut 
hickory, &c., are of no commercial value. 

Hide cutting's, the trimmings left 
from various manufactures of raw hides, 
used for the manufacture of glue. 

Hide ropes, ropes formed of twisted 
strips of the dried raw-hides of horses or 
other animals. . 

Hides, the skins of horses, bulls, 
cows, buffaloes, &c. Green or raw hides 
are such as are sent directly to the tanners or 
to market from the slaughter-houses, and 
although in the cities they form a large 
item of trade, and have regularly quoted 
prices, they are not fairly considered com¬ 
mercial hides. Hides are prepared for 
shipment either by being salted or dried. 
At the saladeros of Buenos Ayres and 
Montevideo, the hides of the ox are 
delivered to a set of workmen called des- 
carnadores or trimmers, who, when the 
skins are to be dried, scrape off all the 
beef and fat with a knife, trim the edges. 






HIGGLING. 


HOLLOW-WARE. 


253 


and then stretch out the hides by means 
of stakes driven into the ground. If they 
are to be salted a pile is made of them, 
with layers of salt. Dried hides require 
much more time and skill than when they 
are only salted; in the latter case they are 
packed in casks for exportation; in the 
former, -when shipped they are tied up in 
bundles and baled. Hides from the East 
and West Indies are usually salted, and 
sometimes come in brine, when they are 
called wet salted. Those from Germany, 
Cape of Good Hope, Russia, Rio Grande, 
and Orinoco are tied in bundles and packed 
in casks. “ Hides” as understood in trade, 
refer to the skins of the larger animals, 
generally, such as are manufactured into 
sole, belt, and other leather of that char¬ 
acter ; “skins” to the finer pelts. 

II»9isag., tedious in bargaining. 

Higli, above the usual price; dear. 

Mil'll ’Change, the point of time 
each day when the largest number of 
merchants are found on ’Change. 

5Si|fli fig Eire, at the full value, or 
above the market price; as, his purchase 
was made at a high figure. 

High water, the time of day or 
night when the water, by the action of the 
tide, reaches the highest point at a sea¬ 
port. 

StiBiit, a German grain measure, vary¬ 
ing in different localities; in Altona and 
Hamburg about f of a bushel; at Bruns¬ 
wick and Hanover, over ' of a bushel; at 
Hesse Cassel, I nfo bushel. 

Hinjjes, the metal joints on which 
door3, gates, &c., turn; they are chiefly 
of iron or brass, extensively manufactured 
in the United States, and also imported 
from England. 

II. M. C., abbreviation for His or Her 
Majesty’s Customs. 

Hoastmaii, one who sells coal at a 
seaport. 

HoSnaails, short nails with large 
heads, used in the soles of boots and 
shoes. 

Hock, from Hockheim, in Germany, 
a light Rhenish wine. 

Hodden gray, cloth made of wool 
in its natural state, without being dyed. 

Hogged, applied to a ship or vessel 
which is strained and droops at each end. 

Slogger*, stockings without feet, 
worn by coal miners. 

Hogg*, the trade-name for the fleece 
or wool of sheep of the second year. 

Hogs, swine, living or dead ; the sup¬ 
ply of pork for the Atlantic cities is largely 


derived from hogs, brought alive by rail¬ 
way from the interior and Canada. Many 
are also carried by steamer from Ireland to 
England. One of the most important 
branches of industry in Cincimiati is the 
packing of pork from hogs which are 
brought in from the neighboring States and 
slaughtered there. The business is carried 
on to a great extent and with admirable 
system. In some of the large establish¬ 
ments, a hog per minute is converted into 
hams, bacon, and pork, ready for packing 
or pickling. See Live Stock. 

ilogsdiead, a measure of capacity 
for wine or other liquids, containing 63 
gallons or two barrels. In Kentucky, Vir¬ 
ginia, and Missouri, for tobacco, 1,200 lbs. ; 
in Maryland, 800 lbs., and in Ohio, 750 lbs. 
A hogshead of foreign sugar contains from 
1,400 to 1,800 lbs. ; of New Orleans, from 
1,000 to 1,200 lbs. ; of molasses, 120 to 
140 gallons. Cutlery, currycombs, screws, 
carpenter’s tools, plated-ware, and shelf 
hardware, imported from Sheffield and 
Birmingham, usually come in hogsheads, 
which vary in weight from 1,000 to 2,500 
lbs. China and crockery ware, and also 
hollow ware, are frequently packed in 
hogsheads. A hogshead of tea-ware, 
pitchers, &c., weighs from 500 to 800lbs., 
and the foreign value is from $40 to $60; 
the value of a hogshead of China-ware is 
from $60 to $300. 

Hog-skins, the tanned skin of the 
hog, almost exclusively prepared in Scot¬ 
land, used for the seats of saddles; also 
the skins of a kind of hog from South 
America, imported and made into men’s 
heavy gloves. 

Hoist, to elevate goods to upper stories. 

Hoistway, a square opening in the 
floors of ware-rooms for the convenient 
raising or lowering of merchandise perpen¬ 
dicularly, from the lower to the upper, or 
from the upper to the lower stories. 

Mold, the interior of a vessel below 
the decks; the space where the cargo is 
stowed. 

Holla, an Algerian measure of 8-£ 
quarts. 

88 ollands, a name for Holland gin. 

Hollands, a kind of linen, first made 
in Holland, used for window-blinds, chil¬ 
dren’s garments, linings, &c. The un¬ 
bleached are called brown hollands ; they 
come also in black and other colors. 

Hollow-ware, a trade-name for 
cast-iron camp and kitchen utensils; also 
for the same kind of utensils made of 
wrought iron by stamping, or by riveting. 



254 


HOLLY-WOOD. 


HOP-BAGS. 


This ware may be coated in the interior 
with tin or enamel, or left of plain iron. 

Holly-wood, a fine-grained, white, 
clear wood, used by the Tunbridge-ware 
manufacturers. 

IS oisters, leather pistol-cases, used 
by horsemen. 

Holystone, a stone used by seamen 
for cleaning the decks of ships. 

Home-made, made at home; do¬ 
mestic manufacture; not imported. 

Homespuns, fabrics spun and woven 
at one’s own dwelling ; home-made. 

HouHEopatliic medicines, me¬ 
dicines prepared and used conformably to 
a system of medical practice known as 
homoeopathy. 

Hominy, Indian com coarsely ground 
or broken. 

Holies, the name given to a fine kind 
of whetstone when manufactured into 
shape for use. See Oilstone. 

Honesty is tile best policy. If 
this proverb be not strictly commercial, it 
is so true when applied to merchants, that 
we appropriate it and claim it as a mer¬ 
cantile maxim. To say of a merchant that 
he is upright in his dealings, fair, frank, 
and just in his business intercourse, goes 
farther in establishing his credit than mo¬ 
ney. No merchant is in established credit 
who is regarded as dishonest. 

Honey, a thick fluid or liquid, depos¬ 
ited by bees in cells of the honey-comb in 
hives. Although collected in all parts of 
the United States, it is imported in con¬ 
siderable quantities from the West Indies, 
and particularly from Cuba. The finest is 
that which is drained from the honey¬ 
comb ; that which is procured by pressure 
is less pure; and where heat is employed 
the product is still inferior. Flour and 
water are used as adulterations. It is sold 
by the pound, and the importations from 
Cuba are in barrels and tierces. The small 
country of Hanover, in Germany, produ¬ 
ces near 5,000,000 lbs. annually, while the 
product of the whole United States is only 
about 20,000,000 lbs. 

Hoilg, a name for trading factories at 
Canton; a mercantile house ; a wholesale 
merchant. 

Hong merchants, licensed mer¬ 
chants at Chinese ports, authorized to trade 
with the hongs; privileged official mer¬ 
chants licensed by the Chinese authorities 
to trade with foreigners at Canton, a mo¬ 
nopoly which was abolished in 1842. 

SIoiig-IvoBig, an island at the mouth 
of the Canton river, about 20 miles in cir¬ 


cumference, which, with the harbor, was 
ceded by the Chinese Government to Great 
Britain. The trade of Ilong-Kong is ex¬ 
clusively one of transshipment, the mer¬ 
chandise of Europe being distributed from 
this convenient centre to the ports of 
China and Japan. There are no port- 
charges or dues levied on goods or vessels, 
and ships discharge, transship, and load 
their cargoes without the intervention of 
any officer, or rendering any account of 
their manifest to the local authorities. 
The emigration of Chinese to California 
and Australia is chiefly from this port. 

Moafiiioii lace, an English hand¬ 
made lace of the finest quality, deriving its 
name from “ Honiton,” in Devonshire. 

Honolulu, the principal city and sea¬ 
port of the Sandwich Islands, situate on the 
south side of the island of Woahoo, in the 
midst of the Pacific Ocean. Its chief com¬ 
mercial importance is derived from whaling 
ships, sailing vessels, and steamers engaged 
in trade between California and Oregon, 
and Australia and China, making this a 
stopping place and a kind of supply station. 

Hooboballi, a fine-grained cabinet 
wood of Guiana. 

Hoolioo, the name for a kind of 
checked cotton used in the African trade. 

Hoofs, the hoofs of animals ; they are 
employed in making the coarser lands of 
handles, combs, and buttons ; and also as 
a cheap substance from which prussiate of 
potash is obtained. 

Hookahs, Turkish pipes in which the 
smoke of tobacco passes through water. 

Hooks Bind eyes, metal catches for 
fastening into each other—used principally 
on garments for females. 

Sloop iron, thin, flat iron, from £ 
inch to 1 £ inch wide, and of various thick¬ 
nesses ; used for hoops of casks and barrels, 
for baling cotton, and other purposes. 

Sloop-poles, small saplings of hick¬ 
ory, oak, birch, or other wood ; used for 
making into hoops for barrels and casks. 

Hoop skirts, an article of women’s 
underdress; made of broad tapes, or bands 
crossed with rods of steel wire. The man¬ 
ufacture of them in the United States is 
very extensive, and employs many thou¬ 
sands of operators. 

Hop-bags, coarse, heavy wrappers or 
sacks for hops. A bag of hops in the Eng¬ 
lish market weighs 280 lbs.; but the best 
quality and lightest colored are frequently 
put up in sacks of finer cloth, containing 
about 180 lbs. ; in the United States they 
aj:e packed in bags which contain. 200 lbs. 



HOPPO. 


HORSES. 


255 


Ho])g>o, the name, in China, for one 
who acts as collector of mercantile bills ; an 
overseer of commerce. 

Hops, the cone-like fruit of the hamu¬ 
lus lupidus , largely cultivated in Germany, 
England, and the United States, and chiefly 
used in the manufacture of malt liquors. 
The consumption is very large, and it is 
said that, in times of scarcity, various sub¬ 
stitutes are employed by brewers, some of 
which are highly deleterious. Old hops are 
sometimes subjected to the fumes of burn¬ 
ing sulphur, in order to make them appear 
fresh and light-colored. Besides this, 
another fraud is frequently practised: the 
active and most valuable part of hops is a 
mealy substance found on the surface of 
the scales, and in their dried state consists 
of small granules; this substance is deli¬ 
cately threshed out and sold separately, 
under the name of lupulin. When these 
granules are wanting, the hops, though not 
worthless, are of inferior value. The light- 
colored hops have usually the finest flavor. 
Old hops—say when over two years old— 
lose pretty much all their substance and 
are of little value. They are largely raised 
in New York, and Wisconsin, and other 
States, and when proper care is taken in 
picking and packing them, they command 
as high prices as those which are imported 
from Europe. They are generally put up 
in bales of about 200 lbs. By the laws of 
the State of New York, to adulterate hops 
in any way is a misdemeanor; and every 
person who puts them up for sale or expor¬ 
tation, is required to mark or stamp his 
name on each bag before the removal from 
the place where they are put up, under a 
penalty of five dollars for each bag. 

IIo Ml combs, combs made of the 
horns of the ox, the buffalo, and other 
animals. 

Horn plate, transparent sheets of 
horn for lanterns, &c. 

Horn silver, a native chloride of 
silver. 

Horns. The horns of various animals 
are in demand for knife-handles, combs, 
lanterns, and other articles; those of the 
buffalo, deer, ox, goat, and sheep forming 
the largest part of the trade. Millions of ox 
horns are exported from South America 
and used for various purposes, and the 
cuttings are used in the manufacture of 
Prussian blue. 

Horn-ston©, a kind of quartz resem¬ 
bling horn, used for grinding-blocks in the 
pottery manufactures; it is used also for 
seals, snuff-boxes, mortars, &c. ; and for 


J the handles of knives and forks, for which 
latter purpose it is largely imported from 
Germany. 

Horn-tips, the pointed tops of vari¬ 
ous kinds of horns; employed for making 
into buttons, tops of whips, umbrella han¬ 
dles, Ac. 

Horse blankets, coarse woollen 
rugs for coverings for horses. 

Horse-eliestnnts, the nuts of the 
horse-chestnut tree; they are large and of 
a beautiful mahogany color, but exceed¬ 
ingly bitter and unpleasant to the taste, 
and not of much value in trade. In 
Turkey they are ground and mixed with 
horse provender; and deer are said to be 
fond of them. 

Horse-dealer, “any person whose 
business it is to buy or sell horses or mules. ” 
—Act of Congress, June 30, 1804. 

Horse-11 esli, a name given to a kind 
of mahogany brought from the Bahamas, 
so named on account of its color. 

Horse-hair, the long hairs of the 
mane and the tail of the horse; the short 
hairs of the horse’s skin are classed with 
cattle hair; horse-hair is collected from 
various sources, a large amount com¬ 
ing from South America. It is assorted 
according to its qualities and length ; the 
long, white hair is used for fiddle-bows and 
for fishing-lines, and when dyed in bright 
colors, for ornamental work. The medium 
lengths are woven into hair-cloth and into 
fabrics for gloves, filtering-bags, Ac.; and 
the short hairs, after undergoing a process 
of curling, are used for upholstery pur¬ 
poses. 

Horse-la ides, the untanned skins of 
the horse; when tanned they make what 
is known as the Cordovan leather. 

Horse knackers, purchasers of 
worn-out horses, who kill them for their 
commercial products. 

Horses. These useful animals, reared 
for domestic uses in all parts of our coun¬ 
try, are also very largely bred for com¬ 
mercial purposes, the demand for them 
increasing with every improvement in pas¬ 
senger locomotion by steam, and with every 
economical device, by steam or otherwise, 
for the propulsion of heavy freights. Run¬ 
ning and trotting horses are estimated at 
rates of value according as they approxi¬ 
mate in ability to make a given distance in 
a given time, the standard being the per¬ 
formance of trained blooded animals on 
the course ; as, for example: for running 
horses, the time made by Longfellow and 
Kingfisher , on the Saratoga course, 1 mile 





256 


HORSE-SHOES. 


HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY. 


in 1 minute and 40 seconds ; and for trot¬ 
ting, the time of Dexter, 1 mile in 2 min¬ 
utes and 17i seconds. Carriage horses are 
valued for their form and action, draft 
horses for their size and strength ; cavalry 
horses are required to come within certain 
descriptions prescribed by the Army regu¬ 
lations. 

Horse-sBi®e§, plates of iron made 
into a shape adapted for fastening on to 
horses’ hoofs for protection; those only 
which are made by machinery are com¬ 
mercial. They are manufactured on a 
large scale at Troy, N. Y., put up in casks, 
and sold by the ton or cwt. 

a species of equisetum, 
the Dutch rush, imported from Holland, 
and used for polishing wood and metal. 

Hose, stockings, socks, or coverings 
for the feet and legs; also flexible tubes 
used for the conveyance of water. 

Hosier, one who deals in stockings, 
gloves, caps, suspenders, under garments, 
and other kinds of knit goods of wool, 
cotton, or silk. 

Hosiery, the articles dealt in by a 
hosier. 

Hosiery cloth, woollen, worsted, or 
cotton yarn woven on frames in such man¬ 
ner as to produce a knitted cloth, which is 
made into hosiery articles. The hosiery or 
frame-work manufacture is a peculiar kind 
of interlacing; instead of being a series of 
cross threads woven in a loom, it is a series 
of loops or links so connected as to possess 
both strength and elasticity. The article 
made in a stocking frame is simply apiece of 
knit-work cloth, afterward sewed up in the 
form of a stocking. Gloves, mitts, drawers, 
caps, jackets, and various other articles, are 
made of the same kind of fabric and much 
in the same manner as stockings. In Eng¬ 
land the principal worsted hosiery manufac¬ 
tures are in Leicester, cotton hosiery in 
Nottinghamshire, and silk in Derbyshire. 
Chemnitz, in Saxony, however, is the great 
seat of cotton hosiery manufacture. 

Hot-pressed paper, paper smooth¬ 
ed and glazed by being passed between 
heated steel rollers. 

House, a term for a business firm or 
commercial establishment, as the house of 
E. D. Morgan & Co.; the house of Taintor 
Brothers. 

House-furnishing goods, a gen¬ 
eral name for a great variety of household 
articles, such as brushes, brooms, mats, cut¬ 
lery, certain kinds of hardware, wooden 
and hollow wares, laundry and cooking 
utensils, &c. 


Households a technical name among 
millers in England for the best kind of flour, 
made from red wheat with a small portion 
of white. 

Howker, a two-masted Dutch ves¬ 
sel! 

Hoy, a small coasting sloop ; a lighter. 

If uuimlios bark, a variety of the 
cinchona , deriving its commercial name 
from the province of Huamilies, which 
lies in the interior of Peru. 

SI EUtntieo, a variety of the cinchona, 
known also as the Lima bark, from which 
latter place it was originally introduced 
into commerce. 

Huckaback, a coarse linen fabric, 
woven with diaper or other pattern, and 
used for table linen, towelling, &c. 

Huckst er, a small dealer ; an itiner¬ 
ant vender or hawker of goods ; a man or 
woman who buys and sells fruits, vegeta¬ 
bles, &c., in the public market-houses of 
cities. 

Hudson's Hay Company, a fur¬ 
trading company originally chartered in the 
year 1670, the grant giving the company 
the exclusive right of trade with the In¬ 
dians in the territory which comprehended 
all the districts in which were contained 
the sources of any stream which discharged 
its waters into Hudson’s Bay. The North 
West Company of Montreal, which was 
established in 1783, united itself with the 
Hudson’s Bay Company, and, retaining the 
name of the latter, obtained in 1821 a li¬ 
cense of exclusive trade for 21 years; re¬ 
newed in 1842 for a similar period over the 
territories west of the Rocky Mountains, 
having before claimed a kind of proprietor¬ 
ship over the whole of British America, 
with the exception of the settled provinces. 
In 1859 this company, by a Parliamentary 
committee, was shorn of much of its ter¬ 
ritory and some of its exclusive privileges 
of trade. The trading-posts of the com¬ 
pany, about 100 of them, scattered at dis¬ 
tances of 300 or 400 miles apart, were 
divided into four departments: 1. The 

Montreal department included all the es¬ 
tablishments situated between the river 
St. Lawrence and the great lakes of Can¬ 
ada, and along the north shore of the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence and the coast of Labra¬ 
dor. 2. The Southern department included 
the country along the north shores of Lake 
Superior and the southern shores of Hud¬ 
son’s Bay. 3. The Northern department 
comprehended all the establishments north 
of this as far as the shores of the Polar 
Sea. 4. The Columbia department in- 





HULK. 


HUNDRED. 


257 


eluded the territory watered by the Colum¬ 
bia and other rivers west of the Rocky 
Mountains. The departments were divided 
into a number of districts, each under the 
direction of a superior officer, and these 
again subdivided into numerous factories, 
forts, posts, and outposts. The trade of 
the company is almost exclusively confined 
to furs. The Indians hunt and trap for 
the furs which the company receive, giving 
in exchange such articles as are suited to 
the wants of the natives. Trade, until a 
recent period, was carried on by means of 
a standard valuation, based on the market 
price of a beaver-skin, and hence denom¬ 
inated made beaver. A beaver-skin, in the 
Indian trade, is equivalent to two, three, 
four, or more skins of inferior value. The 
furs of the company are sent to London, 
the annual average value of which ranges 
from $1,000,000 to $2,000,000. The busi¬ 
ness of the company is best illustrated by 
giving a return of an average year of the 
furs sent to London by the company from 
their possessions about Hudson’s Bay and 


the northwest coast: 

Beaver-skins*. 88,314 

Badger “ 1,567 

Bear “ 5,919 

Fisher “ 7,091 

Fox, silver, red white, & cross. 32,085 

Lynx “ 23,349 

Marten “ 98,398 

Mink “ 45,286 

Musquashf“ .176,112 

Otter “ 10,908 

Rabbit “ 44,570 

Raccoon “ 2,400 

Seal hair “ 10,448 

Skunk “ 9,141 

Swan “ 840 

Wolf “ 8,556 

Wolverine “ 1,370 


fill Bit, the hull of an old vessel. 

Hillman iiair, the long haircut from 
the heads of girls and women. It is largely 
in demand for making into chignons, curls, 
wigs, etc., and the supplies are exclusively 
from abroad. The value depends upon its 
length, and also upon its being neither too 
coarse nor too fine; the former being less 
susceptible of artificial curl, and the latter 
making its curl of too short duration. The 
prevailing fashion as regards color, also in- 


* There is a gradual falling off in the amount of 
beaver-sldns, and it is not probable that so large a 
return as the above will ever again occur. 

t On the other hand, since the above return of 
musquash, as many as 1,150,000, and of swan skins 
as many as 7,000 have been returned in a single year. 

17 


fluences the price. The imports to this 
country from France, Germany, and Italy, 
amount to about half a million of dollars 
annually. Much of it is obtained from the 
large communities of sisterhoods scattered 
throughout France, and Belgium ; and the 
Paris dealers send out their agents in the 
spring of the year to different provinces 
and villages, providing them with ribbons, 
laces, haberdashery, cheap jewelry, &c. 
These agents attend the fairs and other 
gatherings of the peasantry, and buy the 
hair from the heads of the girls, which 
they pay for either with these goods or in 
money. Mr. Trollope, while travelling in 
Brittany, was much struck with the opera¬ 
tions of these hair-dealers at the fair at 
Collene. In various parts of the motley 
crowd there were three or. four of these 
dealers bargaining with the girls for their 
flowing tresses, which were very luxuriant 
and beautiful. Several girls were stand¬ 
ing together ready to be sheared ; they had 
their caps in their hands, and their long 
hair hung down to their waist. Some of 
the operators were men and some women, 
but in either case, the dealer had a large 
basket near at hand, into which every suc¬ 
cessive crop of hair tied up into a wisp by 
itself was thrown. It being the fashion 
in that part of France for the girls to wear 
caps, the hair as an ornament appears to 
be of no account. The price paid to these 
girls seems to vary from about twenty-five 
cents to a dollar, according to the quantity 
and the beauty of the hair. The agents 
who collect it send the hair to their em¬ 
ployers, by whom it is cleaned, dressed, 
and sorted, and by them sold to the hair- 
workers at from $2 to $5, or even $8 or 
$10 per lb. The black comes mostly from 
Italy and the south of France, the light 
colors mostly from Germany. Goats’ hair- 
is said to be so successfully used as an imi¬ 
tation of human hair, that it is only distin¬ 
guishable from the genuine by very good 
judges. 

Hundred, a term much used in com¬ 
merce, but denoting variable amounts ac¬ 
cording to the locality, or to the articles or 
kind of goods to which the term is applied. 
Thus a hundred-weight in Great Britain 
and the United States means 112 lbs.; but 
in England for sugar and wax, 108 lbs.; 
for wool, 110 lbs.; for iron, 120 lbs.; and 
in Maryland, 100 lbs. In Belgium the 
hundred of articles sold in the market is 
104. The hundred of planks or deals in 
Sweden is 120; in Westewyck, in Chris¬ 
tiania, 127; and in some northern ports 
* 




















258 


HUNDRED-WEIGHT. 


HYSON SKIN. 


132. The long hundred is 120, but in 
some parts of Russia, and in Elsinore, in 
Denmark, the great hundred is 2,880 
pieces. 

Hundred-weight, the measure of 
weight for plaster, eoal, iron, or other 
bulky articles, containing 112 lbs., abbrevi¬ 
ated cwt. 20 cwt. = 1 ton = 2240 lbs. 

Hungary water, distilled rosemary 
flowers with spirits of wine. 

Hungry rice, a name for the grain 
of the paspalum exile , a species of millet 
growing on the western coast of Africa, 
also called fundi. 

It iirds, waste tow or refuse flax. 

Hiirse-sKtn, the name of the tuber - 
culated skin of a fish from which shagreen 
is made—used to cover surgical instru¬ 
ment cases, pocket-books, sword-hilts, &c. 

Hushandagc, the allowance made 
to the managing owner or agent for attend¬ 
ing to a ship’s business. 

Husband, the agent who is author¬ 
ized to make repairs to a ship, and to act 
in relation to a ship generally, for the 
owner ; called usually ship’s husband. 

Hussy or Huswife, a case contain¬ 
ing a set of sewing materials. 

Mutch, a measure of 2 bushels. 

Hya cintla, called also jacinth , a val¬ 
uable gem of various shades of red, passing 
into orange and poppy red; it differs from 
jargoon only in its color; the transparent 
and bright-colored varieties of zircon. 

Hydraulic cement, cement which 


has the power of hardening under water. 
The New York market is mainly supplied 
from the qiiarries on the Rondout, about 
80 miles from New York, on the Hudson ; 
or from Newark, N. J., where it is burnt 
and ground on a large scale from the hy¬ 
draulic limestone obtained at Rondout. It 
is packed and sold in barrels. 

Hydrocyanic acid, another name 
for Prussic acid; so called because first 
obtained from Prussian blue. It is a 
deadly poison. 

Hydrometers, instruments for de¬ 
termining the specific gravity of fluids. 

Hypothecation, the pledging of 
property for advances. 

II yraccuni, a substance brought 
from the Cape of Good Hope and used as 
a substitute for castor. It is collected in 
small pieces on the sides of mountains in 
South Africa, and is supposed to be the 
excrement of a small animal. 

Hyson, one of the kinds of green tea 
from China. “ It has a well-matured leaf, 
curled and twisted, of a bright-green color, 
sometimes glazed ; the natural color is pale 
yellow inclining to green, and the infusion 
of the best is of a pale straw color, becom¬ 
ing darker as the quality deteriorates. ’ ’— 
Chinese Guide. 

Hyson skin, a name for a kind of tea 
not often imported into the United States. 
It is the refuse of green teas; the best 
samples are free from dust, with a large, 
uneven, twisted, knotty leaf. 



SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Ice 

Glace 

Eis 

Ijs 

Ghiaccio 

Hielo [dia 

Musgo de Islan- 

Iceland moss 

Lichen d’Islande 

Islandisches Moos 

Ijslandsch mos 

Lichen Islandico 

Illicit 

Illicite 

Unerlaubt [tiren 

Ongeoorloofde 

Illecito 

Ilicito 

Import 

Import duty 

Importer 

Droits d'entree 

Einbringen; impor- 
Einfuhrzoll 

Invoeren 

Importare [zione 
Diritti d’importa- 
Articoli d’impor- 

Importar [trada 
Derechos de en- 

Imported goods 

Objets d’impor- 

Einfuhrartikel 

Invoerartikelen 

Generos de im- 

Impost 

tation 

Impdt 

Steuer 

Belasting 

tazione 

Imposta 

portacion 

Impuesto 

Income 

Revenus [venus 

Einkommen 

Inkomen [sting 

Rendita [dita 

Reditos [tas 

Income tax 

i’axe sur les re- 

Einkom mensteuer 

Inkomstenbela- 

Tassa sulla ren- 

Tassa de las ren- 

Indemnification 

Indemnity 

Schadloshaltung 

Schadeloosstel- 

Indennizzazione 

Indemnizacion 

Index 

Registre ; Index 

Register 

Register [ling 

Registro 

Registro 

India 

Indie 

Indien 

Indes 

India [China 

Indias [na 

India ink 

Encre de la Chine 

ChinesischeTusche 

Oostindsche inlet 

Inchiostro della 

Tinta de la Chi 

India rubber 

Caoutchouc 

Gummi elasticum 

Gom elastica 

Gomrna elastica 

Goma elastica 

Indigo 

indigo 

Indigo 

Indigo 

Indaco 

Indigo; anil 

Ingots 

Lingots 

Barren 

Baar 

Stangi 

Barros 

Ink 

Encre 

Dinte 

Inkt 

Inchiostro 

Tinta [tida 

Inlaid work 

Marqueterie 

Eingelegte Arbeit 

Mozaik werk 

Lavoro di Tarsia 

Taracea; embu- 

Inland trade 

Commerce inte- 
rieur 

Binnenhandel 

Binnenlandsche 

handel 

Commercio inte- 
riore 

Trafico intemo 

Insolvency 

Insolvabilite 

Insolvenz 

Insolventie 

Insolvenza 

Insolvencia 

Insurance 

Assurance 

Versicherung 

Assurantie 

Assicurazione 

Seguro 

Interest 

InterSt 

Zins 

Interest; rent 

Interesse 

Predito 

Inventory 

Inventaire 

Inventar 

Inventaris 

Inventario 

Inventario 

Invoice 

Facture [tures 

Factura 

Factuur 

Fattura [ture 

Factura [ras 

Invoice book 

Iodine 

Ipecacuanha 

Livre des fac- 
Iode 

Ipecacuanha 

Facturabuch 

Jod 

Brechwurzel 

Factuurboek 

Libre delle fat- 

Iodina 

Ipecacuana 

Libro de factu- 
lodo; Iodino 

Bej uquillo 

Ireland 

Irlande 

Irland 

Ierland 

Irlanda 

Irlanda 

Iron 

Fer 

Eisen 

Ijzer 

Ferro 

Hierro [chas 

Iron bars 

Fer en barres 

Stabeisen 

Staafijzer 

Ferro in verghe 

Hierro en plan- 

Iron filings 

Limaille de fer 

Eisenfeilspane 

Ijzervijlsel 

Limatura di f erro 

Readu ras de hi- 
erro [erro 

Iron ore 

Mine de fer 

Eisenerz 

Ijzererts 

Ferro minerale 

Mineral de hi- 

Iron wire 

Fil de fer 

Eisendraht 

Ijzerdraaa 

Filo di ferro 

Hilo de hierro 

Iron wood 

Bois de fer 

Eisenholz 

Ijzerhout 

Legno di ferro 

Manglito; cha- 
papote 

Isinglass 

Colie de poisson 

Hausenblase 

Vischlijm 

Colla di pesce 

Cola de pescado 

Italy 

Italie 

Italien 

Itilie 

Italia 

Italia 

Ivory 

Ivoire 

Elfenbein 

Ivoor 

Avorio 

Marfil 

Ivory black 

Noir d’ivoire 

Beinschwarz 

Ivoorzwart 

Nero d’avorio 

Negro de marfil 


I, as a numeral (Roman), denotes 1 ; 
when placed before V, or X, it diminishes 
by a unit the number otherwise expressed 
by those letters respectively ; when placed 
after, it denotes the addition of a unit. 

Ice, water in the frozen or solid state, 
into which it enters at a temperature 
at or below 32". The ice-trade was be¬ 
gun in the year 1805, by Mr. Frederic Tu¬ 
dor, of Boston, who shipped a small cargo, 
obtained from ponds near that city, to the 
Island of Martinique. The trade was 
thereafter gradually extended to other of 


the West India Islands, to the southern 
parts of the United States, and to parts of 
South America. In 1833, a cargo was first 
sent to Calcutta, where about one-half the 
shipment arrived, and sold at 6 cents per 
pound. In 1844, the first importation was 
made into England. The ice was original¬ 
ly obtained from the Wenham pond (or 
lake), about 18 miles from Boston; and 
the Company which was early formed for 
the prosecution of the business; and known 
as the u Wenham Lake Ice Co.,” con¬ 
structed extensive ice-houses near the pond 


























260 


ICELAND-MOSS. 


ILLUMINATING OILS. 


named, and others near the Fresh and Spy 
ponds. Immense ice-houses were also con¬ 
structed near Liverpool and London, to re¬ 
ceive the export to England. The demand 
for Great Britain and the eastern trade is 
now in part met by supplies from one or 
more lakes in Norway, but in London it is 
still called Wenham lake ice. Boston is 
still in this country the most active centre 
of the ice-trade. Many companies are now 
in existence in the United States, which 
collect ice from bodies of water in Massa¬ 
chusetts, Maine, New York, and others of 
the States situated to the north and north¬ 
east. In New York ice is delivered from 
door to door at rates varying according to 
the season from about $4 to $8 the ton ; 
and is packed on board ocean steamers at 
the rate of about $4.50 to $6 per ton, the 
price depending upon the amount collected 
in the winter. It is shipped for foreign ports 
in blocks closely stowed in the hold of the 
vessel, with one foot thickness, more or less, 
of fine shavings, ground bark, or sawdust 
beneath, about the sides, and over the whole. 
Nearly, or quite, 2,000,000 tons of ice are 
collected yearly in the United States; the 
business in all its branches giving occupa¬ 
tion to more than 10,000 persons ; and the 
total capital involved being as much as 
$10,000,000. The chief exports of ice 
from the United States to foreign countries 
is to the East Indies, West Indies, Cuba, 
Mexico, British possessions in Africa, Peru, 
China, and .other countries, and also largely 
from the Eastern to the Southern States. 

Icelaild-moss, a lichen growing 
abundantly in Iceland, Norway, and parts 
of Scotland; used in the first-named 
country as food, and elsewhere generally 
in the preparation of a jelly, and for 
dressing the warp in the loom, for sizing 
paper, and in brewing. Much of it is im¬ 
ported through Hamburg. 

Iccliind-spill’) calcareous spar in 
transparent crystals, first brought from 
Iceland. It is much employed in optical 
experiments, and is sometimes called dou¬ 
ble refracting spar. 

Iosca resins, the dried resinous ex¬ 
udation afforded by several species of idea , 
growing in Guiana, and perhaps other 
parts of South America. 

Idocrasa, volcanic garnet, of various 
colors, sometimes called chrysolite or hya¬ 
cinth^ occurring in the ejected masses of 
Vesuvius, and elsewhere. It is cut into 
ring-stones and other ornaments at Naples 
and Turin, and sold under one or other of 
the above names. 


Idwitlc stone, a hone, or oil-stone, 
obtained in the Snowdon district, Wales. 

fi$;mitiiis’s bean, the seed of the 
plant ignatiana amara ; a highly poisonous 
medicinal drug. 

BISieit commerce, trade which is 
made unlawful by the laws of a country; 
as smuggling, dealing in articles the sale 
of which is prohibited, &c. 

IIBigtc oil, also known as ilpa, or epei 
oil, a light greenish-yellow, aromatic oil, 
or—as it is solid below 82°,—more proper¬ 
ly butter, obtained from the fruit of bassia 
longifolia , a tree growing on the coasts of 
Coromandel and Bengal. In the fluid form 
it resembles palm oil; it is used in India 
for illumination, and for the manufacture 
of soap. 

Illuminated manuscripts and 
books, those books and MSS. which are 
embellished with ornamented initial let¬ 
ters, and with marginal and other drawings, 
or pictures in colors and gold, executed 
with the hand ; or, in more recent times, 
imitations of such, by printing in ink and 
colors. They are now preserved in libra¬ 
ries, museums, and private collections, and 
for that purpose are sought after and have 
a high commercial value. 

Illiinalnalisis oils, various oils and 
oil-like fluids, of vegetable, animal, or min¬ 
eral origin, which are burned to afford light. 
Among these are the olive, the variety of 
it known as Gallipoli, the cocoa-nut, beech¬ 
nut, poppy, rape-seed, colza, sunflower, 
and many other vegetable oils ; the fish 
oils, including sperm oil and common 
whale oil, as well as oils similar to the lat¬ 
ter from the seal, porpoise, dolphin, sea- 
calf, shark, and pilchard; tallow and lard 
oils ; native naphtha, common crude petro¬ 
leum, and certain oils separated from it by 
distillation, as the so-called “gasoline,” 
and refined petroleum—the last known in 
the United States by the trade-name of 
kerosene, and in Great Britain as paraffin 
oil; and similar light and heavy illuminat¬ 
ing oils (distinguished in Germany, and 
on the European continent generally, as 
photogens and solar oils), obtained by dis¬ 
tillation from bituminous shales, lignite, 
cahnel or ordinary bituminous or gas 
coals, from peat, and from ordinary asphal- 
tum ; and other products of chemical com¬ 
bination, of distillation, or of mixture, 
such as phosgene, rosin oil, or “carbon 
oil,” so-called, camphene, burning fluid, 
&c. Some illuminating oils are mainly of 
local use, and enter comparatively rarely, 
or in limited quantities, into commerce; 




IMAGES. 


IMPLEMENTS. 


261 


while included among- them are also palm 
oil, illipe oil, elain, and grape-seed oil. 
Still other oils, the use of which for illu¬ 
mination is chiefly local, are some of those 
of the ‘ 1 drying ” sort, and such as, tending 
rapidly to clog the wicks, are burned by 
comparatively simple methods, and for a 
cheap light—as the hemp seed, cotton¬ 
seed, and other similar oils. 

Images, effigies, or solid figures of 
men or animals; a name under which 
plaster casts, figures in stone, wood, wax, 
or other materials, are frequently invoiced 
and imported. 

Iiilbillo, a grain measure of Sardinia, 
equal to 5^ pints. 

liiiitalioa, a term used in describing 
articles or wares of any kind, which, while 
similar in style or appearance to others 
already well known, are of inferior ma¬ 
terials or manufacture. 

Imitation liair-clotli, a black 
dyed twilled fabric of cotton, the threads of 
which are gummed and glaceed or polished; 
the effect in the woven material being so 
close a resemblance to hair-cloth as likely 
to deceive persons not familiar with the 
genuine article. 

Imitation laces, cotton laces made 
to imitate Valenciennes, Brussels, or other 
fine laces. 

IubibbcI, a dry measure of Baden, 
equal to about three quarts. 

Immigrants, persons who arrive in 
a country from some other country with 
the purpose of becoming residents. The 
term is more commonly used to designate 
passengers arriving in the country in 
large numbers together, and in steam¬ 
ships or sailing-vessels, which are often 
spoken of as “ emigrant-ships.” The 
term is the opposite of emigrant; the 
emigrant leaves Germany, the immigrant 
arrives at New York. The commercial 
value to our country of each immigrant has 
been estimated at $1,125, at $1,000, and 
at $800. The methods adopted in obtaining 
these respective results are ingenious and 
plausible; possibly one or the other, or the 
mean of all, may, in a certain sense, be 
correct. But the advantages of immigra¬ 
tion are too extensive, and embrace too 
wide a range of resulting consequences, to 
admit of commercial ledger balances. The 
whole subject, in all its bearings and as¬ 
pects, is clearly and fully presented in a 
work on Immigration by Edward Young, 
Esqr., of Washington City. (1 vol., 8vo, 

pp. 281.) 

Imperial, a large-sized paper, 23 x 27, 


or 22 x 28 inches ; a gold coin current in 
Russia, and worth 10 silver roubles. 

Iiisgtc&'ial Ibtasliel, the legal stand¬ 
ard bushel in Great Britain; a measure 
equal to 2218.19 cubic inches, or 8 imp. 
gals.; being 1.03152 United States bushel. 
83 of the latter are about equal to 32 
imperial bushels. 

Imperial drills, a name for flaxen 
fabrics used for vestings, made with twisted 
yarn, and woven with two threads warp 
and three filling, ordinary drills being single 
threads. 

lEBiperial gallon, the legal stand¬ 
ard gallon in Great Britain, a measure of 
capacity equal to 277.273 cubic inches, 
5 of which are equal to 6 of the United 
States. It contains exactly 10 lbs. avoir¬ 
dupois of water, at 62° F., and the barom¬ 
eter marking 30 inches. 

Impermeable cloths, textile fab¬ 
rics of various sorts so prepared as to be 
impervious to water, and hence commonly 
called “water-proof.” Single fabrics are 
so prepared by a variety of means, as by 
coating with linseed oil, boiled with 
litharge or sugar of lead, or with the same 
oil holding a little caoutchouc in solution; 
by combination within the stuff of solu¬ 
tions of soap and alum; by impregnation 
with solution of glue or isinglass, and 
acting on this with infusion of galls; by 
varnishes of caoutchouc dissolved in naph¬ 
tha; by varnishes of vegetable or mineral 
pitch, &c. 

Implemcsits, a comprehensive term 
employed to denote utensils, vessels, tools, 
or instruments of whatever sort, such as 
serve the purposes, in their proper occupa¬ 
tion, of artisans or other workmen. “ Im¬ 
plements, instruments, and tools of trade, 
occupation, or employment of persons ar¬ 
riving in the United States,” and for their 
own use, are admitted free of duty. A 
lot of old carts, blacksmiths’ tools, etc., 
etc., were brought into the port of Buffalo, 
and free entry was claimed on the ground 
that the owner was a railroad contractor 
and had used them in Canada, and that he 
was then engaged in building a railroad in 
Ohio, where he wanted these tools to use. 
Free entry was denied, the Secretary of 
the Treasury deciding that ‘ ‘ the law 
authorizing the admission of tools of trade 
is limited; it does not cover machinery or 
any article to be worked by any other than 
manual power, and is restricted in its ap¬ 
plication as to number, quantity, and value 
to what is considered reasonable for the 
actual use of the person to whom they 




262 


IMPORTATION. 


IMPORTS. 


belong'.” Dec. Sec. Tr ., Jan. 17, 18G5. 
“A sewing machine, arriving with the 
owner who had used it abroad, was ad¬ 
mitted to entry free of duty. ” Let. Sec. 
Tr. to Col. at Detroit , Nov. 23, 1868. “A 
wagon owned by an immigrant and in¬ 
tended for his own use is free as personal 
effects, but his horses are subject to duty.” 
Dec ., Aug. 8, 1868. 

Importation, the bringing of com¬ 
modities or merchantable articles into a 
country. As a large proportion of the 
revenue of a commercial country generally 
accrues by the payment of duties on im¬ 
ported goods, the business of importation 
is subjected to various legal regulations, 
the infraction or violation of which is 
visited with confiscation or other penalties. 

Imported, a collective term applied 
to merchandise of all forms brought from 
foreign countries. 

Importers, merchants who bring 
goods into the country from foreign coun¬ 
tries. The term is understood as applying 
to that class of merchants who buy goods 
abroad and import them with a view of 
selling them again. Manufacturers who 
import dyestuffs or chemicals for their 
own use, are importers to that extent, but 
they are not such within the usual, and 
commercial acceptation of the term. 

Import, to bring in goods and mer¬ 
chandise from some other country or State; 
or from the dominions of some other gov¬ 
ernment. 

Imports, the aggregate of goods, 
wares, and merchandise brought into the 
country from foreign countries. The an¬ 
nual imports of the United States may be 
set down at about $500,000,000, which 
amount will unquestionably continue to 
increase with the increase of our wealth 
and population. The increase for the last 
fifty years by decades was as follows :— 

The imports in 1821 were.$63,000,000 

“ “ “ 1830 “ .71,000,000 

“ “ “ 1840 “ 107,000,000 

“ “ “ 1850 “ 178,000,000 

“ “ “ 1860 “ .362,000,000 

“ “ “ 1870 “ .486,000,000 

The annual imports of Great Britain, now 
amounting to $1,250,000,000, were only 
half that amount in 1850. 

The character and extent of the Imports 
of foreign merchandise into the United 
States are exhibited in the following Tabu¬ 
lar view of the imports for one year. This 
table, together with the tables under the 
head of Exports , gives a complete view of 
the actual foreign commerce of our coun¬ 


try; and increased aggregate exports or 
imports in future years, with exceptional 
cases, will substantially maintain the same 
relative proportions both as to the coun¬ 
tries and to the commodities. 

Statement of Foreign Commodities Impart¬ 
ed into the United States during the year 
ending with December 31, 1870. 

FREE OF DUTY. Quantity. Value. 

Articles crude used 

in dy’ng & tanning. . $406,101 

Bolting cloths. . 115,196 

Cochineal.lbs. 1,446,072 1,026,945 

Cotton, raw... .lbs. 1,928,309 331,185 

Dyewoods in sticks,cwt.974,591 635,666 

GOLD & SILVER. 

Gold bullion. 833,689 

Silver bullion. 127,928 

Gold coin. 9,596,872 

Silver coin. 15,014,874 

Guano, except from 

Amer. Islands..T. 90,875 2,888,413 

Gypsum, ungr’d. T. 94,635 83,708 

Horsehair, used for 

weaving.lbs. 4,169,956 1,025,926 

Househ’ld effects in 
use, of person ar¬ 
riving from foreign 

countries. 1,048,650 

Indigo.lbs. 1,542,803 1,503,667 

Madder.- gr’nd.lbs. 5,435,985 614,511 

Root.lbs. 56,012 7,008 

Rags of cotton or 

linen.lbs. 89,282,250 3.254,035 

Silk, raw.lbs. 738,381 3,897,875 

Terra japonica and 

gambier.lbs. 15,971,777 435,440 

Wood, all cabinet, 

unmanufactured.. . 717,045 

All other articles... .... 

Total free of duty. 


3,176,163 


DUTIABLE. 

Animals, living. ... . 

Argols, or tartar, ibs. 2,787,805 
Articles, the produce 

of the U. S., bro’t back. 

Brass, & manufs. of . 

BREADSTUFFS. 

Barley.bu. 5,605,291 

Bread & biscuit. lbs. 1,109,347 

Indian corn.bu. 89,897 

Indian meal... bbls. 121 

Oats.bu. 2,259,036 

Rice.lbs. 46,065,129 

Rye.bu. 320,964 

Rye flour.bbls. 3 

Wheat.bu. 1,048,205 


46,740,897 


7,303,294 

379,535 

3,800 

156,251 

4,030,567 

129,996 

77,391 

473 

733,949 

1,223,120 

202,388 

19 

1,168,177 

















































IMPORTS. 


IMPORTS. 


263 


Quantity. 

Wheat flour. . bbls. 75,821 

Potatoes.bu. 156,679 

Other preparations 
of, as oatmeal, 
macaroni, vermi¬ 
celli, sago, arrow- 

root, &c. . 

Books, maps, en¬ 
gravings, etc. 

Buttons. . 

Cordage, ropes, and 


twines.lbs. 528,665 

Chicory, ground, 


and root.lbs. 1,928,088 

Chloride of lime.lbs. 26,225,118 

CLOTHING, EXC’T SILK. 

Cut and sewed. 

Articles of wear not 

specified. 

Coal, bitum.T. 456,959 

Cocoa.lbs. 5,105,244 

Coffee.lbs. 275,242,736 

COPPER. 

Ore.cwt. 59,765 

Copper.lbs. 804,276 

Manufactures of. 

COTTON. 

Bleached and un¬ 
bleached. .sq. yds. 30,708,032 
Printed, painted, or 
colored.. .sq. yds. 30,871,080 
Hosiery, shirts, and 

drawers. . 

Jeans, denims, drill¬ 
ings, &c.. .sq. yds. 5,561,214 

Manufs. not spec’d. . 

Cutch or catechu.lbs. 3,417,438 
Chemicals, drags, 
medicines & dyes 

not specified. 

Earthen, stone, and 

china ware....... . 

Fancy goods. 

Fish, not of Ameri¬ 
can fisheries. 

FLAX. 

Flax, raw.T. 2,557 

By yard. 

Other manuf’s. . 

Fruit of all kinds (in¬ 
cluding nuts). . 

Furs & fur skins... . 

Glass.-W indow, lbs. 33,090,388 
Cylinder & crown 
polished... sq. ft. 58,464 
Fluted, rolled, or 
rough plate.sq.ft. 479,328 
Cast polished plate 
not silvered, sq. ft. 1,580,112 


Value. 

$333,086 

77,344 


346,214 

1,758,589 

1,384,612 

63,426 

58,826 

479,231 

1,721,836 

1,045,636 

1,156,854 

602,842 

27,615,262 

48,868 

32,299 

562,762 


3,972,678 

3,945,419 

4,627,227 

796,107 

12,568,930 

134,737 


6,618,554 

4,251,375 

4,244,541 

2,724,213 

599,670 

12,335,697 

4,455,671 

7,338,492 

2,367,372 

1,380,237 

16,754 

, 26,264 

885,034 


Quantity. 


Cast polished plate 
silvered. .. .sq.ft. 2,492,721 

Manufs. not spec. 

Gums .lbs. 8,200,359 

Gunpowder-lbs. 375 

Hemp. —Raw. ... T. 20,239 


Manufactures by 

yards-sq. yds. 1,011,275 

Ot’r manuf’s. of... . 

Hides & skins, other 

than furs. . 

India-rubber & 

Gutta- Percha. 

—Unmanuf’d.lbs. 9,266,790 

Manufactured. 

Iron & Steel—P ig 

iron.lbs. 314,630,384 

Castings.lbs. 4,324,095 

Bar iron.lbs. 174,578,066 

Boiler iron. .. .lbs. 2,003,134 
Band, hoop, and 
scroll iron... .lbs. 14,651,896 
Railroad bars or 

rails.lbs. 798,306,761 

Sheet iron... .lbs. 22,536.563 
Old & scrap iron. T. 150,194 

Hardware. . 

Anchors, cables, & 
chains of all 

kinds.lbs. 10,335,618 

Machinery.... lbs. . 

Muskets, pistols, ri¬ 
fles, & sport’g g’ns. 

Steel ingts, bars, 

sheets, & wire lbs. 

Cutlery. 

Files. . 

Saws and tools.... . 

Manufs. not spec. 

Jewelry, & manufs.. 

of gold & silver. 

Jute grasses, and 

COCOA FIBRE.— 

Raw.T. 25,849 

Manufactures of, 

by yard.yds. 3,348,119 

Gunny cloth and 
gunny bags. .lbs. 22,172,265 

Other manufs. . 

Lead.—P igs, bars, 

and old.lbs. 84,955,916 

Manufs. of. 

Leather. —Leath’r 
of all kinds.. .lbs. 9,931,135 
Gloves of kid and 
cheveril. dz. prs.. 446,684 

All other gloves of 
skin or leather, 

.doz. prs. 138,226 


Value. 

$644,334 

1,059,084 

1,249,826 

63 

4,031,874 

144,217 

311,212 

14,528,928 


3,845,866 

913,768 

2,401,993 
' 32,006 
3,416,718 
48,836 

308,335 

13.322,170 

662.210 

3,471,590 

164,118 


431,272 

909,141 

805,359 

3,310,686 

1,755,499 

559,248 

220,733 

5,601,316 

992,478 


2,143,714 

347,394 

1,060,621 

1,164,343 

3,485,703 

13,391 

5,938,598 

2,964,150 


586,651 





































































264 


BIPORTS. 


IMPORTS. 


Quantity. Value. 


All oth’r manufs of. 
Oils.— Whale and 


fish.galls. 395,011 

Olive, salad.galls. 154,489 

Olive.galls. 69,409 


All ot’r fix’d oils gals. 6,595,046 
Volatile or es’l.lbs. 253,746 
Opium & ext. of. lbs. 272,401 
Paints. —White & 
red lead, & lith¬ 
arge.lbs. 7,238,510 

Whiting and Paris 

white.lbs. 5,321,929 

All other paints & 

painters’ colors.. . 

Paper. — Printing 

paper. 

Writing paper.... . 

Other paper. . 

Papier-mache and 
manufs. of paper 

and parchment.. . 

Perfumery & cos¬ 
metics . . 

Precious stones.... . 

Provisions, includ’g 
peas, beans, and 
vegetables. 


Salt.lbs. 605,596,772 

Saltpetre.lbs. 12,366,480 


Silk. —Dress and 

piece goods. . 

Hosiery, shirts, & 

drawers.. . 

Manufs. not spec.. . 

Soda. —Bicarb, lbs. 15,608,413 
Carbonate, incl’d’g 
sal soda & soda 

ash.lbs. 154,343,498 

Caustic soda. .lbs. 26,098,533 
Nitrate, acetate, & 
other salts of .lbs. 33,683,085 
Spices of all kinds, 
including ginger 
& mustard. ..lbs. 20,571,942 
Sugar & molasses. 

—Brown, .lbs. 1,115,348,643 

Refined.lbs. 259,947 

Molasses... .galls. 50,058,182 
Melada & syrup of 
sugar-cane. ..lbs. 38,083,038 
Candy & confec. lbs. 56,556 
Sulphur or brim¬ 
stone.T. 32,553 

Tea.lbs. 49,359,803 

Tin. — In bars, bl’ks, 

or pigs.cwt. 100,709 

In plates.cwt. 1,419,354 

Manufactures of.. . 


$700,103 

220,582 

291,455 

59,599 

1,768,374 

389,512 

1,857,185 


434,795 

28,671 

706,888 

77,206 

34,882 

505,292 


610,192 

284,044 

1,909,305 


4,421,163 

1,202,809 

503,371 

14,902,727 

38,561 

12,182,079 

326,470 


2,299,880 

805,200 

884,247 


1,857,007 

52,995,434 

13,365 

11,487,910 

1,315,840 

13,629 

970,017 

15,053,465 

2,669,456 

8,405,377 

66,903 


Tobacco. 

Cigars.lbs. 

Snuff.lbs. 

Other manuf’s.... 
Watches, & watch 
movements and 

materials. 

Wines, spirits, & 
cordials.— Sp’ts 
and cordials in 

casks.gals. 

in bottles.... doz. 
Wine in casks.gals. 


Quantity. 

Leaf. lbs. 7,180,500 
668,533 


17,255 


1,387,173 

56,654 

9,495,984 

577,572 


Wine in bot... doz. 

Wood.—M anufs of 
Wool, sheep’s ; 
goats’ & camels’ 

HAIR, & MANUF’S. 
of. —Raw and 

fleece.lbs. 50,230,518 

Cl’ths & cassimeres. 

Woollen rags, shod¬ 
dy, mungo, waste, 

& flocks.....lbs. 703,026 

Shawls. 

Blankets. . 

Carpets.... yards. 3,974,548 
Dress goods.. .yds. 67,490,126 
Hosiery, shirts, & 

drawers. . 

Manuf’s not else¬ 
where specified.. . 

Zinc, Spelter. —In 
blocks or pigs. lbs. 9,205,120 

In sheets.lbs. 9,824,398 

All articles not else¬ 
where enumerat’d . 


Value. 

j>2,849.093 

2,108,022 

5.284 

31,025 


3,194,828 


1,670,129 

266,290 

3,306,179 

2,598,924 

9,250,008 


7,278,745 

9,543,911 


Total dutiable.... 
Total free of duty. 


65,864 

2,035,502 

17,481 

4,041,971 

16,552,393 

506,209 

5,479,122 

407,501 

496,255 

17,124,920 

439,954,776 

46,740,897 


Total imports.$486,695,673 

Entered for con¬ 
sumption. 288,116,785 

Entered wareh’se. 198,578,888 

Proportion bro’t in 
cars & other land 

vehicles. 7,302,425 

Proportion bro’t in 

Amer. vessels. 154,912,888 

Proportion bro’t in 

foreign vessels. 324,480,360 

The following are the articles comprised under 
the item, “ all articles not elsewhere enume¬ 
rated .in the preceding Table. The dis¬ 
crepancy, an immaterial one, in the total 
amounts, arises from the following state¬ 
ment being made up for one year, ending 














































































IMPORTS. 


BIPORTS. 


with June 30, 1870, while the other is for 
the year ending with December 31, of the 
same year. 

FREE OF DUTY. 

Articles, the produce of the 

United States, brought back. $2,110,512 


Articles for use of U. S. 25,891 

Acids. 26,024 

Ashes. 2,551 

Books, &c., for seminaries .... 115,885 

Burr stones. 58,878 

Bone and bone-dust. 43,720 

Bismuth. 18,358 

Church ornaments. 8,937 

Camel’s hair. 24,190 

Pelt, adhesive. 13,977 

Fresh fish. 198,669 

Fertilizers. 38,805 

Glass, old... 5,879 

Hair, horse and cattle. 25,104 

Ink. 15,464 

Jewellers’ sweepings. 445 

Junk. 312,796 

Lac dye. 13,736 

Ore, silver. 43,971 

Palm leaf. 24,521 

Paintings and statuary, produc¬ 
tions of American artists.... 199,765 

Personal effects. 4,531 

Peruvian bonds. 48,000 

Pumice stone. 14,196 

Platina. 118,894 

Rattans. 175,639 

Specimens of Natural History. 12,957 

Staves and shingle botts. 31,612 

Shells, mother of pearl. 6,798 

Shells, turtle and tortoise. 121,026 

Cedarwood. 6,243 

All other articles. 136,094 


Total, free of duty.$4,003,568 


DUTIABLE. 

Asphaltum.. 

Alabaster. 

Beer, ale, and porter. 

Blacking. 

Bones. 

Bristles. 

Bronzes. 

Brushes. 

Bladders. 

Bricks, Bath and fire. 

Cement. 

Candles. 

Chalk. 

Clay. 

Clocks. 

Cork, and manufactures... *. 

Emery. 

. 


$24,238 

2,116 

856,489 

28,669 

23,701 

629,057 

39,769 

12,528 

7,983 

34,922 

15,911 

13,980 

32,795 

100,920 

24,808 

224,918 

61,144 

13,270 


Feathers. 

Felt, roofing. 

Fire-crackers and works. 

Gold-beaters’ skins. 

Garancine. 

Glue and glue stock. 

Grindstones. 

Guts. 

Gypsum. 

Grease. 

Hair, and manufactures of.... 

Hay. 

Hemlock bark, and extracts of 

Honey. 

Hops. 

Homs. 

Ink. 

Iron ore. 

Ivory, and manufactures of... 

Ivory nuts. 

Kryolite. 

Linseed. 

Marble. 

Marble manufactures. 

Metals not otherwise provided 
for, and manufactures of.... 

Mill feed. 

Musical instruments. 

Mathematical, philosophical, 
and optical instruments.... 

Malt. 

Oil-cake. 

Oil-cloth. 

Photographs. 

Plumbago. 

Paintings. 

Paper stock. 

Peanuts. 

Percussion caps. 

Pickles. 

Pulse. 

Plated ware. 

Plants and trees. 

Plaster and lime. 

Quills, and manufactures of... 

Quicksilver. 

Slates. 

Sauces. 

Seeds. 

Soap. 

Sponges. 

Stone, and manufactures of... 

Sumac. 

Straw manufactures. 

Starch. 

Statuary. 

Teasels. 

Tar-Petroleum. 

Telegraph materials. 

Varnish. 


265 

$52,670 
32,223 
. 133,838 
21,657 
865 
46,191 
79,721 
16,246 
28,022 
13,040 
960,205 
63,408 
221,887 
76,459 
76,177 
35.049 
72498 
34,604 
371,102 
20,094 
101,598 
4,141,304 
358,389 
79,959 

535,312 

90,871 

751,045 

25,220 
145,500 
11,290 
60,590 
337 
265,515 
498,053 
662,336 
79 
9,525 
53,553 
18,261 
6,023 
35,585 
36,248 
13,315 
128,721 
131,758 
7,606 
501,668 
299,356 
86,483 
263,952 
71,217 
1,278.778 
li;245 
30,361 
364 
30,036 
826 
79,237 






































































































260 


IMPOSITION. 


INDIA GUM. 


Vegetables. $10,776 

Vinegar. 53,636 

Wax, and manufactures of.... 10,897 

All other articles. 909,518 


Total dutiable.$15,720,568 

Total free of duty. 4,203,568 


Total.$19,724,135 

Imposition, that which is imposed, 
as a tax, toll, duty, or excise prescribed by 
authority. 

Impost, a duty or tax levied by gov¬ 
ernment on goods imported, and to be paid 
or secured by the importer at the time of 
importation. Such imposts are commonly 
known as “duties.” 

Impressing, a compulsory mode of 
obtaining seamen for the navy; in relation 
to the Government, the act of compelling 
into service; impressment. 

Imprest, an advance of public money 
to enable the person to whom it may be 
made to carry on some public service—the 
term being used in opposition to final pay¬ 
ment. The person to whom the advance 
is made is called the ‘ ‘ imprest accountant. ” 

Improvement, in trade, increased 
activity or briskness ; in prices, an advance 
or rise; in quality of goods, an alteration 
for the better. 

Ine, a Japan measure, equal to 2- 1 i 2 - 
yards. 

In cense, a name for certain odorifer¬ 
ous resins and other materials, which are 
burned for the purpose of producing aro¬ 
matic or perfume odors, usually in religi¬ 
ous rites ; a name specially given to frank¬ 
incense, or olibanum. 

Incense-wood, the wood of some 
species of the idea trees growing in Guiana, 
and known as incense-trees. 

Incli, the twelfth part of a foot. A 
subdivision of an inch, formerly more in 
use than at present, was into 12 parts 
called lines, each of these into 12 parts 
called seconds, and so on ; the decimal di¬ 
visions are now more commonly used. 

Incli stuff*, boards sawed to the thick¬ 
ness of an inch. 

Incombustible cloth, a name for 
fabrics of asbestos, made by interweaving 
the mineral fibre with some ordinary tissue, 
and then burning the latter away ; the term 
is also applied to fabrics of any sort, more 
commonly linen or cotton, treated with 
certain saline substances, in such a man¬ 
ner as to form a glaze on the goods, and by 
which treatment such goods, if ignited, 
burn away slowly without producing a 


flame, thus rendering them uninflammable, 
rather than incombustible. 

Income, the total amount of earnings 
and receipts of money from all sources such 
as properly accrue to the benefit and use of 
the receiver, and, as usually regarded, for 
the period of one year, constitutes gross 
income ; the like amount diminished by 
subtraction of the expenses of the busi¬ 
ness, or investments yielding the receipts, 
including cost of their collection, is net 
income. 

Income tax, a tax laid upon the 
earnings, profits, or income of whatever 
sort, of a person or corporation; or upon 
the sum of all such, beyond some prescribed 
amount which the law exempts. A law 
was passed during the war of the rebellion 
imposing such a tax upon the citizens of 
the United States, which, being regarded 
as a necessity of the war, met with general 
approval. But the inequality of the opera¬ 
tion of the law upon the incomes of differ¬ 
ent industries; the demoralizing tendency 
in the temptations which it presents for 
misrepresentation and perjury; its doubtful 
constitutionality ; its necessarily inquisito¬ 
rial character; and, finally, the entire ab¬ 
sence of any necessity for the continuance 
of such a law, are among the arguments 
urged for its repeal and discontinuance. 

Indebtedness, the state of being 
indebted. 

Indelible colors, fast colors; those 
which do not fade or tarnish by exposure. 

Indelible ink, an ink which, when 
used upon linen or muslin, is permanent, 
and is not obliterated by washing. 

Indemnification, securing against 
loss, damage, or penalty; or a reimburse¬ 
ment of either of these. 

Indemnity, security against loss, 
such as may occur, or has occurred, by rea¬ 
son of some particular or specified event, 
as in case of ordinary insurance against 
damage or loss by fire, &c. Acts of in¬ 
demnity are laws passed to relieve individ¬ 
uals from penalties to which they may be¬ 
come liable. 

Index, the alphabetical table of refer¬ 
ence to the accounts of a ledger; any ta¬ 
ble of references or titles in alphabetical 
order. 

India, aloes, a name given to certain 
varieties of inferior aloes produced in In¬ 
dia. 

India cottons, a name applied to a 
heavy kind of figured chintz, in upholstery 
goods. 

India gum, an inferior and often im- 















INDIA INK. 


INDIA PAPER. 


267 


pure gum-arabic obtained from India, the 
product of acacia arabica and other species. 
It sometimes resembles the Turkey gum, 
and sometimes that from Senegal, and it 
often contains much insoluble gum ( basso - 
Tin ) which softens and swells in water, 
without dissolving. It is imported from 
Bombay and Calcutta. 

India ink, called also Indian or China 
ink, a black pigment used in certain styles 
of drawings and in water-color painting, 
composed of lampblack and glue, and per¬ 
fumed according to the quality of the ink. 
It is brought from China, in rolls, or square 
or oblong cakes, of a musk-like odor, and 
costs from forty cents up to five dollars a 
catty. The best quality is free from gritti¬ 
ness when rubbed on the finger-nail; the 
inferior sorts are usually the most orna¬ 
mented. 

Bndia matting, grass or reed mats, 
made in India, from a species of the papy¬ 
rus. 

India myrrli, a name formerly given, 
in distinction, to the inferior myrrh pro¬ 
duced in the East Indies; from which coun¬ 
try, however, both the articles named and 
the myrrh of Arabia and north-eastern Af¬ 
rica are now commonly imported. 

Indian berry, the cocculus indicus. 

Indian corn, a common name for 
maize, the commercial term for which in 
the United States is simply corn. 

Indian currant, the coral berry, or 
Missouri currant. 

Indian fig, the fruit of a species of 
cactus growing in New Mexico, which in 
taste resembles the fig. 

Indian hemp, the cannabis indica , 
the source of a resin collected from the 
standing plant, formed into balls, and 
known as churrus ; and also the source of 
hashish ; the dried tops of the plant are 
imported as a drug. The name is also 
given to the apocynum cannabinum , the 
roots of which are used in medicine. Also 
a name given to ejoo. 

Indian madder, a name for chay, 
or chay-root. 

Indian meal, the common name for 
the ground and bolted meal of com. 

Indian oak, a name for the wood of 
the teak-tree, tectona grandis. 

Indian red, a pigment obtained 
from a kind of red ochre, with a tinge of 
purple, or when used producing purplish rus¬ 
set tints; it is much used by artists, and is 
brought from the Persian Gulf, and perhaps 
also from Bengal, in form of small lumps, 
and in part, as a coarse, gritty powder. 


Indian sarsaparilla, the root of 

the hemidesmus indicus of Ceylon,—im¬ 
ported and used as a substitute for the 
smilax sarsaparilla. 

Indian shot, or India shot, a 

name for several species of canna, growing 
in certain parts of South America and in 
the East Indies, and now quite common in 
our flower-gardens—so called from their 
round, black, heavy seeds, which resemble 
shot. In Brazil, under the name of wild 
plantain, their juice is expressed to obtain 
a purplish dye; their seeds are sometimes 
used as a substitute for coffee, and the 
leaves are employed for enveloping articles 
of commerce. One species affords a valu¬ 
able fibre, and the roots of nearly all con¬ 
tain starch, which may be cooked for food. 

Indian steel, steel obtained from 
the wootz ore of India. 

Indian tobacco, the leaves, roots, 
and stems of the lobelia injlata , an Ameri¬ 
can plant. It is found in the drug-shops 
in small, compressed cakes. 

Indian turnip, the root of the arum 
triphyllum , also known as dragon-root, or 
wake-robin; used in medicine. In Eng¬ 
land one variety of it is known as Portland 
arrowroot, or Portland sago. 

Indian yellow, a costly yellow pig¬ 
ment, obtained from the urine of the cow 
or camel, in form of pale yellow crystals 
or scales; imported in the crude form 
from India and China in brownish lumps, 
orange-yellow within, under the name of 
purree, or purreic acid. It is used both in 
oil and water-color painting, and is often 
adulterated with chrome-yellow, or other 
cheap pigments. 

India opium, the name given to 
three varieties of opium known in com¬ 
merce—the “ garden'' 1 Patna opium, put 
up in small square cakes, with layers of 
mica ; the Bengal , or Patna opium, in balls 
of about Si lbs. weight, covered with pop¬ 
py leaves—both these being the produce 
of Bahar and Benares; and the Mcdwa 
opium, from the interior, in flat, roundish 
cakes, 5 or 6 inches across. The first and 
last named kinds are the best. 

India paper, the name given to sev¬ 
eral sorts of paper manufactured by the 
Chinese; the two of best quality being 
made from the inner bark of the bamboo, 
and of the cotton-tree; the former is used 
for obtaining the most delicate impressions 
from copper plates, the other qualities 
being from the bark of the mulberry, elm, 
&c., and occasionally from such substan¬ 
ces as hemp, and wheat or rice straw. 






26S 


INDIA PROOFS. 


INDIA-RUBBER. 


India, proofs, impressions from en¬ 
graved plates taken upon India paper. 

India rliubarb, known also as 
Chinese rhubarb ; a variety somewhat in¬ 
ferior to the Russian, and which is chiefly 
brought from Canton in long or roundish 
pieces, flattened on one or on both sides, 
and externally of brownish-yellow color. 
It is sometimes so prepared as to resemble 
the Russian article. 

India-rubber, the commercial name 
for caoutchouc, which, as met with in the 
crude state in commerce, is a solid or soft- 
solid substance, in sheets or strips, flexible 
and highly elastic, and hence known as 
gum-elastic, or elastic gum. When pure, 
it floats in water, and varies in different 
samples, from the transparent and almost 
colorless, or whitish, to a yellow, or dark 
brown, or black. It is a product of the 
concretion and hardening of the milky 
juice of several kinds of plants, among 
which are many of the euphorbiacece , or 
spurgeworts ; of the artocarpaceee , or 
bread-fruits, banyans, and other species of 
fig ; and of the apocynacece , including the 
common dogbane, the caoutchouc vine, and 
many other species. The collected pro¬ 
duct, and certain rude uses of it, were 
first made known to the civilized world by 
M. La Condamine, who, writing to the 
French Academy in 1736, described the 
article as met with by him in his travels in 
Para and along the Amazon. It was called 
cahuchu by the natives, and by them made 
into rude sorts of bottles, syringes, shoes, 
&c., and applied in a coarse way to the 
waterproofing of cloths. Little attention 
was given to the new product until the no¬ 
tice by Dr. Priestley,* in 1770, of the then 
novel rubber eraser for pencil-marks; and 
the material continued known only through 
this use, as met with in cabinets, and by 
the importation of a few of the rude na¬ 
tive shoes, down to as late as the year 
1820. 

Much the greater quantity of the crude 
article is obtained from South America, 
and the best for general use from Para; 
but a large importation has grown up, 


* Dr. Priestley’s notice of this substance is contained 
in the Introduction to his work on Perspective, and 
is as follows :— 

“I have seen a substance excellently adapted to 
the purpose of wiping from paper the marks of a 
black-lead pencil. It must, therefore, be of singular 
use to those who practise Drawing. It is sold by 
Mr. Nairne, mathematical instrument maker, oppo¬ 
site the Royal Exchange. He sells a cubical piece of 
about half an inch for three shillings ; and he says it 
will last several years.” 


from parts of south-eastern Asia and the 
neighboring archipelago, and one of less 
extent also from the western coast of 
Africa. In South America, the caout¬ 
chouc-yielding trees grow in abundance 
throughout considerable portions of a belt 
of about 10° width on each side of the 
equator; as, in Northern Brazil, in Suri¬ 
nam, and other parts of Guiana; in Ecua¬ 
dor near Quito, and it would appear also 
in portions of Peru and New Grenada, 
from all of which, as well as from some 
of the West India islands, and from por¬ 
tions of Central America and Mexico, ex¬ 
ports are mentioned. The most common 
source, at least in Para, is the syringe-tree, 
which grows to a height of some 50 or 60 
feet, while four or five other trees yield 
caoutchouc in parts of South America. It 
is also obtained in the State of Vera Cruz, 
from the ule, or castillao elastica. All the 
species of ficus, in fact, even to the common 
fig of Europe, are said to contain caout¬ 
chouc in their juices. The most impor¬ 
tant source of the product among these, 
however, is the ficus elastica of India, or 
Indian caoutchouc tree, a banyan growing 
in large numbers and to great height in 
mountainous districts in Assam ; while in 
some parts of India also inferior sorts are 
obtained from different species of ficus and 
artocarpus trees. Still another considera¬ 
ble source is found in the urceola elastica , 
or caoutchouc vine, a twining plant of 
great dimensions, confined in the East In¬ 
dies to the peninsula of Malacca and the 
islands of Sumatra and Penang. The pro¬ 
duct from this vine is principally exported 
along with that from Java, Borneo, Ma¬ 
nilla, &c., through the port of Singapore. 
An indifferent gum is afforded in Silhet, 
near Assam, and in northern Aracan, by 
the willughbeia edulus , and in the Indian 
archipelago by th-e artocarpus integrifolia , 
or jack. Parts of the product of these dis¬ 
tricts are shipped from ports of Bengal and 
Pegu. 

The collection of caoutchouc is most 
methodical in Para; the trees being tap¬ 
ped, the juice is caught in cups, filled into 
jars, and poured in successive films over 
wooden lasts covered with clay, or over 
clay moulds in form of bottles, or of other 
(often fantastic) patterns; the successive 
coatings being dried in the sun or over a 
fire, and the moulds being finally removed 
by cutting or breaking up. The differences 
of color and appearance in the rubber, as 
imported, are mainly owing to the differ¬ 
ence in the modes of preparation, and f 01 





INDIA-RUBBER CLOTH. 


INDIA-RUBBER THREAD. 269 


want of proper care in obtaining 1 and dry¬ 
ing the juice. Thus, in case of the Indian 
caoutchouc tree, successive incisions are 
made through the bark to a great height, 
and with the urceola of Malacca, also, the 
incisions are repeated to a considerable dis¬ 
tance along the vine. The juice left in 
such cases to run down the bark, or per¬ 
haps upon the ground, and hardening there, 
is finally gathered up, along with adhering 
bark and earth, and so shipped. Such in¬ 
termixture of worthless materials appears 
to characterize some of the best as well as 
some of the poorest qualities of the gum 
itself. The Indian gum has generally a 
lighter color than the American, from its 
having been commonly dried in the sun. 
Crude rubber often comes into the market 
purposely adulterated with such materials 
as resins, chalk, sand, Paris-white, pumice, 
clay, barytes, oxide of zinc, white-lead, red 
lead, ivory-black, lamp-black, black-lead, 
&c. 

Crude solid rubber is usually imported 
from South and Central America in form 
of large, flat, square or circular cakes, of 
cylinders, of bottles, shoes, images, figures 
of animals, of sheets and shreds, and of 
flattened or irregular solid masses; from 
the East Indies, to some extent, in chunks 
and balls; from the same, in part, and 
from western South America, in bundles, 
or collections of the irregular concretions, 
made by pressing, twisting, or winding to¬ 
gether. Our annual imports are about 
10,000,000 of pounds. 

An artificial India-rubber, made by the 
use of tungstate of soda, glue, and some 
acids, is used in the preparation of some 
kinds of leather, and also in the rendering 
of cotton similar to wool. 

India-rubber cloth, fabrics of 
various material, cotton, linen, or canvas, 
and also silk or woollen, covered usually 
on one side only with an adherent coating 
of india-rubber, or of some composition of 
which it forms an essential part, applied 
either in form of a varnish, or by mechan¬ 
ically spreading in the condition of a paste 
or dough. Among distinctions of rubber 
cloths and goods made from them, besides 
those of single and double , and those de¬ 
noting color or shade , are some depending 
on peculiarities in the mode of manufac¬ 
ture or in the style of product, and in¬ 
dicated by the terms “ lustre “ solarized ,” 
“flocked” &c, 

India-rubber goods, a term ap¬ 
plied in general to such fabrics, wares, 
and useful articles of whatever kind, now 


of very great number and variety, as are 
composed or formed wholly or in good 
part of india-rubber, and includes articles 
turned out for use of themselves, and such 
as enter into the material of other manu¬ 
factures or constructions. 

India-rubber, milk of, the milky 
juice yielded by plants of several species, 
which when aggregated and solidified con¬ 
stitutes caoutchouc or india-rubber. The 
fresh juice of the common caoutchouc 
tree of South America closely resembles 
cow’s milk in appearance and somewhat in 
taste. Allowed to stand for some time it 
separates into two parts, the coagulum of 
rubber, and a watery liquid. Considerable 
quantities of the juice have at different 
times been imported into England and the 
United States, commonly in bottles, from 
South America, India, and elsewhere. 
This has sometimes arrived in the milky 
emulsion, but generally coagulation had in 
part or wholly taken place. Some samples 
yielded as much as 45, and others no more 
than 20 per cent, of caoutchouc. Mixed 
with ammonia it has been shipped in glass 
and tin cans, and some of it sent to England 
in barrels thus put up, arrived in a fluid 
state. 

India-rubber thread, india-rub¬ 
ber cut or otherwise formed into filaments 
or small cord, the material being in the 
ordinary or the vulcanized state, and which, 
with or without a subsequent sheathing 
with some common thread, forms the 
essential part of all elastic tissues. A 
strip of india-rubber stretched to some 
five times its original length, heated to 
212°, and thus reeled and left for two 
or three weeks, does not on being unwound 
retain its elasticity and contract, until it is 
again heated; and the operation may be 
repeated several times, until the filament 
is brought to a required size. Thread of 
common rubber loses its elasticity at a cold 
near that of freezing, but is restored as 
the thread is again warmed. Vulcanized 
rubber thread, which is more in use, is ob¬ 
tained by forming the sheets of a thickness 
agreeing with the width—varying from -, J g - 
to - 8 L o of an inch—and cutting by machine¬ 
ry in long continuous filaments. Such 
thread, which is sheathed with silk and 
cotton, is also more elastic and durable 
than that of common rubber. Two and a 
quarter lbs. of material is capable of 
affording a length of 98,400 feet. Ordinary 
styles of rubber thread are marked ac¬ 
cording to fineness from “1” to “8.” 
One pound weight of No. 1 measures 5,000 





270 INDIA-RUBBER VARNISH. 


INLAND TRADE. 


yards; of No. 4, 2,000; and of No. 8, 700 
yards. 

India-rubber varnish, a varnish 
obtained from india-rubber. 

India-rubber webbing, fabrics 
of various widths and character, from 
quite narrow tapes and bands, to those 
suitable for suspenders and belts, and for 
cloth. They owe their elastic quality to 
the incorporation into the tissue, in the 
act of weaving, of threads of rubber, these 
usually forming part of the warp only, and 
in it alternating with threads of the tissue 
itself, but sometimes constituting also a 
portion of the woof. 

Indigo, a blue dye-stuff of commerce 
obtained from various plants, but princi¬ 
pally from the leaves of various species of 
indigofer a, largely cultivated in India. In 
the process of preparing indigo the plant 
is macerated in water, fermentation takes 
place, the liquor becomes of a greenish 
color and is decanted. The coloring prin¬ 
ciple, dissolved by the water, absorbs oxy¬ 
gen from the air and assumes a blue color, 
becoming at the same time insoluble; a 
gradual precipitation takes place, and 
finally the precipitated matter, having 
been washed upon linen filters, is dried, 
shaped usually into cubical masses, and 
thus sent into market. Most of the indigo 
consumed in dyeing is brought from the 
East Indies, though considerable quanti¬ 
ties are imported from the northern coast 
of South America. It is produced also in 
the Southern States, and in Florida the 
plant grows luxuriantly. The East Indian 
and Brazilian indigo comes packed in 
chests, usually of about 260 lbs.; the Gua¬ 
temala in ox-hides called ceroons, usually 
containing about 150 lbs. It is generally 
classified according to the various countries 
from which it is obtained. 

Indigo blue, the tint or color pro¬ 
duced by the indigo dye; a preparation of 
indigo for the use of the laundry. 

Indigo brown, a brown substance 
obtained from indigo. 

Indigo copper, a blue copper ore. 

Indigogcne, a white powder ob¬ 
tained by reducing indigo. 

Indigo purple, a coloring matter 
consisting of interlaced silky crystals hav¬ 
ing a coppery lustre obtained from indigo 
and sulphate of sodium. 

Indigo red, a red substance obtained 
from indigo. 

Indulgence, to extend the time of 
payment to a debtor; to forbear pressing 
for payment. 


Infaneino, the Spanish name for the 
oil made of green olives. 

Inferior, a lower grade, or of a less 
value. 

Inga beans, a name for the pods ot 
the horse or bastard cassia. 

Ingot, a mass of metal of an indefinite 
size or weight, cast in a mould; the com¬ 
mercial form or shape for unwrought gold, 
silver, copper, &c., for sale or shipment. 

Ingrain carpeting, all-wool car¬ 
pet, woven with variously colored threads, 
which correspond in warp and weft, and 
form a reversible pattern, showing the 
same figure in different colors on the op¬ 
posite side of the carpet. Both 2-ply and 
8-ply carpets are included in this class, the 
2-ply having a double warp giving two sets 
of colorings ; for instance, reds and blacks 
or greens and browns T etc.; and the 3-ply 
giving three sets, viz.: greens, browns and 
scarlet, and other varieties of coloring as 
desired. The “Kidderminster Super” is 
the best known example of the 2-ply in¬ 
grain, and the Lowell Co.’s 3-ply are also 
well known in this country as samples of 
that class. 

Ingrained yarns, yams, wools, &c. 
dyed in the grain, that is, before manufac¬ 
ture ; dyed in the wool, or in the raw ma¬ 
terial. 

Ingredient, a component part of a 
compound product or manufacture. 

Ink, a fluid for writing, made in differ¬ 
ent colors, the black only being proper to 
be used in book-keeping or in commercial 
correspondence. It is prepared in many 
different ways, but the common ingredients 
are galls and sulphate of iron with a little 
gum-arabic and logwood. The various 
kinds of ink known in commerce are writ¬ 
ing ink, of which there are black, blue, 
violet, red, and other colors ; printing ink, 
indelible ink, India ink, and lithographic 
ink. 

Inkle, a kind of broad linen tape; 
inkle unwrought is bleached yarn. 

Ink powder, a composition of pul 
verized nutgalls, sulphate of iron, gum 
Senegalor other dry ingredients, usually 
put up in paper packages, with directions 
for making ink. 

Inkstands, glass vessels of various 
forms for holding the ink required at the 
desk, so constructed as to admit the free 
introduction of the pen for its supplies. 

Inland bills, drafts or bills of ex¬ 
change drawn on a party in the same State 
as the drawer. 

Inland trade, a domestic commerce' 






INLAID. 


INTEREST ACCOUNT. 271 


a commerce conducted in the interior parts 
of the country, and without the intervention 
of ocean ships or sea vessels. Ships and 
other vessels on our lakes, employed in the 
commerce of our lake cities, unless they 
touch and trade on the Canadian shores, are 
considered as being- engaged in inland trade. 

Inlaid, mosaic work; cabinet-work 
inlaid with veneers or devices in various 
colored woods. 

Insect powder, a powder used for 
the destruction of vermin, and sold some¬ 
times under the name of Persian powder. 
It consists of the flowers of a plant which 
grows upon the Caucasian mountains, the 
pyrethrum carneum. 

Insertions, narrow strips of lace or 
embroidery sold for inlets in ladies’ dresses, 
etc. 

Insolvency, the condition of one 
who is unable to pay his debts or meet his 
commercial liabilities. In all cases of in¬ 
solvency debts due to the United States 
have a priority, and must first be paid. 

Insolvent, not having sufficient assets 
to pay the debts; a merchant whose estate 
is insufficient to pay all his debts. 

Insolvent debtor, a bankrupt; one 
whose debts amount to more than his assets. 

Insolvent laws, laws which relate to 
and govern the effects and estate of insolv¬ 
ent debtors. 

Installments, the payments of a sum 
of money made at different times, thus: 
A. agrees to pay B. $10,000 in ten months, 
in installments of $1,000 each, payable on 
the first day of each month. 

Instant, the present month, abbrevi¬ 
ated inst. 

Instruct ions, orders given by a prin¬ 
cipal to his agent in relation to the business 
of his agency, and which the latter is bound 
to obey or he becomes responsible for the 
consequences. 

Insurable interest, an interest 
which one may have in ships or in goods 
without having any right of control. 

Insurance, a contract termed a 
‘'policy of insurance,” which binds the in¬ 
surance company to indemnify the party in¬ 
sured against loss or injury to certain 
property or interests, which it specifies, 
from certain perils which it also specifies ; 
the consideration for which is a certain 
sum of money termed a premium, paid or 
promised to be paid by the insured to the 
company. If the insurance relates to 
property and risks at sea, it is called Ma¬ 
rine insurance; if on property on shore 
against fire, it is called Fire insurance. 


Insurance broker, one who acts 

as an agent in procuring or effecting ma¬ 
rine or fire insurance on ships, freights, 
cargoes, goods, merchandise, &c.; the in 
surance companies usually paying a cer¬ 
tain commission or per centage on the 
business which they accept, and in some 
cases a compensation is also paid them 
from the party for whom they procure 
insurance. 

Insurance company. In the Uni¬ 
ted States, insurance is seldom made by 
individuals. Companies are incorporated 
for this purpose, generally with a paid-up 
capital ranging from $200,000 to $1,000,- 
000, and managed by a board of directors, 
selected usually from the wealthy and 
substantial men of character in the place 
where the company is located. 

Insurance policy, the instrument 
in which the contract between the in¬ 
surance company and the insured is ex¬ 
pressed. It is subscribed only by the 
officers of the company, but binds both 
parties. 

Insured, the person or party who has 
procured an insurance on his property. 

Intaglio, gems in which the figures or 
designs are indented or engraved, instead 
of being raised as in cameos. 

Intense blue, a preparation of re¬ 
fined indigo. 

Interest, a share in a business or un¬ 
dertaking, or in the profits of a business; 
a sum paid for the use of money. Each 
State has the right of establishing such 
rates of interest as it may deem expe¬ 
dient. Banking institutions established 
under the act of Congress of June 3, 1864, 
may charge interest at the rate allowed by 
the laws of the State or Territory where 
the bank is located; but when no rate is 
fixed by the laws of the State or Territory, 
the bank may take a rate not exceeding 
seven per cent., and interest may be taken 
in advance. The calculation of interest is 
performed by various rules, each account¬ 
ant or book-keeper adopting the one with 
which he is most familiar. In most count¬ 
ing-houses Interest Tables are employed, 
being reasonably available, and certainly 
accurate. 

Interest account, the account on 
a merchant’s ledger which shows the 
amounts he has paid for the use of money, 
and what received. This is a most impor¬ 
tant account, and when a merchant suc¬ 
ceeds in getting the balance on the right 
side of it, he has removed a very serious 
obstacle in the way of his success. Two 




272 INTERNAL REVENUE. 


IRISH MOSS. 


young men commenced business together in 
Pearl street, each putting in the sum of 
$10,000 ; one of them had that amount of 
his own, the other obtained his part from a 
friend, and paid therefor seven per cent, 
interest. Both were equally prudent and 
economical. At the end of ten years, after 
various successes and losses, they closed 
their business ; the one who had no inter¬ 
est to pay took out $22,000, the other was 
left without a dollar. 

Internal Revenue, the name giv¬ 
en to that part of the revenues of our gov¬ 
ernment which is collected in the form of 
internal duties; a species of internal special 
or direct taxes, comprising specific and ad 
valorem duties on various kinds of manu¬ 
factures, on sales, stamp duties, charges 
for licenses, of duties on incomes, legacies, 
etc., etc. 

Interoeeailic, a communication con¬ 
necting two oceans. 

Intire metals, a name applied to all 
metals which are in any degree malleable 
when cold. 

Introduce, to bring into notice and 
use, and thereby create a demand. 

Introduction, the act of bringing 
into a country. 

Iiiulin, a starch obtained from the 
dandelion, elecampane roots, and other 
plants. 

Inventory, a schedule or list of the 
goods, wares, and merchandise, credits, 
and assets of a merchant, made out in 
minute detail, each article being set down 
separately, and separately valued according 
to its then actual cash value; the whole 
list being then entered in a book called an 
inventory book. Some merchants make 
out inventories more frequently, but usual¬ 
ly they are made out at the close of each 
year. 

Investigation, to search into, fol¬ 
low up, and examine the entries and 
vouchers ; the process usually begins with 
examining and comparing the vouchers 
with the entries, and is not concluded 
until every item is explained. Investiga¬ 
tion implies in most cases that fraud is 
suspected, differing in that respect from 
examination , where fraud usually is not 
suspected. 

Invoice, a written account of the par¬ 
ticulars of merchandise sent or shipped to 
a purchaser, consignee, or agent, with the 
prices of each article, and the charges for 
packing, shipping, &c. The usual bill 
made out at a store for the purchaser, 
whether for a small or large amount, for 


one or for many items, is an invoice. In¬ 
voices of merchandise imported into the 
United States are required by law to be 
made out in the weights, measures, and in 
the currency of the country or place from 
which the importation is made, and to be 
verified before a consul or commercial agent 
of the United States, if there be such offi¬ 
cer at the place; if not, then before any 
public officer authorized to administer 
oaths. 

Invoice-book, the book in which 
are copied the originals of bills and in¬ 
voices of merchandise purchased or re¬ 
ceived. 

Involved, embarrassed by debts or 
liabilities. 

Iodine, a soft, solid, non-metallic sub¬ 
stance, obtained principally from kelp; it 
appears in commerce in the form of crys¬ 
talline scales with a dark metallic lustre, 
and undergoes a process of purification 
before being used in medicine. It is adul¬ 
terated by plumbago, and also by black ox¬ 
ide of manganese. There are more than 
fifty kinds of preparations of iodine known 
in medicine. It is also used in photo¬ 
graphy. 

Iodine scarlet, a beautiful pigment 
rivalling vermilion. 

Iodine yellow, a light yellow color 
produced by a solution of iodine with 
lead. 

I. O. IT., I owe you—an acknowledg¬ 
ment of indebtedness by the signer to the 
holder for the amount stated. 

Ipecacuanha, the dried roots of a 
plant found in Brazil, largely in demand 
as a drug. It is imported in bales, and is 
brought from Rio Janeiro, Bahia, and Per¬ 
nambuco. The Peruvian variety is less 
esteemed than the Brazilian. 

Iridium, a very hard white metal, 
used for tipping metallic pens. 

Iris, the name applied by French jew¬ 
ellers to a transparent variety of rock crys¬ 
tal, possessing the property of reflecting 
the prismatic colors by means of natural 
flaws in the interior of the stone. 

Irish linens, the coarse aiid fine flaxen 
goods made in Ireland, which, from the ex¬ 
cellence of their manufacture, are esteemed 
above all other linen goods, and are exported 
to England and the United States to the ex¬ 
tent of many millions of yards annually. 

Irish in oss, or carageen, a plant grow¬ 
ing upon rocks on the coasts of Europe, 
and largely collected on the coasts of Ire¬ 
land ; found also in abundance on the 
southern sea-coast of Massachusetts; it ia 




IRISH POPLIN. 


IRON. 


273 


prepared for market by simply spreading 
it out to dry on the beach. 

Irish poplin, a heavy fabric for la¬ 
dies’ dresses,—a mixture of silk warp with 
worsted weft, woven in such a manner as 
to show only the silk. 

Irish potatoes, a name in the Uni¬ 
ted States given to any of the varieties of 
the common potato, as distinguished from 
the sweet potato. 

Irish whiskey, whiskey of a supe¬ 
rior quality distilled in Ireland from rye. 

Iron, a metal which is made to serve a 
greater variety of uses, and the commercial 
value of which is more enhanced by the 
conditions and qualities developed in it by 
labor, than any other metal. As it is the 
most useful, so is it the most abundant of 
all the metals. Its ores are found in all 
parts of the world, and their conversion 
into merchantable iron constitutes one of 
the leading industries of the United States 
and of England. The ores are reduced by 
the process of smelting, and run out of the 
furnace into sand moulds of the patterns 
required, or into furrows made in sand; 
the large mass in the main furrow is 
termed by the workmen a sow, and the 
less masses pigs, and hence the general 
name of pig for crude iron. An iron 
which contains from 2 up to per cent, 
of carbon is known as cast iron ; when it 
contains less than about ^ of 1 per cent, 
it is known as wrought or (in the gen¬ 
eral sense) malleable iron, and in such con¬ 
dition the metal is comparatively soft, 
malleable, weldable, ductile, and highly 
tenacious; the carbon being increased to 
within the limits of from about to 1^ or 
near 2 per cent., the product is steel. Pig 
iron is converted into wrought iron by a 
“ boiling process” in puddling furnaces, or 
a refining process in smelting furnaces. In 
the formation of bar iron, the puddled or 
refined pig iron in the form of blooms is 
reheated and roughly drawn into what are 
termed puddled bars, and constitute what 
is called No. 1 iron. Such iron is again 
heated and passed through the train of 
“ finishing rolls,” constructed \fath grooves 
of different size and pattern as required; the 
iron is gradually shaped into bars or rods. 
The finished bars so formed are known in 
the trade as merchant bars , and also as No. 

2 iron. Such iron may be again treated 
like puddled bars, the product now being 
No. 3 iron. 

The various brands or distinguishing 
names of commercial bar iron, both Amer¬ 
ican and foreign, are furnished to the mar- 

18 


ket in the “ ordinary sizes; ” and most or 
all of them also in many sizes less or larger 
than the ordinary, and for which prices 
above the standard for each sort, and in¬ 
creasing according to smallness or to diffi¬ 
culty of production, are asked. The various 
forms in which bars and rods are produced 
are those distinguished as round, large 
round, and half-round iron, ovals and half¬ 
ovals, square and flat iron ; tyre iron (flat 
bars of a great variety of widths and thick¬ 
nesses), horse-shoe iron, Norway shapes, 
wire rods, hoop iron (widths, | to 2 inches; 
thicknesses, Nos. 22 to 14, wire gauge); 
band iron (widths, 1 to 6 inches; thick¬ 
nesses, No. 12 wire gauge to -fa inch); scroll 
iron (narrow band-widths -J- to | inch; same 
thickness as in the preceding); gas tube 
and hinge strip (to width of 6 inches).’ 
The term “ slit rods” is applied to rods of 
square or rectangular section, which are 
formed in the splitting mill, and, of such, 
nail rods are one form. Among peculiar 
forms of bar and other irons are also angle 
irons, T iron, and roofing or channel iron, 
nail hoops and sheets, plough iron, boiler 
and tank plates, boat plates, armor plates, 
flanged beams for building purposes, rail¬ 
way bars or rails, etc., etc. 

The quality of iron depends upon the 
nature of the ores, and of the character of 
the fuel employed in reducing them. The 
ores of the United States are so various 
that almost any species of iron may be pro¬ 
duced from one or other of them, or from 
a mixture of two or more kinds, and they 
are so abundant that in any commercial or 
manufacturing view they are inexhaustible. 
The quality of the general product of the 
iron of this country is superior to the av¬ 
erage product of the iron of Great Britain. 
The wrought irons of Russia and Sweden 
(charcoal irons) have a reputation unsur¬ 
passed by those of any other country. 
Noth withstanding the fair reputation of 
American iron, and the immense beds of 
ores scattered and distributed through the 
States, the capital of the country has not 
heretofore been directed or employed in its 
production to anything like the extent of 
our demands for actual consumption. And 
although our production is large, as, for 
example, 2,000,000 of tons of pig iron in 
the year 18G9, yet in the same year we 
imported of pig iron, castings, bars, plate, 
hoop, scrap, and other varieties, to the 
amount of $17,000,000. about $7,000,000 of 
which were for railroad bars. In the same 
year we also imported of iron and steel manu¬ 
factures to the amount of $12,000,000. 





274 


IRON CASTINGS. 


IRON ORES. 


(See Pig iron.) Besides the uses of iron in 
the arts, it enters into a great number 
medicinal preparations; but in view of 
the extent of its production, the amount 
so used is, commercially, of slight import¬ 
ance. 

Iron castings^ articles of iron cast 
into forms for use, either from metal di¬ 
rectly from the ore, or from pig metal, as 
stove plates, hollow ware, etc., etc. 

Iron-fastened, vessels riveted with 
iron bolts and nails, instead of copper. 

Iron filings. These are used in phar¬ 
maceutical preparations; as met with in 
commerce they are sometimes mixed with 
particles of copper, a dangerous impurity 
when used for such purposes. 

Ironidc, a composition of gutta percha 
and other ingredients, imported for knife- 
handles and other similar purposes; it 
comes in sheets of about 20x24 inches. 

Iron liquor, a solution of acetate of 
iron, used by calico printers, and hence also 
called printers’ liquor. - 

Iron merchant, a wholesale dealer 
in bar, sheet, and other kinds of iron. 

Ironmonger, one who deals in ar¬ 
ticles mainly manufactured of iron, as 
hardware, and other wares of iron. 

Ironmongery, the articles of hard¬ 
ware sold by ironmongers. 

Iron ores. This name is given to any 
substance containing enough iron to pay 
the expenses of extracting it; those most 
generally employed are the magnetic, hem¬ 
atites, and black band. The quality of 
iron being generally much improved by 
mixing ores from different localities, gives 
rise to a large traffic in these ores. 

The magnetic ore , or natural loadstone, 
is the richest known iron ore, containing, 
when pure, 72 per cent, of the metal. It 
forms immense mines in Siberia, Lapland, 
Norway, and Sweden, as well as in parts 
of Central Europe, Spain, and Styria; and 
in North America, in abundant deposits 
along a range extending from Labrador 
through Canada (below Lake Ontario), and 
appearing in Vermont, New Hampshire, 
along the east portion of New York, 
through North New Jersey, East Pennsyl¬ 
vania, and Maryland, into North Carolina 
and North Georgia; while another series 
of the beds appears in the Northwestern 
States, and in particular between Green 
Bay and Lake Superior. 

The ordinary or red hematites , which in¬ 
clude the specular and micaceous ores, are 
found in massive and earthy forms, and 
contain, when pure, 70 per cent, of iron. 


Red hematites are mined in parts of Eng 
land, and on the North American conti¬ 
nent, along nearly the range of the magnetic 
ores, though in still more numerous locali¬ 
ties ; as also in many other sections, par¬ 
ticularly in the Lake Superior region, and 
in the vast deposits of the Iron Mountain 
and of Pilot Knob, Mo. The hematite 
ores form some of the most valuable iron 
mines in the world, and they furnish 
especially a large part of the iron product 
of the United States. The brown hematites, 
of which bog ores are varieties, when pure, 
yield about GO per cent, of iron. These 
ores supply a large proportion of the iron 
works of France and Belgium; and they 
form immense mines in the Forest of Dean, 
Eng., from which much ore is transported 
to the extensive smelting furnaces of South 
Wales. The bog ores are met with as col¬ 
lections of ferruginous petrifactions, etc., 
in marshes, ponds, and streams ; they are 
found in Germany, Finland, Sweden, and 
the northern and western islands of Scot¬ 
land, and in North America, in the pro¬ 
vince of Quebec, at points in New England, 
and New Jersey, and on the eastern shore 
of Maryland. 

The carbonate of iron, in the form known 
as sparry iron ore, is found in beds and 
masses, and when pure contains about 48 
per cent, of iron. Such ores are found in 
Somersetshire and at other points in Eng¬ 
land, and they are widely distributed in 
continental Europe, as in parts of Spain, 
France, Germany, and Austria, and in Cor- 
inthia. These ores are adapted to working 
in a simple manner, and so as to afford 
either a good iron or a natural steel; so 
that they have received the name of steel 
ore. 

The iron-stones , commonly met with as 
roundish nodules or masses, and either in 
continuous beds or scattered through coal 
shales, slates, etc., are, when pure, capable 
of yielding from 30 to 40 per cent, of iron. 
The coal fields of Great Britain contain 
these ores, and from the clay and the coal 
iron-stones nine-tenths of the entire iron 
product of that country is obtained. These 
ores are the principal dependence of the 
furnaces of South Wales, and of Stafford¬ 
shire and several other counties of Eng¬ 
land. The black band iron-stones are the 
sort almost exclusively mined and used in 
Scotland. The iron from these, as from 
the bog ores, is liable to be of the sort 
known as “ cold short; ” that from the com¬ 
mon brown hematites, often ‘ ‘ red short. ” 

In the United States, iron-stones art 



IRON PLATES. 


IVORY. 275 


found in East Ohio and West Pennsylvania, 
where, however, they are commonly smelt¬ 
ed in mixture with specular and magnetic 
ores from the iron regions of Lakes Superior 
and Champlain. ‘ k Buhrstone ore,” a va¬ 
riety, is abundant in West Pennsylvania, as 
also in West Virginia, and in parts of Ken¬ 
tucky and Ohio; and other varieties or 
collections of iron-stones are found in parts 
of Tennessee, in Lycoming Co., Penn., and 
west of the Chesapeake Bay—these ores, 
at least in some of the localities named, 
affording irons of excellent quality. As by 
the mixture of different iron ores an im¬ 
proved quality of product is obtained, a 
transportation of ores for mixture to con¬ 
siderable distances becomes advisable ; and 
ores from the Lake Champlain region are 
transported to the more southerly districts 
of New York, and into Central and West 
Pennsylvania; others from Oneida Co., 
N. Y., to furnaces of Pennsylvania at 
Scranton and elsewhere, and ores from 
New Jersey are largely furnished to the 
furnaces on the Lehigh, in Pennsylvania. 

Iron plates, boiler iron, or boat 
plates for iron ships. 

Iron pyrites, an ore extensively 
used in the preparation of sulphuric acid. 

Iron sand, a sand found in New Zea¬ 
land, along the shores of New Plymouth, 
which has the appearance of fine steel 
filings, and if a magnet be dropped upon 
it and taken up again, the instrument will 
be found coated with the iron granules. 
The deposit extends several miles along 
the coast to the depth of many feet, and 
having a corresponding breadth. The 
sand as it is taken from the beach has been 
found to produce 61 per cent, of iron of 
the finest quality, and is also susceptible of 
being made into the very best of steel. 

Iron scraps, cuttings or clippings 
made in machine shops or other manufac¬ 
tures of iron ; scrap iron. The attempt 
to give a distinct commercial character to 
iron scraps, from scrap iron, or to distin¬ 
guish the scraps, fragments, and cuttings 
of new iron, from the same kind of scraps, 
fragments, and cuttings of iron which 
might have been iu use, or in partial use, 
was abandoned by the Government on the 
Report of Solicitor Jordan of the Treasury 
Department. 

Iron wire, iron rods drawn into any 
desired length and to almost any degree 
of fineness, and designated by numbers of 
wire gauge. 

Iron-wood, a common name for 
various kinds of hard close-grained woods, 


but specifically for the sideroxylon of the 
Cape of Good Hope. 

Iron yellow, a bright iron ochre, 
prepared artificially. 

I§abella color, a color uniting or 
blending a brownish-yellow with a shade of 
brownish-red. The Spanish Princess Isa* 
bella, daughter of Philip II., and consoii 
of Archduke Albert of Austria, made a vow 
in 1601 not to change her shift until aftef 
her husband had taken Ostend, which he 
did not accomplish until 1603, by which 
time her shift had assumed this color. 

Isiilglas§, the commercial name for a 
form of animal jelly obtained from the 
swimming bladder of various fishes, and 
hence also called fish-glue. It is gelatine 
nearly pure. The Russian article obtained 
from the sturgeon has long held the first 
place in commerce. Japanese isinglass is 
a substance prepared from sea-weeds. 

Ispruk, a coarse powder made from 
a species of delphinium growing in Afghan¬ 
istan, used in dyeing. 

Istlc grass, a kind of Mexican grass 
known also as Tampico fibre; it is used in 
Mexico in the manufacture of a kind of 
stiff bagging, and is imported into New 
York in bales, and there probably used for 
similar purposes, and also for brushes as a 
substitute for bristles. 

Italian clotli, a light material of 
cotton and worsted, used for coat linings; 
also called farmers’ satin, and satin de 
chesne. 

Italian flax, a commercial term for 
a fine hemp, brought by combing and other 
processes to a condition resembling flax. 

Italian iron, a laundress’s heater 
for fluting frills, etc. 

Italian juice, the extract of lico¬ 
rice prepared in Calabria; that sold, when 
genuine, under the name of solazzi juice, is 
most esteemed. 

Item, a memorandum; one of the 
particulars of an account or bill. 

Ivory, the commercial name for the 
tusks of the elephant, the teeth of the hip¬ 
popotamus and walrus, the horn of the 
norwhal, etc. The tusks of the elephant, 
however, are regarded as the true ivory, 
and the prime article is, when the tusk 
weighs 20 lbs. and upwards ; under 20 lbs. 
it is called scrivellos. It is imported into 
the United States from Africa and the 
East Indies. That from the latter place 
is the larger, but the African is most es¬ 
teemed. It is imported into Salem, Bos¬ 
ton, and New York. To meet the de¬ 
mands of commerce an enormous nuinbei 






276 


IVORY. 


IVORY WARE. 


of elephants are killed every year. Ivory 
is used for knife-handles, for the keys of 
musical instruments, for combs, billiard- 
balls, dice, chessmen, and artistic carv¬ 
ings. In the London price currents, ele¬ 
phants 1 teeth only are included under the 
head of ivory. The reason why the ivory 
of the African elephant is more esteemed 
than that of the Asiatic, is on account of 
its superior density and whiteness. The 
annual importation of ivory tusks and 
teeth into England is about one million of 
lbs., and into the United States about half 
a million of lbs. Most of the elephants’ 
tusks are imported by the merchants of 
Salem, Mass. A very curious fossil ivory 
bed, or quarry, exists in New Siberia and 
the Isle of Lakon, where at every tempest 
the sea casts ashore fresh heaps of mam¬ 
moths’ tusks, and the inhabitants are able 
to drive a profitable trade in the fossil 
ivory thrown up by the waves. During 
the summer great numbers of fishermen’s 
barks direct their course to this isle of 
bones, and in winter immense caravans 
take the same route, all the convoys drawn 
by dogs, returning charged with the tusks 
of the mammoth. The fossil ivory thus 
obtained is imported into China and Eu¬ 
rope, where it is employed for the same 
purpose as ordinary ivory. The isle of 
bones has served as a quarry of this valu¬ 
able material for export to China for five 
hundred years, and it has been exported 
to Europe for upwards of one hundred 
years; and it is asserted that the supply 
from these strange mines remains ap¬ 
parently undiminished. Artificial ivory is 
a plastic substance prepared by mixing 
collodion with phosphate of lime. It 
becomes hard and susceptible of a very 
fine polish. Vegetable ivory is derived from 


the nuts of a South American palm ; it if 
in use for umbrella handles, buttons, trin¬ 
kets, and other articles. In France an 
imitation of ivory is made from a mixture 
of papier-mache and gelatine. 

Ivory a powder obtained by 

calcining ivory clippings or shavings, and 
known also as animal charcoal. 

Ivory fictile is plaster of Paris 
which has been made to absorb a certain 
amount of melted spermaceti, or by mix¬ 
ing the plaster with yellow ochre. It is 
used for casts. 

Ivory liut, the corossa nut or vege¬ 
table ivory. 

Ivory ware, the name given at Can¬ 
ton to certain kinds of ingenious or fanciful 
manufactures of ivory. The skilful carv¬ 
ing of the Chinese in ivory, says Mr. Wil¬ 
liams , and the cheapness of their work, 
causes a large sale to all parts of the world. 
Some of the articles have attracted atten¬ 
tion from their beauty of design, others 
from their fine workmanship, and a few 
from their singularity. Among the last 
are those specimens of patient toil, the 
carved balls, containing from 3 to 20 inte¬ 
rior balls, each entirely separated from the 
other. Elaborate models are also executed 
in ivory, as a flower-boat, with all its 
kitchen, furniture, and gear complete, and 
tiny boatmen at the oars; miniature pa¬ 
godas of nine stories, with windows, bells, 
and turrets; trees with birds, monkeys, 
and squirrels among the branches ; land¬ 
scapes with dwarf houses, boats, and peo¬ 
ple, all in an area of a square foot, etc., 
etc. The wares more commonly exported 
consist of fans, scales, seals, paper-knives, 
chessmen, card-cases, dice, puzzles, bil¬ 
liard-balls, etc., the greatest part of which 
are made at Canton. 





SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Jaconet 

Jaconas 

Jaconet 

Jaconet 

Musgolinetti 

J acona 

Jalap 

Jalap 

Jalap wurzel 

Jalappe 

Gialappi 

Jalapa 

Jamaica 

Jamaique 

Jamaika 

Jamaika 

Giamaica 

Jamaica 

Japan 

Japon 

Japan 

Japan 

Giappone 

Japon 

J asper 

Jaspe 

J aspis 

Jaspis 

Diaspio ; jaspide 

Jaspe 

Jelly 

Gel6e 

Gallert 

Gelee 

Gelatina 

Jalea 

Jet 

Jais 

Gagat 

Git 

Gagaba 

Azabache 

Jewelry 

Joaillerie 

Juwelierwaaren 

Juweelen 

Gioje; preziose 

Joyas; pedrerias 

Jewels 

Joyaux 

Juwelen 

Juweelen 

Giojelli 

Joy as 

Joint stock 

Fonds social 

Actiencapital 

Maatschapij 

Capitale sociale 

Fondo social 

Journal 

J ournal 

Journal 

Dagblad; dag- 

Giornale [covia 

Jornal [covia 

Juffs 

Cuirs de Russie 

Juchtenleder 

Juchtleder [boek 

Bulgari di Mos- 

Cueros de Mos- 

Jugs 

Cruches 

Ivriige 

Kruiken 

Orcj; brocohe 

Jarros; botijas 

Jujubes 

Jujubes 

Jujuben 

Joben 

Gingiole [pro 

Azufaifas 

Juniper berries 

Baies de geni&vre 

W ac'aholderbeeren 

Genever bes 

Coccoli di gine- 

Bayas de enebro 


J 

Jacaranda, the common name, in 
Brazil, for the tree producing the rose¬ 
wood. 

Jack, a sailor; a flag carried on the 
bowsprit of a vessel. 

Jack-tree, the Indian jaca, which 
yields a variety of bread-fruit, and from 
the inner bark of which a cloth is manu¬ 
factured. 

Jaekwood, a furniture and fancy 
wood, obtained from a species of the bread¬ 
fruit tree; it is mostly used in boat-build¬ 
ing and in house-joinery. 

JaCOilCt, a light, highly finished, soft 
fabric of cotton, something coarser than 
lawn, used for women and children’s 
dresses, and as the foundation for em¬ 
broideries. 

Jacquard, a name by which is desig¬ 
nated fabrics produced upon the Jacquard 
loom, a machine employed in weaving silk, 
muslin, linen, carpets, and other figured 
goods; conceded as one of the most in¬ 
genious pieces of mechanism in the whole 
range of the mechanical or manufacturing 
arts. Named after its inventor, M. Jac¬ 
quard, of Lyons, France. 

Jade, a mineral, known also in com¬ 
merce as the axe-stone. 

Jaggery, sometimes spelled jagary, a 
coarse, dark kind of sugar made in the East 
Indies, from the sap of various palms. 


Palm wine is fermented, and arrack distill 
ed, from jaggery. 

Jalap, the dried tubers of exogonium. 
purga , or jalap plant, imported from Mex¬ 
ico as a crude drug; the name is derived 
from the city of Xalapa, in the State of 
Vera Cruz, in the neighborhood of which 
it grows; whence it is shipped in bags, 
containing usually between 100 and 200 
lbs. This drug is not permitted to pass 
the custom-house unless affording 11 per 
cent, of pure jalap resin. 

Jam, a conserve of fruits, boiled with 
sugar. 

Jamaica i>ark, the bark of the cm 
chona caribcea , which grows in Jamaica, 
and there called the sea-side beech. 

Jamaica dogwood, a drug bark, 
obtained from the roots of the piscidia 
erythrina. 

Jamaica corkwood, the wood of 

the annona palustrus , which is very soft, 
even after it is dried, and is used instead 
of corks. 

Jamaica ginger, a variety of the 
ginger of commerce, known as white ginger. 

Jamaica kino, a variety of the kino 
of commerce, obtained from a tree of the 
West Indies, known as the sea-side grape. 

Jamaica pepper, a name for all¬ 
spice, or pimento, so called on account of 
its abundance at Jamaica. 


















278 JAMAICA SARSAPARILLA. 


JARGON. 


Jamaica sarsaparilla, the dried 
root of similax officinalis , native of Central 
America and imported from Jamaica,where 
it is erroneously supposed to grow. The 
trade is in the hands of Jamaica mer¬ 
chants, who obtain it from the Spanish 
main and re-export it to other parts of the 
world. 

JamB>eo, a species of cane brought 
from China, with stiff stem and large 
knots. 

Jauidanee or jaindari, a kind of 
muslin flowered in the loom. 

Janapa, a name in Madras for the 
sunn hemp of India, from which gunny 
cloth is made. 

.fane, a coin of Genoa; a sort of fus¬ 
tian. 

Jana ary, the first calendar month in 
the year—in mercantile papers almost 
universally abbreviated Jan. 

Japan, a varnish made of linseed oil, 
umber, and turpentine ; or of seed-lac and 
spirits of wine, with a coloring substance 
added; a work figured and varnished simi¬ 
lar to that done by the Japanese. 

Japan allspice, the fruit of a shrub¬ 
by plant, the chimonanthus fragrans of 
Japan, which resembles allspice. 

Japanese paper, a paper made by 
the Japanese from the bark of the mul¬ 
berry, morns papyrifera. It is made of 
various qualities, and some of it is as soft 
and flexible as cotton cloth, and is used 
for tapestry, handkerchiefs, &c., as well 
as for writing and printing. 

Japanese pepper, the aromatic, 
pungent capsules of the fruit of a species 
of Xanthoxylum , or tooth-ache tree, grow¬ 
ing in Northern India and China ; used as 
a condiment in Japan and China. 

Japanese porcelain, a kind of 
porcelain ware which may be distinguished 
from the Chinese by its more numerous 
artistic attractions and its precision of 
lines. As, for example: one piece will 
show a group of storks in the foams of the 
sea, while the sun is rising amid the 
waves; another piece will have quaintly 
designed circles over its surface; one of 
these circles is the figure of a swooping 
stork; another a tortoise drawing a long 
lake of water; another of key-like geome¬ 
tric lines, etc. Some of their china is in¬ 
closed in very fine net-work of cane or 
young bamboo of the finest meshes, and 
so perfectly adjusted to the form of the 
porcelain that it is difficult to detect the 
combination of the two materials. These 
are termed basket cups. 


Japauc§e lea, this tea is from the 
same plant as the China tea, and is packed 
in the same manner and in nearly the 
same kind of tea-chests; but it differs in 
color and taste—more nearly resembling 
the oolong than any other of the China 
teas. In this country they are always 
classed with the black teas, unless they 
are specially called colored Japans or 
colored Japs., these being artificially col¬ 
ored green. 

Japanned leather, enamelled or 
varnished leather prepared with linseed 
oil, Prussian blue, and lamp-black. “ Pat¬ 
ent,” “japanned,” and “glazed,” as applied 
to leather or skins, are believed to be 
synonymous.— Treas'y Dec., Oct. 2G, 1857. 

Japanned ware, articles of metal, 
covered with a hard and durable varnish. 
It is principally made at Birmingham and 
Wolverhampton, in England, but owes its 
name to being an imitation of the lackered 
ware originally brought from Japan. 

Japanning, a kind of varnishing or 
lackering practised and brought to great 
perfection by the Japanese. In the pro¬ 
cess five or six, and sometimes more coats 
of varnish are applied, and after each 
application the object varnished is placed 
in an oven at as high a temperature as can 
be employed without injuring the article ; 
covering and embellishing with a hard 
brilliant varnish, or gold and raised figures 
on wood, metal, or other substance. 

Japan varnisli, a varnish obtained 
in Japan from a species of sumach; also 
a varnish made from seed-lac dissolved in 
spirit of wine, to which is added the color 
required. 

Japan ware, Japanese lackered 
wooden ware; the true Japan ware or 
lackered wood-work of Japan has not been 
successfully imitated. The wood which 
they use is cedar or spruce fir, but they 
select only the very finest kinds. The var¬ 
nish is obtained from the rhus vernix , a tree 
abundant in Japan. 

Japan wax, also called Chinese wax, 
is the product of the berries of the rhus 
succedaneum. The wax is white and differs 
from beeswax in being softer and more 
brittle, but when employed for candles it 
yields as brilliant a light as that made from 
beeswax. 

Jar, an earthen, or, more usually, a 
glass vessel with a large belly and broad 
mouth ; the quantity held in a jar, as “ a 
jar of honey.” 

Jargon, the mock diamond, a variety 
of zircon, a mineral found in Ceylon; it is 



JAR RAH WOOD. 

either colorless, or gray with tinges of 
green, blue, red, and yellow of various 
shades, and rarely found to exceed six or 
eight carats in weight. It approaches 
nearer to the diamond than any other gem, 
and is sold at Ceylon as an imperfect dia¬ 
mond. It is found most abundant in the 
district of Matura, and is hence in Ceylon 
generally called Matura diamond. 

Jarrali wood, a cabinet wood of 
Australia which resembles mahogany. 

Jasmine oil, an essential oil obtained 
from different varieties of jasmine or jes¬ 
samine. 

Jasper, a variety of quartz, usually of 
a dull red, yellow, brown, or green color, 
sometimes blue or black, and distinguished 
from other varieties by being perfectly 
opaque even in very thin slices. When 
the colors are arranged in stripes it is 
called striped or ribbon jasper. Other 
varieties are called Egyptian porcelain and 
yellow jasper. It is susceptible of a fine 
polish, and is manufactured into brooches, 
seals, bracelets, knife-handles, etc. 

Jatroplia oil, an oil obtained from 
Barbadoes nuts, the seeds of the jatroplia 
curcas or “ physic nut,” growing in Brazil 
and in the West Indies. 

Java rupee, a Dutch silver coin cur¬ 
rent in the Eastern Archipelago for about 
88 cents. 

Jean, a twilled cotton made both 
striped and white. Satin jeans are woven 
like satin with a smooth glassy surface, 
and are mostly used for corsets. 

Jelly, any substance brought to a glu¬ 
tinous state ; the principal animal jellies 
are gelatine, glue, and isinglass; the vege¬ 
table jellies are those produced from the 
syrups of fruits. 

Jemmies, a kind of woollen cloth 
made in Scotland. 

Jerked, cut and dried, as beef, veni¬ 
son, etc., cut in slices and dried in the 
sun. Jerked beef is a food largely pre¬ 
pared and consumed in South America. 
The lean parts are cut into strips or slices 
about an inch thick and dried in the sun 
and packed for sale; sometimes salted 
before drying, but not always. It is often 
sold under the name of charqui. 

Jerquer, a custom-house inspector 
who makes searches on the arrival of a 
ship, for imported goods not reported to the 
customs. Not used in the United States. 

Jersey, a kind of combed wool, and 
yam made of combed wool. 

Jerai piga, another name for Geropiga. 

Jerusalem artichoke, the tubers 


JEWELLED. 279 

of the helianthus tuberosa; used as a sub¬ 
stitute for potatoes. 

Jerusalem oak, a fragrant plant, 
growing in the southern parts of the United 
States, and known also as worm-seed, the 
roots of which are used in medicine. 

Jesuits’ hark, the Peruvian bark; 
so named from having been introduced 
into Europe by Cardinal de Lugo, a Jesuit. 

Jesuits’ ib tits, an esteemed sweet 
farinaceous nut resembling the chestnut, 
the fruit of the trapa natans ; they are sold 
in the markets of Venice, and much eaten 
in Switzerland and the south of France. 

J Ct, a species of pitch coal, or variety 
of lignite, of a brownish or velvet-black 
color, of a beautiful compact texture, and 
susceptible of fine polish. It is found in 
marly beds in France, also in Prussia, 
where it is known by the name of black 
amber, and in Whitby in Yorkshire, in 
England, from which latter place most of 
what is imported into the United States is 
derived. It is made into a great variety 
of articles, and is especially used for 
mourning ornaments. Artificial jet is 
made of a kind of black glass, which is 
either cut into facets, or blown into beads. 
Much of this artificial jet is sold at higher 
prices and is more esteemed than the real 
article, as it is harder and not so apt to 
lose its polish. 

Jet goods, ornaments such as brace¬ 
lets, ear-rings, etc., manufactured from jet. 

Jet lustre, the name given to a black 
lead used for polishing stoves, etc. 

Jetsam or Jettison, the casting 
out a part of the lading of a vessel, from 
necessity; the thing cast out also bears 
the same name ; that portion of the cargo 
of a vessel which is thrown overboard in 
order to save the rest of the cargo or the 
ship, and which, instead of floating on the 
surface, as in flotsam , sinks and remains 
under water. Jetsam can only be made in 
cases of extreme necessity, when the ship 
is in great peril. If the residue of the 
cargo is saved it is bound to pay its pro¬ 
portion of the loss on the goods lost over¬ 
board ; and in ascertaining such average 
loss the goods lost and saved are both to be 
valued at the price they would have brought 
at the place of delivery. 

Jetty, a landing-place carried out from 
the banks of a river or sea-shore, so that 
vessels may be enabled to discharge their 
cargoes at all stages of the tides; the pro¬ 
jecting part of a wharf. 

Jewelled, adorned with jewels, or 
fitted with a gem, as a part in a watch on 






280 JEWELLERS’ GOLD. 


JOSS-STICKS. 


which a pivot turns. For the latter pur¬ 
pose, diamonds and other hard precious 
stones have a value in the arts, indepen¬ 
dent of their value as ornaments. 

Jewellers’ gold, an alloy composed 
of gold and silver, and sometimes a minute 
portion of copper. The alloys are in vari¬ 
ous proportions, according to the taste of 
the manufacturers, the color of the articles 
depending on the proportions. The range 
may be stated at from 18 carats gold and 
6 silver to 12 gold and 12 silver, or even 
9 gold and 15 silver; for trinkets, usually, 
the alloy is about 25 per cent, of copper. 

Jewellers’ rouge, a red putty-pow¬ 
der for polishing jewelry. 

Jewelry, gold work combined with 
gems or precious stones, or, in other words, 
jewels set in gold; ornaments for the per¬ 
son manufactured of gold, silver, fine 
metals, enamels, minerals, gems, precious 
stones, and also articles of hair, silk, or 
other materials, with gold clasps, rings, 
hooks, slides, or other gold embellishments, 
likewise intended as ornaments for the per¬ 
son. The first definition, which is a strictly 
accurate one, is not sufficiently compre¬ 
hensive to meet the requirements of either 
the jewelry trade or of commerce. The 
second is in accordance with the use of the 
term both in commerce and in the trade. 
On an importation of ‘‘bracelets of jet, 
gold mounted,” claimed by the importer to 
be jewelry, the Treasury Department, De¬ 
cember 3, 1863, decided that the “orna¬ 
mentation of the jet was not sufficiently 
material to change the character of the arti¬ 
cle from a manufacture of jet,” and there¬ 
fore the bracelets were not jewelry. How 
much more gold or ornamentation was ne¬ 
cessary to make the change ‘ ‘ sufficiently 
material ” is not stated. A similar decision 
was made November 12,1864, in reference 
to ‘ ‘ cut coral ornaments mounted in gold. ” 
These decisions are probably not tenable. 

‘ ‘ Studs ” and ‘ ‘ bracelets ” of gold, and 
“gold ” and silver watch chains were de¬ 
cided, November 20, 1869, to be jewelry. 

False or imitation jewelry is frequently 
embraced under the comprehensive term 
“jewelry.” French jewellers adopt four 
classes: 1. Fine jewelry, which is gold; 
2. Silver jewelry; 3. False jewelry; 4. 
Jewelry of steel or iron. 

Jewels, gems and precious stones. 

Jews’ frankincense, a fragrant 
resin obtained from a species of the styrax , 
a low tree growing in Italy. 

Jew’s bib ill low, a name for the plant 
which yields the jute fiber; the plant, a 


species of the corchorus , which grows in 
great plenty about Aleppo, is used as a pot 
herb, the Jews there boiling the leaves to 
eat with their meat. 

Jobber, in England an intermediate 
agent between the stock-broker and the 
public; in the United States a wholesale 
merchant, who buys goods from the im¬ 
porters and manufacturers, and sells to 
country merchants and to retailers. As a 
general rule, jobbers are not importers. 
Unless under peculiarly favorable circum¬ 
stances, jobbers who undertake to import 
their own goods, find that their competitors 
who do not import have better assortments 
with less outlay of capital, and can sell on 
more favorable terms to their customers. 

Job lot, goods which remain on the 
shelves, or in the hands of the manufac¬ 
turer at the close of the season; usually 
an irregular assortment. 

Job printer, one who prints cards, 
bill-heads, posting-bills, catalogues, &c. 

Job’s tears, a name for the shining, 
pearly seeds of a grass, the coix lachryma , 
used for necklaces, and popularly supposed 
to possess medicinal virtues. 

Joe, a Brazilian gold coin worth about 
$8.70. 

J oil anil cs, a Portugal gold coin worth 

$8. 

Joliannisberger, a name for a 
hock wine. The famous wines of Prince 
Metternich’s domains known as “ Job an - 
nisberg Cabinet ” are esteemed in the order 
here mentioned; the most valuable bears 
the blue seal, next the gold bronze seal, next 
the red seal, and the last the yellow seal. 

Joint stock, a stock or fund formed 
by the union of several shares from differ¬ 
ent persons, as in the formation of joint- 
stock companies. 

Joint-stock company, an unin¬ 
corporated association consisting of any 
number of persons, whose partnership in¬ 
terests are represented and expressed by 
the number of shares which they respect¬ 
ively hold, the capital employed in the 
business for which they associated them¬ 
selves being divided into a certain number 
of equal parts. The written partnership 
agreement is called “ articles of associa¬ 
tion;” in England, a deed of settlement. 

Joseph (French), thin unsized paper; 
silver or blotting paper. 

Joss-sticks, a preparation of the dust 
of various kinds of odoriferous woods ce¬ 
mented by clay or gum, put up in form of 
small pipe-stem-iike cylinders, and much 
used as incense sticks in idol worship by the 






JOURNAL. 


JUVIA. 


281 


Chinese. The Chinese make them 3 or 4 
fathoms long-, of a uniform size, and bum 
the coil in their shops for the fragrance, 
and to mark time. Those exported are 
usually cut into sticks about 18 inches long. 

Journal, a book in which the busi¬ 
ness transactions of the day are specifically 
entered, and from which the debits and 
credits are carried to the ledger. 

Jow, a name in India for barley. 

Jlldiegll, Spanish olives, fit only for 
making oil. 

Judd’s patent candles, a fine 
wax and sperm candle manufactured at 
the candle manufactory of Samuel Judd’s 
Sons, in New York, with a plaited wick of 
3 strands, each containing 21 threads. 

JlltFs, a commercial name for the Rus¬ 
sian tanned hides of oxen and other kine. 
Juffs at St. Petersburg are sold by the 
pood, which consists of 4, 4£, 4|, 5, and 
hides. By this it is understood that so 
many hides make a pood, calculated upon 
the whole lot, of 3G lbs. avoirdupois. The 
lightest juffs are esteemed the best. 
Heavy juffs are those of 4 and 44 hides. 
They are packed in rolls of 10 hides, and 
from 10 to 15 rolls are packed together in 
a bundle. There are red, white, and black 
juffs; the red are most in demand, and 
are the kind used in this country by book¬ 
binders; GO rolls of juffs make a last. 

Jug, an earthen vessel with a small 
mouth and a swelling belly for holding 
liquors ; also the quantity contained in the 
vessel, as ‘‘a jug of whisky.” 

Juice, the liquid part of fruits ob¬ 
tained by expression, several kinds of 
which, as lemon and lime juice, are met 
with both in foreign and domestic trade; 
and in medicine the juice of hemlock, of 
broom, of dandelion, &c., are regular phar¬ 
maceutical preparations. 

Jujube, the fruit of the rhamnus zizi- 
plius , resembling a small plum, brought 
from the south of Europe, usually in a 
half-dried state. 

Jujube paste, mucilaginous lozenges 
made from the jujube fruit; the article 
most commonly sold under the name is 
made of gum arabic and sugar. 

July, the seventh calendar month of 
the year. 

June, the sixth calendar month of the 
year. 

Junior partner, the youngest of 
the individuals who compose the firm; or 
one who acquires an interest in an es¬ 
tablished business, and thus becoming a 
new, is called a junior partner. 


Juniper berries, the fruit of the 

juniper communis; these berries are largely 
employed in the manufacture of gin. 

Juniper gum, an exudation from 
the bark of a species of juniper, and known 
as gum sandarac. 

Juniper oil, a warm, aromatic oil 
distilled from unripe juniper berries, largely 
produced in Holland and often adulterated 
with turpentine. 

Juniper wood, the wood of several 
species of the juniper tree, used for veneer¬ 
ing, for covering or enclosing black-lead 
pencils, etc. 

Junk, a kind of Chinese sailing-vessel; 
hard salted beef ; old rope, cordage, etc. 

Junk bottles, a name given to the 
strong dark-colored glass bottles used for 
porter, ale, etc. 

Junk store, a store where are kept for 
sale pieces of old cable, cordage, etc. ; also, 
usually, second-hand or imperfect ship’s 
tackle, pieces of old iron, brass, or other 
metal, old bottles, paper stock, etc., etc. 

Jiirema bill'k, an astringent bark 
obtained from a species of acacia in Brazil. 

Jussi, a delicate fibre produced in Ma¬ 
nilla, which is woven into fine fabrics for 
ladies’ dresses. 

Justine, an Italian coin worth about 

$ 1 . 12 . 

Jute, the fibres of two plants cor chorus 
olitorius , and corchomis capsular is, exten¬ 
sively cultivated in Bengal, and forming the 
material of which gunny bags and gunny 
cloth are made. It is used in the manufac¬ 
ture of sackings, cotton bagging, and other 
such like fabrics; also for sheetings, mat¬ 
tings, ducks, and carpeting, and the goods 
manufactured from it at Dundee in Scot¬ 
land represent a large branch of industry. 
The material is very cheap, and it is em¬ 
ployed either pure or mixed to make the 
ordinary brown fabrics above named. It 
is generally shipped in bales of about 300 
lbs. each. The annual product of jute is 
about 700,000,000 lbs., of which about 
200,000,000 lbs. are shipped to Great Britain 
for the Dimdee manufactures. It is sup¬ 
posed that jute may be raised in our South¬ 
ern States at a cost of one-half, or perhaps 
one-fourth, of the cost of Kentucky hemp. 

Jute yarn, yarn spun from the fibre of 
jute. Some of the yams made from it for 
carpets are of the richest and most various 
colors. Jute yam is frequently used with 
cocoa-nut fibre, and also in conjunction 
with silk. 

Juvia, a South American name for 
the Brazil nut. 






SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


.c 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Kaolin 

P6tunz6 

Porzellanstein 

Porcelein-klei 

[glia 

Porcelana argi- 

[liana 
Terra 4 porce- 

Kelp 

Soude brute 

Tangasche 

Kelp 

Cenere di fuca 

Ceniza de alga 

Kermes 

Alkermes 

Scharlachbeeren 

Scharlakenbessen 

Chermisi 

Quermes 

Kid gloves 

Gants glac6s 

Glacehandschuhe 

Glace handschoe- 

Guanti di capra 

Guantes de cab- 

Kid skins 

Peaux de chev- 

Zickleinfelle 

nen 

Geitzen velletzes 

Pelli di capretto 

ritilla 

Cabritillas 

Kilogram 

reaux 

Kilogramme 

Kilogramm 

Kilogramme 

Chilogramma 

Quilogramme 

Kino 

Kino 

Kinoharz 


Chino 

Quino 

Knives 

Couteaux 

Messer 

Messen 

Coltelli 

Cuchillos 


Kafa, a name, in the Friendly Islands, 
for coir yarn. 

Mafllr-tea, the dried leaves of a spe¬ 
cies of lielyclirysum , used in Cape Colony 
as a beverage, and substitute for China 
tea. 

Mafilali, an African caravan of from 
1,800 to 2,000 camels. 

Racoon, a measure of capacity at 
Calcutta, equal to about 37-nj bushels. 

Makaralli wood, a timber of 
Oemerara, esteemed as valuable on account 
of its resisting the ravages of the barna¬ 
cles when under water. 

Mai, a coarse, false kind of iron. 

Mali, the name for a plant from the 
ashes of which the Arabians obtain their 
alkali for making soap. The Germans use 
the word to denote caustic potash. 

Mai muck, a kind of shaggy cloth or 
bear-skin; a coarse cotton fabric made of 
various colors, in Prussia. 

Mama la, or Kauieela, a light 
granular powder, obtained from the cap¬ 
sules of rotteera tinctoria. The powder is 
brushed from the fruit, which is about the 
size of the cherry, and is largely collected 
in Hindostan, where it forms an important 
article of commerce, being extensively used 
as a dye-stuff. In this country it is im¬ 
ported as a drug, and used in the prepara¬ 
tion of some kinds of medicine. 

Mamptulicoii, a variety of floor¬ 
cloth, composed of India-rubber, gutta¬ 
percha, linseed oil, and cork. It is usually 


made into pieces of 10 or 12 yards long, 
varying in width from 1 to 2 yards, and 
from £ of an inch to 1 inch in thickness. 

Kangaroo leather, a soft, dura¬ 
ble leather made from the skins of the Aus¬ 
tralian kangaroo. 

Mail, a weight in China, equal to 1J 
lbs.; a liquid measure in Holland of a lit¬ 
tle more than 1 quart, and at Batavia of 91 
cubic inches. 

Maaade, a liquid measure of Denmark 
and Norway, of 2 quarts. 

Manila, a Swedish liquid measure, of 
about gallons. 

Mamie, a variable liquid measure ; at 
Lubec, very nearly 2 quarts ; at Hanover, 
a little more than 2 quarts ; at Dresden, 1 
quart; as a weight for butter at Saxony, 
24f lbs. 

Maolin, porcelain clay, derived from 
the decomposition of feldspar in granitic 
rocks. The most valuable kaolins are found 
in China and Japan, though good China 
clay, as it is usually called, is found in Eng¬ 
land, France, and Saxony; the finest kao¬ 
lin of Saxony is obtained from beds near 
Schneeberg; the Berlin porcelain clay is 
dug at Gomritz, in the district of Magde¬ 
burg, and in Lower Silesia. The Austrian 
clay is dug near Passau ; that of Copenha¬ 
gen at Bornholm, an island in the Baltic; 
the French kaolin of Sevres and Paris is 
obtained from clay dug near Limoges; and 
the English from the clays of Devon and 
Cornwall. Kaolin of various qualities are 
















KAPOK. 


KERSEY. 


283 


also found in different localities in the 
United States ; all the Southern States 
produce it of a good quality, New Jersey 
abounds in fine specimens, and it is com¬ 
mon on the eastern slopes of the Allegha- 
nies. 

Kapok, a name in the Eastern Ar¬ 
chipelago for the cotton down enveloping 
the seeds of the silk-cotton tree, used for 
upholstering purposes. 

Karaat, a weight at Amsterdam and 
some other places, of 3.17 gr. 

Karalione, the name for Chinese 
bell-metal. 

Karat, a weight of Vienna and Frank¬ 
fort of 3.18 grs. 

Karcli, an Austrian weight of 493| 
lbs. 

Karob, a weight at Algiers and Tri¬ 
poli of 3 grs. 

Karocawn, a species of money on 
some parts of the west coast of Africa, 
consisting of pieces of gold wire. 

Kaross, cloaks, wrappers, or railway 
rugs, made of the skins of wild animals. 

Kasan soap, a superior kind of 
shaving soap made in the province of Ka¬ 
san, on the Volga, in Russia. It is said 
to be made of the fat of some animal pe¬ 
culiar to the country of its production. 

Kassa, or Kassil, catechu in cakes, 
made from the seeds of the areca catechu. 

Kaufman, the name given to a mer¬ 
chant or trader in Germany. 

Kara, an intoxicating drink used in 
the Sandwich Islands, obtained from the 
roots of the piper methysticum. 

Kawine, an aromatic, pungent, green¬ 
ish-yellow resin, obtained from the roots 
of the piper methysticum . 

Keekfilng pins, a name in Scotland 
for knitting-needles. 

Keel, as a weight for coals at Newcas¬ 
tle it is 47,488 lbs. 

Keelage, a duty or toll, for the bot¬ 
toms of ships resting in harbor. 

Keeling, a name in some places for 
the codfish. 

Keep up, to maintain one’s credit; 
to sustain prices. 

Keep up an assortment, to 

maintain on hand a supply of the various 
articles dealt in. 

Keg, a small barrel or cask for liquids, 
—usually of 3, 5, or 10 gallons, though a 
three-gallon keg is the more common size. 

Kekune oil, the name in Ceylon 
for the Spanish walnut-oil, obtained from 
the nuts of the aleurites triloba , a small 
tree growing in the East and West Indies. 


Kelp, the alkaline ashes of burnt sea¬ 
weed; the soda-ash now produced from 
sea-salt has pretty much taken the place 
of kelp in commerce and manufactures. 

Kelt, a name in Scotland for cloth with 
the nap generally made with native black 
wool. 

Kempton’s candlewick, a pecu¬ 
liar kind of wick originally prepared and 
patented by a manufacturer by the name 
of Kempton. 

Kemp, the coarse, rough hairs of wool. 

Ken, a measure at Siam of ly^ of a 
yard. 

Kendall green, a kind of green 
cloth made at Kendall, in England. 

Kenquel, the seeds of a species of 
gumillea, used as coffee in Turkey. 

Kentish rag, a very durable and 
tough building-stone obtained at Kent, in 
England. 

Kentle, a hundred-weight; a quintal. 

Kentledge, iron pigs used for bal¬ 
last. 

Kentucky coffee, the berries of 
the gymnocladus canadensis , a leguminous 
tree or shrub growing in Canada. 

Kentucky jean§, a general trade- 
name for cotton doeskins and other heavy 
cotton twills. 

Kcora oil, an essential oil obtained 
from the leaves of the pgndanus, an odor¬ 
iferous shrub of the East Indies. 

Keping, a weight for gold and silver 
at Sumatra, of 53.17 grs. 

Keran, a Persian silver coin worth 
about 22 cents. 

Kerieli, a Turkish gold coin of the 
value of 81 cents. 

Kermes, a dye-stuff consisting of the 
dried bodies of a little insect, the coccusi- 
lids , which lives upon the leaves of a spe¬ 
cies of oak growing in the south of Eu¬ 
rope. These were long taken for the seeds 
of the tree on which they live, and hence 
called grains of kermes. Before the dis¬ 
covery of America, and the introduction 
of cochineal, kermes was the most esteemed 
drug for dying scarlet.—Kermes mineral is 
the name for a medicinal antimonial prepa¬ 
ration. 

Kernotized meat, fresh meat pre¬ 
served by a method discovered by Dr. Ker- 
not, of the Isle of Wight. 

Kerosene, a trade name for refined 
illuminating oil, obtained from bituminous 
coal or petroleum. 

Kerse y, a kind of coarse, woollen cloth, 
usually ribbed; a corruption of Jersey, 
from which island it originally came. 




284 


KERSEYMERE. 


KINO. 


Kerseymere, a thin, or compara¬ 
tively light woollen cloth, manufactured 
from the finest wools. The name is de¬ 
rived from Cashmere, a country which pro¬ 
duces the finest wool; cassimere. 

Kerseynette, a thin woollen fabric, 
more generally known as cassinette. 

Retell, a two-masted vessel, the main¬ 
mast placed amidships, rigged with sails, 
like the main and mizzen mast of a ship. 

Keteliup, a sauce made from mush¬ 
rooms, green walnuts, tomatoes, etc. 

Key, a wharf at which to land goods 
from, or to load them in a vessel; more 
generally spelled quay. 

Keys, small shoals, reefs, or islets. 

Rey West, a port of entry with an 
excellent harbor, and one of the chief 
towns or cities of Florida, situate on a 
small island about 4 miles long and 1 
broad. It derives importance from the 
position it occupies as the key to Florida 
Pass and the G-ulf of Mexico, and for the 
establishment at this place by Government, 
of an organized fleet of vessels, with ade¬ 
quate crews, for rendering assistance to 
vessels in distress, the banks and reefs in 
the vicinity rendering the navigation diffi¬ 
cult and dangerous. It is also made the 
seat of an admiralty court for the adjudi¬ 
cation of claims for salvage. 

Khat, the native name for Arabian 
tea, the leaves of the catha edvlis, used in 
Abyssinia and Natal as a substitute for 
Chinese tea. 

Kliay, a kind of mahogany growing 
in Senegal. 

Klienna, a Persian dye for the hair. 

Kidder, a forestaller. 

Kidderminster carpets, an in¬ 
grain carpeting originally named from the 
town in England where it was principally 
made ; but the largest amount is now man¬ 
ufactured in Scotland. Kidderminster is 
composed of two webs, each consisting of 
a separate warp and woof; the two are 
interwoven at intervals, to produce the 
figures, as the two webs are passed at in¬ 
tervals through each other, each part be¬ 
ing at one time above, and at the other 
below. When different colors are used 
the figure will be the same on both sides, 
but the colors will be reversed. These are 
made entirely of wool. 

Kid gloves, ladies’ and gentlemen’s 
and children’s gloves made from the skins 
of the kid; they come in all sizes and in 
a great variety of colors, and are the best 
kind of gloves made. They are produced 
on a very large scale in France, Belgium, 


and Germany, those from Paris and vicin 
ity excelling in quality all others. Our 
annual imports are about 5,000,000 of 
pairs. 

Kid skins, the skins of young goats, 
prepared almost exclusively for being man¬ 
ufactured into gloves, France alone con¬ 
suming about 5,000,000 of skins annually 
in that manufacture. Probably about 
10,000,000 of these little animals are 
slaughtered annually for their skins. 

Kiefekil, a species of day found near 
Koniah, inNatolia, and chiefly used in form¬ 
ing the bowls of Turkish tobacco pipes. 
It is of a yellowish color, and when first 
dug is of the consistency of wax. 

Kikekiineinalo, a pure resin re¬ 
sembling copal, but of greater transpar¬ 
ency ; it is used in medicine, and forms 
the most beautiful of all varnishes. 

Kilderkin, a beer cask of very 
nearly 22 gals.; in England, 18 imp. gals. 

Kilkenny eoal, an anthracite coal 
found in Ireland. 

Kiln-dried lumber, boards, or 
planks, or other timber seasoned and dried 
in a kiln. 

Kilo, a dry measure which at Alexan¬ 
dria is 4-/i, a 0 - bush.; at Bucharest, ll-AV 
bush.; at Smyrna, l Afu bush. Kilo is also 
the abbreviation of kilogram, and is the 
word mostly used for that French measure. 

Kilogramme, the French pound 
weight, equal to 24 lbs. avoirdupois, or 1,000 
grams. 

Kilolitre, a French grain measure of 
1,000 litres, or 28] bush. 

Kiloz, a dry measure of Constantino¬ 
ple of oVr bush., or very nearly our bushel. 

Kimmel, a name in Java for a liquid 
made from aniseed. 

Kindling wood, pine, or other 
kinds of dry wood sawed into short lengths 
and split into fine pieces, and sold for kind¬ 
ling purposes. 

King’s blue, a blue pigment con¬ 
sisting of a carbonate of cobalt. 

Kingston metal, an alloy of tin, 
copper, and mercury, much used for the 
bearings and packings of machinery. 

King’s yellow, a poisonous yellow 
pigment, composed chiefly of orpiment. 

Kingwood, a very beautiful, hard, 
cabinet wood from Brazil, called also violet 
wood. 

Kinnikinick, a trade-name for a 
popular kind of smoking tobacco, prepared 
in Virginia, and usually sold in small bales 
of 10 or 12 lbs. 

Kino, an astringent substance, obtain- 



KINO GUM. 


KOUBANKA. 


285 


ed fr 3m the juice of various trees growing 
in the East and West Indies, Africa, Bot¬ 
any Bay, etc. It is used in India for dyeing 
cotton a nankeen color, and in this country 
as a drug. The East India kino is reck¬ 
oned the best, but all the other kinds enter 
into commerce. 

Kino a name frequently but 

improperly given to the article kino. 

Ktp, a weight for tin in Malacca, of 40 
lbs. 11 oz. ; also a name for the hides of 
the small breeds of cattle from Russia, 
Calcutta, and Africa. 

Kip leather, a name for the tanned 
hides of young cattle, the leather being 
heavier than calf-skins, and not so heavy 
as the skins of full-grown cattle. 

Kirscltwasser, a rank and delete¬ 
rious alcoholic liqueur obtained by fer¬ 
menting and distilling bruised machaleb 
cherries. It is imported from Germany, 
and is sometimes called Swiss brandy. 

Kls, a term in accounts in some parts 
of Egypt for 500 piastres. 

Kislo§, a grain measure of Alexan¬ 
dria, equal to 4/ 0 V of a bushel. 

Kit, a commercial name for a small 
wooden tub or vessel used for salted sal¬ 
mon or mackerel, and contains usually 
about tV of a barrel. 

Kitchen-stufF, the refuse of kit¬ 
chens, known in this country as soap-fat. 

Kite, a check drawn on a bank by one 
of its dealers when he has no funds, or an 
insufficient amount, and deposited and used 
by another party in some other bank, and 
made good by depositing the money to 
meet it the next day before the actual pre¬ 
sentation of the check at the bank upon 
which it is drawn. An injurious and dan¬ 
gerous expedient of needy merchants. 

Kiteing, or kite-flying, a mode of 
obtaining the use of money for a single 
day by two persons exchanging each other’s 
checks on the different banks at which 
they respectively keep their accounts, and 
depositing them in lieu of money, and the 
bank accounts made good the next day be¬ 
fore the checks are presented for payment. 
“■ Kiteing is also sometimes practised by 
mercantile houses or persons in different 
cities. A person in Boston draws on a 
house in New York at 30 or 60 days, and 
gets the bill discounted. The New York 
house in return meets its acceptance by 
re-drawing on the Boston house.” A loss 
of confidence and credit inevitably follows 
a discovery of any such resorts to raise 
money. 

Kfttool, a valuable, strong black fibre, 


resembling horse-tail hair, obtained from 
the leaf stocks of the palm called caryota 
urens. 

Klafter, a measure at Berlin of 2.06 
yards ; at Hamburg, 1-J yards ; at Vienna, 
2.07 yards. 

Knapsacks, bags of cloth or leather 
used by soldiers and pedestrians to carry 
their clothing. 

Knee tiinker, heavy butt crotchets 
of oak, hackmatack, or other strong wood, 
either naturally formed or artificially bent, 
for supporting the beams and ribs of ves¬ 
sels. 

Knit goods, hosiery articles made 
by the use of knitting-needles, and also 
articles made from hosiery cloth, which is 
woven on a frame with needles, instead of 
being woven in a loom by the use of a 
shuttle. 

Knocked down, a sale made in 
•the auction room, by the auctioneer knock¬ 
ing his hammer down on the counter, and 
thus closing the bids—the article sold be¬ 
ing knocked down to the highest bidder. 

Kn op pc i’ll, a name for a kind of 
gall-nuts used for tanning, and in Germa¬ 
ny for dyeing fawn colors, and also for 
gray and black. 

Knnbs, a trade-name for the waste 
formed in winding silk from the cocoon, 
which is carded and spun, and enters into 
various silk manufactures. 

Kobang, a gold coin of Japan, of the 
value of $6.50. 

Kodaiua, the name for around lump 
of silver which is passed as money in Japan 
by weight. 

Kokoona, the name of a timber tree 
in Ceylon, the bark of which is used in 
the preparation of cephalic snuff, and a 
lamp-oil is obtained from the seeds. 

Kokiuu butter, the concrete oil of 
mangosteens, garcinia purpurea, a tree 
growing in Bombay and Malacca. The 
butter is obtained from the seeds of the 
fruit, and is of a pale-yellow color and mild 
odor. 

Kola-nilts, the seeds of the stercidia 
acumenata, a large tree growing in Africa, 
largely used as food by the natives of 
West Centra] Africa, and imported as a 
drug. 

Kools, the name for bags made of 
matting, in which llax-seed is shipped from 
Russian ports. 

Kopeck, a Russian copper coin, about 
the value of £ of a cent. 

Koubanka, a kind of wheat grown 
in Russia. 



286 


KOUMISS. 


KYMATIN. 


Koumiss, sometimes spelled Kumiss, 
a liquor made in Tartary from fermented 
mares’ and camels’ milk, and from which 
the Kalmucks distil their favorite intoxi¬ 
cating spirit called rack. 

Kourie-wood, the wood of the 
New Zealand pine, a magnificent tree 
which furnishes splendid masts for ships. 

Kousso, small, reddish-brown flow¬ 
ers of a plant growing in Abyssinia, im¬ 
ported as a drug. 

Krcmnits-wliite, a white pigment 
consisting of a pure variety of white-lead. 

Kreosote, a valuable antiseptic sub¬ 
stance obtained from wood or coal tar. 

Kreuzer, or kreutzer (thus used 
both in the singular and plural,—copper 
coin and money of account of Vienna and 
Trieste, 100 of which make a florin or gul¬ 
den ; at Augsburg, 60 kreutzer make 1 flor¬ 
in; and at Munich and Niimberg, 60 
kreuzer make one gulden, and at Frankfort 
on the Main, 60 kreuzer equal 1 florin or 
gulden. 

Kryolyte, see cryolite. 

Kroo, or krou, a measure of capa¬ 
city on the West coast of Africa,—for 
palm-oil 4-$j gals.; and as a weight or 
measure for rice, 25 to 30 lbs. 

Ku ill 111 el, a Russian and German 
liqueur, consisting of a sweetened spirit, 
flavored by carroway seeds. 

Kumpf, a dry measure of Germany, 


which at Heidelberg and Manheim is equal 
to nearly £ of a bushel. 

Kuiiderango, the name given for a 
kind of cancer-medicine obtained from a 
tree or plant growing in Central America. 

Kupfer nickel, a native alloy of 
nickel and arsenic, or a sulphuret of nickel, 
and the most common ore of that metal. 

Kurrajoilg, an Australian name for 
several fibre-yielding plants. 

Kuss-kuss, a fibrous rhizoma of grass, 
which in India is woven into a fabric 
called tatty, and used for awnings, sun¬ 
shades, etc. 

Kutera gum, a gum obtained from 
a species of gossypium. 

li wail, a weight in China equal tc 
40 lbs. 

Kwarti, a variable liquid measure of 
Poland; at Cracow equal to one quart. 

Kyabooca wood, an ornamental 
cabinet wood used by the Chinese for 
making writing-desks and similar articles. 

Kyaillte, a stone which, when trans¬ 
parent and of a fine blue color, is cut and 
polished, and sold as a variety of sapphire. 

Kyanized timber, wood prepared 
by forcing corrosive sublimate through 
the pores of the timber, with a view to its 
preservation. Named after Kyan, the in¬ 
ventor. 

Ky mat in, a variety of asbestos found 
in Saxony. 



SYNONYMS, OR 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT 


EQUIVALENTS 

COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


English. 


Lac 

Laces 

Lambs’ wool 

Lampblack 

Lapiz-lazuli 

Lard 

Laths 

Lead 

Lead pencil 

Leaf tobacco 

Leakage 

Leather 

Ledger 

Leeches 

Leghorn 

Lemons 

Lemon-juice 

Letter 

Letter of credit 
Letter of recom¬ 
mendation 
Letter paper 
License 
Lichens 
Life insurance 
Light-houses 
Lighter 
Lighterage 
Lignum vitae 
Lime 
Limes 
Lime-juice 
Linen goods 
Linseed 
Linseed oil 
Lint 

Liqueurs | 

Liquors j 

Liquid amber 

Liquorice 

Litharge 

Litmus 

Loadstone 

Log book 

Logwood 

Longitude 

Looking-glass 

Luggage 

Lumber trade 

Lustring 


French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

• 

Laque; lacque 

Lack 

Gomlack 

Gomma lacca 

Dentelles 

Spitzen 

Kanten 

Merletto 

Laine agneline 

Lammwolle 

Schapenwol 

Lana d’agnello 

Noir de fumee 

Kienruss 

Lampzwart 

Negrofumo 

Lapis lazuli 

Lasurstein 

Lazuursteen 

Lapiz lazzuli 

Lard 

Schweineschmalz 

Spek 

Lardo 

Lattes 

Latten 

Latten 

Correnti 

Plomb 

Blei 

Lood 

Piombo 

Crayon 

Bleistift 

Potlooden 

Penna di lapis 

Tabac en feuilles 

Blattertabak 

Tabak in bladen 

Tabacco in foglie 

Coulage 

Leckage 

Lekken 

Scola 

Cuir 

Leder 

Leder 

Cuojo 

Grand livre 

Hauptbuch 

Grootboek 

Libro maestro 

Sangsues 

Blutegel 

Bloedzuigers 

Sanguisuge 

Livourne 

Livorno 

Livorno 

Livorno 

Limons; citrons 

Citronen 

Limoenen 

Limoni 

Jus de lemon 

Citronensaft 

Limoen-zap 

Agro di limone 

Lettre 

Brief 

Brief 

Lettera 

Lettre de credit 

Accreditiv 

Accredetief 

Lettera di credito 

Lettre de recom- 

Empfehlungsbrief 

Aanbeevelings- 

Commendatizia 

mendation 


brief 


Papier 4 lettres 

Briefpapier 

Post papier 

Carta da lettere 

Licence 

Erlaubniss-schein 

Vergunning 

Licenza 

Lichens [vie 

Moose [rung 

[ing 

Lichene [la vita 

Assurance sur la 

Lebensversiche- 

Levensverzeker- 

Assifrurazione sul 

Pharos 

Leuchtthurme 

Vuertoren 

Faro 

Gabare 

Lichterschiff 

Ligter 

Accone 

Gabarage 

Lichtergeld 

Ligtergeld 

Per gli acconi 

Bois de gayac 

Guajak; Pokenholz 

Pokhout 

Guajaco 

Chaux [ier 

Kalk 

Kalk 

Calcina 

Limons; citron- 

Limonen 

Citroenen 

Limoncini 

Jus de limon 

Citronensaft 


Sugro di limone 

Toile de lin 

Leinwand 

Lijnwaden 

Pannolino 

Linette 

Leinsaat 

Lijnzaad 

Semelino 

Huile de lin 

Leinol 

Lij nolie 

Olio di lino 

Charpie 

Charpie 

Pluksel 

Fillaccia 

Liqueurs 

Liqueure 

Likeuren 

Liquori 

Storax 

Storax 

Storax 

Storace 

R6glisse 

Sussholz 

Zoethout 

Liquirizia 

Litharge 

Bleiglatte 

Gelit 

Litargirio 

Orseille 

Lackmus 

Lakmoes 

Oricello 

Aimant 

Magnet 

Magnet 

Calamita 

Livre de loch 

Logbuch 

Logboek 

Giornale di bordo 

Bois de Cam- 

Blauholz 

Campeche-hout 

Legno campeggio 

Longitude [peche 

Lange 

Lenpte 

Longitudine 

Miroir 

Spiegel 

Spiegels 

Specchj 

Bagage [bois 

Bagage; Gepiick 

Bagaadje 

Bagaglio [name 

Commerce de 

Holzhandel 

Houthandel 

Traffico di leg- 

Taffetas lustre 

Glanztaffet 

Glanstaf 

Taffeta lustro 


Spanish. 


Laca 

Encajes 

Atiino 

Negro de humo 

Lapislazuli 

Lardo 

Latas 

Plomo 

Lapiznegro 

Tabaco en rama 

Derrame 

Cuero 

Libro mayor 

Sanguijuelas 

Lioma 

Limones 

Jugo de limon 

Carta 

Carta de credito 
Carta de recom- 
endacion 
Papel para cartai 
Autorizacion 
Liquenes [vidli 
Seguro sobre lc 
Faros [alijc 
Embarcacion dt 
Gabarraje 
Guayaco 
Cal 
Limas 

Jugo de lima 
Tela de lino 
Linaza 

Aceite de lino 
Hilas 

Licores 

Estoraque 
Eegaliza 
Almartaga 
Tornasol 
Iman 
Diario de naviga- 
Palo de cam- 
Longitud [peche 
Espejo 

Bagaje [dera 
Comercio en ma* 
Lustrina 


[cion 














288 


LABDANLTL 


LACES. 


Labdamim, a resinous substance 
found on the leaves and branches of a 
shrub—the rock-rose of the Levant, a spe¬ 
cies of cistus; used by druggists in the 
preparation of plasters, in perfumery, and 
ifor pastils. It is frequently adulterated 
with black sand. 

Isabels, printed, engraved, or figured 
slips of paper or parchment, affixed to 
boxes, bottles, or other packages, denoting 
the contents, the names of the manufac¬ 
turers, where sold, etc. 

Labrador furs, the furs of otters, 
martens, foxes, etc., from Labrador. 

Labrador stone, a kind of felspar 
used for ornamental purposes, and some¬ 
times in jewelry. When viewed in certain 
directions it exhibits a beautiful display of 
varying colors. 

Labrador tea, a name for the leaves 
of the broad-leaved species of ledum , a shrub 
growing in Canada and the northern parts 
of the United States; they were used as a 
substitute for tea during the Revolution, 
and are now gathered and sold as a drug. 

Lae, a word used in the East Indies to 
denote 100,000. 

Lae, a resinous or waxy substance pro¬ 
duced by the puncture of an insect, the 
coccus lacca , upon the branches of several 
plants which grow in Siam, Assam, Ben¬ 
gal, and Malabar. The twigs or branches 
become thereby incrusted with a reddish 
resin, and at a certain season are broken off; 
and these twigs constitute the stick lac of 
commerce. The stick lac of Siam is the 
best, forming at times an incrustation of a 
quarter of an inch all round the twig; that 
of Assam ranks next; that of Bengal has 
but a scanty coating. The commercial 
varieties of lac are stick lac , which is the 
substance in its natural state investing the 
twigs of the tree; seed lac , which is the 
same broken off from the twigs, and which, 
by pounding and drying in the sun, assumes 
a granular form resembling seeds; lump 
lac is the seed lac melted and formed into 
cakes. The other variety, shell lac , is pro¬ 
duced by putting the seed lac into oblong 
bags of cotton cloth, which are exposed to 
heat, and when the resin begins to melt 
it is strained through the bags and dropped 
upon smooth stems of the banyan tree. In 
this way the resin spreads into thin trans¬ 
parent plates, and constitutes what is known 
in commerce as shell lac, which is extensive¬ 
ly used by hat-makers. The consumption 


of lac in the manufacture of dye-stuffs, 
lackers, varnishes, and sealing-wax is very 
large, the exports from the East Indies to 
Europe and America amounting to 2,000,- 
000 of lbs. annually. 

Lac dye is a red coloring matter ex¬ 
tracted from stick lac in various ways, and 
formed into small cakes of 2| or 3 inches 
square and an inch thick, of a dark purple 
color. These cakes are largely produced iu 
India, and exported to England, France, 
and the United States, where the dye is em¬ 
ployed for dyeing cloths a scarlet color. 

Lace bark, the bark of the lagetto 
tree, which grows in Jamaica. The bark 
splits into fibres which resemble lace, and 
is made into bonnets, collars, and other 
articles of apparel. 

Lace leather, a kind of leather ob¬ 
tained from the hides of horses. 

Laces, light delicate fabrics of very 
fine silk, cotton, mohair, or lama, and lin¬ 
en threads, and also of threads of gold and 
silver, interwoven in meshes or network, 
plain or ornamented with figures, pro¬ 
duced by hand-work, and by machinery. 
The hand-made, or pillow, or cushion laces 
are the best. Point d’AlenQon, Round 
point, Valenciennes, Applique, Brussels, 
Mechlin, and Honiton are those most in 
esteem. The Irish crochet laces are very 
fine, but not much in use. Machine-made 
laces, made from Sea Island cotton, are 
produced both in France and in England, 
notably at Nottingham, England. The 
principal laces in trade are: quilling nets , 
which vary from ^ of an inch to 9 inches 
in width; bobbin , or piece-nets , varying in 
width from f to 3 yards ; tattings are from 
iV to i of an inch in width ; pearls are still 
narrower ; gassed lace or Urling's lace is a 
quilling net, figured, having a thread-like 
appearance communicated to it by being 
passed rapidly through gas flame, by which 
the fibrous parts are destroyed without 
injury to the net; pillow or thread lace , 
which is the true lace, occurs either white 
or black, and is by far the most durable; 
silk net is either in quillings or in piece— 
the latter, when partially undressed, being 
sometimes called tulle; blonds may be 
either white or colored, and are either real 
or imitation (the French real is the best). 
Each kind may be had of any width, | yard 
for trimmings, and of greater widths for 
full-dress garments. Lama laces come 
in shawls, sacks, over-dresses, and sashes, 




LAC LAKE. 


LAMPBLACK. 


289 


in black or white. In selecting lace nets, 
or veils, it is said that the more rapid the 
observation the better, for the longer the 
eye is engaged on the meshes, the less 
capable it is of accurate discrimination. 
Gold lace is made of gold thread. 

Lae lake, a coloring matter obtained 
from stick lac. 

Laeker, a varnish made of shell lac and 
alcohol, colored with some such substance 
as annotto, dragon’s blood, saffron, etc., ac¬ 
cording as deep or pale tints are required. 

Lackered, covered, or varnished, 
with lacker. 

Lackered ware, articles made of 
wood and papier-mache coated with a very 
durable and lustrous varnish, composed 
partly of lac and resinous gums indigenous 
to Japan, from which it was first brought, 
and where the best quality is still made, 
though imitations of it are produced in 
Europe. 

Lactarene, a preparation of casein 
from milk used by calico printers. 

Ladies’ slatings, a size of roofing 
slates 16 in. long by 8 in. wide, 222 of which 
form one square of roofing. 

Lading, freight or cargo of ships or 
other vessels. 

Lagan or Ligcl'il, goods cast into 
the sea tied to a buoy so that they may be 
found again by the owners, as in cases of 
distress at sea, or shipwreck. 

Lager, a warehouse or resting-place; 
a common name for lager-beer. 

Lager-beer, a malt or fermented 
liquor, so named because it remains or 
rests in the vaults for a long time after it 
is made before it is sold or used; a favorite 
beverage of our German population, very 
extensively manufactured in the Middle 
and Western States, and most commonly 
sold in casks of i, or ■§• of a barrel. 

La Guayra, the principal seaport 
town of Venezuela, on the Caribbean sea. 
The exports consist of coffee, indigo, hides, 
cocoa, and sarsaparilla, and some dye- 
woods. The imports are provisions, tools, 
cutlery, cotton, and other textile goods. 
Our direct annual imports from Venezuela 
are from $2,000,000 to $3,000,000, coffee 
and hides being the chief articles. 

The currency of the country consists of silver money 
called macuquena , divided into dollars of 8 reals, half 
dollars of 4 reals, and reals, half reals, and quartillas 
or quarter reals. This money is of unequal weight 
and purity. The value of the real is, or should be, 
very nearly 10 cents. 

Laid paper, writing or letter paper 
manufactured with a ribbed, rept, or cord¬ 
ed surface. 


Laid lip, a steamboat or other vessel 
laid aside, or a ship unrigged and not in 
use. 

Laka wood, the red-colored wood 
of a tree of Sumatra, used in dyeing and 
in pharmacy. 

Lake boats, steamboats employed 
on the lakes for the transportation of pas¬ 
sengers and merchandise. 

Lakes, pigments prepared by combin¬ 
ing vegetable or animal coloring matter 
with earths or metallic oxides, much used 
in painting in water-colors. 

Lake trade, the trade on the Ameri¬ 
can inland lakes, between the States bor¬ 
dering on them, and also between them 
and Canada. 

Laaia lace, lace made from the hair 
or wool of the llama of Peru. It is woven 
into shawls, sacks, etc., for ladies’ wear. 
In commerce the word is lama, and the 
double 1 should only be used when refer¬ 
ring to the llama itself as an animal. 

Lama wool, the wool or hair of the 
llama, an animal of South America, allied 
to the camel. 

Lambskin, a name for a kind of an¬ 
thracite coal resembling coal-dust. 

Lamb-skins, the skins of lambs, or 
young sheep. Besides the large numbers 
produced in our own country, we import 
them from England, Germany, Australia, 
and other countries. Those with the 
fleece on are generally colored red or blue, 
and used for carriage and door mats. 
The Prussian skins are used for trimmings 
to woollen garments. The Astracan, the 
most valuable, by reason of their glossy 
fur, are used for ladies’ cloaks and orna¬ 
mental costumes. Skins imported with¬ 
out the wool on, usually come in hogs¬ 
heads, in brine or salt, and are dressed for 
glove-makers, book-binders, &c. 

Lamb’s-wool, the fleece of the 
lamb. 

Lamb’s-wool hosiery, usually a 
manufacture of lamb’s-wool and cotton. 

Lame duck, a stock-broker’s term 
for one who fails to meet his engagements. 

Lametta, gold, silver, or brass foil or 
wire. 

Laminable metals, metals capa¬ 
ble of being drawn out or extended by 
passing between cast-iron or steel rollers. 

Lami uni-album dye, a greenish - 
yellow dye, obtained from the leaves of 
the dead nettle, or some species of la- 
mium. 

Lampblack, a very fine charcoal 
or soot obtained by the imperfect combus- 


19 






290 


LAMPREY EELS. 


LATHS. 


tion of resinous substances. The common 
varieties are made from all sorts of refuse 
resinous matters; the finest kind is pro¬ 
cured by collecting the smoke from a lamp 
which supplies more oil than can be per¬ 
fectly consumed. It is used in the manu¬ 
facture of printers’ ink, and for various 
purposes in the arts. 

Lamprey eels, or Lampreys, a 
kind of small, disgusting-looking, and mis¬ 
erably poor fish, which are taken in large 
quantities in Germany and prepared for 
food ; packed also in barrels and exported 
—but not often imported into the United 
States. 

Lance-wood, an elastic, pale yel¬ 
low-colored wood from Jamaica and Cuba, 
sometimes called yarri-yarri wood. 

Land, to disembark; to remove the 
cargo from the vessel on to the wharf. 

Landed, taken from the vessel and 
placed on the wharf or pier. 

Landing', a place on the shore where 
a vessel may come alongside and receive or 
discharge freight or passengers. 

Landsman, a man who ships on 
board a vessel as a sailor for the first time, 
and without practical knowledge of the du¬ 
ties of a sailor. 

Lapidary, a cutter, polisher, and en¬ 
graver of diamonds or gems. 

Lapis lazuli, an azure-blue mineral, 
which is much esteemed for costly vases, 
for shirt-studs, brooches, etc. When finely 
powdered and purified, the product is the 
true pigment called ultra-marine. It is 
found in Siberia, Persia, and China. 

Lapping, a heavy twilled fabric of 
worsted and flax, generally 36, 40, or 42 
inches wide, imported from England, and 
used for machine blankets by calico-print¬ 
ers, and as a wrapping material. 

Larboard, the left-hand side of a 
ship, looking to the bow,—not much in 
use, the word port having been substitut¬ 
ed. 

Larcli timber, the wood of the 
tamarack or hackmatack , which grows 
abundantly in the Northern States, espe¬ 
cially in Maine, and is much used by ship- 
carpenters. The bark is used by tanners. 

Lard, the fat of the hog, freed from 
membranous matter, and rendered white 
or colorless. The article is one of extensive 
commerce, and is principally produced in 
Ohio, Illinois, and other Western States. 
It is used for culinary purposes, in phar¬ 
macy, by soap and candle manufacturers, 
etc., and is the source of the important 
commercial article, lard-oil. 


Lard-oil, the fluid constituent of 
lard, obtained by pressure at a low tem¬ 
perature ; when good, it is very pure and 
white, but when pressed from burned or 
scorched lard, it is of a brownish color. 
Winter lard-oil is made by subjecting this 
oil to the influence of a cold temperature 
until it granulates, and then re-pressing it. 
The oil is used for illuminating purposes, 
for lubricating machinery, in woollen man¬ 
ufactories, by soap and candle makers, and 
for other purposes. 

Larry, an empty truck or freight-car 
on a railway. 

Lashings, cord, or rope, or strips of 
bamboo, birch, or hickory, used for baling 
or binding packages, or for lashing logs or 
timber while afloat. 

Lasks, the name for the roughly-cut 
and imperfectly polished stones, or glass, 
brought from the East Indies. 

Last, a measure and weight which in 
commerce varies in different countries and 
with respect to different articles; generally, 
however, estimated at 4,000 lbs. A last of 
herrings, by estimate, contains about20,000 
herrings; for heavy shipping articles in 
north of Europe, 4,500 lbs.; for wheat, 95 
bush.; as a commercial weight at Amster¬ 
dam, 851- lbs. ; at Bremen, 329 -fe lbs.; a 
last of flax in Great Britain is 1,904 lbs. ; 
of gunpowder, 24 barrels, 100 lbs. each; 
of wool, 12 sacks of 364 lbs. each; for tar, 
pitch, potash, codfish, meal, soap, etc., it 
is commonly reckoned at 12 barrels; for 
dry malt, 82£ lbs.; at Hamburg, 89bush.; 
in Prussia, 112- 1 a o bush.; in Russia, 951- 
bush. The word means a load, and as a 
weight or measure, although much used in 
commerce, it is as uncertain and varying 
as the loads of a truckman. 

LasJage, a custom paid for wares sold 
by the last. 

Lastiligs, a kind of strong, heavy 
worsted or mohair stuff used for women’s 
shoes. 

Lasts, wooden blocks or forms on which 
shoes are made; they are sold at the shoe¬ 
finding stores. 

Latakia, a trade name for a superior 
quality of Turkish smoking tobacco, so 
called from the place where it is produced. 

LatH bricks, a peculiar sort of bricks 
made in some parts of England of 22 inches 
in length and 6 inches in breadth, used in 
place of timber in the interior construction 
of malt-houses. 

Laths, thin, narrow strips of pine, 
spruce, or other wood, split or sawed, usu¬ 
ally about 4 feet long, and put up in bun- 





LEASE. 


LATTEN. 

dies of 100 each, and classed with building 
materials. 

Latlen, a term still in occasional use 
for milled brass, of different thicknesses, 
according to the uses for which it is in¬ 
tended ; also a name sometimes given to 
tin plates, or thin plates of iron tinned 
over. 

Lauda num, a tincture or preparation 
of opium. 

Lava, the scoria from volcanoes, fine 
specimens of which are used for fancy ar¬ 
ticles and jewelry. 

Lavender oil, an essential oil ob¬ 
tained from the leaves and flowers of the 
lavender, a plant of the mint family. 

Lavender-water, a perfume com¬ 
posed of lavender oil, ambergris, and alco¬ 
hol. 

Law-niereliant, commercial law, 
or such customs and usages in commercial 
transactions, as being recognized by the 
higher courts as establishing rules of action, 
thus acquire the force of law ; “a system 
of customs acknowledged and taken notice 
of by all commercial nations ; those cus¬ 
toms constituting a part of the general 
law of the land.”— Bouvier. 

Lawn, a fine sort of linen cambric 
manufactured in France, Scotland, and 
Ireland; the name is also given to a simi¬ 
lar fabric of cotton. 

Laxar, a weight for betel-nuts, of 108 
lbs. or 10,000 nuts. 

Lay days, a certain number of days 
allowed to the merchant to load or unload 
cargo, Sundays and legal holidays not being 
reckoned. 

*Lay down, a phrase used to express 
the cost and intermediate expenses of a 
commodity at a place remote from its pro¬ 
duction or purchase; that is, the expenses 
incurred after production or purchase, add¬ 
ed to the original cost; as, to lay down in 
New York a ton of Russia sheet iron, it 
will cost $—. 

Lay up, to store for future use; to 
accumulate. 

Lazaretto, a quarantine hospital, or 
building, or enclosure for passengers and 
cargo subjected to quarantine detention. 

Lazullte, a mineral of various shades 
of azui'e blue, inclining to green or white. 

Lc, the breadth of cloth between the 
two border edges. 

Lea, a yam measure, containing in cot¬ 
ton yarn 80 threads, or 120 yards; for linen 
yarn, 300 yards; for worsted, 80 yards. 

Lead, a soft, grayish-blue metal, ob¬ 
tained mostly from galena, or sulphide of 


291 

lead, which is the true commercial variety 
of lead ores. Lead is usually sold in pigs 
or bars of 75 to 80 lbs. each. It is of ex¬ 
tensive use in the arts. Alloyed with tin 
it forms pewter and solder, and with anti¬ 
mony and tin it constitutes type-metal. It 
is used in making flint glass; red lead, white 
lead, and sugar of lead are derived from it; 
shot, sheet lead, and lead pipes are also 
among its more common and important 
uses. It is obtained in various parts of 
the United States, chiefly in Illinois and 
Wisconsin, and is also imported from Eng¬ 
land. Spain produces the largest amount. 

Lead pencil*, writing or drawing 
pencils, made of black-lead or plumbago. 
The plumbago is pulverized, divested of its 
gritty matter, rendered solid by pressure, 
sawed into square bars, and enclosed in slips 
of cedar; or, when found sufficiently pure 
for this purpose, the black-lead is sawed 
directly from blocks of the native plumbago. 
The best quality is made from plumbago 
found in Cumberland, Eng. Those of first 
quality are largely manufactured in New 
York, and are also imported from England. 
Those from Germany and France are gen¬ 
erally worthless. 

Lead pipe, pipes of various diameter 
and dimensions made of lead ; used chiefly 
for conducting water through buildings, 
and constituting the most important item 
of plumbers’ materials. 

Leadwort, plants belonging to the 
genus plumbago , growing in the south of 
Europe and the Indies, the roots and leaves 
of which are imported as drugs ; in France 
called dentelaire, the root being used as a 
remedy for toothache. 

Leaf, the commercial name for tobacco 
leaves cured and ready for the manufac¬ 
turer. 

Leaf lard, lard from the flaky animal- 
fat of the hog. 

Leaf metals, the metals or alloys 
from which the different kinds of Dutch 
leaf are made. 

League, a measure of distance used 
at sea, being 3AA miles. 

Leakage, allowance made for loss on 
liquors, when on gauging a cask it is 
found to have lost a portion of its con¬ 
tents ; or, an allowance granted by the 
customs to importers, which, by the act of 
1799, § 59, and still in force, is an allow¬ 
ance of 2 per cent, on the quantity which 
shall appear by the gauge to be contained 
in any cask of liquors subject to duty bj> 
the gallon. 

Lease, a contract for the possession o* 





292 


LEATHER. 


LEECHES. 


a storehouse or tenement in consideration 
of a certain sum of money or other recom¬ 
pense, which, in the State of New York, 
if for a longer period than one year, is void 
unless the contract or some memorandum 
thereof be in writing and subscribed by the 
parties making the lease. Leases for one 
year or under need not be in writing. 

Leather, the prepared skin of ani¬ 
mals. When the skin is impregnated with 
tan from the bark of trees or from other 
vegetable substances, it is called tanned 
leather; when instead of tan, alum or 
other minerals or salts are used, it is called 
tawed leather; when oil is impregnated 
into the tanned skins, the operation is call¬ 
ed currying. Thus, sole leather is tanned, 
kid leather for gloves is tawed, and the 
upper leather for boots and shoes is tan¬ 
ned and curried. The most important 
kinds of leather are comprised under the 
terms, sole leather and upper leather. 
Morocco and other kinds of tanned skins 
are included under the general head of 
leather. A kind of leather is made from 
the refuse or clippings of saddleries and 
shoemaking establishments, called com¬ 
pressed leather. The leather trade in the 
United States is one of great importance ; 
and our leather dealers are among the most 
successful of any class of our merchants. 
In Great Britain, the leather trade, in point 
of value and extent, is inferior only to 
those of cotton, wool, and iron. In upper 
leather, the Boston market takes the lead ; 
for hemlock sole leather, New York is the 
greatest market in the world; Philadel¬ 
phia and Baltimore are noted for oak sole. 

Leather manufactures, articles 
made of leather, comprising boots and 
shoes, saddlery, belts for machinery, leath¬ 
er gloves, etc., etc. Our exports of leath¬ 
er, and leather manufactures, are about 
$1,000,000; our imports nearly $10,000,- 
000. Included in the latter are imports 
of calf skins, bookbinders’ leathers, kid 
gloves, etc. 

Leather enamel, a varnish applied 
to leather. 

Leaves, the dried leaves of a great 
many kinds of trees and plants enter into 
commerce as crude drugs, such as poppy, 
rose, sage, wormwood, hvoscyamus, fox¬ 
glove, buchu, etc. 

Lecea gum, a gum obtained from 
the olive tree, collected abundantly at 
Lecca, in Calabria. 

Led ger, the principal book of ac¬ 
counts, being a transcript of the day-book 
or journal, and containing a condensed and 


arranged record of a merchant’s transac¬ 
tions with every person with whom he has 
dealings; each account is on a separate 
page, in two parallel columns, on one of 
which the party named is the debtor, and 
on the other, the creditor, and thus pre¬ 
senting at a glance the actual balances on 
either side. 

Leeches, swimming worms, belong¬ 
ing to that class of animals called annelides , 
and more generally known as bloodsuck¬ 
ers. They are largely imported, alive, into 
London and Paris, and considerable num¬ 
bers are brought to the United States, 
though our own waters furnish an inex¬ 
haustible supply. The surgeons of Phila¬ 
delphia use only those of our own country. 
Children are employed to catch them by 
the hand, and they are also taken by nets 
made of twigs and rushes. In collecting 
leeches in some countries, dealers drive 
horses and cows into the ponds that the 
leeches may fatten upon their blood. The 
business of rearing and propagating leech¬ 
es is now conducted on a large scale in 
France. This is done by means of natural 
meadows, in which numerous small ponds 
are made, and where the leeches, with cer¬ 
tain precautions as to nourishment and 
preservation, multiply and grow so rapidly 
as to become a source of profit. ‘ ‘ One of 
the trades carried on in the Landes, south 
of Bordeaux, in France, is that of propa¬ 
gating leeches in the meres near the bay. 
Formerly the custom was to use miser¬ 
able worn-out horses ; but these poor ani¬ 
mals were found by the propagator to wear 
out too soon—the veins opened by the 
leeches did not heal; and so the life’s blood 
could not be renewed. Now, the cow has 
to do duty as nurse to the young annelides. 
Frightened, haggard, but resigned, the ani¬ 
mal submits, with a stupid kind of as¬ 
tonishment, to the attacks of clusters of 
leeches hanging on its legs; and when the 
moment of utter exhaustion comes she is 
sent off to her pastures to renew life, and 
furnish a fresh repast. Two weeks suffice 
for each process, alternately carried on, 
until death puts an end to being eaten in 
detail. The owner of about eight acres of 
marsh supplies yearly two hundred cows 
for the nourishment of eight hundred thou¬ 
sand leeches : he buys the animal for about 
two pounds, and sells the carcass for six¬ 
teen shillings. The ass is sometimes em¬ 
ployed, but it proves to be less resigned 
than the more patient cow; it lacks, 
prances, and tries to bite; and when at 
length it falls into the water under the 



LEE SIDE. 


LEMON GRASS. 


293 


storm of its numerous enemies, it becomes 
mad with terror.” The annual importa¬ 
tions into London are about 10,000,000; 
and the same number go to Paris. They 
are mostly supplied by Hamburg dealers, 
who procure them from the south of 
France, from Italy, from the lakes of Bo¬ 
hemia and the Ukraine. They are gener¬ 
ally packed in small barrels, each holding 
about 2,000, the head being made of stout 
canvas to admit the air. They are also 
packed in layers in large stone jars, with 
moss, turf, charcoal, and pebbles. 

Lee side, the side of the ship oppo¬ 
site to that from which the wind blows. 

Legal tender, the Constitution of 
the United States prohibits any State from 
making anything but gold and silver a ten¬ 
der in payment of debts; and Congress 
has enacted that the gold coins of the 
United States shall be a legal tender for 
all sums whatever. To what extent silver 
or copper coins may be a legal tender, see 
Coins. 

Legal tenders, a phrase used for 
certain notes issued by our government 
during the war of the rebellion. The 
United States non-interest bearing notes, 
commonly called “greenbacks,” the first 
issue of which was authorized by the act 
of February 25,1862, are, by the respective 
acts authorizing their issue, declared to be 
a legal tender in payment of all debts, pub¬ 
lic and private, within the United States, 
except for duties, and imports, and interest 
on the public debt. Also the interest-bear¬ 
ing notes authorized by subsequent acts of 
Congress, are legal tenders to the same ex¬ 
tent as the United States notes above men¬ 
tioned. The National bank-notes issued 
under the act of 3d June, 1864, are re¬ 
ceivable at par in all parts of the United 
States for all dues to the United States ex¬ 
cept for duties on imports; and also for all 
debts and demands owing by the United 
States within the United States except in¬ 
terest on the public debt and in redemption 
of the national currency. Fractional cur¬ 
rency, or notes of a denomination less than 
one dollar, are receivable for dues to the 
United States for any sum less than five 
dollars, except duties on imports. 

Legger, a liquid measure at Batavia 
of 160 gals. ; at Amsterdam, 153f gals. 

Leg It or 11 , a seaport city of Tuscany, 
and the most important commercial city 
of Italy. Its exports consist of raw and 
manufactured silks, olive-oil, borax, fruits, 
valonia, wines, sulphur, argol, juniper ber¬ 
ries, and other Italian products. It is also 


noted as the port whence we obtain our 
chief supply of foreign rags, and as the 
shipping port for the Carrara marble. The 
imports consist of all kinds of manufactur¬ 
ed merchandise not produced in Italy, to¬ 
gether with sugar, coffee, fish, dye-woods, 
grain, provisions, etc. The direct trade 
between Leghorn and the United States is 
extensive. 

I he moneys of account are the lire and centesima; 
100 centesimi=l lira, the latter being equal to the 
French franc. That is, the French currency ie 
adopted, except in name j and the French metrical 
system is adopted for the weights and measures. 
The libra, as a weight, is divided into 12 oncie, each 
of 4 drachms, and contains 339,542 grammes. 

100 lbs. Toscane=74.86 lbs. avoirdupois.' 

100 “ avoirdupois=133.59 lbs. Toscane. 

112 “ avoirdupois=149.62 lbs. Toscane. 

The canna of commerce consists of 4 braccia each 
of 20 soldi. 

100 braccia=63.82 American yards. 

100 yards=156.67 braccia. 

Leghorn hats, hats made from the 
fine platted straw which is prepared in 
Italy, and are usually exported through the 
port of Leghorn. These hats, including 
also ladies’ bonnets, are highly esteemed 
on account of their peculiar fineness and 
great durability ; the tendency to turn 
yellow is the principal objection to them. 

Leghorn straw, a fine platting 
straw for Leghorn hats, chiefly made in 
the neighborhood of Florence and Pisa, 
and in the upper part of the valley of the 
Arno. The straw grown in the sterile and 
mountainous districts is said to be the best. 
It is produced from a kind of wheat, which 
has slender but very strong straw, and is 
pulled out of the earth before the grain 
begins to form, and bleached by the dew 
and the sunshine, care being taken to pro¬ 
tect it from the rain. Usually straw of 
three different kinds are produced, and the 
different grades are formed into circular 
plats, or tresses, and sewed together with 
raw silk, each one prepared so that a com¬ 
plete hat shall be formed of one piece; 
the diameter is generally the same, the dif¬ 
ference consisting in the degrees of fine¬ 
ness and consequently the number of turns, 
which varies from 20 up to 80 and more. 

Leiimian earth, a pale-red, clayey 
substance dug in the island of Stalimene 
(Lemnos), and used both as a paint and as 
a drug. 

Lemon grass, the andropogon shoe- 
nanthus , growing in the East Indies and in 
some parts of the Turkish Empire. It has 
an agreeable smell and pleasant taste, and 
in the West Indies and at Ceylon it is used 
as a substitute for Chinese tea. The cit- 
ronella oil is obtained from it by distillation 






294 


LEMON-JUICE. 


LETTER OF LICENSE. 


Lemon-juice, the expressed juice 
of limes and lemons. See Lime-juice. In 
the year 1809, the captain of the British 
brigantine Two Ellens was fined £15 for 
going to sea without a proper supply of 
lemon-juice for the use of the seamen, the 
vessel having returned to Hull with a scur¬ 
vy-laden crew. 

Lemon-peel, the rough skin or rind 
of the lemon,—imported in considerable 
quantities, and used by confectioners. 

Lemon-oil, an essential oil obtained 
from the lemon-peel; it is often used by 
confectioners as a substitute for the fresh 
peel. 

Lemon-scented verbena, the 

lippia citriodora , the leaves of which are 
used in Mexico as a beverage instead of 
China tea. 

Lemons, the fruit of the citrus lirao - 
num, imported from Palermo, Messina, 
and Naples, and some also from Malaga ; 
they come in boxes containing 333 of the 
average size in a box. 

Leno muslin, a kind of cotton 
gauze. 

Lei ter, a written message, folded up 
and sealed, sent by one person to another, 
and commonly transmitted by mail through 
the post-office. A large part of the com¬ 
mercial business of the world is transacted 
by means of letters or written correspond¬ 
ence, and many contracts involving large 
amounts are formed by this agency. This 
kind of agreement, from its greater pre¬ 
cision, and by its affording documentary 
evidence at any future time of its exact 
terms, has many advantages ; but, on the 
other hand, “it is sometimes difficult to 
say whether the concurrence of the will of 
the contracting parties took place or not. 
In order to form a contract, both parties 
must concur at the same time, or there is 
no agreement. Suppose, for example, that 
Paul of Philadelphia is desirous of pur¬ 
chasing a thousand bales of cotton, and 
offers by letter to Peter of New Orleans to 
buy them from him at a certain price ; but 
on the next day he changes his mind, and 
then he writes to Peter that he withdraws his 
offer, or on the next day he dies ; in either 
case there is no contract, because Paul did 
not continue in the same disposition to 
buy the cotton at the time his offer was 
accepted. The precise moment when the 
consent of both parties is perfect, is, in 
strictness, when the person who made the 
offer becomes acquainted with the fact that 
it has been accepted. But this may be 
presumed from circumstances. The ac¬ 


ceptance must be of the same precise terms 
without any variance whatever. ”— Bouvier . 

Letter-book, the book in which a 
merchant transcribes or copies his business 
letters. 

Letter of advice, a letter contain¬ 
ing information of a shipment of goods, of 
a bill of exchange being drawn on the 
party addressed, or of some act done by 
the writer of the letter, in which the per¬ 
son to whom it is written has an interest, 
etc., etc. 

Letter of attorney, more com¬ 
monly called a power of attorney—a writ¬ 
ten instrument under seal, by which au¬ 
thority is given to another person to do 
some act for or instead of the party who 
grants the power. 

Letter of credit, a letter written 
by a merchant to his correspondent, in 
which the bearer is authorized to receive 
or to draw a certain sum or sums of money 
in the manner stated in the letter. The 
party giving the letter of credit at once ad¬ 
vises his correspondent by mail, furnishes 
him a duplicate of it, and minutely and 
carefully describes the bearer, lest it fall 
improperly into other hands; the signature 
of the person in whose favor the letter is 
drawn is al so forwarded. The following is a 

FORM. 

New York, A ugust 12, 1871. 
Messrs. Hugh McCulloch & Co., London: 

Gentlemen,— I take pleasure in introducing to you 
Mr. John N. Stokes, who is about to visit England, 
and possibly also France and Italy, and desires me to 
open a credit with you for him for (£1,000) one thou¬ 
sand pounds sterling. You will please honor his 
drafts to an amount not exceeding in the aggregate 
the above-named sum, and charge the same to me, 
with advice. 

The signature of Mr. Stokes accompanies this. 

Very respectfully, 

Thomas Danforth. 

Signature of 

John M. Stokes. 

form of letter of advice. 

New York, August 12,1871. 
Messrs. Hugh McCullochdk Co., London : 

Gentlemen, —I have this day granted a letter of 
credit on your hcuse, duplicate of which we enclose, 
to Mr. John N. Stokes, for (£1,000) one thousand 
pounds sterling. 

Mr. Stokes is a gentleman of about thirty-three 
years of age, about five feet eight and one-half inches 
in height, somewhat stout built, of light complexion, 
slightly bald, and of good address. 

Very respectfully, 

Thomas Danforth. 

Letter off license, a writing made 
by creditors to a debtor, agreeing to extend 
the time for his payments, and that they 
will not molest him in his person or prop¬ 
erty till after the expiration of such addi¬ 
tional time. 






LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION. 


LIGHTER. 


295 


Letter of recommendation, 

a letter to a third party in which the bearer 
or party named is represented as entitled 
to credit, for which the party giving the let¬ 
ter, if acting in good faith, is not responsi¬ 
ble, although the party to whom it was 
addressed may have sustained injury or 
loss by reason of it. But when the re¬ 
commendation is knowingly false, the par¬ 
ty recommending is liable. 

Letter paper, the ordinary quarto 
size of paper used in domestic business 
correspondence, and which, as folded in 
the quire or ream, is 8x10 inches, or when 
laid out flat is 10x16 inches. 

Letter postage, the rates which are 
fixed by law for the transmission of letters 
by mail. 

Letters of marque and repri¬ 
sal. The Constitution of the United 
States gives to Congress the power to grant 
letters of marque and reprisal, which is a 
license or “commission granted by the 
Government to an individual, to take the 
property of a foreign State, or of the citi¬ 
zens or subjects of such State, as a repara¬ 
tion for an injury committed by such State, 
its citizens, or subjects; ” and by the act 
of Congress of March 3, 1863, it is provided 
that in all domestic and foreign wars, the 
President of the United States is author¬ 
ized to issue to private armed vessels of the 
United States commissions, or letters of 
marque, and grant reprisal in such form 
as he shall think proper. 

Letter wood, a beautiful hard 
brown cabinet wood with black spots, 
obtained from Guiana, which from its high 
price is seldom found except in veneers. 

Levantine, a kind of twilled silk 
fabric. 

Levee, an artificial embankment along 
the margin of a river, to prevent inunda¬ 
tion. The banks of the Mississippi, the 
Loire, the Rhine, and the Po are defended 
in this manner. 

Levee dues, a commercial charge on 
shipping, levied and paid at certain land¬ 
ing-places on levees; as in New Orleans, 
where the levee dues are 20 cents per ton 
on all vessels. 

Lewis shears, a kind of shears used 
in cropping woollen cloth. 

Lex mercatoria, the law or custom 
of merchants. See Law-Merchant. 

La, another name for the Chinese cop¬ 
per cash. 

Liabilities, the pecuniary obligations 
of a merchant, which include his bills pay¬ 
able and all other debts. His endorsements 


on his own business paper which has pass¬ 
ed out of his hands, as well as all other 
endorsements, constitute liabilities to the 
amount which it would cost to guarantee 
the paper; bonds, secured by mortgage, 
are not taken into account when speaking 
of a merchant’s liabilities. 

Lias, a division of the hank of hand- 
spun cambric yam; a hank of 30 to the 
pound contains 360 lias. 

Libavius, a kind of liquor used in 
calico printing. 

Lib bra grossa, one lb. avoirdupois; 
Libbra settile , one lb. troy. 

License, permission or liberty to pros¬ 
ecute business or to sell. By the act of 
Congress of 1864, it is provided that no 
person, company, firm, or corporation shall 
be engaged in, prosecute, or carry on cer¬ 
tain trades, or businesses, or professions 
therein mentioned, until he or they shall 
have obtained a license therefor, to be ob¬ 
tained in the manner prescribed by said 
act. In the list of commercial businesses 
which are thus required to procure licenses, 
are included bankers, auctioneers, whole¬ 
sale and retail dealers in general merchan¬ 
dise, dealers in liquors, commercial, pawn, 
and all other brokers, pedlers, apotheca¬ 
ries, etc., etc. Vessels carrying on the 
coasting trade, or engaged in the fisheries, 
require a license; also vessels navigating 
the lakes, and steamboats owned by alien 
residents. 

Lichees, the fruit of the nephelium 
lichi , a tree growing in the southern part 
of China. It is dried in the sun and very 
largely exported to the northern provinces. 
Occasional shipments are made to New 
York. They come in chests or half-chests 
of about a picul or less in weight. 

Lichens, cryptogamous plants of dif¬ 
ferent species, a number of which enter 
into commerce—some as food—from others 
valuable coloring matter or pigments are 
obtained, and others are used in medicine. 
The word is generally pronounced lich'-en, 
but there is also good authority for pro¬ 
nouncing it li-ken. Iceland-moss, cudbear, 
and archil are among the lichens of com¬ 
merce. 

Lien, the right of holding or detaining 
the property of another until some claim 
be satisfied. 

Ligan, same as lagan. 

Light, without much capital; not pecu 
niarily strong. 

Lighter, a small vessel employed in 
conveying goods to or from a ship in tho 
harbor. The owners of lighters are con- 



296 


LIGHTERAGE. 


LIGURITE. 


sidered common carriers, and act under the 
same liabilities. It is a term of the con¬ 
tract on the part of the lighterman, im¬ 
plied by law, that his vessel is tight and fit 
for the purpose for which he offers and 
holds it forth to the public. 

Lighterage, the charges for convey¬ 
ing goods in a lighter. 

Lighterman, one who owns, or on 
his own account operates a lighter. 

Lighthouses, buildings erected and 
sustained by the Government on the sea¬ 
shore, upon rocks, or on an island, from 
which lights are exhibited at night for the 
direction of mariners. The construction, 
illumination, inspection, and superintend¬ 
ence of lighthouses, light-vessels, beacons, 
buoys, sea-marks, and their appendages, 
together with the illuminating apparatus, 
supplies, and materials of all kinds for 
building and rebuilding, and keeping them 
in repair, is in the hands of a “Light¬ 
house Board,” constituted and composed 
as follows: The Secretary of the Treas¬ 
ury as President ex officio , and two officers 
of the navy of high rank, one officer of 
the Corps of Engineers of the army, one 
officer of the corps of Topographical 
Engineers of the army, and two civilians 
of high scientific attainments, and an 
officer of the army, and an officer of the 
navy, as secretaries. The officers com¬ 
posing the board are appointed by the 
President of the United States. The act 
of Congress of August 31, 1852, under 
which the Lighthouse Board is organized, 
makes it the duty of the Board to arrange 
the Atlantic, Gulf, Pacific, and Lake coasts 
of the United States into Lighthouse Dis¬ 
tricts, and the President is required to 
assign an officer of the army or navy to 
each district as a Lighthouse Inspector, 
who is charged with the general and special 
care of the lighthouses, light-vessels, buoys, 
beacons, etc., under the orders and direc¬ 
tions of the Lighthouse Board. 

Light-keepers, persons appointed 
to take charge of lighthouses and light- 
vessels, whose duty it is to clean, manage, 
regulate, and adjust the lamps, burners, 
revolving machinery, and the illuminating 
apparatus generally. They are required 
to keep their premises clean and well 
whitewashed ; females and servants are 
not to be employed in the management of 
lights; their dwellings must not be con¬ 
verted into pilot stations, nor into board¬ 
ing or lodging houses, and persons of in¬ 
temperate habits are not to be permitted 
to visit or remain on the premises. They 


perform their duties under the direction 
of Lighthouse Inspectors. 

Light money, by the navigation 
laws of the United States, a duty of fifty 
cents per ton, denominated by the law 
“light money,” is levied on all foreign 
ships or vessels entering into the ports of 
the United States. 

Light-vessels, vessels anchored or 
moored and serving as lighthouses. They 
are constructed in conformity to the plans 
of the Lighthouse Board, and, as far as 
practicable, in four classes of about the 
following tonnage: 1st class, of 230 to 270 
tons; 2d class, of 150 to 180 tons; 3d 
class, of 100 to 130 tons; 4th class, of 50 
to 80 tons. They are distinguished in 
such manner as may be prescribed by the 
Lighthouse Board, generally painted 
white, red, yellow, cream, or lead color 
on the outside ; and white, green, lead, or 
cream color on the inside on deck. They 
are placed in position by a reliable seaman 
or pilot, under the direction of an In¬ 
spector. When properly anchored or 
moored, the latitude and longitude is 
determined, the depth of water in which 
it is anchored at mean low tide taken, and 
the bearings and distances from the vessel 
to prominent objects carefully noted, and 
transmitted to the Lighthouse Board. 
Strangers are not permitted to board them 
nor to remain on board at night unless 
necessarily detained by stress of weather, 
except the officers, crews, and passengers 
of wrecked vessels who have been com¬ 
pelled to take refuge on board of them. 
Keepers and crews are allowed to visit 
their families and friends on shore from 
time to time,—the crews in such numbers 
as the duties of the vessel will permit, and 
each man in his regular turn. The num¬ 
ber of persons to be employed, and the 
rates of pay of mates, seamen, and others 
on board light-vessels, are regulated by the 
Lighthouse Board. The phrase light-ships 
is more generally used, but light-vessels is 
the phrase always used in our laws. 

Lignite, fossil wood carbonized to a cer¬ 
tain degree, but retaining its woody texture. 

Ligimiii-vitae, wood of life; the 
timber or wood of a tree which grows to a 
great size in Jamaica, Hayti, and other 
West India Islands. It is the hardest and 
heaviest wood known, and is mostly used 
in turnery. The wood, bark, and capsules, 
guaiacum , are used in medicine. 

Ligurite, a mineral of an apple-green 
color, which ranks as a gem. It takes its 
name from Liguria, in Italy. 



LILAC COLOR. 

Lilac color, a purplish color of the 
tint of the lilac flower—a favorite color 
for trimmings for ladies’ dresses, etc., in 
the spring of the year. It is also used for 
mourning goods. 

Lima, capital of Peru, on the West 
coast of South America; Callao , distant 
six miles, and connected by railroad, being 
the shipping port. The exports from Lima 
consist of copper ore, silver, nitre, cinchona 
bark, soap, alpaca wool, sheep’s wool, and 
cotton; the imports from the United States 
are fish, flour, tallow, hops, barley, boards, 
machinery, perfumery, petroleum, furni¬ 
ture, etc.; from England, cotton, linen, 
rubber goods, hardware, etc.; from Guay¬ 
aquil, timber; and from Mexico, indigo. 
Part of the foreign trade of Peru is carried 
on through Buenos Ayres. Money, weights, 
and measures same as Cadiz. 

Lima wood, a fine description of 
Nicaragua wood, from the west coast. 

Li me. Burnt limestone, or quick-lime, 
as an article of commerce, is usually classed 
with building materials, its chief use being 
as an ingredient in mortar; but it is also 
much used in manufacturing iron, and in 
soap-boiling establishments, and in various 
ways in the arts, and in agriculture for en¬ 
riching lands. It is sold by the barrel in 
cities, and in the country in bulk, by the 
bushel. 

Lillies, the fruit of the citrus Umctta , 
chiefly raised for their acid juice. They 
are imported from most of the West India 
islands, and usually come in barrels con¬ 
taining from 500 to 1,000, according to 
their size. They are also imported pre¬ 
served in salt and water. 

Lime-juice. Besides the ordinary 
domestic uses of lime-juice, it is one of the 
essential and prescribed articles in the 
stores of sailing ships. With a view of 
avoiding the scurvy, the scourge of the 
mercantile navy, the merchants’ ships of 
England are required to carry lime or 
lemon juice mixed with 15 per cent, of 
rum, and to serve it out to the crew daily 
in the proportions named in the Merchant 
Shipping Act. Lime-juice is chiefly ob¬ 
tained from the West Indies, notably from 
Montserrat. For best quality of merchant¬ 
able juice for shipping, only the perfectly 
ripe fruit should be used, and not more 
than two-thirds of the juice expressed; 
and it should be run from the presses at 
once into the casks, and the casks should 
be well filled so as to exclude the air. 

Lime-tree wood, the wood of the 
European linden-tree, much used in Eng¬ 


LINEN THREAD. 297 

land by piano-forte makers, and for carv¬ 
ing into ornamental works. 

Limoges ware, richly enamelled ar¬ 
ticles of metal, such as caskets, formerly 
made in Limoges, in France, and in great 
esteem in the fourteenth century. 

Line, a measure of length, the 12th part 
of an inch; a general name for small rope ; 
a series of successive conveyances for 
freight or passengers, as a line of packet- 
ships between New York and Liverpool, 
or the Pacific Mail Line of steamers ; the 
limits within which a merchant confines 
himself in the range of articles he deals in, 
as such an article is not in my line ; a series 
of various qualities and values of the same 
general class of articles, as a full line of 
hosiery, a line of merinos, etc. ; a limita¬ 
tion of credit, as A.’s line of credit with the 
house of Olyphant & Co. is $10,000. 

Linen draper, a retailer of linen 
goods, underclothing, etc. 

Linens, cloths or fabrics manufactur¬ 
ed from flax, or linen yam. These fabrics 
are known in commerce by various names, 
according to their fineness, patterns, uses, 
etc. Any of them may be bleached or un¬ 
bleached, and bleaching may take place 
either in the yam or in the fabric. 
There are various sorts, as Irish, Scotch, 
English, and German; and Hollands, dow¬ 
las, Silesias, Hessians, huckabucks, dor- 
nocks, Osnaburgs, linen damasks, diapers, 
cambrics, lawns, etc. Linen goods are also 
understood to comprehend fabrics in which 
flax or linen yam is the chief material, and 
also those composed of hempen yams. 
The chief manufacture of the flaxen or 
true linens is in Ireland, Belfast being 
the centre of the trade; while for hempen 
fabrics, Dundee, in Scotland, is the chief 
centre. In the United States the produc¬ 
tion of linen goods is quite limited, and 
mostly confined to the coarser kinds. Lin¬ 
en goods are made on a large scale in Bo¬ 
hemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Galicia. In 
Austria, table-cloths, napkins, cambrics, 
dimities, twills, and drills are the more im¬ 
portant of the linen productions; while in 
Moravia, Bohemia, and Lombardy, thread 
is the principal article. Shirtings, sheet¬ 
ings, ticks, sackings, sail-cloth, canvas, 
burlaps, coatings, blay and Spanish linens, 
pillow linens, crash, brown, black, and col¬ 
ored Hollands, linen handkerchiefs, shirt- 
fronts, ducks, etc., are all included under 
the head of linens or linen goods. 

Linen thread, flaxen spun yam 
doubled and twisted, or composed of three 
or four strands and twisted; usually put up 



298 


LINEN YARN. 


LISBON. 


in one pound packages. Gilling twine and 
shoemakers’ thread are linen threads. 

Lint'll yarn, the spun fibres of flax. 
It is estimated in England by the number 
of leys or cuts, each of 300 yards, contain¬ 
ed in a lb. 

Lins', a fish of the cod tribe inhabiting 
the northern seas, and cured and salted in 
large quantities for trade. 

Lininss, linen, glazed muslin, Farm¬ 
er’s satin, or other kinds of goods used for 
the interior surface of garments. 

Linoleum, an esteemed kind of floor¬ 
cloth. 

Linseed, flax-seed, or the seed of the 
flax-plant, chiefly important in trade for 
the oil w r kick it affords; though for seed¬ 
ing purposes large amounts, carefully se¬ 
lected, are shipped in casks from Riga and 
other parts of Russia, with official marks 
indicating the year of its growth, and its 
fitness for sowing. For crushing purposes 
various qualities are shipped from Russia, 
either in bulk or in mat bags, called kools. 
The chief imports, however, into the Uni¬ 
ted States are from Bombay and Calcutta. 

Linseed cake, the substance which 
remains after the oil is expressed from the 
seeds, which contains considerable muci¬ 
lage and albumen, and is used for feeding 
cattle, especially in England, to which 
country the shipments from the United 
States frequently amount to 150,000,000 
lbs. in a year. 

Linseed meal, the cake of linseed 
from which the oil has been pressed, re¬ 
duced to powder. 

Linseed oil. This oil is obtained from 
linseed by first bruising and then grinding 
the seeds, and subjecting them to violent 
pressure, usually by means of a hydraulic 
press. It is an extensive article of com¬ 
merce, and is used in the manufacture of 
paints, varnishes, etc. 

Linsey-woolsey, a kind of coarse 
cloth made of wool and flax, usually either 
plain blue, or striped blue and white; the 
weft only is wool. 

Lint, a soft, woolly-like material made 
by scraping old linen or muslin, either by 
hand or machinery, and used in surgery for 
dressing wounds. 

Liqueurs, aromatic and alcoholic cor¬ 
dials, prepared by infusing the substances, 
suoh as fruits, flowers, etc., in water or 
alcohol, and adding sugar and coloring 
matter; or, by distillation from the flavor¬ 
ing agents. Ratafia is the generic name in 
France cf those which are compounded with 
ttloobol, sugar, and flavoring substance. 


Liquid amber, a balsam procured 
in Mexico and Louisiana from the stem of 
the liquid-amber tree or sweet gum. 

Liquid measure, a measure of ca¬ 
pacity for liquids. The standard measure 
of the United States consists of one gal¬ 
lon of 231 cubic inches, one half-gallon, 
one quart, one pint, and one half-pint. 
The barrel is equal to 31^ gals., and the 
hogshead to 2 barrels. 

Liquorice extract, a paste which 
is made by boiling liquorice root in water 
and condensing the liquor obtained to the 
form of a hard black paste ; it usually 
comes in cases of from 200 to 300 lbs.; 
tons of it are imported, and used chiefly 
by tobacconists in the manufacture of 
chewing tobacco. 

Liquorice root, the root of the 
glycyrrhiza glabra , a plant found in Spain, 
and other parts of southern Europe; the 
root is imported as a drug, and is largely 
used in pharmacy. 

Liquorice stick, extract of liquor¬ 
ice, usually run into rolls; the best is from 
Calabria. 

Liquors, a general term for distilled 
spirits used as beverages, as brandy, gin, 
rum, whiskey, etc.; dyes, solutions, or mor¬ 
dants, used in calico printing and in other 
manufactures of colored fabrics. Spiritu¬ 
ous liquors may be imported in casks or 
other packages of any capacity not less 
than 30 gallons; and wine may be import¬ 
ed in boxes containing not less than 1 doz. 
bottles of not more than 1 quart each. 
Wine, brandy, or other spirituous liquors 
imported in any less quantity is forfeited 
to the United States. “Wine other than 
that put up in bottles may be imported in 
packages of any quantity.” Dec. Sec. Tr. 
Feb. 14, 1868. 

Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, on 
the river Tagus, near its mouth in the At¬ 
lantic ocean. The city is admirably adapt¬ 
ed for commerce, the harbor or roadstead 
being one of the finest in the world, and 
the quays or wharves distinguished for 
their convenience and neatness of arrange¬ 
ment. The trade, however, is not large, 
the entire imports of Portugal being only 
about $16,000,000 per annum. The im¬ 
ports consist principally of woollen and 
cotton goods, metals, fish, colonial goods, 
glass, paper, chemicals, etc.; the chief 
exports are wheat, wine, argol, corkwood, 
oranges, wool, onions, and salt. 

The moneys of account are rcis and milreis; 1,000 
reis=l milreis. The gold coins are pieces of 10,000, 
5,000, 2,000, and 1,000 reis. The silver coins are 
p.eces of 500, 200, 100, and 50 reis. The copper 






LISLE GLOVES. 


LIVERPOOL. 


299 


coins consist of 40, 20, 10, and 5 reis pieces. The 
crusado of exchange is 400 reis; a conto of reis is 
1,000 milreis. The weights are:— 

1 arroba=32.38 lbs. avoirdupois. 

1 quintals 129.52 lbs. “ 

100 arratels=101.18 lbs. “ 

100 lbs. avoirdupois=98.83 arratels. 

112 lbs. “ =110.69 “ 

Lisle Jfloies, fine summer gloves, 
made of Lisle thread. 

Lisle lace, a white hand-made thread 
lace, with a diamond-shaped mesh, some¬ 
times called “ clear foundation.” 

Li««ile thread, a hard-twisted cotton 
thread, originally produced at Lisle, in 
France, whence its name. 

Lisle thread stockings, very thin 
and fine cotton stockings made of Lisle 
thread. 

Lispfund, a weight in Norway and 
Sweden varying from 15 to 18f lbs. 

List, the narrow border or selvedge 
from the edge of woollen cloths; pieces of 
cloth. 

Listados, heavy linen or cotton goods, 
usually 30 inches wide, for the Spanish 
market. 

Listons (de Grenada), narrow red 
or blue silk ribbon used for tying cigars, 
originally made in Grenada, in Spain. 

Litharge, fused yellow oxide or pro¬ 
toxide of lead, used in the manufacture of 
flint glass. 

Lithographic ink, a kind of ink 
used by lithographers, consisting of shellac, 
soap, wax, tallow, gum sandarac, and lamp¬ 
black. 

Lithographic paper, a kind of 
thick, unsized paper, used for receiving 
impressions from lithographic plates. 

Lithographic stones, a peculiar 
kind of limestone, varying in color from 
a pale yellowish white to a light buff, 
reddish, grayish, bluish, and even green¬ 
ish color. Found in Alabama, Canada, 
Italy, France, and other parts of the 
world, but nowhere so perfect as in the 
quarries of Solenhofen, in Bavaria. The 
stones are imported in slabs and sold by 
the pound. Stones that have been once 
used are used again after obliterating the 
old marks. 

Lithographs, pictures or designs 
printed on paper from the lithographic 
stone on which they are traced or en¬ 
graved. Both when plain and when printed 
in colors they are commercially regarded 
as engravings. Treas. Dec., March 25, 
1859, and Jan. 25, 1861. 

Litmus, cakes of blue dye prepared 
in Holland from various kinds of lichens, 
mainly from rocella tinctoria , which is col¬ 


lected on the Canary and Cape Verd Isl¬ 
ands and the coasts of North Africa, and 
chiefly used for chemical tests. As a col¬ 
oring substance the blue or purple, though 
handsome, is not durable. 

Litmus paper, unsized paper stained * 
with litmus, used as a test of acids and 
alkalies. 

Litre, the French unit of liquid and 
other measures of capacity, being a little 
more than a quart, or precisely 0.26418 gal. 

Live feathers, feathers plucked from 
live birds; commercially much more valu¬ 
able than feathers from dead ones. The 
term in its usual application has reference 
specifically to feathers plucked from live 
geese. 

Live stock, a collective term for the 
domestic animals of the farm, embracing 
horses, mules, cattle (beef), bulls, oxen, 
cows, sheep, hogs, goats, poultry, etc. 
But the term off the farm is less general 
in its signification. Thus, in the ‘ ‘ Ute 
stock markets ” the animals included under 
the head are restricted, and classed as fol¬ 
lows: Cattle (beef), Milch Cows, Calves, 
Oxen, Sheep,' and Hogs. The live stock 
market in New York for two years, 1869 
and 1870, shows the receipts in New York 
for each year, and the weekly average, to 
be as follows: — 


Beeves 

For the 
year 1869. 

Weekly 

average. 

For the 
year 1870. 

Weekly 

average. 

325,761 

6,265 

356,026 

6.847 

Cows 

4.836 

93 

5.050 

97 

Calves 

93,984 

1,807 

116,457 

2.240 

Sheep 

1,479,563 

901.308 

28,453 

1,463,878 

28,151 

Hogs 

17,333 

889,625 

17,108 


Liverpool, the principal seaport city 
of England, situate on the river Mersey, 
about four miles from its mouth in the 
North Sea, and about 200 miles from the 
city of London. Its splendid docks, cov¬ 
ering a space of 400 acres of water, and 
extending along the river for a space of 
five miles, afford the amplest accommoda 
tion for the thousands of vessels which 
enter its harbor, and are the admiration 
of all merchants and sea captains who 
transact business at this port. Cotton and 
woollen goods, iron, steel, hardware, cut¬ 
lery, and other products of Manchester, 
Sheffield, Birmingham, and other great 
manufacturing towns of England, are sent 
to Liverpool for shipment, and the bulk of 
Irish emigrants, and a considerable part of 
those also from Germany, destined for the 
United States, take their passage from this 
port. One-half of all the products ex¬ 
ported from England are shipped from 
here ; while here, also, the British imports 






300 


LIVRE. 


LOCKER. 


of cotton, flour, grain, provisions, etc., 
from the United States are also chiefly 
entered. Its proximity to the sea, its su¬ 
perior harbor accommodations, its long- 
established and justly celebrated lines of 
ocean steamships, its central position to 
the largest manufacturing towns of Europe, 
and the focus of a net of railroads encir¬ 
cling the whole kingdom, must always 
command a shipping trade, which will ren¬ 
der Liverpool hardly second in commercial 
importance to London, or Hamburg. 

Li\ 're, a variable commercial weight, 
on the Continent: at Brussels, 1.03 lbs.; at 
Lyons, -fifc of a lb.; for silk, 1.01 lb., and 
generally, from £ to 1| lb. 

Lloyds, a marine insurance association 
or society of underwriters of the city of 
London, deriving its name from the name 
of the coffee-house where it originated. 
The rooms of the association are frequent¬ 
ed by underwriters, merchants, ship-own¬ 
ers, brokers, and others, for the purpose 
of obtaining shipping intelligence, and of 
transacting business connected with marine 
insurance. Agents are appointed in all the 
principal ports of the world, who forward 
regularly to these rooms accounts of the 
departures from and arrivals at their ports, 
as well as of losses and other casualties, 
and in general all such information as may 
be supposed of importance towards guid¬ 
ing the judgments of the underwriters. 
This information is immediately entered 
in books which lie constantly open upon 
the table, and without removing them 
from their places. The underwriters are 
persons who, for a premium, grant an in¬ 
demnity to merchants against risks by sea, 
and they are so called from the custom of 
writing their names under , or at the foot 
of the policies of insurance. The method 
of effecting an insurance at Lloyds is the 
following: “When a broker receives an 
order to insure interest to a certain amount 
in a particular ship, he writes upon a slip 
of paper the name of the vessel, the mas¬ 
ter’s name, the nature of the voyage, the 
subject to be insured, and its value, and 
any other information which the circum¬ 
stances may require. He then offers the 
risk to different members of the Lloyds’ 
Society, until the value of the interest to 
be insured is exhausted, each underwriter 
subscribing his name opposite to the 
amount he engages to insure, and all agree¬ 
ing to accept a uniform premium.” The 
number of members is about 200. The 
gentlemen composing this board are men 
of wealth and character, and can only be 


admitted by being proposed by six mem¬ 
bers, and accepted by the managing com¬ 
mittee. “ There is an addition to the 
underwriters’ room connected with, and 
forming a part of what is properly Lloyds’ 
rooms; a captains’ room, which is employ¬ 
ed as an auction-room for the sale of ships; 
a chart-room, where are found a valuable 
collection of charts and ledgers, in which 
the names of ships are arranged in alpha¬ 
betical order, each name having under it 
all the information possessed regarding 
the vessel; and the merchants’ room, 
which is a news or reading room. Every 
person who enjoys the privilege of fre¬ 
quenting Lloyds pays an annual subscrip¬ 
tion. The intelligence, besides being made 
known to the members by means of the 
books, is published every afternoon in 
Lloyd's List. Through this medium is 
made known to the world the good or ill 
fortune that betides every vessel of every 
nation of the earth, and the record con¬ 
tains a complete history of the sea, so far 
as concerns the number of shipwrecks, of 
collisions, of fires, of piracies, of mutinies, 
and disasters of every kind that befall those 
who “ go down to the sea in ships and do 
business upon the great waters.” 

Lloyd’s register. This is a volume 
published annually which furnishes infor¬ 
mation respecting the nature of vessels, 
their class, place where built, materials, 
owners, captains, age, repairs, etc. This 
information is obtained by means of sal¬ 
aried agents stationed at all important 
posts throughout the maritime world. 

Load, an undefined quantity of dif¬ 
ferent commodities or merchandise, as a 
cart-load, a wagon-load, a boat-load ; a de¬ 
fined quantity, as, in England, a load of 
timber, 50 cubic feet; a load of hay, 2,016 
lbs.; of straw, 1,296 lbs. In New York a 
cart-load of flour is 10 barrels ; of bricks, 
500 ; of cotton, 3 bales. 

Losif sugar, refined white sugar, 
formerly put up in a peculiar kind of pur¬ 
ple paper in a solid mass, weighing 10 lbs., 
and in the shape of a cylindrical cone, 
which, from its peculiarity, has given rise 
to the term “ sugar-loaf shape.” 

Loan, money, stocks, or other articles 
lent, usually on interest. 

Lobsters, a marine shell-fish, the 
great mart for which in the United States 
is Boston, where there are sold immense 
numbers; in London, it is said, 3,000,000 
are sold annually. 

Locker, a name in England for a cus¬ 
tom-house officer. 





LOCUST TIMBER. 


LONDON. 


301 


Locust timber, the timber of the 

robinia pseudacacia , a North American tree. 
It is hard and durable, and has a commer¬ 
cial demand for ships’ tree-nails, as well as 
for posts or sleepers which are to be set or 
laid in the ground. It is very abundant in 
the Middle States, and is sold generally by 
the stick, according to the lengths and 
thickness, and not by the foot, as other 
American timber. 

Lode-stone, or Loadstone, the 

name given to magnetic iron ore when in a 
state of magnetic .polarity. It is found at 
Marshall’s Island, in Maine, and near Prov¬ 
idence, R. I., and in ore beds in Siberia, 
Elba, and the Hartz. 

Lot', a weight at Riga, 92-, l ( ro lbs. 

Lofts, the upper stories of a ware¬ 
house. 

Log, a journal kept on board ship, in 
which the situation of the vessel, weather, 
and everything of importance is noted 
down. 

Log-book, the log or journal kept on 
board a ship. 

Log-line, a flat piece of wood loaded 
with lead at one of its edges to make it 
float upright, to which is attached a line 
about 150 fathoms long, divided into equal 
lengths called knots; the line is wound 
upon a reel, and cast into the sea, for as¬ 
certaining the ship’s rate of sailing by the 
time which a certain quantity of line, or 
a certain number of knots takes in running 
off the reel. 

Logs, rough timber, the tree cut only 
in lengths, usually, in trade, understood to 
be saw-logs. To ascertain the dutiable 
value of logs cut in the province of New 
Brunswick and imported into the United 
States, the stumpage is to be taken at the 
place where the same are cut, and adding 
thereto the cost of cutting and hauling to 
the bank of the river, and the expenses of 
scaling and marking the same; and the 
importation is complete when the logs are 
put in boom .—Letter Sec. Treas. to Col¬ 
lector at Eastport , Maine , Jan. 10, 1^68. 

Logwood, called also Campeachy 
wood, a valuable dye-wood, a native tree 
of Central America. It derives its com¬ 
mercial name from being imported in logs. 
The tree grows from 40 to 50 feet high, 
and for export it is usually cut into lengths 
of from 3 to 6 feet, the bark and sap wood 
chipped off and the heart or red part only 
shipped ; bought and sold by the ton. It 
is imported into the United States from 
various sources, and the market of New 
York is usually supplied with Honduras, 


Jamaica, Tabasco, Laguna, St. Domingo, 
and Campeachy, the last named being 
worth double that of Jamaica, and about 
one-third more than the Honduras. 

Lo-kao, a name for Chinese green 
indigo. 

Lombard, a banker or money-lender, 
so called from the Lombards, a company 
of Italian merchants, the great money¬ 
changers of the 13th century, who settled 
in England, and resided in a street in Lon¬ 
don still called from them Lombard street, 
and still the principal street for banking, 
exchanges, and transfers of public stocks, 
answering to Wall street in New York. 

London, the capital of the United 
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 
not equal to New York in the extent of its 
shipping trade, but surpassing all other 
cities in the world in the variety and value 
of the commercial commodities contained 
in its warehouses; and, in its money trans¬ 
actions, as the centre of Asiatic, African, 
South American, and European exchanges, 
it has no rival. Nearly the entire com merce 
of the world'pays tribute to London, in 
commissions, interest, exchanges, insur¬ 
ances, etc. American and European mer¬ 
chants who buy coffee at Rio Janeiro, hides 
at Buenos Ayres, wool at the Cape of Good 
Hope, ivory at Mozambique, tea at Canton, 
cutch at Singapore, gunny at Bengal, jute 
at Calcutta, plumbago at Ceylon, juffs at 
St. Petersburg, ostrich feathers at Alex¬ 
andria, or opium at Constantinople, as a 
matter of commercial economy and con¬ 
venience, are compelled to make payments 
for their purchases by bills on London, and 
there, also, in good part at least, to effect 
their insurances. It can readily be per¬ 
ceived that very slight percentages on a 
commerce so vast must aggregate in mil¬ 
lions, and that the wealth and prosperity 
of this great city are largely due to the 
control which it has on the money ex¬ 
changes growing out of the commerce of 
the four quarters of the globe. 

Accounts are kept in Great Britain m pounds, shil¬ 
lings, and pence, sterling, usually represented by the 
signs £. s. d. 

4 farthings=1 penny. 

12 pence=1 shilling. 

20 shillings=l pound. 

The gold corns are the sovereign and half-sovereign. 

The rate of the value of the pound sterling in gold 
is, for 1869 sovereigns, or pounds, to be coined out of 
40 Troy pounds’ weight of gold, ll-12ths fine. The 
full weight, therefore, of a sovereign is 5 cwts., 
3.171-62:1 gra’ns, and the fine weight is 113.1-623 grains. 

The sovereign, when less in weight than 5 dwts. 
21 grains, or the half-sovereign, when its weight ia 
less than 2 dwts. 13X grains, has no legal currency. 

The silver coins are florins of two shillings each, 
shillings, and sixpences. 



302 


LONDON. 

The rate of coinage for silver is 66 shillings from 1 
lb. Troy of silver 37-40ths fine. The full weight of a 
shilling is, therefore, 3 dwts. 15.3-11 grains, and the 
fine weight 80.8-11 grains. 

The copper coins are pieces each of one penny, a 
half-penny, and a farthing, coined at the rate of 48 
pence, 80 half-pence, or 160 farthings per lb. avoirdu¬ 
pois ; and for some of the colonies half-farthings, or 
eighths of a penny, have been issued. 

The notes of the Bank of England, payable on de¬ 
mand, are a legal tender for all amounts. 

The silver coins are not legal tender for more than 
40s., or the copper coins for more than 1 2d. in pen¬ 
nies and half-pence, or 6 d. in farthings. 

The coinage of gold is conducted for the public free 
of expense to the parties importing or bringing gold 
into the mint, it being open to any person to have 
any quantity of gold, of not less than £10,000 in 
value, wrought into coin, and redelivered»to him, for 
standard weight of metal the same weight of coin, 
without charge. 

Weights and Measures. —The gold and silver weight 
Is the Troy pound of 12 ounces. The ounce is 20 
dwts.. each of 24 grains. The Bank of England 
weighs bullion in ounces, divided into decimals. 

For diamonds the ounce Troy is divided into 151% 
carats, making 6 carats equal to nearly 19 grains. 
For pearls it is divided into 600 grains, or 5 pearl 
grains equal to 4 grains Troy. For stanclarding, the 
carat is divided into 4 grains. 

The English medicinal weight has for its integer 
the pound Troy, divided into 12 ounces, 96 drams, 
288 scruples, or 5,760 grains or minims. 

The commercial weight is the pound avoirdupois, 
weighing 7,000 Troy grains; 112 pounds make 1 cwt., 
and 20 cwt. 1 ton. The pound is divided into 16 
ounces, each of 16 drams. 

The liquid measure of the imperial pint is reckoned 
to be by weight equal to 20 ounces avoirdupois, or 
8,750 Troy grains. It is divided into 16 fluid ounces, 
each of 546.7-9 grains Troy, or ounces avoirdupois. 

The Troy pound is in the proportion to the pound 
avoirdupois nearly as 14 to 17; but the Troy ounce is 
greater than the avoirdupois in the proportion of 79 
to 72, nearly. 

144 lb. avoirdupois=175 lb. Troy. 

192 oz. “ =175 oz. “ 

Miscellaneous Weights. —Foreign wool is always 
sold by the pound; but in the sale of British wool to 
the manufacturers and wool-staplers by the growers, 
the clove of 7 lbs., the stone of 14 lbs., the tod of 2 
stones, the wey of 13 stones, the sack of 26 stones, 
and the pack of 240 lbs., are still sometimes used. 
A last of wool is 12 sacks; of flax or feathers, 17 cwt.; 
of gunpowder, 24 barrels of 100 lbs. each. A firkin 
of butter is 56 lbs.; of soft soap, 64 lbs. A fodder of 
pig lead in London is 19% cwt. A faggot of steel or 
a seam of glass is 120 lbs. A sack of flour, 280 lbs. 
A truss of straw, 36 lbs. ; of new hay, 60 lbs.; of old 
hay, 56 lbs., and 36 trusses make 1 load. 

The measure for liquids is the imperial gallon. Its 
contents of distilled water of the temperature of 62 
degrees, the barometer being at 30 inches, weigh 10 
lbs. avoirdupois, and is computed to measure 277.274 
cubic inches. The weight of 1 cubic inch of this 
water is stated to be 252.458 Troy grains, making 1 
cubic foot to be 62.321 lbs. avoirdupois. The galion 
is divided into 4 quarts, or 8 pints; the half-pint is 
frequently called a gill. 

The measure for seeds and drygoods is the imperial 
bushel of 8 imperial gallons. Its contents are, there¬ 
fore, 2218.192 cubic inches; 8 bushels make 1 quar¬ 
ter, and 10 quarters make 1 last. 

The tun contains 252 gallons, but is seldom used 
except in the measure for oil, and is nominally divid¬ 
ed into 2 pipes, 3 puncheons, 4 hogsheads, or 6 tierces, 
out which divisions are seldom used. 

For beer, the firkin contains 9 gallons; the kilder- 


LONGITUDE. 

kin, 18 gallons; the barrel, 36 gallons, and the butt 
108 gallons. 

The merchants’ measures for wine are as follows 


Gallons. 

Port.pipe 115 

Sherry - - - - “ 108 

Madeira and Cape - - - - - “92 

Sicilian -“93 

Teneriffe and Yidonia - “ 100 

Malaga ----- “ 105 

Lisbon and Bucellas ... - “ 117 

Hock.hhd. 30 

Claret and Hermitage - - - - “46 

Tent.“52 

Spanish Bed ------ tun 210 


The imperial gallon of oil is estimated to weigh 9 
lbs. avoirdupois ; the tun of oil, therefore, weighs 20 
cwt. 1 qr. Besides oil, the following articles are sold 
by weight, under the denomination of measure:— 

Flour, by the sack, 280 lbs. 

American flour, by the barrel of 196 lbs. 

Oatmeal, by the Scotch boll of 140 lbs. 

American pitch, by the barrel of 3 1% gallons, each 
of 9 lbs., maldng the barrel weigh 283^ lbs. 

The usual commercial measure of length is the 
yard of 3 feet, each of 12 inches. The inch is usually 
divided into either halves, quarters, and eighths, or 
into tenths or twelfths. 

For cloth the yard is divided into quarters, eighths, 
and sixteenths; the quarter is divided into 4 nails, 
each of inches. An ell is 5 quarters of a yard. 

Measures of Solidity. —1,728 cubic inches make 1 
foot; 27 feet, 1 yard. The cubic yard is sometimes 
called a load (meaning a cart-load) of earth, etc.; 50 
cubic feet make a load of timber, and 40 cubic feet is 
a regular ton of shipping, but this varies in different 
trades. 

The chief of the late measures of capacity were the 
wine gallon of 231 cubic inches, the beer gallon of 282 
cubic inches, and the Winchester bushel of 2150.42 
cubic inches. 

Hence, 5 imperial gallons are nearly 6 wane gallons, 
and 31 imperial bushels nearly 32 Winchester bush¬ 
els; but, with more precision,— 

100 imperial bushels=103.15 United States 
or Winchester bushels. 

100 United States bushels=96.94 Imperial 
bushels. 

Long beard, a name for New Orleans 
moss. 

Long boat, the largest boat belong¬ 
ing to a ship. 

Long cloth* a fine cotton cloth, usu¬ 
ally 36 in. or 39 in. wide, and put up in 
pieces of 40 to 50 yds. in length. 

Long credits, a term applied to 
credits of 6, 12, or 18 months; a period of 
credit formerly largely given, in Boston, 
New York, and Philadelphia, to Western 
and Southern merchants. 

Long dozen, 13 to the dozen. 

Long hundred, 120 to the hun¬ 
dred. 

Longitude, the distance east or west 
along the equator, of any place from a cer¬ 
tain meridian. The selection of a station 
from which the longitudes of all other 
places are to be reckoned is entirely arbi¬ 
trary. In England, and usually by Ameri¬ 
can vessels at sea, the longitude is reckoned 
from the meridian of the observatory at 











LONG MEASURE. 


LUMBER. 


303 


Greenwich, situate on the river Thames, 3f 
miles E.S.E. of London Bridge; Washing¬ 
ton City is the station from which it is reck¬ 
oned in the United States. The French 
and other continental nations refer the 
longitudes of all places to the meridian 
of their principal observatory. 

Long measure, lineal measure ; a 
measure of length; i. e ., the English yard, 
the French metre, and the German ell, are 
prominent examples. 

Long price, where the purchase is 
made after the duties are paid. 

Longshoremen, laborers employed 
about the w r harves and docks of commercial 
cities in loading and discharging the car¬ 
goes of vessels. 

Looking-glasses, a common com¬ 
mercial name for small glass mirrors. The 
looking-glass plates are not necessarily of 
plate glass.— Dec. Tr. Dept., July 2, 1803. 

Loom dice, a linen cloth for table 
furniture, usually 54 in. wide, checked or 
plaided with the dice pattern in the power- 
loom. 

Loom sheetings, linen sheetings 
woven by the power-loom. 

Lopatny, an inferior Russian candle 
tallow. 

Losh hide, an undressed oiled hide. 

Losing money. A merchant is said 
to be losing money when he is going behind¬ 
hand in his business—that is, when his ex¬ 
penses are greater than his profits. 

Loss and gain, the name of a rule 
or method in arithmetic, by which to ascer¬ 
tain the gain or loss on purchases and sales, 
answering to what, by double-entry book¬ 
keeping, is expressed in the profit and loss 
account in a merchant’s ledger. 

Lost money. When an article is sold 
for less than it cost, the merchant is said to 
have lost money on it. 

Lost or not lost, a phrase some¬ 
times inserted in a policy of marine insur¬ 
ance, where the underwriter undertakes 
that if the ship or goods should be lost at 
the time of the insurance, still the under¬ 
writer is liable, provided there be no fraud. 

Lot, a separated parcel of goods; an 
undetermined or immaterial quantity 
offered as a single item, as—for the lot of 
goods on the shelf I will take so much; 
for the lot of shoes, so much. 

Lot goods, merchandise bonght or 
sold by the lot, with or without count or 
measure. 

Louisville, a city of Kentucky, on 
the Ohio river, about 130 miles below Cin¬ 
cinnati. It belongs to the collection dis¬ 


trict of New Orleans; has a resident U. S. 
surveyor of the port; may import foreign 
goods in the manner prescribed by the act 
of Congress of March, 1831; exports to¬ 
bacco and pork on a very large scale, and 
western products and manufactures to some 
extent; imports drygoods, groceries, hard¬ 
ware, cutlery, and other manufactured 
goods ; has a commerce of over $100,000,- 
000 per annum, and conducts her principal 
trade, by steamboats, with the city of New 
Orleans. 

Low, below the usual price ; not dear 
in price. 

Low-priced goods, goods of an 
inferior grade or class, not an inferior 
quality of the same class of goods; they 
may be of various qualities and of various 
prices. 

Low water. When there is not a 
sufficient depth of water to float the ordi¬ 
nary craft engaged on the rivers, it is said 
to be low water; on the sea-shore or tide¬ 
water harbors, it is low water twice in a 
little more than 24 hours—at the recession 
of the tides to the sea. 

Low wines, the weak, unrectified 
spirit remaining after the first distillation 
of alcohol. 

ViOXii bark, a pale kind of Peruvian 
bark. 

Lozeilges, confections of sugar and 
starch with aromatic or medicinal sub¬ 
stances, usually cut into diamond, square, 
or oval forms. 

Lnbeek, one of the four free cities of 
Germany, on the river Trave, about 9 miles 
from its mouth, and distant by railroad 
from Hamburg about 30 miles. It was at 
one time a great commercial city, and 
chief of the Hanse Towns. It still retains 
considerable trade, but the bulk of its 
commerce has been absorbed by Hamburg 
and Bremen. 

Luggage, the trunks, boxes, or bags 
containing the wearing apparel and per¬ 
sonal effects of travellers, usually called 
“ baggage ” in the United States. 

Lugger, a vessel carrying three masts, 
with a running bowsprit and lug sails. 

Lugs, a classification of American to¬ 
bacco. 

Lucrabau seed, the seeds of a spe¬ 
cies of chaulmoogra , exported from Siam, 
and used by the Chinese as a remedy for 
leprosy. 

Lumber, a term in very general use 
for timber through all its preparatory 
stages, from its growing in the woods until 
it is put into the hands of the artificer to 




304 


LUMBER. 


LYDIAN STONE. 


be worked up; as saw-logs, scantlings, 
planks, boards, etc. The American price- 
current quotations under this head include 
white-pine logs and boards, hemlock joists 
and boards, yellow-pine boards and timber, 
white-oak planks and logs, black-walnut 
logs and crotches and planks, bird’s-eye- 
maple logs and boards, spruce-fir boards 
and logs and deals, ash, sycamore, maple, 
chestnut, beech, birch, and white-wood 
boards and planks. Laths, shingles, staves, 
hoops, etc., are also frequently included 
under the head of lumber. The acts of 
Congress of March 16 and June 1, 1866, 
authorize the admission of lumber sawed 
or hewed in New Brunswick, from timber 
from the forests of Maine, free of duty. 
The lumber must be unmanufactured, and 
the entry must be accompanied by a mani¬ 
fest setting forth the quantity and descrip¬ 
tion, the place of growth of the timber in 
Maine, upon the rivers of St. Croix or St. 
John, or their tributaries, and the place 
where and the person by whom it was 
hewed or sawed in New Brunswick; all 
which must be verified by affidavits. The 
great marts for sawed lumber in the Uni¬ 
ted States are Albany, N. Y., Bangor, Me., 
and Williamsport, Pa. In Canada, Ottawa 
is the centre of the trade. The shipments 
of Canada lumber from Quebec for the 


West Indies and England are very large. 
The following table exhibits the amount of 
sawed lumber which can be produced from 


logs of specified dimensions: 
Diameter. Square. 

No. ft. 

10 inches. 


. 4 

11 

do . 

. 7* 

do . 

.5 

12 

do . 

.8* 

do . 

.6 

13 

do . 

. 9% 

do . 


14 

do . 

.10 

do . 

. 8 

15 

do .. 

. 10 s /a 

do . 

. 9 

16 

do . 

.11* 

do . 

.10* 

17 

do . 

.12 

do . 

.12 

18 

do . 

.12* 

do . 

.13* 

19 

do . 

.1-3* 

do . 

.15 

20 

do .. 

.11* 

do . 

.16* 

21 

do .. 

.15 

do . 

.18* 

22 

do .. 

.15* 

do . 

.20 

23 

do . 

.16* 

do . 

.22 

24 

do .. 

.17 

do . 

.24 

26 

do . 

.17* 

do . 

.26 

26 

do .. 

.18* 

do . 

....28 

27 

do . 

.19 

do . 

..30 

28 

do . 

.19* 

do . 

.32* 

29 

do . 

.20* 

do . 

.35 

30 

do . 

.21* 

do . 

.37* 

31 

do . 

.22 

do . 

.40 

32 

do . 

.22* 

do . 

.42* 

33 

do . 

.23* 

do . 

.45 

34 

do . 

.... 24 

do . 

.48 

35 

do . 

.24* 

do . 

.51 

36 

do . 

.25* 

do . 

.53* 


The first column is for diameters of logs, 


from 10 inches to 3 feet. The second col¬ 
umn shows the number of inches which 


each log will square. The third column 
gives the number of feet, board measure 
(1 ft. square and 1 inch thick), which each 
foot in the length of the log will make; 
thus, a log 10 inches in diameter will square 
7 inches, and if 1 foot long it will make 4 
feet; if 10 feet long, will make 40 feet of 
boards. Again, by the table, a log 36 
inches in diameter will square 251 inches; 
if 1 foot long, will cut 531 feet board meas¬ 
ure ; if 10 feet long, will contain 525 feet, 
allowing the usual thickness of saw. 

Lumber in ere hunt., one who sells 
sawed timber—planks, boarde, scantlings, 
pickets, staves, hoops, laths, shingles, and 
such other like articles as are usually kept 
for sale in lumber yards. 

Lumber trade, dealing in saw-logs, 
rafts of round and square timber, and 
masts, spars, and heavy timber generally; 
also, the business or trade of a lumber 
merchant. 

Lump eoafl, the largest size in which 
coal is delivered from the mines, the lumps 
averaging, say from 12 to 18 inches cube. 

Lumper, one who furnishes ballast 
for ships. 

Lumps, a kind of brick or tile. 

Lump sug;ar, broken sugar obtained 
from the clarified loaves, usually in bits 
about the size of a walnut; put up by the 
refiners in barrels. 

Lunar e a us tie, nitrate of silver run 
into cylindrical moulds. 

Lupine, a leguminous plant, the seeds 
of which are eaten in Turkey. 

Lupulin, the small granules .or yel¬ 
lowish powder found on the surface of 
hops, obtained by threshing and sifting the 
hops. 

Lustered, a term used in the fur 
trade for inferior furs tipped with coloring 
substances, so as to imitate those of a bet¬ 
ter quality. 

Lustering, a shining or glossy kind of 
silk—often, but improperly, called lute¬ 
string. 

Lute, a cement; a substance used for 
making vessels or apparatus air-tight, 
water-tight, or for coating so as to enable 
them to bear a higher temperature, or for 
repairing a fracture. 

Lutcoliue, a yellow dye extracted 
from the weld, or reseda luteola. 

Lycopodium, a fine yellow dust or 
powder, the seed of the club-moss. It is 
used for producing theatrical lightning, 
and for sprinkling on pills to prevent theii 
adhering. 

Lydian stone, a variety of flinty 


























































LYNX SKINS. 


LYONS SILK MERCHANTS. 305 


slate of a velvet-black color, known also as 
touchstone ; it is used for testing the pur¬ 
ity of gold and silver by a comparison of 
colors,—effected by rubbing the metal to 
be tested upon a polished surface of the 
stone, the colored streak left upon which 
is sufficient to enable those experienced in 
its use to judge of the amount of alloy 
mixed with the gold. It derives its name 
from the province of Lydia, in Asia Minor, 
where it was first found. 

Lynx ski the skin of the Canadian 
or Hudson’s Bay lynx; used mostly for 
sleigh or carnage robes. 

Lyons silk, silk in the piece, manu¬ 
factured at Lyons, in France ; they are 
generally understood to be silks of the best 
quality; not manufactured in large facto¬ 
ries, but in the dwellings of the master- 
weavers, each of which has from two to 
six or eight looms, which, with their fit¬ 
tings, are generally his own property. 


Himself and as many of his family as 
can work, are employed on these looms, 
and sometimes one or more journeymen. 
There are about 10,000 master-weavers 
in the city and suburbs of Lyons. The 
annual value of these silk manufactures 
exceeds $60,000,000 ; and by far the largest 
foreign market for them is the United 
States. 

Lyons silk merchants. The silk 
merchants of Lyons number from COO to 
1,000; they supply the silk organzine, 
tram, twist, and the patterns, to the own¬ 
ers of looms, who are entrusted with the 
task of producing the web in a finished 
state. The amount of the raw silk annu¬ 
ally bought by these silk merchants, and 
worked up under their direction, is not far 
from 12,000,000 lbs. As a general rule 
the merchants submit a sample of their 
new styles, and then receive orders in ad¬ 
vance of manufacture. 



SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 

M. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Macaroni 

Macaroni 

Fadennudeln 

Macaroni [boelic 

Maccheroni 

Macaronos 

Mace 

Macis 

Muskatenbliithe 

Muscatbloom; 

Mace 

Macis 

Mackerel 

Maquereaux 

Mackrelen 

Mackreelen 

Maccrelli 

Sardas 

Madder 

G-arance 

Krapp 

Meekrap 

Garanzia 

Rubia 

Madeira wine 

Yin de Mad ere 

Madeira Wein 

Madeira weijn 

Yino di Madera 

Vino de Madera 

Magnesia 

Magnesie 

Magnesia 

Magnesia 

Magnesia 

Magnesia 

Mahogany 

Bois d 1 Acajou 

Mahagoniholz 

Mahoni-hout 

Acaiu 

Madera de caob» 

Mail 

Poste; malle 

Post 

Brievenmaal 

Valigia postate 

Balija; maleta 

Malt 

Drfeche 

Malz; maly 

Mout 

Malto 

Malta 

Manganese 

Manganese 

Braunstein [niss 

Bruinsteen 

Manganesia 

Manganesia 

Manifest 

Manifeste [faires 

Ladungsverzeich- 

Manifest 

Manifesto 

Manifiesto 

Man of business 

Homme d’af- 

Geschaftsmann 

Man van zaken 

Homo d'affari 

Negociante 

Manufacture 

Fabrication 

Fabrik 

Fabrick 

Manifattura 

Manifactura 

Maple sugar 

Sucre d’erable 

Ahornzucker 

A horn suiker 

Zucchero d’acero 

Azucar de arce 

Maple timber 

Bois durable 

Ahornholz 

Ahom hout 

Acero 

Madera de arce 

Maps 

Cartes 

Karten 

Kaarten 

Carte 

Naipes; cartonea 

Marble 

Marbre [mer 

Marmor 

Marmer 

Marmo [ritima 

Marmol 

Marinelnsurance 

Assurance de 

Seeassecuranz 

Zeeassurantie 

Assicuranza ma- 

Seguro de mar 

Market 

Marche 

Markt 

Markt 

Mercato 

Mercado 

Market price 

Prix courant 

Marktzettel 

Markt berigt 


Precio corriente 

Marseilles 

Marseilles 

Marseille 

Marseille 

Marsiglia 

Marsella 

Mast 

Mat 

Mast 

Mast 

Maestro; albero 

Palo 

Materials 

Materiaux 

Materialien 

Groudstoffen 

Materiali 

Materiales 

Mats 

Nattes 

Matten 

Matten 

Stujo; stoje 

Esteras 

Measure 

Mesure 

Maszregel 

Maatregel 

Misura 

Medida 

Mechlin 

Malines 

Mecheln 

Mechelen 

Maline 

Malinas 

Medicines 

Medecines 

Arzneien 

Medicijnen 

Medicamenti 

Medicamentos 

Meerschaum 

Ecume de mer 

Meerschaum 

Meerschuim 

Schiuma di mare 

Espuma de mar 

Merchandise 

Marchandises 

Kaufmannsgut 

Koopmansgoed 

Mercanzie 

Mercancias 

Merchant 

Marchand 

Kaufmann 

Koopman 

Mercante 

Comerciante 

Merchantable 

Vendable 

Verkauflich 

Verkoopbar 

Vendibile 

Vendible 

Metals 

Metaux 

Metalle 

Ertsen 

Minerali 

Metales 

Mexico 

Mexique 

Mexico 

Mexico 

Messico [trello 

Mejico 

Millet 

Millet; mill 

Hirse 

Gierst 

Miglio; panicas- 

Mijo 

Millim ry goods 

Marchandises de 

Modeartikel 

Modeartikelen 

Articoli di moda 

Articulos de 


mode [feres 




moda , 

Mill-stones 

Tifevres mendi- 

Miihlsteine 


Mole macine 

Muclas de molino 

Mineral waters 

Eaux minerales 

Mineralwasser 

Minerale wateren 

Acque Minerali 

Aguas minerales 

Mirrors 

Miroirs 

Spiegel 

Spiegels 

Speech! 

Espejos 

Mohair 

Moire 

Mohr 

Kemelshaar 

Moerro [chero 

Mue; muer 

Molasses 

Sirop de sucre 

Syrup 

Siroop 

Mullazzo di zuc- 

Miel de azucar 

Money 

Argent 

Geld 

Geld 

Danaro 

Dinero 

Money market 

Bourse [pte 

Borse 

Beurs 

Borsa 

Bolsa [da 

Money of account 

Monnaie de com- 

Rechnungsmiinze 

Maginaire munt 

Moneta finta 

Moneda Simula- 

Monopoly 

Monopole 

Monopol 

Monopolie 

Monopolio 

Monopolio 

Mordants 

Mordants 

Beizmittel 

Bijtemiddelen 

Mordenti 

Causticos 

Morocco 

Maroquin 

Saffian 

Marokijnleder 

Marrocchino 

Marroque 

Mortgage 

Lettre de gage 

Ilypothek 

Pandbrief 

Lettera di pegno 

Hipoteca 

Mother of pearl 

Nacre 

Perl mutter 

Paarlemoer 

Madreperla 

Madreperla 

Mushrooms 

Champignons 

Champignons 

Champignons 

Funghi champe- 

Hongos; setas 

Musk 

Muse 

Bisam; Moschus 

Muskus 

Muschio [recci 

Almizcle; muscc 

Muslin 

Mousseline 

Musselin; Nessel- 

Neteldock. mous- 

Mussolina 

Moselina 



tuch 

seline 

[da 


Mustard 

Moutarde 

Senf 

Mostaard 

Senapa; mostar- 

Mostaza 

Myrrh 

Myrrhe 

Myrrhe 

Mirrhe 

Mirra 

Mirra 






















M. 


MADDER. 


307 


M. 


M. This letter is frequently used in com¬ 
mercial correspondence, and in invoices, to 
denote 1,000 ; as, pine lumber is selling at 
$50 per M; 250 M. Manilla cigars at $20 
per M. 

Maap, a liquid measure in Baden, 
rather more than 1 gal. 

Maat, a salt measure at Amsterdam 
of If bush. 

Mabby, a spirituous liquor distilled 
from potatoes in Barbadoes. 

Maraud ori, the fruit of a tree grow¬ 
ing in Malacca, sold in the markets and 
used by the natives as a cure for cholera 
morbus. 

Macaroni, known also in foreign 
commerce as Genoese paste, a food pro¬ 
duct composed of wheaten flour, worked 
up with water into a paste, to which a 
tubular or pipe form about the thickness 
of a goose quill is given, in order that it 
may cook more readily in hot water; pre¬ 
pared in greatest perfection at Naples. It 
is imported in boxes of from 12 to 28 lbs. 
from Italy. 

Macaw leathers, the feathers of 
different species of parrots. 

Macaw palm nuts, the fruit of a 
species of gigantic palm which grows in 
Brazil; the nuts yield a fragrant oil that 
is used in the manufacture of toilet soaps. 

Maccaboy snufT, a finely ground, 
high-colored, and usually perfumed snuff, 
of American origin and manufacture. 

Macc, the external envelope of the 
seed of the nutmeg, a kind of spice used 
in cookery. When of a good quality it is 
thin, flexible, oily, of a bright reddish-yel¬ 
low color, and has the spicy odor of the 
nutmeg, with a more agreeable flavor, and 
a warm, bitterish, pungent taste. It is 
packed in bales or bags, and imported chief¬ 
ly from Penang and Singapore. 

Macc, a weight at Borneo, of 88.39 
grs.; at Japan, of 50£ grs., and at Malacca, 
of 44.83 grs. 

Machinery, constructions mostly me¬ 
tallic, used in manufacturing establish¬ 
ments. We import machinery very largely 
from England, and largely export different 
kinds to South America and other parts. 

Mackerel, a valuable fish, of which 
there are several varieties. The common 
mackerel, the one known in the commerce 
of the United States, is caught in great 
abundance along the coast from Massa¬ 
chusetts Bay to the British Provinces. 


They are inspected before they are bar< 
relied, and are divided into 4 qualities. 
No. 1 includes those over 13 inches long, 
about 300 of which make a barrel of 200 
lbs.; No. 2, those under this size in length 
but fat, of which it takes about 400 to 
make a barrel; No. 3 are such as are about 
13 inches in length, but are poor, and a 
barrel contains about 500. No. 4 are such 
as are less than 13 inches and very poor ; 
they are also put up in | barrels of 100 lbs., 
in i barrels of 50 lbs., and in kits of 25 
lbs. From 200,000 to 300,000 barrels are 
annually packed in Massachusetts, Glou¬ 
cester being the principal rendezvous for 
the fishing-boats and for the inspection. 
The poorer qualities are mostly exported 
to the West Indies and to South America. 

Made, to sell weavers’ goods to retail 
store-keepers; a name given to certain 
spots in minerals, of a deeper hue than the 
main substance. 

Mackintosh, water-proof fabrics for 
clothing, in which the cloth is saturated 
with a solution of india rubber in naphtha, 
or two thicknesses are joined together with 
a cement of the same composition ; named 
after the discoverer, an eminent manufac¬ 
turer in England; also a name for an india- 
rubber overcoat. 

Macuca, a grain measure or weight 
at Aleppo, of 1,256 lbs. 

Maciicguino money, a money and 
coin of Porto Rico, generally from 12 to 25 
per cent, less than coins of the United 
States, as 50 cents macuquino is equal to 
37| cents U. S.; $3 macuquino equals 
$2.25 U. S. 

Macuto, a money of account in Sierra 
Leone, equivalent to about 18 cents. 

Madapollam, a kind of fine cotton 
long cloth shipped from England to the 
East Indies, but originally made in India, 
and thence deriving its name. 

Mad apple, the fruit of the solarium 
melongena , of an oblong egg-shape, used in 
cookery, and esteemed a nutritious vege¬ 
table. 

Madder, the roots of the rubia tine - 
torum, a substance extensively used in dye¬ 
ing, and employed in some form of prepa¬ 
ration for the production of red, pink, pur¬ 
ple, brown, and even black colors. The 
plant is extensively cultivated in France, 
Asia Minor, and Holland, and to some ex¬ 
tent in Algeria and Egypt, and also in the 
States of Ohio and Delaware, and other 





308 MADDER PIGMENTS. 


MAHOGANY. 


States of the Union. The French madder, 
especially that which is raised about Avi¬ 
gnon, is considered the best, though that 
which is raised in the United States, when 
prepared in the same manner as the French, 
is not inferior to it. Both the French and 
the Dutch are packed in casks. The Turk¬ 
ish or Levant madder usually comes un¬ 
ground, and is packed in bales, and is 
known in trade as Turkey roots, or Smyr¬ 
na roots. In commerce the fibrous matter 
is known as alizari , and when ground it is 
called, garance or madder. Oamene , 
grappe, mull , and munjeet , are various 
kinds or qualities of madder. Madder is 
often adulterated with brick-dust, mahog¬ 
any saw-dust, log-wood, red ochre, and 
other substances. 

Madder pigments, pigments, as 
lakes, obtained by the use of madder; 
those which receive their name from their 
color, as madder-carmine , madder-orange, 
etc. 

Madeira, a highly flavored and much 
prized wine made in the island of Madeira, 
and imported in casks. 

Madeira mils, also called English 
walnuts, a walnut grown in France, Sicily, 
and all along the coast of the Mediter¬ 
ranean. 

Maflirra tallow, a fatty matter 
extracted from the mafurra seeds, which 
abound in Mozambique and the Isle of 
Bourbon. It forms a cheap and valuable 
soap and candle stock. 

Magazine, from the Arabic grazana, 
to store—a warehouse; a store of arms, 
ammunition, provisions, etc. 

Magenta, one of the red or crimson 
dyes or colors derived from aniline. 

Magi Ip, a gelatinous compound formed 
by a mixture of linseed oil and mastic var¬ 
nish, and used by artists for conveying 
their colors. 

Magma, a thick ointment—the gene¬ 
ric name of any crude, pulpy, or pasty 
mixture of mineral or organic matter. 

Magnesia, a mineral salt, extracted 
largely from magnesian limestone, and 
used for medicinal purposes ; much of the 
carbonate is imported from Scotland, 
though it is manufactured in New Eng¬ 
land and at Baltimore; the Scotch is gen¬ 
erally put up in cases of 120 lbs., the 
American in boxes of 50 lbs. The sul¬ 
phate of magnesia is extensively manufac¬ 
tured in Baltimore and Philadelphia. 

Magnesium, an inflammable metal 
obtained from magnesia. 

Magnetic ore, a valuable species of 


iron ore, which yields a large percentage 
of iron of a superior quality, and magnetic 
in its character. 

Magnetic telegraph, the name 
given to the apparatus, or to the instru¬ 
ments, by which intelligence is communi¬ 
cated by electricity. The rapidity with 
which commercial intelligence is transmit¬ 
ted from distant points, and between the 
principal markets of the world, by this in 
strumentality, has made material changes 
in the manner of conducting a large class 
of mercantile transactions; and the extent 
to which merchants avail themselves of its 
use fully attests their appreciation of its 
value as a means of facilitating their busi¬ 
ness. How far the companies operating 
these lines of communication are responsi¬ 
ble for the prompt delivery of messages, 
is perhaps not very well settled or under¬ 
stood ; but the general laws which govern 
the conduct of common carriers, with cer¬ 
tain modifications, seem to be adapted and 
applicable to telegraph companies. 

Maliaranga roots, the roots of a 
species of onosma , which impart a brilliant 
red to oils; they are the rutton roots of the 
Indian bazars, and oil colored by them i3 
used for staining wood a mahogany color. 

Mahaleb, a species of cherry, which 
affords a violet dye, and also a fermented 
liquor, like kirschwasser. 

Mall lib, the fragrant kernels of ma- 
halib plumb of Austria, which are some¬ 
times strung as necklaces and worn by 
ladies in India. 

Mahogany, the wood of the swietenia 
mahogani , a hard, fine-grained cabinet 
wood, susceptible of a high polish. The 
tree is large, and grows freely in the West 
Indies and Central America. It is com¬ 
monly imported in logs from 2 to 3 feet 
square, of various lengths, say from 10 to 
12 feet, and occasionally as long as 16 and 
18 feet. Three logs of mahogany were 
sold in London a few years since, to a 
piano-forte manufacturer, for the enor¬ 
mous sum of $14,000. They were cut 
from a single tree, each 15 feet long, and 
squared about 38 inches; they were cut 
into veneers of 8 to an inch. The wood 
was particularly beautiful, reflecting the 
light, when polished, in the most varied 
manner, and offering a different figure in 
whatever direction it was viewed. The 
West Indian wood is harder and more 
variegated in color, and is considered 
among the most useful of all woods for 
household furniture ; that from Honduras 
is softer and straighter, and is known as 





MAHOGANY SAWDUST. 


MALIC ACID. 


309 


“bay wood.” It is imported principally 
from Hayti, Cuba, and Honduras. 

Mahogany saw-dust, is imported 
for adulterating ground madder, and is 
used by furriers for cleaning furs. 

Mail, the letters, newspapers, and other 
mailable matter transmitted in bags from 
one post-office to another, and the medium 
through which merchants make a large 
part of their orders and payments, and the 
most efficient agency provided by govern¬ 
ment for the use of the trading community. 
“Articles transmitted by mail, on which 
duties are chargeable in the United States 
are liable to the payment of those duties.” 
—Postal Convention between Great Britain 
and the United States. “Parties design¬ 
ing to send articles of small bulk, but of 
great value to the United States seem to 
be under the impression that, for greater 
security, they can properly forward them 
through the mail to the consignment of 
collectors of customs. Such consignments 
are not sanctioned by law.”— Instructions 
Treas. Dept., Aug. 3, 1859. “Articles of 
value sent by mail from a foreign country, 
on reaching any post-office in the United 
States, are liable to seizure and confiscation. 
American books exported by mail cannot 
be returned free of duty because of the 
impracticability of complying with the 
law. ’ ’— Letter of Sec. Treas. to J. J. Backey , 
of Phila., July 1, 18G8. 

Mail carriers, persons employed by 
the Government to convey the mails. The 
faithful discharge of the duties of mail 
carriers is of the utmost importance to 
merchants. By the laws of the United 
States it is provided that if any person 
shall rob any carrier of the mail he shall, 
on conviction, be imprisoned at hard labor 
not less than five years, nor to exceed ten; 
and if convicted a second time of a like of¬ 
fence, he or they shall suffer death; and 
if any person shall attempt to rob by shoot¬ 
ing at the carrier, or his horse, or his mule, 
or threaten him with dangerous weapons, 
and the robbery is not effected, such per¬ 
son so offending, on conviction, shall be im¬ 
prisoned at hard labor not less than two 
years nor exceeding ten. 

Mailed, letters or packages properly 
addressed, stamped, and deposited in the 
post-office. 

Maize, a name for Indian corn. 

Maizena, a trade name for fine meal 
or farina prepared from Indian corn. 

Majolica ware, a very fine kind of 
thickly-enamelled pottery, not porcelain, 
the manufacture of which was practised 


by the Italians some centuries ago, and 
now revived by the Staffordshire potters of 
England. The English majolica consists 
of slabs, tablets, vases, etc., some of which 
are ornamented with brilliantly-painted 
devices. 

Majoon, an intoxicating drug used in 
some parts of the East Indies, made from 
hemp and other ingredients. 

Maker, one who signs and issues a 
promissory note. 

Malacca beans, the seeds of the 
marking-nut tree of India, the semecarpus 
ardcardium. 

Malacca tin, tin from Malacca, on 
the west side of the Malay peninsula, known 
in commerce as ‘ ‘ Straits tin. ” 

Malachite, a carbonate of copper, or 
copper stalactite, sometimes called velvet 
copper ore. Independently of its value as 
an ore of copper, it is used as a green pig¬ 
ment under the name of emerald green, 
and is in great request for table-tops and 
other ornamental purposes, on account of 
the variety of its markings, the beauty of 
its colors, and the high degree of polish 
which it may be made to receive. The 
handsomest specimens come from Siberia. 

Malaga grapes, grapes obtained 
from Malaga, in Spain. 

Malaga raisins, raisins made from 
Malaga grapes imported in boxes nominally 
of 25 lbs., but usually, in fact, about 22 lbs. 
There are three kinds—the muscatel, the 
bloom or sun, and the lexias. The musca¬ 
tel is considered the best. The lexias are 
not imported in boxes. 

Malaga wines, wines made at Ma¬ 
laga, in Spain, and imported in casks, the 
annual product being about 25,000 butts. 
The principal markets for these wines are 
the United States and South America. 

Malagueta pepper, a spice known 
in commerce as grains of paradise. An oil 
expressed from this pepper is used as an 
essence. 

Malambo bark, a medicinal bark 
from New Granada; also called Matias 
bark. 

Malay tea, the leaves of the glaphy- 
ria nitida , known and used in that country 
as a tea plant. 

Male fern, the roots of a fern grow¬ 
ing in all parts of Europe, and in most 
parts of the country between New York 
and Virginia. The roots are usually about 
6 inches long, and an inch broad, and are 
collected in May and September, and used 
in tanning leather. 

Malic acid, an acid obtained from 




310 MALLEABLE METALS. 


MANIFEST. 


the mountain ash, and from the juice of 
apples, and many other unripe fruits. 

malleable metals, metals suscep¬ 
tible of extension under the blows of the 
hammer. 

Mai ill brleKs, a kind of bricks of a 
light-brown or yellowish color, obtained by 
the burning of a clay containing carbonate 
of lime and silicate of alumina; used in 
London for ornamental works. 

Malmsey, a strong sweet wine of a 
deep golden hue, made in Madeira, the 
Canary islands, the Azores, in Sicily, and 
in the south of France, of grapes which 
have been allowed to shrivel upon the vine. 
The best is said to be made on Mount Ida 
in Candia. The French call the wine Mal- 
voisie. 

Malt, wheat, rye, com, or barley, par¬ 
tially fermented, or which has undergone a 
peculiar process of incipient germination, 
and kiln-dried; used as the basis of certain 
distilled or fermented liquors. Barley is 
the grain most in use, and the malt from 
this grain is the principal ingredient in the 
manufacture of beer and porter. 

the grains or remains of 
malt, sold and used as a fertilizer; also 
called corns and cooms. 

Mai ter, a variable grain measure of 
Germany, usually somewhere between 3 
and 4 bushels. 

Maltha, one of the names for mineral 
pitch, a valuable variety of bitumen, sup¬ 
posed to be inspissated petroleum. 

Malt liquors, fermented liquors de¬ 
rived from malt and hops, generally known 
as beer, porter, ale, etc. 

Malwa ogmiin, one of the leading 
descriptions of India opium. 

Mamssice apples, the fruit of the 
mammea Americana , which grows in the 
Caribbean islands. The fruit has a pleas¬ 
ant taste and aromatic smell, and is made 
into marmalades or jams, and the bitter 
kernel is employed to flavor cordials. 

Manchester goods, a term applied 
to a great variety of cotton fabrics, manu¬ 
factured in and about Manchester, Eng¬ 
land ; such as plain and printed calicoes, 
velveteens, long cloth, cotton yarn, cot¬ 
ton, thread, etc.; also manufactures of 
silk and silk goods, and of mixed cotton 
and silk fabrics. 

Manchester warehouse, a name 
in London and other English cities for a 
store where manufactured cotton goods 
are sold. 

Manchineel wood, a very close- 
grained yellow brown and beautifully 


clouded cabinet wood from the West In 
dies, obtained from the hippomanc manci - 
nella , a tree celebrated for its poisonous 
qualities. 

Man del, a term in Germany for 15 
articles of any kind. 

Manganese, the name of an ore and 
also of a metal. The black oxide is em¬ 
ployed as a source of oxygen, and is largely 
used in the production of chlorine. It is 
also used in the manufacture of glass and 
steel, and in calico-printing. 

Manganite, an ore of manganese. 

Mangel wurzel, a kind of beet, 
usually grown for the food of cattle; and 
also limitedly, in France and Germany, for 
distillation and in the extraction of sugar. 
It is considered a kind of mongrel between 
the red and white beet. 

Mango, the fruit of the mangifera 
indica , or mango-tree, cultivated through¬ 
out Asia. Mangoes when ripe are juicy, 
of a good flavor, and very fragrant, and 
are highly esteemed as a table fruit. When 
unripe they are pickled in the soured milk 
of the cocoanut, with salt and garlic. 

Mangosteen, the fruit of the gar- 
cinia mangostana , growing in Java and 
the Molucca islands; it is the size of an 
orange, but fleshy and almost transparent, 
and in the East Indies ranks with the pine¬ 
apple ; it is esteemed the most delicious of 
the East Indian fruits, and is given to sick 
people without scruple. 

Mangrove timber, the wood of a 
species of mangrove growing in the Carib¬ 
bean islands, which is very tough and hard, 
and is used for ribs and knees in long-boats 
and other craft. 

Maiilaeim gold, a kind of brass or 
alloy of copper and zinc, with perhaps an 
exceedingly minute portion of tin. 

Manic risto, an Italian confection. 

Manifest, an invoice or schedule of a 
ship’s cargo. No goods, wares, or mer¬ 
chandise can legally be brought into the 
United States from any foreign port or 
place, unless the master shall have on board 
a full manifest or manifests of the cargo, 
in writing, and signed by such master or 
commander, detailing all the items of the 
vessel’s lading, the port or ports where the 
same may have been shipped, the name of 
the consignees thereof, and the different 
ports, if more than one, where the same 
is consigned or intended to be entered, the 
names of the several passengers on board, 
the baggage belonging to each, and the 
remaining ship’s stores. A ship or vessel 
being without such manifest, unless lost, 






MANIFOLD WRITER. 


MANUFACTURES. 


311 


is liable to a penalty and forfeiture of an 
amount equal to the value of such mer¬ 
chandise not included in the manifest. On 
the arrival of any vessel within four leagues 
of the coast, or within any of the naviga¬ 
ble waters of the United States, the master 
of such vessel, upon demand of any officer 
of the customs who may first come on 
board the vessel, must produce to him the 
manifest and deliver to him a copy, which 
the boarding officer is to certify and trans¬ 
mit to the collector of the district to which 
the merchandise is consigned. No clear¬ 
ance can be granted to any vessel bound 
to a foreign port until the master, or per¬ 
son having charge thereof, shall, under 
oath, deliver to the collector of the district 
from which such vessel is about to depart, 
a manifest of all the cargo on board the 
same and the value thereof. Licensed 
coasting vessels trading between two dis¬ 
tricts must be provided with manifests; 
but if trading between different ports in 
their home district none is required. Man¬ 
ifests may be made out in foreign lan¬ 
guages—the language of the port from 
which the vessel sails. 

Manifold writer, a book composed 
of sheets of paper covered with a prepa¬ 
ration of plumbago, by inserting between 
which sheets of blank paper, and writing 
thereon with a steel style, several copies 
of the writing may be obtained at the same 
time. 

MailillOti a shrubby plant cultivated 
in tropical America for the mandioc or cas¬ 
sava which is prepared from the root. 

Manilla, a piece of copper of a horse¬ 
shoe shape passing as money among the 
natives on the west African coast. 

Manilla Bio nip, the fibre of the musa 
textilis , a species of plantain grown in the 
Philippine islands and other parts of the 
East Indies. The annual production is 
about 500,000 piculs, of which nearly one- 
half comes to the United States. 

Manilla grass, a name formerly 
given to “ plantain bark,” now known in 
commerce as manilla hemp. 

Manilla rope, cordage made from 
the fibre of manilla hemp. 

Manillas, a common name for a kind 
of cheroots made in the Philippines; the 
tobacco of the Philippine islands being a 
monopoly of the government, the cigars 
are made at government manufactories, 
and a fixed price is put upon them, at 
which they are sold by agents of the gov¬ 
ernment. 

Manna) a concrete saccharine exuda¬ 


tion from the stems of several species of 
the flowering ash, obtained by making in¬ 
cisions in the stems of the trees which are 
cultivated for the purpose, chiefly in Cala 
bria and Sicily ; imported as a crude drug. 

Manna croup, a granular prepara¬ 
tion of wheat prepared in Russia as an 
article of diet for invalids, and sold and 
used as a substitute for the Italian semo- 
lino. 

Manilite, a name for marine sugar. 

Manufacturers, persons who carry 
on the arts or process by which crude or 
unfinished materials are converted into 
advanced or completed forms of merchan¬ 
dise. 

Manufactures, articles which have 
undergone the processes of manipulation 
which fit and prepare them for their ulti¬ 
mate uses; hay, dried fruit, etc., are pre¬ 
pared for use without any such change in 
their character as to make them manufac¬ 
tures. Wheat, although subjected to vari¬ 
ous processes in the preparation, is only 
a raw material—flour is a manufacture. 
Under our general tariff laws, goods, wares, 
and merchandise, the growth, produce, or 
manufacture of the United States, export¬ 
ed to a foreign country and brought back to 
the United States in the same condition as 
when exported, are exempt from duty. 
The construction of this sentence by the 
Treasury Department has been somewhat 
inconsistent. Carboys of American manu¬ 
facture exported full of sulphuric acid, on 
their return were refused free entry, because 
returned empty (see Empty casks ). Ameri¬ 
can machinery exported and returned was 
refused free entry because it was used 
abroad.—Letter to O. Leonard , Nov. 9, 
1809. Petroleum barrels of American 
manufacture exported and returned empty 
are admitted free of duty.— Dec. of Feb. 
14,1868. Bags, boxes, casks, or other en¬ 
velopes, manufactured in the United States, 
of domestic or foreign materials, exported 
filled or empty, on re-importation into the 
United States, whether brought back filled 
or empty, are not liable to duty. — Treas. 
Deg ., Art. 312. The word manufacture is 
made extensively available in the phrase¬ 
ology of the tariff laws where it is difficult 
to specifically enumerate all the different 
kinds of articles—thus, on “ all manufac¬ 
tures of marble,” on “manufactures of 
bladder , 1 manufactures of india-rubber,” 
on “ manufactures of wool of every de¬ 
scription not otherwise provided for ; ” on 
“ manufactures of cotton, bleached or un¬ 
bleached,” etc., etc. 




MANURES. 


312 

Manures. The manures or fertilizers 
of commerce are guano, phosphates, lime, 
bone-dust, prepared and pressed fish or 
fish guano, poudrette, castor-bean pumice, 
plaster, etc. 

Maple lioney, another name for ma¬ 
ple molasses. 

Maple molasses, the sap of the 

sugar-maple tree boiled to the consistence 
of a thick syrup or molasses. 

Maple sugar, a sugar produced in 
the Middle and Eastern States and Can¬ 
ada, from the sap of the sugar maple, 
which enters largely into domestic con¬ 
sumption. The State of Vermont alone 
has produced over 800,000 lbs. in a year. 

Maple timber, the wood of the rock 
maple, acer saccharinum or sugar maple ; 
it is hard, easily worked, of remarkable 
beauty, of great variety of appearance, 
and is used for various mechanical pur¬ 
poses ; and some of its varieties, as the 
bird’s-eye and the curled, for ornamental 
furniture and in ship-joinery. 

Marabou leathers, the white 
feathers of the marabou crane of India, 
and of other species in Africa ; in demand 
for millinery uses. 

Maracaibo liats, men’s hats made 
from & species of grass, in imitation of 
Panama hats, and very frequently sold as 
Panamas. 

Maracauba wood, a furniture 
wood of Brazil which resembles a very 
light mahogany. 

Marascbi no, a liqueur or compound¬ 
ed spirit, prepared in Dalmatia from a 
cherry called marasquin, which is bruised, 
fermented, and distilled; its flavor is de¬ 
rived from the kernels of the fruit, and it 
is sweetened with sugar, and colored. 

Marble, a fine-grained limestone, ca¬ 
pable of taking a high polish, and used for 
ornamental and architectural purposes. 
As a valuable building stone it is found in 
various parts of the United States, and as 
an ornamental stone it is also found in va¬ 
rious localities, and in various colors and of 
fine quality—the white marble of Vermont 
probably being the most esteemed of any of 
the American marbles for inferior purposes. 
The Carrara quarries in Italy furnish the 
larger part of that which is used for monu¬ 
ments, as well as for the most expensive 
mantels. The best statuary marble also 
comes from Italy. Marble is bought and 
sold by the cubic foot; in Italy by the cu¬ 
bic palm or by the ton. Two cubic palms 
equal 1 foot, and 25 cubic palms equal 1 
ton. Carrara marble is shipped at Leg- 


MARINE INTEREST. 

horn for Boston, New York, and Philadel¬ 
phia. 

Marble paper, a kind of colored 
paper veined or marbled, for covering 
boxes, books, etc., much used by book¬ 
binders. 

Marbles, small round balls for boys 
to play with ; they are made of clay, baked 
and glazed, of alabaster, of glass, of mar¬ 
ble, and of a hard stone found near Coburg 
in Saxony. 

Mare, the cake or refuse after express¬ 
ing the oil or juice from fruits or seeds; a 
weight used in some parts of Europe, 
mostly for gold and silver. 

Mareaslte, a variety of iron pyrites, 
used in the manufacture of sulphur and 
sulphuric acid. It is also employed for 
ornamental purposes, takes a good polish, 
and may be cut in facets like rose dia¬ 
monds. 

Marc banco, a silver coin of the 
value of 35 cents, in use at Hamburg. 

Marceline, a thin silk tissue, also 
called Persian. 

Marcella, a quilted cotton fabric. 

Marcll, the third calendar month; ab¬ 
breviation—Mar. 

Marcos, a weight for silver in South 
America, of 8 ounces. 

Margaric acid, a fat acid obtained 
from animal fat and used in the manufac¬ 
ture of candles. 

Margosa oil, an oil expressed from 
the seeds of the melia azadirachta , the ash¬ 
leaved bead-tree of the East Indies. 

Marine, belonging to the sea. 

Marine contract, a contract which 
relates to business transacted upon the sea 
and in seaports ; such as charter parties, 
repairing and supplying ships, policies of 
insurance on vessels or their cargoes, ma¬ 
rine loans, etc., etc.; maritime contracts. 

Marine glue, an exceedingly tena¬ 
cious cement, formed of caoutchouc, naph¬ 
tha, and shellac ; when applied at a tem¬ 
perature of 248’ to broken spars, etc., it 
forms a junction which is said to be so strong 
that a subsequent fracture is more likely 
to occur in a fresh place than in the one 
mended. 

Marine insurance, a contract, 
known as a policy, by which the insurance 
company or underwriter, for a certain sum 
of money or premium, undertakes to in¬ 
demnify the party insured against all per¬ 
ils or sea-risks to which his ship, freight, 
or cargo may be exposed, during a certain 
voyage or fixed period of time. 

Marine interest, interest at any rate 



MARINE LEAGUE. 

agreed upon, and which may lawfully be 
charged for money loaned on respondentia 
and bottomry bonds, the rates being usually 
much above the ordinary legal rates, and 
usury laws not affecting this kind of con¬ 
tract. 

Marine league, a measure equal to 
the twentieth part of a degree. 

Marine metal, an alloy of lead and 
antimony, with about 2 per cent, of mer¬ 
cury, used for sheathing vessels. 

Marine railway, a railway on which 
ships may be drawn up from the water to 
be repaired. 

Mariner, one whose occupation is to 
navigate vessels on the sea. 

Marine soap, soap suited for wash¬ 
ing in sea-water, made chiefly with cocoa 
butter. 

Marine §ugar, a mucilage or sugar 
obtained from sea-weeds. 

Maritime, that which relates to the 
affairs of the sea—to harbors, ships, sail¬ 
ors, etc. 

Maritime loan, an agreement to 
lend money at a stipulated rate of inter¬ 
est, generally considerably above the legal 
rates, and to take the security on the ves¬ 
sel for the debt, and in case the vessel is 
lost by any peril of the sea the lender loses 
his money; the usury laws are not applica¬ 
ble to this kind of loan. 

Marjoram, an herb or plant used in 
cookery; and from one of the species an oil 
is obtained which is used in medicine. 

Mark, a letter, number, or device put 
upon boxes or packages shipped; the sign, 
writing, or ticket put upon manufactured 
goods to distinguish them from others— 
the trade-mark; also, a commercial weight 
for gold and silver in different parts of 
Europe, varying considerably, but gener¬ 
ally a little more than % a lb. 

Marked and numbered as in 
tlie margin, an expression in bills of 
lading, referring to the marks and num¬ 
bers of the packages of merchandise 
shipped and on board. 

Market, the demand for any particu¬ 
lar article, as, the wool market in Boston 
is dull, there is at the present time no 
market for sugar; a public place in a city 
where provisions are sold. 

Marketable, in proper order and 
condition for sale, and free from serious 
defects. 

Marketable value, the price 
which an article will readily bring when 
exposed to the public for sale. 

Market boat, a boat employed to 


MARSEILLES. 313 

bring fruit, vegetables, or other country 
produce to market. 

Market-place, the open place or 
square in towns and cities where perma¬ 
nent or periodical markets are held. 

Marking-fluid, a fluid composition 
for marking packages of merchandise, com¬ 
posed usually of lampblack, spirits of tur¬ 
pentine, and other ingredients insoluble in 
water. 

Markillg-ink, an indelible ink pre¬ 
pared from nitrate of silver, for marking 
linens and other fabrics for household use. 

Marking-nut, a name for the seed 
of the semicarpus anacardium, which 
yields a black acrid juice that is used for 
marking cotton cloth. 

Marl, a kind of earth containing a 
large quantity of lime, used as a fertilizer 
on land. 

Marline, a small hemp cord of two 
threads loosely twisted, used to wrap 
around cordage to prevent injury from 
chafing. 

Marmalade, a confection of fruit 
and sugar, consisting of oranges, the rind 
and the pulp being separately boiled, and 
again boiled with sugar. The cheaper 
kinds of marmalade have very little orange 
in them, being made of quince, lemon, 
shaddock, etc. 

Mannala water, a fragrant per¬ 
fume distilled in Ceylon from the flowers; 
of the Bengal quince. 

Marque and reprisal, an extra¬ 
ordinary commission granted by the gov¬ 
ernment to a private person, giving author¬ 
ity to seize the property of a foreign State, 
or the property of the subjects of a foreign 
State. 

Marquetry, inlaid work in colored 
and ornamental woods, shells, ivory, etc.; 
a peculiar kind of cabinet-work in which 
the surface of wood is ornamented with 
inlaid pieces of various colors and forms, 
which may be of gold, silver, copper, tor¬ 
toise shell, mother of pearl, ivory, horn, 
colored woods, etc. The woods may be of 
their natural colors, or dyed to any re¬ 
quired tints or shades; and thus birds, flow¬ 
ers, and devices of every kind may be pro¬ 
duced. 

Marrons, a name for the large French 
chestnuts. 

Marrow, the marrow of the ox, the 
bear, and some other animals has some 
commercial value from being employed in 
the preparation of hair-oils, pomatums, etc. 

Marsala, a kind of French wine. 
Marseilles, the principal commercial 




314 


MARSEILLES. 


MATS. 


city of France, on the Mediterranean Sea, 
distant from Paris something more than 
500 miles. It is connected by railroads 
with the principal cities of France, and by 
steamers with the chief ports of the Medi¬ 
terranean, the Levant, and Algeria. The 
trade of the city is with all parts of the 
world, and the foreign shipping comprises 
annually about 10,000 entrances and clear¬ 
ances. Its principal importations consist 
of oil-seeds from India, coast of Africa, 
Egypt, and the Levant ports; raw sugar 
from the West Indies, South America, 
Mauritius, and Manilla; wheat and grain 
from the Black Sea and Danube ; cotton 
from Egypt, and varied merchandise from 
all parts. The chief exports are s’lks, soap, 
wines, brandies, madder, oil, and refined 
sugar. Of the last named article, as much 
as 50,000 tons have been exported from 
Marseilles in a single year. 

Marseilles, a general term for certain 
kinds of fabrics now made in England as 
well as France, which are formed of two 
series of threads interlacing each other, 
and then forming double cloth, quilted in 
the loom, usually woven in diamond form, 
or in stripes or ribs, also woven in jacquard 
figures in two or more colors, for vestings. 

Marseilles guilts, cotton fabrics 
composed of two thicknesses of cloth, in¬ 
terwoven in various figures, and used for 
bed-quilts. 

Marseilles soap, a mottled soap 
made of olive oil, also called Castile soap. 

Marsh an a! Io%v, the root of a spe¬ 
cies of althea , as found in the drug-stores, 
usually in round pieces of 3 or 4 inches in 
length and a finger’s thickness; it is largely 
cultivated in Europe and imported here as 
a drug. 

Marsh nuts, another name for Ma¬ 
lacca beans. 

Mart, a place of public traffic; a mar¬ 
ket. 

Mas, a money of account in Cochin 
China, equal to about 6 cents. 

Masks, covers to disguise the face; 
those most in use are imported from France 
and Germany, and consist of a false face 
made of pasteboard, with the eyes, nose, 
mouth, hair, etc., painted. 

Mass, a variable, petty liquid measure 
of the European continent; in Germany 
and in France the word mass is used for 
the great gross. 

Massicot, the yellow oxide of lead; 
used in paints as a dryer. The old name 
of litharge. 

Maslello, a liquid measure of Italy. 


Master, the commander or captain of 
a merchant vessel. (See Captain.) 

Mastic, a resin which exudes from in¬ 
cisions made in the pistacia lentiscus , a tiee 
cultivated in the Levant, and chiefly in the 
Island of Chios. It is used as a basis for 
fine varnishes, and as an ingredient in 
plasters ; and in Turkey it is used in great 
quantities by the ladies as a masticatory— 
from which circumstance it is said to have 
derived its name. 

Masts, spars, or straight, long, round 
pieces of timber to support the sails and 
rigging of a vessel. 

Mataro, an oil measure of Tripoli, 
equal to 6^ gals. 

Matches, small splints of wood dip¬ 
ped or tipped in a variety of mixtures, con¬ 
sisting of phosphorus, sulphur, nitre, sand, 
gum, glue, chlorate of potash, or other in¬ 
flammable composition, which will pro¬ 
duce fire by friction against a bit of sand¬ 
paper or other rough substance. The 
manufacture and trade in matches, both in 
Europe and in the United States, is im¬ 
mense. 

Mate, an officer on board a merchant 
ship, next in authority under the master 
or captain; of which there are generally 
two grades, the mate and the second mate. 
The mate commands in the absence or dis¬ 
ability of the captain, and in case of his 
death he assumes the command, and suc¬ 
ceeds to his rights and duties, as a matter 
of course, without any action on the part 
of the remainder of the crew. 

Mate, the South American name for 
Paraguay tea. 

Matte, a crude black copper, reduced, 
but unrefined. 

Material-men, in maritime law per¬ 
sons are so called who are employed to re¬ 
pair a ship or furnish her supplies. 

Material!*, crude or unfinished sub¬ 
stances, intended to be further manufac¬ 
tured to fit them for useful purposes, as 
lumber, bricks, cotton, wool, etc. 

Mathematical instruments, in¬ 
struments of precision, such as scales, 
measures, dividers, drawing pens, com¬ 
passes, theodolites, etc. 

Mat!co, the dried leaves of piper au- 
gustifolium , an aromatic drug imported 
from Peru. 

Mats, small pieces of matting used for 
various purposes, usually, but not always, 
of vegetable materials ; the most common 
being from bark of trees, rushes, grass, 
flags, reeds, rattans, old ropes, etc. The 
common sorts are employed in the packing 




MATT. 

of furniture and goods ; in the stowage of 
articles on ships; in horticultural opera¬ 
tions ; in covering the floors of public 
buildings, etc. The finer sorts are used 
for the floors of private houses. Russia is 
the principal place for the manufacture of 
the cheaper kinds. They are made there 
by the peasantry from the bark of the 
lime or linden tree, and are generally 
known in commerce as bass or bast mats. 
It is said that in the months of May and 
June, the period when the bark is most 
easily detached, the villages in certain dis¬ 
tricts are almost deserted, the whole popu¬ 
lation being then in the woods employed 
in stripping the trees. The estimate of 
the annual production of mats in Russia 
is enormous, amounting to no less than 
14,000,000, about one-quarter of which 
amount is exported. Archangel is the 
principal port for their shipment, but large 
quantities are also shipped from Peters¬ 
burg, Riga, and other ports, and most de¬ 
scriptions of Russian produce sent abroad 
are packed in mats. Various kinds of 
reed mats are extensively made in Spain 
and Portugal; and in Spain large numbers 
are made from esparto grass. Rush floor- 
mats and rattan table-mats are brought in 
considerable numbers from China. The 
bags in which sugar is imported from the 
Mauritius consist of matting formed of the 
leaves of a tree. 

Matt, a bale of flax,—the Russian 
matt being 5 or 6 cwt., and the Dutch 
matt 126 lbs. 

Matting, a fabric for covering floors, 
made of vegetable materials, usually Chi¬ 
na grass, tow, or hemp ; also of bark, 
rushes, and flags, for packing. The China 
matting is made from a very tall grass, 
arundo mitis , and its consumption among 
the Chinese is almost beyond calculation, 
it being used for bedding, wrappers-, cover¬ 
ings, awnings, sails, &c. It is asserted 
that this department of labor, weaving 
matting, employs myriads of workmen. 

Milt lira diamond, a kind of zircon 
or precious stone used by the native jew¬ 
ellers of Ceylon, by whom the pink stones 
are sold for rubies. 

Mand, a kind of undyed, brown, or 
gray striped woollen shawl or wrapper. 

Manai, a Persian weight of about r l\ 
pounds. 

Man Bid, a variable East Indian weight, 
—the bazaar maund at Calcutta is 82.133 
lbs.; the English factory maund at the 
same place is 74.666 lbs. ; at Bombay it is 
28 lbs. ; at Madras 25 lbs.; at Sumatra 


MEASURES. 315 

77 lbs. ; as a measure for oil at Madras it 
is 34 gals. 

Maunday money, silver pieces of 
one penny, two-pence, and three-pence, 
minted in England for the particular pur¬ 
pose of forming gifts of royal beneficence 
on Maunday Thursday, and hence called 
Maunday money. Maunday Thursday is 
the Thursday before Good Friday ; the day 
of command, on which the Saviour gave 
his great mandate that we should love one 
another. 

Mauve, one of the aniline colors 
which gives a variety of shades of purple, 
the blue predominating. 

May, the fifth calendar month. 

Mazarine, a deep blue color, so called 
from Cardinal Mazarin, in whose time it 
was discovered. 

Mead, a wine or beer produced from 
fermented honey and water ; also called 
metheglin. 

Meal, a term for the flour of the 
coarser kinds of grain, as oats or corn ; 
it is never employed for ground wheat, 
rarely for that of rye. 

Measure, a standard which is used 
as a rule to determine a quantity; the 
standard which is the unit of the measure 
is, in most cases, fixed by government. 

Measurement. By the laws of the 
State of New York, for every piece, parcel, 
or package of dry goods sold at public 
auction or otherwise, which on measure¬ 
ment shall be found not to contain as 
many yards as are marked thereon, the 
vender shall forfeit to the vendee an 
amount in value equal to the quantity short 
by fair measurement , in addition to the de¬ 
ficiency. 

Measurement goods, light goods 
which when taken as freight are charged 
by the cubic dimensions of the package. 

Measures, the measures in commerce 
are those which relate to length,—as 
inches, feet, yards; to surface, as square 
inches, square feet, squareryards ; to solid¬ 
ity, as cubic inches, cubic feet, cubic yards ; 
to capacity, as quarts, gallons, bushels, 
etc. The Constitution of the United 
States gives power to Congress to fix the 
standard of weights and measures, and 
by a joint resolution of Congress, approv¬ 
ed June 14, 1836, the Secretary of the 
Treasury was directed to cause a com¬ 
plete set 'of all the weights and measures 
adopted as standards to be delivered to 
the Governor of each State, to the end 
that a uniform standard might be estab¬ 
lished throughout the United States. In 




316 


MEASURES. 


MEDICINE-CHEST. 


accordance with this resolution of Con¬ 
gress, the State of New York enacted that 
the measures thus furnished the State by 
the government of the United States, con¬ 
sisting of one standard yard measure ; one 
set of standard liquid capacity measures, 
consisting of one wine gallon of 231 cubic 
inches, one half-gallon, one quart, one 
pint, and one half-pint measure; and one 
standard half-bushel, containing 1075^fo 
cubic inches, shall be the standards of 
measure throughout the State. 

The unit or standard measure of length 
and surface from which all other measures 
of extension, whether they be lineal, su¬ 
perficial, or solid, shall be derived and as¬ 
certained, shall be the standard yard thus 
furnished by the government of the United 
States, w r hich yard shall be divided into 
three equal parts, called feet, and each 
foot into twelve equal parts, called inches ; 
for measures of cloths, and other commodi¬ 
ties commonly sold by the yard, it may be 
divided into halves, quarters, eighths, and 
sixteenths. 

The units or standards of measure of 
capacity for liquids, from which all other 
measures of liquids shall be derived and 
ascertained, shall be the U. S. standard 
gallon and its parts. 

The barrel shall be equal to thirty-one 
and a half gallons, and two barrels shall 
constitute a hogshead. 

The unit or standard measure of capaci¬ 
ty for substances not being liquids, from 
w'hich all other measures of such substan¬ 
ces shall be derived and ascertained, shall 
be the U. S. standard half-bushel. The 
peck, quart, and pint measures for measur¬ 
ing commodities not liquid shall be deriv¬ 
ed from the half-bushel, by successively 
dividing that measure by two. 

The measure of capacity for coal, ashes, 
marl, manure, Indian corn in the ear, fruit 
and roots of every kind, and for all other 
commodities, commonly sold by heap 
measure, shall be the half-bushel and its 
multiples and subdivisions ; and the mea¬ 
sure shall be cylindrical, with plane and 
even bottom, and shall be from outside to 
outside the bushel 19^ inches; half¬ 
bushel 15 Hnches ; and the peck 12^-inches. 

All commodities sold by heap measure 
shall be duly heaped up in the form of a 
cone, the outside of the measure by w r hich 
the same shall be measured to be the limit 
of the base of the cone, and such cone to 
be as high as the article will admit. 

The standards are kept in charge of the 
superintendent of measures, and are re¬ 


quired to be deposited in a fire-proof 
building belonging to the State, from which 
they shall in no case be removed. The 
use of measures not conformable to these 
standards, w r hereby any person shall be 
injured or defrauded, is punishable by fine 
or damages. 

The use of the Metric System of weights 
and measures throughout the United 
States was legalized by Act of Congress, 
July 28, 1866, but its adoption, thus far, 
has not received the sanction of merchants. 

Meats. The price-currents, under this 
head, quote beef, sides and fore and hind 
quarters; mutton, carcasses; pork, city 
and western dressed ; and cut meats. 

Meclilin lace, a Belgian lace with a 
sided mesh of three flax threads, twisted 
and plaited to a perpendicular line, the 
pattern being worked in the net, and the 
plait thread surrounding the flowers. 

Medallions, oval or circular forms, 
usually of metal, plaster, or stone, having 
objects raised on them on one side in relief 
on a flat surface. 

Medicinal preparations, com¬ 
pound medicines, prepared according to a 
formula recognized by the medical faculty, 
and adopted in the authenticated Pharma¬ 
copoeias or Dispensatories of the coun¬ 
try. Preparations of medicine made ac¬ 
cording to secret or unrecognized formu¬ 
lae are usually called patent medicines. 
Medicinal preparations, whether chemical 
or otherwise, usually imported with the 
name of the manufacturer, shall have the 
true name of the manufacturer, and the 
place where they are prepared, permanent¬ 
ly and legibly affixed to each parcel, by 
stamp, label, or otherwise ; and without 
such names affixed they are subjected to 
forfeiture .—Act of Gonqrcss, June 26, 
1848. 

Mediciuc-cliest, a case with bot¬ 
tles, jars, etc., with an assortment of the 
more commonly used drugs and medicines 
for ship or family use. By the laws of the 
United States it is required that every 
vessel belonging to citizens of the U. S., 
of the burden of seventy-five tons or up¬ 
wards, navigated by six or more persons, 
and bound from the United States to any 
port in the West Indies, or any vessel of 
the burden of one hundred and fifty tons 
or upw'ards, navigated by ten or more per¬ 
sons, and bound on a voyage without the 
limits of the U. S., shall be provided with 
a chest of medicines, put up by some apo¬ 
thecary of known reputation, and accom¬ 
panied by directions for administering the 




MEDICINES. 


MERCANTILE AGENCY. 317 


same ; and the said medicines shall be ex¬ 
amined by some apothecary once at least 
in every year, and supplied with fresh 
medicines in the place of such as shall 
have been used or spoiled. 

Medicines, mineral or vegetable sub¬ 
stances, prepared chemically or otherwise, 
and sold and dispensed by apothecaries for 
the use of sick persons. 

Med id a, a liquid measure at Itio de 
Janeiro which contains 102.4 cubic inches, 
142^- medidas being equal to 100 gallons. 

Medino, another name for the Egyp¬ 
tian para. 

Medio, a Spanish silver coin, worth 
about 12 cents. 

Medium, a term for middling quali¬ 
ty ; drawing paper 17| x 22 inches ; print¬ 
ing paper 18 x 24 inches; or, latterly, more 
commonly 19 x 24 inches, double medium 
being 24 x 38 inches. 

Medlars, the fruit of the mespilus 
germanica. It grows in southern Europe, 
and is of the size of the hawthorn berries. 

Medleys, all wool-dyed colors, except 
blue, black, and scarlet. 

Medoe, a kind of French red wine. 

Meerschaum, a peculiar kind of 
white clay, a hydrated silicate of magnesia, 
found in Asia Minor, in Natalia, in Greece, 
Hungary, Moravia, in Spain, in the island 
of Samos, and some other localities. It is 
named meerschaum , or froth of the sea , 
from its lightness and white color; when 
first dug up it is soft, and forms a lather 
like soap, on which account, and from its 
absorbing grease, it is used by the Turks 
for fullers’ earth, for cleaning purposes, and 
for washing linen. Its principal use, how¬ 
ever, is in being manufactured into tobacco 
pipes, for which, from its porosity, it is pe¬ 
culiarly adapted. The best quality of 
meerschaum is said to be that which bears 
a bluish tinge, and its surface covered with 
very small star-shaped flecks, and is called 
by the Germans spigel meerschaum. 

Meerschaum pipes, tobacco pipes 
made from meerschaum. The manufac¬ 
ture of these pipes is largely conducted in 
New York from genuine meerschaum clay 
imported from Constantinople. Many 
pipes sold as meerschaums are merely 
imitations, made from a white but much 
cheaper and inferior kind of clay, or from 
the parings and scraps of meerschaum, 
which are pounded, boiled, and moulded 
into blocks. 

Meg:iS§, the cane-stalks or trash from 
the mills for expressing cane-juice; also 
called begasse—used as fuel. 


Melado, a sweet syrup, superior in 
quality to molasses, manufactured from 
the juice of the sugar-cane by boiling. 
Concentrated melado, produced by boiling 
the melado to the point of crystallization, 
is held to be a manufactured sugar in a 
green state.— Revenue Requlations , Art. 
939. 

Meles, a trade term for assorted dia¬ 
monds, from - 6 l 4 - to | of a carat each. 

Melflot, or melilotiis, a fragrant 
leguminous plant or herb, the flowers and 
seeds of which are the chief ingredients in 
flavoring the Gruyere cheese. 

Melton cloths, fine woollen cloths, 
with unfinished face, and without raised 
nap, usually 56 to 58 inches in width. A 
common article, with cotton warp and mel¬ 
ton finish, comes in pieces of 27 to 50 inches 
in width. 

Mel to bus, the commercial name for 
melton cloths. 

Memorandum check, a check 
on a bank given by a merchant for a tem¬ 
porary loan, with the understanding that 
it is not to be presented at the bank, but 
will be called for and redeemed by the 
party making it. If such a check is passed 
to a third party it is valid in his hands like 
any other check. 

Menhaden oil, fish oil extracted 
from the menhaden or porgy, caught in 
immense numbers on Long Island and the 
New England coasts, where the oil is exten¬ 
sively manufactured. It is calculated that 
15 barrels of fish will yield one barrel of 
oil. 

Mercantile, relating to merchants; 
such usages and transactions as are recog¬ 
nized as proper among merchants. 

Mercantile agency, a concern or 
establishment whose business it is to pro¬ 
cure information relating to the standing 
and credit of merchants in different places 
in the country, for the use of city mer¬ 
chants or others with whom they deal. 
This information when imparted to mer¬ 
chants by the agency is paid for, and is 
considered to be confidential. The princi¬ 
ple involved in this kind of confidential 
communication is thus laid down by Judge 
Nelson, of the Supreme Court of the Uni¬ 
ted States, in the case of John Beardsley 
and Horace Beardsley vs. Lewis Tappan, 
on a motion for a new trial on a bill of 
exceptions.* The case was for libel and 
slander. It was tried before Judge Betts 
and a jury, and resulted in a verdict for 
the plaintiff of $10,000. The defendant 
moved for a new trial, which motion was 





318 MERCANTILE AGENCY. 


MERCHANDISE. 


heard by Judge Nelson. The following is 
his opinion denying the motion: — 

“ This was a suit against Tappan, for 
libel and slander of the defendants in re¬ 
spect to their credit as a mercantile firm, 
carrying on business in Norwalk, Huron 
county, Ohio. The defendant resided in 
New York, and had established in that 
city a mercantile agency, the object of 
which was to procure information of the 
pecuniary ability and standing of mer¬ 
chants in the country, for merchants in 
the city, to be communicated to the latter 
in a confidential manner. The defendant 
had some twenty clerks who participated 
in the business of the establishment, and 
were, of course, privy to the information 
obtained, whether favorable or unfavora¬ 
ble to the character and credit of the 
country merchant, and who participated 
in the communications of the information 
to their customers and customers’ clerks. 

“ The defendant communicated through 
his clerks, to several customers and their 
clerks, facts seriously affecting the credit 
of the plaintiffs’ house; and the main 
question in the case, on the merits, is 
whether or not he is exempt from the con¬ 
sequences of the publication, on the ground 
of its privileged character. The court 
charged the jury that if the defendant 
himself had communicated the information 
to a person applying to him for the papers 
in good faith, the communication might 
have been a privileged one ; but that the 
publicity given to it by recording the libel¬ 
lous words in a book to which others had 
access, and to whom they were communi¬ 
cated, though standing in the relation of 
clerks, deprived the communication of its 
otherwise privileged character. This is 
no doubt a very important question, and 
involves in its practical operation, which¬ 
ever way it may be decided, interests of 
very great magnitude. On the one hand, 
to legalize these establishments in the man¬ 
ner and to the extent used by the defend¬ 
ant, is placing one portion of the mercan¬ 
tile community under an organized system 
of espionage and inquisition for the benefit 
of the other, exposed, from the very nature 
of the organization, to perversiou and 
abuse; and, on the other, to refuse to 
legalize them may be restricting injuriously 
the right of inquiring into the character 
and standing of the customer asking for 
credit in his business transactions. We 
are strongly inclined to think, if the estab¬ 
lishments are to be upheld at all, the limi¬ 
tation attached to them by the court below 


is not unreasonable, to wit: that it must 
be an individual transaction, and not an 
establishment conducted by an unlimited 
number of partners and clerks. 

“ The principle upon which privileged 
communications rest, which of themselves 
would otherwise be libellous, imports con¬ 
fidence and secrecy between individuals 
and is inconsistent with the idea of a com 
munication made by a society or congre 
gation of persons, or by a private company 
or corporate body. We have looked into 
them, and are of opinion they are not 
available to the defendant. New trial de¬ 
nied.” 

Notwithstanding this decision, these 
Agencies have multiplied, have been well 
sustained, and have proved useful aids to 
the commercial community. The business 
is generally conducted upon honorable 
principles, and the complaints of espionage 
are by no means so numerous, and the ob¬ 
jections of inquisitorial searches by no 
means so formidable, after the experience 
of a quarter of a century, as they were at 
the commencement of the enterprise. 

Mercantile business, the pursuit 
of buying and selling goods and merchan¬ 
dise, or of receiving goods on consignment, 
and making shipments or sales thereof. 

Mercantile house, an established 
firm, or individual conducting a mercantile 
business. 

Mercantile paper, the notes or 
acceptances given by merchants for goods 
bought or received on consignment; or, 
drafts drawn on merchants for goods sold 
or consigned. This kind of paper, when 
put on the market for sale, has usually two 
names, that of the drawer and indorser; 
but notes are frequently drawn to the order 
of the maker, and by him indorsed, and 
are thus negotiable without further in¬ 
dorsement. 

Mercer, one who deals in cloths and 
silks. 

Mercer and tailor, one who com¬ 
bines the manufacture of clothing with 
the sale of cloths. 

Mercerle, a French commercial cus¬ 
toms classification for a variety of the 
more costly manufactured goods, such as 
hand-telescopes, field-glasses, stereoscopes, 
spectacles, whips, and other fine fancy 
articles of metal, leather, glass, etc. 

Merchandise, in its most compre¬ 
hensive signification, embraces every arti¬ 
cle dealt in by a merchant; in a less com¬ 
prehensive sense, it applies to all articles 
dealt in by certain classes of merchants. 


f 




MERCHANTABLE. 


MERCHANTS. 


319 


Bouvier, following 1 legal authorities, seems 
to favor the application of the term to 
“ personal chattels only, and to those 
which are not required for food or imme¬ 
diate support, but such as remain after 
having been used, or which are used only 
by a slow consumption.” But raw or crude 
commodities for the manufacturer, as cot¬ 
ton, madder, and tobacco ; manufactures 
which may enter into general sale, as iron, 
leather, chemicals ; products neither ex¬ 
actly crude nor manufactured, as provis¬ 
ions in the hands of the provision mer¬ 
chant, wheat or rice in the hands of the 
shipping merchant, tallow or beeswax in 
the hands of a merchant consignee, are all 
merchandise. And so also of most, if not 
all, of the articles bought and sold by deal¬ 
ers in groceries, hardware, dry goods, 
drugs, and all other kinds of business 
where the articles kept on sale may 
have a general demand. But there are 
many articles of commerce which are 
not, strictly speaking, merchandise; a 
merchant who holds 100 gross of green 
glass bottles, with the words “ Congress 
water” stamped on the side of each bot¬ 
tle, has an article which has a commercial 
value, but the bottles are not strictly mer¬ 
chandise,—they can only be sold to one 
person, by whom only they can be used. 
A lot of lumber of particular dimensions, 
sawed to order for a particular structure, 
is only merchandise in a very general 
sense ; it is not merchandise technically, 
as among merchants. 

Merchantable, fit for sale ; not de¬ 
fective ; up to a standard in material, and 
in manufacture. Damaged wheat may have 
a commercial value, but it may not be 
merchantable wheat. 

Merchant marine, the ships, ves¬ 
sels, or steamers, collectively, which are 
registered and licensed by any government 
and are engaged in commerce, constitute 
the merchant marine of that government. 

Merchantman, a ship employed in 
the service of a merchant for conveying 
articles of commerce,—in contradistinc¬ 
tion to a man-of-war, or ship belonging to 
the navy. 

Merchants. In all parts of the 
United States, except in the larger com¬ 
mercial cities, all dealers in general mer¬ 
chandise, or those who buy goods and sell 
them, whether by wholesale or retail, are 
called merchants ; as well, also, as those 
who are engaged in shipping or forwarding 
goods. In the city of New York the term 
is not usually applied to small retailers, or 


shopkeepers. The word, in its most limit¬ 
ed sense, comprehends only those who 
have ships or vessels engaged in foreign 
commerce, or “ trade beyond seas ; ” in a 
less restricted sense are comprehended all 
those who are engaged in exporting or im¬ 
porting merchandise for sale ; and the lat¬ 
ter are called importing merchants ; those 
who buy their goods from the impor¬ 
ters and sell them again by the pack¬ 
age or piece, are called wholesale or 
jobbing merchants ; and lastly, the term 
embraces all who buy and sell merchan¬ 
dise, even on a small scale, and these are 
termed retail merchants. Besides this 
general classification, merchants are desig¬ 
nated by some word which defines or indi¬ 
cates the articles in which they deal, as 
wool merchants, iron merchants, dry goods 
merchants, hardware merchants, com¬ 
mission merchants, forwarding merchants, 
etc. 

In its broadest and truest sense, there is 
no title more honorable than that of mer¬ 
chant ; no calling so free from envy ; no 
profession so exempt from petty jealousies. 
The loftiest aspirations of patriotism, the 
most enlarged views of human enterprises, 
and the most liberal contributions to mor¬ 
al, physical, and benevolent undertakings 
are characteristics of merchants of the 
present period. The day is past when the 
gibes and sneers of the pedant or the 
scholar are to have force or meaning when 
applied to a class of men whose millions 
are placed at their country’s service in her 
days- of darkness and peril, and to whose 
munificence the grandest monuments of 
progress and civilization are mainly due. 
The amiable De Quincey , probably less in¬ 
fluenced by personal prejudice than act¬ 
ing under the impulse of general reading, 
went out of his way to write the following 
derogatory paragraph :— 

u My father,” says he, “was a mer¬ 
chant, not in the sense of Scotland, where 
it means a man who sells groceries in a 
cellar, but in the English sense, a sense 
severely exclusive—namely, he was a man 
engaged in foreign commerce, and no 
other,—which last circumstance it is im¬ 
portant to mention, because it brings him 
within the benefit of Cicero’s condescend¬ 
ing distinction, as one to be despised, cer¬ 
tainly, but not too intensely to be des¬ 
pised, even by a Roman senator.” 

In a note to the foregoing, De Quincey 
adds :—“ Cicero, in a well-known passage 
of his Ethics , speaks of trade as irredeem¬ 
ably base, if petty; but as not so abso* 



32J MERCHANT SERVICE. 


METRIC SYSTEM. 


tutely felonious, if wholesale. He gives a 
real merchant (one who is such in the 
English sense) leave to think himself a 
shade above small-beer.” 

Merchant service, the manage¬ 
ment and navigation of the shipping be¬ 
longing to merchants, and employed for 
commercial purposes. 

Merchants’ exchange, in large 
commercial cities, the rendezvous or place 
of meeting of merchants, where business is 
transacted at certain hours of the day, and 
where the latest information regarding 
shipping, prices of merchandise, etc., is 
usually to be obtained. 

Merchant ships, ships or vessels 
built and constructed for merchants, for 
the purposes of commerce. 

Merchant tailor, a tailor who also 
keeps for sale the fabrics and trimmings 
of such clothes as he makes up. 

Mercury, a silvery-white metal, fluid 
at ordinary temperatures, and not solidified 
except by intense cold,-—known also by the 
name of quicksilver; used largely in me¬ 
dicine, in forming amalgams, in the sepa¬ 
ration of gold and silver from their ores, 
in the construction of barometers and 
thermometers, and in the manufacture of 
looking-glasses or mirrors. The chief 
mines are in California, Mexico, and Spain. 

Merino, fine worsted fabrics of va¬ 
rious colors, for women’s dresses, made 
from merino wool. 

Merino twist, the name for a kind 
of woollen twist extensively sold at Angora. 

Merino wool, a fine wool of Span¬ 
ish origin, but now grown extensively in 
Saxony, Silesia, France, Australia, and 
the United States. It is the finest wool 
known, and possesses superior felting 
properties, rendering it extremly valuable 
for the manufacture of fine cloths; it is 
also used for the production of all the finer 
and softer worsted fabrics. 

Mesquite gum, a gum obtained from 
the stems and branches of a small thorny 
tree or shrub, the algarobia glandidosa, 
growing in New Mexico, Texas, and neigh¬ 
boring regions. The gum exudes from the 
branches when wounded, and hardens, some¬ 
times in masses as large as a hen’s egg. 

Merry quilts, cotton fabrics made at 
Assam. 

Message, a despatch, as by telegraph, 
or verbally through another party. 

Mess pork, the first quality of pork, 
consisting of “ the sides of good fat hogs, 
exclusive of all other pieces. ” 

Mestizo wool, a wool grown in 


South America, from merino sheep crossed 
with the coarser-wooled kinds, whence the 
name, signifying mixed. The fibre of 
much of it is extremely fine, but it is so 
much entangled with the burrs of a plant 
common on the pampas, as to materially 
deteriorate its commercial value. The im¬ 
portations of this wool from Buenos Ayres, 
when washed, only show about 25 or 30 
per cent, of clean wool. 

Met, the name for a kind of fullers’ 
earth. 

Metage, the charge made for measur¬ 
ing goods in bulk from a vessel. 

Metalline, the name given by the in¬ 
ventor to an anti-friction substance, design¬ 
ed as a substitute for oils or other lubricat¬ 
ing materials used in running machinery. 

Metal lie, made of metal. 

Metallic colors, pigments of min¬ 
eral origin. 

Metal leaf, commonly applied to the 
Dutch leaf, to distinguish it from gold 
leaf; the packages generally contain 250 
leaves, and are exported from Hamburg, 
Holland, and Belgium. 

Metallic currency, the silver and 
gold coins forming the circulating medium 
of a country ; the coinage from the baser 
metals being only used for less sums than 
one dollar, and not properly included un¬ 
der this term. 

Metals. The metals of commerce are 
mostly products of mineral ores which 
have undergone a process of melting, or 
other process, by which they are put into 
form and shape, and thus adapted to the 
purposes of the manufacturer; gold, sil¬ 
ver, iron, copper, lead, tin, zinc, steel, and 
brass, are among the most important com¬ 
mercial metals. 

Methylated spirit, spirit of wine 
of 55 or 56 degrees of alcohol, mixed with 
not less than one-ninth part of its bulk 
measure of wood naphtha, or methylic 
alcohol; the flavor of the wood spirit im¬ 
parted to the alcohol preventing its use as 
an intoxicating drink. It is much used 
for varnishes, lackers, and polishes. 

Metre, the French unit or measure of 
length, somewhat longer than a yard, equal 
to 39.38091 inches. 

Metric system, a system of weights 
and measures based upon the idea of em¬ 
ploying as the unit a uniform, unchange¬ 
able standard, adopted from Nature, the 
multiples and subdivisions of which should 
follow in decimal progression. To obtain 
such a standard the length of one-fourth 
part of the terrestrial meridian, extending 



METRIC SYSTEM. 


METRIC SYSTEM. 


321 


from the equator to the pole, was ascer¬ 
tained, and the ten-millionth part of this 
arc was chosen as the unit of measures of 
length, and was denominated metre. The 
cube of the tenth part of the metre was 
taken as the unit of measures of capacity, 
and denominated litre. The weight of 
distilled water, at its greatest density 
which this cube is capable of containing, 
was called kilogramme , of which the thou¬ 
sandth part was adopted as the unit of 
weight, iinder the name of gramme. The 
mutiples of these measures, proceeding in 
the decimal progression, are distinguished 
by employing the prefixes deca, hecto, kilo, 
and myria, taken from the Greek numerals; 
and the subdivisions, following the same 
order, by deci, centi, milli, from the Latin 
numerals. 

“ The two most important points of this 
system are: firstly, that it is a decimal sys¬ 
tem; and secondly, that the units of length, 
superficies, solidity, and weight are all cor¬ 
related, two data only being used, the 
met/re and the weight of a cube of water 
the side of which is the y^o part of a metre. 

“ The system was suggested as long ago 
as 1528, by Jean Fernal, a physician of 
Henry II. of France ; but the suggestion 
took a practical turn in 1790, when Prince 
Talleyrand distributed among the mem¬ 
bers of the Constituent Assembly of France 
a proposal, founded upon the excessive 
diversity and confusion of the weights and 
measures then prevailing all over that 
country as now over our own, for the 
foundation of a new system upon the 
principle of a single and universal stand¬ 
ard.”— Report on Weights and Measures, 
by John Quincy Adams. 

A committee of the Academy of Sciences, 
consisting of five of the most eminent 
mathematicians of Europe — Borda, La¬ 
grange, Laplace, Monge, and Condorcet— 
were subsequently appointed, under a de¬ 
cree of the Constituent Assembly, to report 
upon the selection of a natural standard ; 
and the committee proposed in their report 
that the ten-millionth part of the quarter 
of the meridian should be taken as the 
standard unit of lineal measure. 

“ Delambre and Mechain were appointed 
to measure an arc of the meridian between 
Dunkirk and Barcelona. They commenc¬ 
ed their labors at the most agitated period 
of the French Revolution. At every sta¬ 
tion of their progress in the field-survey 
they were arrested by the alarms and sus¬ 
picions of the people, who took them for 
spies or engineers of the invading enemies 

21 


of France. The result was a wonderful 
approximation to the true length, and one 
in the highest degree creditable to the 
French astronomers and geometricians, 
who carried on their operations under 
every difficulty, in the midst of the great¬ 
est political convulsion of modern times. ” 
—Essay on the Yard, the Pendulum , and 
the Metre , by Sir John F. W. Herschel. 

‘ ‘ By means of the arc of the meridian 
measured between Dunkirk and Barcelona, 
and of the arc measured in Peru, in 1736, by 
Bouguer and La Condamine, the length of 
the quarter of the meridian, or the dis¬ 
tance from the pole to the equator, was 
calculated. This length was partitioned 
into ten millions of equal parts, and one of 
these parts was taken for the unit of length, 
and called a metre, from the Greek word 
/urpov (a measure').'" —Briot’s Arithmetic. 

By the calculations of Sir John Herschel, 
there is a slight error in the quadrant of 
the meridian as fixed by the French mathe¬ 
maticians, by which, according to his cal¬ 
culation, the metre is of an inch less 
than the length of the ten-millionth part 
of the quadrant. 

“ This error of jJ jj of an inch in the de¬ 
termination of the metre, however, sup¬ 
posing it possible to establish it absolutely, 
does not make the metric system less com¬ 
plete or convenient; it is more than coun¬ 
terbalanced by the extreme simplicity, 
symmetry, and convenience of the system. 
Professor Bessel observed, with respect to 
the metre, that, in the measurement of a 
length between two points on the surface 
of the earth, there is no advantage at cdl in 
proving the relation of the measured dis¬ 
tance to a quadrant of the meridian. Pro¬ 
fessor Miller, of Cambridge, who quotes 
this remark, deems the error in the rela¬ 
tion of the metre to the quadrant of the 
meridian to be of no consequence ; and he 
mentions another slight error in the metric 
system, discovered by recent research, re¬ 
lating to the density of water: ‘ The kilo¬ 
gramme (1,000 grammes) is not exactly 
the weight of a cubic decimetre of water. 
Many of the late weighings show that wa¬ 
ter at its maximum density has a different 
density from that which was assumed by 
the French philosophers who prepared the 
original standard of the kilogramme; but 
nobody wishes to alter the value of the 
gramme on’that account.’ 

“ The compiled tables show the beauti¬ 
ful simplicity of this system—a simplicity 
arising from the decimal system, the cor¬ 
relation of the different units, and the uni- 



322 


METRIC SYSTEM. 


METRIC SYSTEM. 


form nomenclature adopted for the sub¬ 
divisions and multiples of the units. 

‘ ‘ Such is the system which, after much 
opposition, was finally introduced into 
France by King Louis Philippe, and which 
sooner or later must probably become uni¬ 
versal. In England it is already exten¬ 
sively used by scientific men, and in 1864 
an act of Parliament was passed legalizing 
its use throughout the country. 

“ The system has been adopted, not only 
by France, but in Italy, Spain, Portugal, 
Greece, Belgium, and Holland. It has been 
partially received in Denmark and Switzer¬ 
land, which adopts the half-kilogramme as 
the pound. The majority of the States 
which compose the Zollverein , or Customs 
League in German}’, have expressed their 
approval of the metric system; and the 
half-kilogramme has been introduced into 
all great mercantile operations in Austria. 

“At the International Statistical Con¬ 
gress, held at Berlin in September, 1863, 
thirty-three nations of Europe and Amer¬ 
ica were represented by statistical dele¬ 
gates, and the Congress agreed to the fol¬ 
lowing fundamental resolution on weights 
and measures:— 

“ ‘ The adoption of the same measure in 

Measures i 

Metric denominations and values. 

Myriametre.10,000 metres. 

Kilometre.1,000 metres. 

Hectometre.100 metres. 

Decametre.10 metres. 

Metre.1 metre. 

Decimetre.1-10 of a metre. 

Centimetre.1-100 of a metre. 

Millimetre.1-1000 of a metre. 


international commerce is of the highest 
importance. 

‘ ‘ 1 The metric system appears to the Con¬ 
gress to be the most convenient of all the 
measures that could be recommended for 
international measures. ’ 

‘ ‘A commission of the Imperial Academy 
of Sciences in St. Petersburg has recom¬ 
mended that such alterations should be 
made in the Russian weights and measures 
as would put them in conformity with the 
metric system of France .”—Brande <£ Cox, 
Die. of Sicence and Art. 

By the act of Congress passed July 28, 
1866, it is made lawful throughout the 
United States of America to employ the 
weights and measures of this system, and 
the tables following form part of the second 
section of the act referred to, and are to be 
“recognized in the construction of con¬ 
tracts, and in all legal proceedings, as estab¬ 
lishing, in terms of the weights and meas¬ 
ures now in use in the United States, the 
equivalents of the weights and measures ex¬ 
pressed therein in terms of the metric sys¬ 
tem ; and said tables may be lawfully used 
for computing, determining, and express¬ 
ing in customary weights and measures, the 
weights and measures of the metric system. ” 
ip Length. 

Equivalents in denominations in use. 

.. .6.2137 miles. 

.. .0.6213 miles or 3,280 feet and 10 inches. 

.. .328 feet and 1 inch. 

.. .393.7 inches. 

.. .39.37 inches. 

.. .3.937 inches. 

.. .0.3937 inches. 

.. .0.0394 inches. 


Hectare 

Are_ 

Centare, 


Number 
Names. of Litres. 
Kilolitre or stere. 1000. 

Hectolitre. 100. 

Dicalitre. 10. 

Litre. 1. 

Decilitre. 1-10. 

Centilitre. 1-100. 

Millilitre. 1-1000. 


Names. 

Millier, or Tonneau. 

Quintal.. 

Myriagram. 

Kilogram, or Kilo. 

Hectogram. 

Decagram. 

Gram. 

Decigram. 

Centigram.. 

Milligram.. 


Measures of Surface. 

.. .10,000 square metres... .2,471 acres. 

.100 square metres... .119.6 square yards. 

.1 square metre.1,550 square inches. 

Measures of Capacity. 

Cubic Measure. Dry Measure. 

,1 cubic metre.1.308 cubic yards. 

,1-10 of a cubic metre.2 bushels and 3.35 pecks 

10 cubic decimetres.9.08 quarts. 

1 cubic decimetre.0.908 quarts.. 

1-10 of a cubic decimetre. 6.1022 cubic inches. 

10 cubic centimetres.0.6102 cubic inches.. 

1 cubic centimetre.0.061 cubic inches. 

Weights. 


Liquid or Wine 
Measure. 
.264.17 gallons. 
.26.417 gallons. 

.2 6417 gallons. 
.1.0567 quarts. 
0.845 gills. 

,0.338 fluid ounces. 
0.27 fluid drams. 


Number 
of grams. 

1 , 000 , 000 . 
100 , 000 . 
10 , 000 . 
1 . 000 . 
100 . 
10. 
1 . 

1 - 10 . 

1 - 100 . 

1-100C 


Weight of ichat quantity of water 


at maximum density. Avoirdupois. 

.1 cubic metre. 2204.6 lbs. 

.1 hectolitre. 220.46 lbs. 

.10 litres. 22.046 lbs. 

A litre. 2.2046 lbs. 

.1 decilitre. 3.5274 ounces 

.10 cubic centimetres. 0.3527 ounces 

.1 cubic centimetre. 15.432 grains. 

.1-10 cubic centimetre..' 1.5432 grains. 

.10 cubic millimetres.. ... . .... 0.1543 grains! 

1 cubic millimetre .... , . G 0154 grains! 






















































METRIC SYSTEM. 


METRIC SYSTEM. 


323 


Notwithstanding the high authorities en¬ 
dorsing this system, many serious objections 
are made to its general adoption. Some of 
these objections are directed against the 
whole system, as being in itself inaccurate ; 
others go rather to the present inconven¬ 
iences of change than to its fundamental 
principles. The latter kind of objections 
are summed up by Professor Charles Davies 
in the following terse and forcible manner: 

“ Let us suppose the metric system to 
be adopted by law, and every other system 
excluded—for without such exclusion the 
whole thing would be a perplexity and a 
farce. What follows ? We have blotted 
out from the mind of the nation the foot 
and all knowledge of every measure into 
which it enters, as a unit. We have ex¬ 
punged the yard, used in connection with 
the arm more or less in every family; and 
the pace, the unit and guide of the farmer, 
for an approximate measure that will not 
supply the place of either. Every lot of 
ground 25 feet front by 100 feet deep must 
be described as follows : 7 metres, 6 deci¬ 
metres, and 2 centimetres front, by 30 
metres, 4 decimetres, and 8 centimetres 
deep. Thus, the description of every such 
lot will require three different units and 
six words, instead of one unit and two 
words. In all conveyances and descrip¬ 
tions of land, the translation from one to 
the other would occasion great trouble and 
difficulty. The old familiar mile of 1,700 
paces is also gone, and the distance from 
Albany to New York, 145 miles, will be 
known to us, if known at all, as 229,689 
metres. Let us see how we shall recog¬ 
nize the earth in its new dimensions. Its 
diameter, instead of 8,000 miles, in round 
numbers, will be 12,072,000 metres; and 
its circumference, about 39,810,355 me¬ 
tres and 2 decimetres. The acre is also 
gone, and with it all its multiples and sub¬ 
multiples. Since the commencement of 
the present century the public lands have 
been surveyed and laid out in townships 
six miles square, each containing, of course, 
thirty-six square miles, or 23,040 acres. 
The side of each township, by the new sys¬ 
tem, would contain 9,504 metres (instead 
of six miles), and its area 921,000 ares. 
All the lands, from the Ohio river to the 
Pacific ocean, have been surveyed, deeded, 
and recorded in the units of the square 
mile and the acre. What will be the labor 
and the confusion of translating every 
deed and record into the language of the 
metre and the are ? We should scarcely 
know our own farms by their new names. 


If the introduction of the metric system 
produced only a change in the names of 
the units, leaving their values the same; 
or, if it altered the values only, preserving 
their names, the difficulties would be com¬ 
paratively small. But, unfortunately, we 
must change both ideas and words—the 
foundations of systems and the language 
by means of which these systems are de¬ 
veloped and made known. These double 
changes, made at the same time, are very 
serious, because there is no thought or 
word in one language having an exact 
synonym in the other. 

‘ ‘ The consequence of these changes 
would be the following: 

“ 1. They would strike out from the Eng¬ 
lish language every word and phrase and 
sentence used in connection with our pres¬ 
ent units of weights and measures, and 
would impose the necessity of learning a 
new language for the one now in use. 

“2. They would blot out from the 
knowledge of the nation all apprehensions 
of distance and area and volume, acquired 
through the present units, and would ren¬ 
der necessary the acquirement of similar 
knowledge by less convenient units, having 
different relations to each other, and ex¬ 
pressed in a new and unknown language. 

‘ ‘ 3. They would change the records of 
our entire landed property, requiring them 
all to be translated into a new and foreign 
language. 

“4. We must not forget that prices and 
currency are dependent upon, and neces¬ 
sarily adjust themselves to, weights and 
measures; and that all our ideas of cost 
and value are fixed with reference to our 
present units. The adoption of the metric 
system, therefore, would carry with it an 
entire change in the money values of all arti¬ 
cles of commerce and manufactures, and of 
all agricultural productions; for these 
values would have to be readjusted to the 
new units, and to be expressed in the new 
language. Hence, the changes woiild extin¬ 
guish all knowledge of money values now 
so familiar to the entire population in their 
daily purchases and sales and barters, for 
these values are all adjusted with reference 
to the units of weights and measures. 

“5. Can we afford to make these changes 
for the very small gain of changing our 
present yard from 30 inches to 39 inches 
and ~\oq of an inch ? Can we accept any 
system as a substitute for the one now in 
use, unless it make some provision for re¬ 
taining the unit foot ? All our knowledga 
of distances—the yard, the rod, the fur- 





324 


METRE. 


MILLET. 


long, the mile, the league—come from it. 
The square rod or perch, the rood, the 
acre, are also derived from it. Can we 
change the survey of an entire continent, 
with the description of every piece of land 
upon it, from the unit one acre to the unit 
one are, forty times less ? Can we change, 
without great confusion, the units of vol¬ 
ume, the cubic foot and the cubic yard so 
familiar to every school-boy ? And above 
all, can we change our unit of weight, the 
pound avoirdupois, which is equal in weight 
to 1G of the 1,000 equal parts of a cubic 
foot of rain-water ? Can we abandon, as 
a mere question of language, these short, 
sharp Saxon words, for their equivalents 
expressed in a foreign language ? Besides, 
the foreign language which we should in¬ 
troduce has no exact equivalents to these 
words, which have almost become things, 
and which now form a part of the mind 
and knowledge of every people who speak 
the English tongue, or are connected with 
American commerce. These are the grave 
questions now being discussed and consid¬ 
ered by the American people. They affect, 
directly, the interests of all classes. They 
affect our systems of public instruction, 
our trade, our commerce, and the mechanic 
arts, in all their development and in all their 
applications. ” 

Metre, the unity of the French or 
metrical long measures, 39.3710 inches; 
it is the measure used in France answer¬ 
ing to our yard, being a little more than 
36 inches. 

Met tar, an oil measure at Tunis of 
gals.; for wine, 21 gals. 

Mexican grafts a very valuable fibre 
produced from a kind of grass growing in 
Mexico, there called istle or itsle. It is 
very largely used in New York by brush- 
makers as a substitute for bristles; also, 
when prepared for the purpose, as a sub¬ 
stitute for curled hair for upholstery pur¬ 
poses. 

Mexican tea, the leaves of an herb, 
one of the species of goose-foot , used both 
in France and Mexico as a substitute for 
Chinese tea. 

Mezereon bark, the dried bark of 
spurge laurel, imported as a drug; it comes 
in strips or quilled pieces of various 
lengths. 

Mezquite, a gum obtained from the 
common locust, robinict acacia. 

Mezzo, the half, or one-half. 

Mezzotints, engravings produced by 
cross-hatching the copper or steel plate 
with fine lines running in different direc¬ 


tions, so as to give a uniform black im¬ 
pression, and then burnishing out the lines 
from the parts intended to be white or 
shaded. 

Mica, a transparent mineral capable of 
being split into very fine plates, and used 
for lanterns, reflectors, stove-doors, etc., 
and in many places as a substitute for 
window-glass, and hence also called Mus¬ 
covy glass. The principal supply for New 
York, where it is largely in use, is from 
New Hampshire and North Carolina. It is 
sold by the pound. 

Mlco, a vegetable butter made and used 
in Japan from soja hispida. 

Middleman, one who acts for buyer 
and seller. 

Middlings, bran which contains a 
considerable portion of the flour of the 
grain. 

Military equipment, tents, can¬ 
non, hampers, wagons, forges, and tools, 
and all articles required to fit out an army 
for service in the field, except provisions. 

Military goods, sashes, caps, hats, 
epaulettes, plumes, gloves, small and side 
arms, and all articles for personal equip¬ 
ment. 

Milk, the milk of the cow. It is an 
article in daily and universal demand. Its 
commercial importance is most perceptibly 
felt by the railroad companies ; numerous 
trains of cars known as “ milk-trains ” are 
found every day on the railroads leading 
into the large cities, and the freight in 
milk is one of the largest sources of rev¬ 
enue from the way business of many roads. 
In its concentrated and dessicated form 
milk enters into the shipping trade, and 
into foreign as well as domestic commerce. 
At distances from cities milk is converted 
into butter and cheese. 

Milk-woocl, the brosimum spurium , 
a plant growing in the West Indies, which 
furnishes a valuable fibre. 

Mill, an imaginary money and money 
of account of the United States, being the 
one-tenth part of a cent, and the one 
thousandth part of a dollar. 

Milled, marked or rolled on the edges, 
as the silver and gold coins; steel rolled 
into bars. 

Mill-board, a heavy pasteboard, com¬ 
posed of several thicknesses cemented to¬ 
gether and pressed with heavy rollers. It 
is employed to make the joints of some 
kinds of pipes, but mostly for boxes. 

Millet, the seeds or fruit of several 
grain-bearing grasses, as the common mil¬ 
let, panicum miliaceum , which is used as 



MILLINERY GOODS. 


MINK-SKINS. 


325 


food both for men and domestic animals; 
its principal use, however, being- for cage 
birds; another species, the panicum itcdi- 
cum , is the sorghum vulgar rarely if ever 
seen in our markets, but sold in Liverpool 
as “great millet,” “durra,” and “Turk¬ 
ish millet,” and which, besides other uses, 
is ground and used to adulterate wheat 
flour. 

Millinery goods, silks, satins, rib¬ 
bons, feathers, artificial flowers, laces, 
gauzes, straw goods, bonnet frames, bon¬ 
net wires, and other articles which enter 
into the manufacture of ladies 1 bonnets, 
caps, and head-dresses. 

MilSinet, a kind of stiffened cotton 
material used by milliners for bonnet lining. 

Millinery store, a store where la¬ 
dies 1 bonnets, caps, and head-dresses are 
made and sold. The materials used in the 
manufacture of these articles constitute 
millinery goods, which when made up 
constitute millinery articles. The two 
kinds of business are quite distinct. 

Mill-stones, very hard and porous 
siliceous stones obtained in France, usually 
made of small blocks fitted together and 
hooped with iron, and used for grinding 
grains and other substances. A pair of 
mill-stones measuring 4 feet in diameter 
by 10 inches thick is composed of from 20 
to 30 burr-stones, and weighs from 1,300 
to 1,600 lbs. Other kinds of stones are 
also used, such as conglomerate sand-stone 
or breccia, but these are much inferior. 
The best burr or mill-stones for grinding 
grain have about an equal proportion of 
solid matter and of vacant space; the 
stones are cut out at the quarry in cylin¬ 
ders, and afterwards cut into panes , which 
are bound with iron hoops into large mill¬ 
stones, in which state they are imported 
into the United States. Good mill-stones 
of a bluish-white color, with a regular pro¬ 
portion of cells, when 6| feet in diameter, 
cost about 1,200 francs, or from $240 to 
$250. 

Minargent, an alloy composed of 
copper, 1,000 parts; nickel, 700; tung¬ 
sten, 50, and aluminium, 10. It is for 
many purposes a complete substitute for 
silver. 

Mineral toll lie, a pigment composed 
of the pulverized blue copper ore known 
as chessylite. Its liability to turn green 
lessons its value as a pigment. 

Mineral candles, candles manu¬ 
factured from a semifluid naphtha drawn 
from wells sunk in the neighborhood of the 
river Irrawaddy, in the Burmese Empire. 


Mineral caoutchouc, an elastic 
bitumen found at Castleton, in Derbyshire, 
England; at St. Bernard’s Well, near Edin¬ 
burgh, and in a coal mine at Montrelais, in 
France. It effaces lead-pencil markings 
like india-rubber, whence its name. 

Mineral green, a prepared or arti¬ 
ficial carbonate of copper. 

Mineral oils, naphtha, petroleum, 
bitumen, asphalt. 

Mineral paint, the name given to a 
kind of earth found in immense beds near 
Akron, Ohio, from whence it is exported 
to all parts of the Union and used as a 
paint. 

Mineral pi tell, a name for the as¬ 
phalt obtained from the Pitch Lake of 
Trinidad. 

Mineral tallow, a substance found 
in crevices of coal-measure clay iron-stone, 
resembling wax or train oil, and sometimes 
flaky like spermaceti, or sub-granular like 
beeswax. It is also called mineral wax. 

Minerals, various crude ores and 
earthy substances which belong neither to 
animal nor vegetable bodies, all of which 
may be included under the head of metal¬ 
lic or non-metallic. The metallic minerals 
which are most generally known in com¬ 
merce are antimony, arsenic, bismuth, 
cobalt, copper, gold, iron, iridium, lead, 
mercury, nickel, platinum, silver, tin, and 
zinc ; those which are less common as com¬ 
mercial metallic minerals, are cadmium, 
chromium, cerium, columbium, lantha¬ 
num, and such like. The non-metallic 
minerals inchide diamonds, gems or pre¬ 
cious stones; mineral oils, such as naph¬ 
tha and petroleum; resins, such as amber; 
and sulphur, potash, soda, lime, alumina, 
magnesia, rock-crystal, quartz; and, al¬ 
though of vegetable origin, also, at least 
commercially, anthracite and bituminous 
coals. 

Mineral teetli, artificial teeth made 
of mineral substances, used in dentistry. 

Minei'al waters, natural or arti¬ 
ficial waters impregnated with various 
mineral substances, such as soda, sulphur, 
iron, iodine, magnesia, etc. 

Mineral wax, a native paraffine, 
known among mineralogists as ozocerite. 

Mineral yellow, also called patent 
yellow, a compound of oxide and chloride 
of lead. . 

Mink-skins, the skins of a fur-bear¬ 
ing animal, of the marten family, very 
common in the northern part of America, 
and a large article of export. Not far 
from 250,000 of these skins are exported 



326 


MINOT. 


MOCK AUCTIONS. 


annually. Systematic attempts are mak¬ 
ing in Chautauqua county, New York, to 
domesticate and propagate these little ani¬ 
mals on a large scale, for their fur. 

Minot, the grain measure of Lower 
Canada, very nearly equal to 1^ bushels. 

Mint, an establishment created by gov¬ 
ernment where the precious metals are 
coined into money. The principal mint 
in the United States is located at Phila¬ 
delphia. For the operations of the mint 
and branches see Coinage. 

MirnbiBite, a substance obtained 
from salt springs, which is used as a sub¬ 
stitute for soda in the manufacture of 
glass. 

Mirrors, sheets of plate-glass coated 
with quicksilver amalgam. The plate glass 
for mirrors is imported from Belgium, 
France, and England, and the preparation 
and application of the quicksilver and tin¬ 
foil is mainly performed in New York. 

Mi§cal, a weight at Mocha and Bag¬ 
dad of 72 grs; at Smyrna of 74.36 grs. 

Miserable, a name for the husks of 
the cocoa-bean. 

Mispickel, an ore of iron and arsenic, 
yielding the white arsenic of commerce. 
It is found in various parts of Europe, and 
in Tennessee and in New Hampshire. 

Misrepresenlatioai, a false and 
fraudulent statement made by a party to 
ail agreement or contract. 

Missing sliip. A ship or vessel not 
heard from within a long period after she 
is due, is presumed to have been lost, and 
is called a missing ship. 

Mittens, coverings for the hands, in 
which the fingers are covered, but not 
separately, as in gloves. 

Mitts, coverings for the hand or arm, 
not including the fingers, worn by ladies. 

Mixed ffabrics. This phrase is more 
common with manufacturers than with 
merchants. The goods which fall under 
this designation are such as are composed 
of two or more kinds of fibres; cotton, 
flax, silk, wool, alpaca, mohair, and jute 
being the principal ones. The various 
methods of combining these materials are 
almost innumerable, and give rise to a 
great many trade names for fabrics, which, 
after a long or short run, give place to new 
combinations and new names. 

Mixtures, two or more articles com¬ 
bined; compounds. 

Mobile, the principal city and only 
seaport of the State of Alabama. It is 
important as a shipping port for cotton, 
nearly one-seventh of all which is raised in 


the United States reaching this city by 
the river and railroads, and most of which 
is shipped hence directly to Europe. It is 
a port of entry; and sugar, salt, coffee, 
and some other commodities of considera¬ 
ble amounts are imported and entered at 
the custom-house ; but the foreign imports 
are very small compared with the value of 
the exports. 

Moclust, a seaport city of Arabia, situ¬ 
ate on the Red Sea, deriving its chief com¬ 
mercial importance from its trade in Mocha 
coffee, about 10,000 tons of which it is 
estimated are annually exported from this 
port to other ports on the Red Sea, to In¬ 
dia, and to Europe. The other exports 
consist of dates, myrrh, gums, sharks’ fins, 
horns, hides of the rhinoceros, etc.; also, 
ivory, gold dust, and civet, etc., brought 
from the opposite coast of Abyssinia. The 
chief imports are cotton and other piece 
goods, rice, hardware, and iron and steel. 

The moneys* or current coins of the country are 
carats and commassees ; 7 carats=l commassee ; 60 
commassees=l Spanish dollar; 100 Spanish dollars 
=12£ Mocha dollars. The weights and measures 
are:— 

15 vakias=l rottolo=l lb. 2 oz. avoirdupois. 

40 vakias=l maund=3 lbs. avoirdupois. 

10 maunds—1 frazel=30 lbs. “ 

15 frazels=l bahar=450 lbs. “ 

Grain is measured by the kellah, 40 of which equal 
about 170 lbs. avoirdupois. For liquids, 16 vakias= 

1 musseah: 8 musseahs=:l cuda, or about 2 2-5 gals. 
The long measures are the guz=25 inches; the hand 
covid=18 inclies ; and the long iron covid=27 inches. 

Mocha coffee, coffee from Arabia, 
frequently called Turkey coffee. It is 
more highly esteemed than the coffee 
grown in any other part of the world. Ac¬ 
cording to the statements of travellers, 
none but the inferior kinds are ever export¬ 
ed, the best qualities being consumed in 
Arabia, Syria, and Egypt, and by Turks 
and Armenians. 

Mocha §toane, a white, translucent 
variety of agate, containing brown mark¬ 
ings resembling trees and vegetable fila¬ 
ments. It is chiefly brought from Arabia, 
whence the name moclia. It is sold in 
Canton in sizes varying from 1 to 8 inches. 

Mock auctiosfiw, sales, or pretended 
sales by outcry, by an auctioneer or pro¬ 
fessed auctioneer, where misrepresenta¬ 
tions and frauds are practised upon the 
buyer. The auctioneer is usually aided 
by two, three, or more confederates, who 
act as bidders, and who are called peter 
funks. The victims are mostly people 
from the country who are unacquainted 
with city life. In relation to this kind of 
auction, it is provided by the laws of the 
State of New York as follows ; “ Whereas, 





MOCK JEWELRY. 


MONEY MARKET. 


327 


a failure of justice frequently arises from 
the subtle distinctions between larceny and 
fraud; and whereas, certain evil-disposed 
persons, especially in the city of New York, 
have for several years past, by means of 
certain fraudulent and deceitful practices 
known as mock auctions, most fraudu¬ 
lently obtained great sums of money from 
unwary persons: Each and every person 
who shall, through or by means of the 
afore recited deceitful and fraudulent prac¬ 
tices, etc., obtain from any other person 
any money, shall, on conviction, be punish¬ 
ed by imprisonment in the State prison for 
not more than three years, and by a fine 
not exceeding one thousand dollars. 

Moek jewelry, cheap and showy 
ornaments made of brass, thinly gilt; false 
jewelry ; glass imitations of precious stones 
set in brass or imitation gold. 

Model, a fac-simile, on a small scale, 
of a machine or other mechanical or chem¬ 
ical apparatus, which represents the same 
faithfully, but is not capable of being put 
in practical operation; a pattern in relief, 
either of wood, plaster, or other material. 

Mohaii’, the commercial name for the 
long hair of the Angora goat, usually ob¬ 
tained from Asia Minor, and frequently 
called Turkey goats’ wool. It is used in 
the manufacture of a fabric which is also 
called mohair. The principal manufac¬ 
turers of this wool are at Bradford in Eng¬ 
land. Large quantities of the yam spun 
from this wool at Bradford are sold to the 
French and German manufactures, who use 
it in making what are called Utrecht vel¬ 
vets, and a fine kind of lace. The imports 
of the hair into England are about 4,000,000 
lbs. per annum, chiefly through the ports 
of Smyrna and Constantinople. An in¬ 
ferior sort of goats’ hair is obtained from 
other parts of Asiatic Turkey. 

Molaair lustres, fabrics in imitation 
of alpacas, made from the long combing 
wools of England. 

Mohair twist, a cord made of mo¬ 
hair, or of English combing wools. 

Moiety, the half of anything. 

Moire, watered or clouded silks, which, 
in order to produce the proper effect, must 
be of the best quality, and usually stouter 
than the ordinary silks. It is folded in 
the centre, and hence called double width; 
but as the peculiar appearance of this man¬ 
ufacture is produced by pressure, the folds 
are necessary, and aid in giving diversity 
to the surface. 

Moire antique, a species of watered 
silk. 


Moire liietallique, called in Eng¬ 
land crystallized tin-plate. The tin surface 
is variegated and diversified by heat, so as to 
present a very pleasing appearance, having 
something of the surface effect of moire 
silk. 

Moklline, an alloy produced by lay¬ 
ing thin sheets of various alloys and met¬ 
als one over the other, and welding them 
together, and which by subjecting it to 
the bath process in the same manner as 
the shakdo, shows all the colors of ginshi- 
buichi, shakdo, and copper. 

Molasses, the drainage or uncrystal¬ 
lized syrup remaining from sugar; or, the 
drainings from sugar during the process of 
granulation. The best quality of molasses 
is from the sugar plantations of Louisiana, 
and known in commerce as New Orleans 
molasses. Besides what we produce in the 
United States, we annually import about 
50,000,000 gallons from Cuba, Porto Rico, 
and other West India islands. Molasses is 
shipped in hogsheads containing from 120 
to 140 gallons. Concentrated molasses, 
brought by the process of manufacture to 
the point of crystallization, is considered 
by our revenue laws or regulations as an 
inferior sugar. 

Molds, casts of medals, statuary, and 
other objects from which duplicates of the 
original can be obtained; also small discs 
of wood or bone covered with cloth and 
used as buttons. 

Moleskin, a cotton fabric, tweeled 
and napped, used for workmen’s and sports¬ 
men’s clothing; a substitute for low wool¬ 
len cloths. 

MoBinia grass, a grass with which 
the fishermen of the Isle of Sky make 
ropes for their nets, which bear the action 
of the water without rotting. 

Money, “the name given to the com¬ 
modities or articles which the people of 
different countries universally accept, 
either voluntarily or by compulsion, as 
equivalents for their services, and for 
whatever else they may have to dispose 
of.” In the United States gold and silver 
coin, and for small sums the coins of cop¬ 
per or nickel, and the notes of banking in¬ 
stitutions authorized to issue paper cur¬ 
rency, are called and regarded as money. 

Money-making business, a busi¬ 
ness which shows considerably more than 
a mere living profit. 

Money market, the high or low 
rate of exchange on London or Paris, the 
scarcity or abundance of money in the 
banks, the difficulty or facility with which 




328 MONEY OF ACCOUNT. 


MOROCCO LEATHER. 


money can be obtained on securities, and 
the high or low rate of interest, constitute 
what is termed in Wall street a tight or 
easy money market. 

Money of account, certain denom¬ 
inations or divisions of money in which ac¬ 
counts are kept, which may or may not be 
coins, but fixed proportions to coins. All 
accounts and other computations of money 
in the United States are kept and made 
out in the money of account of the United 
States, that is to say, in dollars or units, 
dimes or tenths, cents or hundredths, mills 
or thousandths, a dime being the fn part 
of a dollar, a cent the juu part of a dollar, 
and a mill the ttmttt part of a dollar .—Act 
of Congress, April 2, 1792. 

Money order, an order given on a 
third party requiring or requesting him to 
pay to the party named a certain sum of 
money; differing from a draft in not being 
negotiable, and not subject to the rules 
regulating presentment and protest. 

Monkey’s bread, the fruit of the 
African calabash or monkey’s bread-fruit 
tree ( Adensonia ). Both the fruit and the 
bark are used by the natives of Africa as a 
condiment, and as an antidote against epi¬ 
demic fevers. 

Moaongaliela wliiskey, a cele¬ 
brated rye whiskey, deriving its name from 
the Monongahela river, which flows through 
that part of western Pennsylvania where 
this liquor is distilled. 

Monopoly. In this country com¬ 
merce is untrammelled by any kind of 
government monopoly, except only in the 
coinage of money. But as between mer¬ 
chants and traders, it is frequently the case 
that parties have and hold a monopoly of 
certain kinds of merchandise or manufac¬ 
tures,—which monopoly may result from a 
patent, from the ownership of a property 
which yields a peculiar and valuable prod¬ 
uct ; or from the sagacity or far-sighted¬ 
ness of a merchant in buying up all of a 
certain kind of goods on the market, and 
holding them for an advance. 

Montevideo, the capital and seaport 
city of Uruguay, South America, on the 
shore of the estuary of the Rio de la Plata. 
It has a large commerce, and exports 
hides, beef-tallow, hair, bones, grease, 
wool, bone-ashes, Paraguay tea, etc.; and 
imports cottons, woollens, and hardware 
from England; and flour, refined sugar, 
liquors, cordage, agricultural implements, 
etc., from the United States. The trade 
is very much the same as that of Buenos 
Ayres. 


The moneys current and of account are:— 

100 cents make 1 real, 

800 cents or 8 reals make 1 dollar, 

960 cents, or 9 reals 60 cents, make current, 

dollar, or 1 hard dollar or patacon. 

Weights and measures same as Cadiz. 

Mooii seed root, the root of a climb¬ 
ing plant, yellow porilla , growingin various 
parts of the United States, and used as a 
substitute for sarsaparilla. 

Mooil stone, a transparent variety 
of adularia or potash feldspar, a mineral 
containing bluish white spots, which when 
held to the light present a pearly or silvery 
play of color not unlike that of the moon. 
It is held in estimation as an ornamental 
stone. The finest are brought from Cey¬ 
lon ; but fine ones are scarce, and it is so 
soft compared with other gems and precious 
stones that few lapidaries know how to 
work it to the best advantage. 

Moorings, the place in a harbor 
where vessels may anchor; buoys in a har¬ 
bor to which ships may make fast. 

Morquette, a fine quality of velvet 
tapestry carpet. 

Mora, a valuable South American wood 
obtained from the mora excelsis, used as a 
ship timber. 

Mordants, drugs used to fix dyestuffs 
in fabrics ; substances previously applied to 
the goods in order that they may afterwards 
take and retain any particular color or dye. 

Moreen, a thick kind of worsted stuff 
used for covering furniture, for petticoats, 
and for window-curtains. 

Morel, the morchella esculenta , one of 
the most valuable of fungi for purposes of 
cookery, used like truffles for gravies. 
They are found in abundance in some parts 
of Germany, in places where trees have 
been burned. 

Morlil, a coarse woollen material used 
in France for making sacks to contain oil 
or linseed cake. 

Morine, a name for the coloring mat¬ 
ter obtained from old fustic, used princi¬ 
pally as a groundwork for other colors, for 
dyeing woollens and silks. 

Moringa oil, a rich fatty substance 
or oil obtained from the seeds of the mo- 
ringlia pterygasperma. 

Morocco leather, goat skins tan¬ 
ned with sumac and colored, and polished 
on the grain or hair side, and extensively 
used in the binding of books. In the art 
of tanning it is said that the workmen of 
Morocco surpass those of any other coun¬ 
try. By the use of two plants found in the 
mountains, and not known to Europeans, 
they are enabled to render the skins even 



MORPHINE. 

of the lion and panther extremely soft and 
white. They have also the art of produc¬ 
ing very brilliant colors in leather which 
are believed to be inimitable in Europe. 
Of the fine leather known by the name of 
morocco, the yellow kind comes from Mo¬ 
rocco proper, the green from Tafilet, and 
the red from Fez. For the manufacture 
of the ordinary morocco leather of com¬ 
merce the best goat-skins, it is said, come 
from Switzerland. Those known as Tam¬ 
pico skins from Mexico are also excellent. 
An imitation morocco leather used in the 
United States is made of sheep-skins. The 
skins are sometimes split, and the upper or 
grain side tanned with sumac and dyed to 
imitate morocco, which is used for pocket- 
books and other purposes requiring little 
wear, while the underside is prepared with 
alum, making a white leather. 

Morphine, a valuable medicinal drug 
obtained by various processes from opium. 

Mortars, vessels of metal, agate, por¬ 
celain, or marble, used by the apothecaries 
in the preparation of medicines. Agate 
mortars are imported, and are admitted 
free of duty. 

Mortgage oil goods. Personal 
property may, at least in some of the 
States, be mortgaged, and the mortgagor 
retain possession of the property; but the 
conditions and requirements of the law 
must be very strictly complied with. A 
dealer in merchandise cannot mortgage 
his stock and provide in the mortgage that 
it should operate upon goods and merchan¬ 
dise acquired subsequently to the execution 
of the mortgage. No one can make a mort¬ 
gage on property which he does not own, or 
which is not in his possession at the time. 

Mortling, pelt wool; wool from the 
fleece of a dead sheep. 

Mosaic gold, a compound of tin with 
mercury and sulphur, extensively employed 
as a substitute for gold leaf in the manu¬ 
facture of cheap picture-frames, and in 
ornamental paper-work. The term has 
also been applied to a superior kind of 
brass, and to a yellow alloy of copper, 
zinc, and gold. The name is also given to 
bronze-powder. 

Mosaics, fragments of different col¬ 
ored substances, usually glass or stones, 
imbedded by cement, and the colors suc¬ 
ceeding each other in determinate order, 
so as to produce the effect of pictures. 

Mosaic wood-work. Wood mo¬ 
saics are formed of rods of wood, varying 
in color, laid one upon the other, and ce¬ 
mented together so that the pattern, as 


MOUNTAIN RICE. 329 

with glass mosaics, is produced by the ends 
of the rods. 

Mosaic wool-work* rugs, railway 
wrappers, and imitations of Wilton carpets, 
or other articles on which figures or pic 
tures are produced, by different colored 
woollen yams, in the manner of mosaics ; 
largely produced by the Messrs. Crossleys, 
at Halifax, England. 

Moselle, the name given to a light 
wine produced at Moselle, on the Rhine. 

Moss-agate, a variety of chalcedony, 
inclosing moss-like markings of various 
shades. 

Motlier-clove bark, a drug bark 
obtained from the caryophyllus aromatica. 

Mother-of-pearl, the hard internal 
layer of certain shells, which have varie¬ 
gated and changing colors. The large oys¬ 
ters of the Indian seas, known as the pearl 
oysters, furnish the shells which are most 
available for the purposes of manufacture. 
The finest mother-of-pearl is found around 
the ooasts of Ceylon, near Ormus in the 
Persian Gulf, at Cape Comorin, and among 
some of the Australian seas. It is mostly 
used for inlaid works, buttons, fine toys, 
etc. There are several commercial vari¬ 
eties of these shells, the white, which 
comes from China and Singapore; the yel¬ 
low edge, from Manilla; a very pure white 
from Bombay and South America, and the 
black from the South Sea Islands. 

Mountain blue, a blue pigment, 
better known as mineral blue ; a blue cop¬ 
per ore. 

Mountain cork, a kind of asbestos 
so light as to float in water, and in which 
the fibres are so interlaced as not to be 
perceptible; in feel and texture resembling 
cork. 

Mountain clew, the name given to 
Scotch Highland whiskey that has paid no 
excise duty. 

Mountain green, a beautiful ore of 
copper, somewhat resembling malachite, 
called by mineralogists chrysocolla. 

Mountain leather, a kind of asbes¬ 
tos, which occurs in flat, flexible pieces, and 
the fibres so interlaced that the fibrous 
structure is not apparent; the same as 
mountain cork. 

Mountain meal, an earthy mineral 
found in Tuscany, the bricks made from 
which are so light as to float in water. 

Mountain paper, a name for moun¬ 
tain leather when found in very thin lam¬ 
inae. 

Mountain rice, a kind of rice grown 
in the uplands. 




330 MOUNTAIN TALLOW. 


MUNJEET. 


Mountain tallow, a yellowish 
white, greasy, mineral tallow. It occurs 
either flaky like spermaceti, or subgranular 
like beeswax, and at 115° melts into a 
transparent and colorless liquid, which be¬ 
comes opaque and quite white on cooling. 
Found in Moravia and near Newcastle. 

Mountain tar, aname forpetroleum. 

Mountain tea, the leaves of the 
gaultheria procumbent, a small evergreen 
trailing plant, used in some parts as a sub¬ 
stitute for Chinese tea. 

Mountain tobacco, a name for a 
species of arnica ; a drug. 

Mountain wood, a variety of as¬ 
bestos resembling wood, and harder than 
mountain leather or mountain cork. 

Mounting, the setting to a gem. 

Mountings, the plain or plated arti¬ 
cles of hardware, etc., used in the trim¬ 
ming or ornamentation and completion of 
harnesses, carriages, guns, etc. 

Mourning goods, black bombazine, 
black crape, black hose and gloves, and 
white lisse, and black, and black-and-white 
fabrics generally. 

Mourning store, a store where 
such materials and fabrics are sold as are 
known as mourning goods. 

Mousseline de lainc, muslin made 
of wool; a plain-woven, fine, thin, woollen 
fabric, manufactured in France. It is 
used for ladies’ dresses, and is found in all 
colors, and is always woven in the gray 
and colored in the piece; an article manu¬ 
factured in England and in the United 
States, and sold under the same name, and 
of similar appearance, is composed of wool 
mixed with cotton. 

Moxa, a kind of inflammable substance 
prepared in China from a shrub known as 
artemisia moxa. It is employed by sur¬ 
geons to produce eschars, instead of the ac¬ 
tual cautery. Moxa is made in France 
from other substances, but none have sup¬ 
planted the Chinese. 

Mozambique, a kind of silk and 
worsted stuff for ladies’ dresses. 

Mucilage, an adhesive liquid of gum 
or other substance, usually kept on the 
counting-house table in a small cone glass 
bottle, for convenience in putting up or 
sealing documents, papers, etc., for the 
mail. 

Mulberry bark, the strong pliable 
bark of a species of mulberry, furnishing a 
valuable material for the dresses of the 
South Sea Islanders and Chinese. 

Mulberry-juice, the juice of the 
:ipe fruit of the black mulberry-tree. 


Mulberry oil, a flavoring essence 
consisting chiefly of suberic ether. 

Mulberry, the yellow fustic of Rio 
de Janeiro, a variety of the morus. 

Mules, mongrel horses, the offspring 
of a mare by an ass. They are hardy, 
sure-footed, and cheaply kept; and, al¬ 
though inferior in size, are much used as 
substitutes for horses in various kinds of 
employment. They are largely raised in 
Kentucky, and driven to the Eastern States 
to market, where they are always in de¬ 
mand. Sold usually in pairs — seldom 
bought or sold singly. 

Mule twist, a term applied to cotton 
yarn in cops , as spun on the machine called 
a mule; in distinction to yam spun on 
frames and wound on spools, known as wa¬ 
ter twist. 

Mulliousc blue, a name given to 
one of the aniline colors, produced at Mul- 
house in France. 

Mull, an inferior kind of madder, con¬ 
sisting of the pieces which have been sepa¬ 
rated by fanning or sifting, and pulverizing 
the smaller roots of the other kinds. 

Mull, a thin and soft muslin used for 
dresses and trimmings. The kinds known 
to the trade are Swiss mulls, mull-mulls, 
and India mulls. 

Multum, a name under which a stupe¬ 
fying mixture of cocculus indicus and other 
ingredients for adulterating beer is sold. 

Mum, a malt liquor made of the malt 
of wheat, with the addition of oat and 
bean meal. 

Mungo, an artificial wool first brought 
out or used in Battey, England, about the 
year 1834. It is formed by tearing to 
pieces and completely disintegrating old 
woollen cloths of fine quality, or garments, 
or pieces or clippings of new cloth, which 
is mixed with pure wool, and used in the 
manufacture of cloths and overcoatings. 
It is said to derive its name from the ob¬ 
stinate assertion of a Yorkshire manufac¬ 
turer that “ it mun go when his work¬ 
men complained that it would not go, or 
could not be used. Probably not less than 
20,000,000 of lbs. of mungo are produced an¬ 
nually. Battey, in Yorkshire, England, is 
the place where it is most largely produced. 

Muiljeet, the commercial name for 
the root of rubia nmngista , a species of 
madder-root grown in the mountainous 
regions of Hindostan, and known also in 
trade as East Indian madder. About 500,- 
000 lbs. are annually exported from Cal¬ 
cutta, in small packets or bundles of about 
20 lbs. 



MUNJISTINE. 


MUSTAIBA. 


331 


Muiijistiiic, an orange coloring mat¬ 
ter obtained from munjeet. 

Muntz’s metal, a brass or composi¬ 
tion metal, of copper, 50 ; zinc, 41 ; and 
about 4 of lead ; used for sheathing ves¬ 
sels, and for ships’ bolts (not always made 
exactly of these proportions), named after 
its inventor. It is also called sheathing 
metal, and about 10,000 tons of it are 
annually made at Birmingham, England. 

Murexide, a brilliant purple coloring 
matter, or dyeing material, obtained from 
guano. 

Muriatic aei<l, or spirit of salt; it 
is produced from salt and diluted sulphuric 
acid, is used in medicine, and is of great 
value in the arts as a solvent of metals. 

Muscadine, a name for muscatel 
wine. 

Muscatel wine, a wine of Langue¬ 
doc, in France, made from the muscadine 
grapes. 

Muscatel raisiaas, a fine quality of 
raisins of the muscatel grape, of Malaga, 
in Spain. The muscatel is considered the 
finest raisin in the world. In its prepara¬ 
tion no art is used ; the grapes are merely 
placed in the sun and frequently turned. 

Muscovado, the trade name for the 
dark unrefined sugar of commerce. 

Muscovy glass, a name for the thin 
sheets of mica. The name originated in 
the use of these mica plates in Russia for 
lanterns and windows instead of glass. 

Mushrooms, atribe of fungus plants, 
the only kind of which enter into commerce 
is the agaricus campestris. They are im¬ 
ported from Europe in small tin cases. In 
Russia they constitute an important arti¬ 
cle of food. 

Mushroom spawn, the seeds of 
the mushroom ; sold by gardeners. 

Music, the usual trade name for the 
printed music sold by music dealers. 

Musical instruments. These are 
usually arranged into three classes—wind 
instruments, string instruments, and those 
in which the sound is produced by concus¬ 
sion. Most of the first two named are im¬ 
ported from France or Germany; but 
pianos and parlor organs manufactured in 
the United States stand unrivalled, and 
large numbers of them are exported to 
every civilized country. Musical instru¬ 
ments are generally admitted at a much 
lower rate of duty than toys, and it is 
often a difficult matter to determine pre¬ 
cisely at what point a brass trumpet or 
a fiddle, or an accordeon or other instru¬ 
ment, runs into or becomes a toy. A house 


in New York imported what they termed 
a “ bird musical box,” and entered it as a 
musical instrument. It was a box manu¬ 
factured of gold, and on touching a spring 
the lid flew open, and an artificial bird 
flew up and sang a tune, and the lid closed. 
There was an apartment at one end of the 
box for snuff. It was decided to be a “ gold 
snuff-box with musical attachment,” and 
not a musical instrument.— Dec. May 18, 
1859. 

Mll§k, a peculiar aromatic substance 
found in a sac near the navel of a small 
male quadruped called the musk-deer, 
which inhabits the mountains of Eastern 
Asia. It is used as a drug and in perfu¬ 
mery. As found in commerce it is solid and 
granular, of a peculiar and well-known 
odor, the size of the grains varying from 
that of a pin’s head to that of a pea. Two 
kinds are known in trade, the Chinese and 
the Russian; the latter is always found in 
the original musk-bag as cut from the belly 
of the animal. The Chinese musk, which 
is the most highly valued, frequently ex¬ 
hibits evidence of having been opened, 
and hence leading to a suspicion that 
the bags have undergone some artificial 
treatment. Musk is adulterated mostly by 
the seeds of hibiscus abelmoschus , the musk- 
seed of the Hindoos. The musk-deer is 
hunted for its skin as well as for the musk. 
The average amount obtained from a full- 
grown deer is about one ounce; but, as 
many of them are killed young, the pods 
or sacs in the market probably do not aver¬ 
age over half an ounce. 

Musk-rat skins and fur, the skins 
and fur of an American rodent, also called 
musquash and musk-beaver. The fur, 
which is of a cheap kind, is used by hat¬ 
ters. 

Musk-soap, a toilet soap covered with 
brown ochre and perfumed with the tinc¬ 
ture of musk. 

Muslin, a fine, thin cotton material or 
fabric, originally manufactured at Mosul, 
in Asia, whence its name. The name is 
now applied to a great variety of cotton 
fabrics manufactured in the United States, 
France, and England—as book muslin, 
cambric muslin, jaconet muslin, mull, and. 
others; also to coarser and heavier cotton 
goods, as shirting and sheeting muslins. 
Muslins may be white, dyed, or printed. 

Miislinets, a coarse muslin made in 
England. 

Must, the unfermented sweet juice of 
the grape. 

Mustaiba, a close-grained, brcwn- 



332 


MUSTARD. 


MYRTLE WAX. 


colored wood from Brazil, used for turning 
purposes. 

Mustard, the name for the crushed or 
ground seeds of either the black or the 
white mustard, a well-known table condi¬ 
ment. The condiment is frequently adul¬ 
terated with flour and red pepper, colored 
by turmeric. 

Mustard seed, the seeds of the sina- 
pis nigra , black mustard, and sinapis alba , 
white mustard. They are manufactured 
into the condiment known as mustard, 
and also produce both a fixed and a vola¬ 
tile oil, and are used in various ways by 
medical practitioners. 

Mustard-seed oil, a mild yellow oil 
expressed from the seeds of several species 
of mustard. The volatile oil obtained from 
black and white mustard seed is usually 
called oil of mustard. An oil from the 
rape or some other variety of brassica is 
largely exported from India to Europe 
under the name of mustard-seed oil, most 
of which is used in dressing woollen goods. 

MyraBtalous, a commercial name for 
the dried fruit of the moluccana and other 


species of termenalin, imported from India 
for tanners and dyers, and as a substitute 
for nut-galls for making ink, usually im¬ 
ported in bags containing about 160 lbs. 
The exports from Bombay to England and 
the United States amount to 50,000 bags an¬ 
nually; also, the name under which a kind 
of dried plums are imported from Italy. 

Myri’ll, a fragrant gum resin obtained 
from the myrrh tree, balsamodendron myr - 
rlia , common in Arabia. It is met with in 
commerce in angular pieces, and in grains 
of which the largest do not exceed the size 
of a filbert. That which comes from Abys¬ 
sinia is very soft, and can be cut like tal¬ 
low; it is used in medicine, and enters 
largely into tooth powders. It is usually 
packed in chests of 160 to 200 lbs. ‘ ‘ Myrrh 
in sorts ” is the name given to a variety of 
inferior and adulterated kinds. To pass the 
custom-house the drug must afford 30 per 
cent, of pure myrrh resin, and 50 per cent, 
of gum. 

Myrtle wax, a yellowish green brit¬ 
tle wax obtained from the candleberry 
myrtle. 



SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 

3XT- 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Nails 

Clous 

Nagel 

Nagels 

Chiodi 

Clavos 

Nankeen 

Nankin 

Nankin 

Nankin 

Nanquino 

Nanquin 

Naphtha 

Naphte 

Naphtha 

Naftha 

Nafta 

Nafta 

Naples 

Neats-foot oil 

Naples [bceuf 

Huile de pied de 

Neapel 

Ochsenfiissefett 

Napels 

Napoli 

Napoles 

Aceite de manitas 

Needles 

Aiguilles 

Nadeln 

Naalden 

Aghi 

Agujas 

Net proceeds 

Net produit 

Nettobetrag 

Netto-provenu 

Prodotto netto 

Producto neto 

Net weight 

Poids-net 

Nettogewicht 

Netto-gewigt 

Peso netto 

Peso neto 

New Orleans 

Nouvelle Orleans 

Neu Orleans 

Nieuw Orleans 

Nuovo Orlean 

Nueva Orleans 

New York 

New York 

Neu York 

Nieuw York 

Nuovo York 

Nueva York 

Nicaragua wood 

Bois de sang 

Blutholz 

Nicaragua hout 

Legno Sanguig- 

Palo de sangre 

Nickel 

Nickel 

Nickel 


[no 

Niquel 

Nitre 

Nitre; salpetre 

Salpeter 

Salpeter 

Nitro; Salnitro 

Nitro; Salitre 

Nitric acid 

Acide nitrique 

Salpetersaure 

Zaltpeterzuur 

Acido nitrica 

Acido nitrico 

Norway 

Norvege 

Norwegen 

Noorwegen 

Norvegia 

Noruega [lico 

Notary 

Notaire 

Notar 

Notaris 

Notajo [dicare 

Escribano pub- 

Notice 

Indiquer; aviser 

Anzeigen 

Berigten 

Annunziare; in- 
Numero; quanti- 

Advertir; indicar 

Number 

Nombre 

Anzahl 

Aantal 

Numero; cuantia 

Nutmegs 

Muscades 

Muskatniisse 

Nootmuskaat 

Nocemoscate [ta 

Nuezes mosotvlas 

Nux vomica 

Noix vomique 

Brechnuss 


Noci vomiche 

Nuez vomica 


IKT. 


Nacaret, a fine linen fabric dyed fu- 
gitively of a pale red color, which ladies 
rub upon their face to brighten their com¬ 
plexion. The term is derived from the 
Spanish word nacar, which signifies mother- 
of-pearl. The nacaret of Portugal is a crape 
or fine linen fabric, dyed of a pale red color 
with an orange cast. 

Nacre, one of the names for mother-of- 
pearl. 

Nagasaki, the principal seaport and 
commercial city of Japan. Its harbor is 
one of the finest in the world. The foreign 
trade of the city, and of the empire until 
a recent period, was open only to the Chi¬ 
nese and Dutch; but now, under treaty 
stipulations, it is also open to European 
and American traders. The large expecta¬ 
tions of trade entertained at the time of 
the opening of the Japanese ports, have not 
as yet been realized, though there is a 
good foundation laid for a large and in¬ 
creasing commerce between the United 
States and Japan; and the subtle and pow¬ 
erful agencies of steam and electricity, 
now cooperating in its extension and de¬ 
velopment, will no doubt lead to a profita¬ 
ble and mutually advantageous commercial 
intercourse between these two countries. 


The chief exports to the United States 
are teas and silks. The principal Japanese 
coins are the gold cobang and the silver 
itziboo. The itziboo is worth about Is. 
5 d. sterling, say 34 cents ; and the cobang 
is equal to 4 itziboos; but the moneys, as 
well as the weights and measures, since the 
commercial treaties, are in a state of tran¬ 
sition, and are too uncertain and indefinite 
to admit of accurate American or European 
equivalent denominations. 

Nall, a measure of length 2 J inches, or 
the 16th part of a yard. 

Nail brushes, toilet brushes made of 
bristles. 

Nails, small pieces of iron somewhat 
tapering and pointed at one end, with a 
head or flange at the other. They are 
either wrought or cut; the former are 
made by hand from rods of iron; the lat¬ 
ter, which constitute the great bulk of the 
trade, are cut from iron plates by machin¬ 
ery. They are generally packed in kegs 
of 100 lbs. each, and the size is marked on 
the end of the keg. The usual sizes are dis¬ 
tinguished as 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 30 
'penny; larger ones are called spikes. Naila 
were at one time sold by the 100; and the 
terms fourpenny , sixpenny , etc., referred 


















334 


NAME. 


NANSOOKS. 


to such nails as were sold at four pence, 
six pence, ten pence, etc., per hundred 
nails. The length of the nails of that day 
was the same as the nails that are now 
known by these designations. The terms 
are said to have originated at Sheffield, 
England. The phrase is also thus accounted 
for: The term penny is said to be a corrup¬ 
tion of pound: —thus, a 4-penny nail was 
such that 1,000 of them weighed 4 lbs.; a 
10-penny nail such that 1,000 of them 
weighed 10 lbs. 

In addition to the sizes, there are a great 
many sorts or varieties of nails, which are 
frequently named either from the uses to 
which they are applied or from their shape: 
—thus, horse-shoe nails, shingle nails, floor 
nails, etc. The very small nails with large 
heads used by saddlers and for laying down 
carpets are called tacks; those with heads 
only on one side are called brads; very 
large nails are called spikes; the small, 
neat, round nails made of wire, and known 
as French nails, are called in trade, pointes 
de Paris. Those made from metals other 
than iron do not fall under the general 
head of nails as a term in commerce, but 
are always designated by the name of the 
metal, as brass nails, copper nails, etc. 
The following table shows the length of 
the various sizes, and the number of nails 
in a pound: 


3-penny.... 

....1 

inch long... 


pound. 

4 “ 


44 


4 4 

5 “ .... 

... 

....l£ 

44 

...232 

44 

6 “ .... 

....2 

44 

. ..107 

44 

7 “ .. . 


44 

...141 

44 

8 “ .... 

....2X 

44 

...101 

44 

10 “ .... 

....2 % 

44 

... 98 

44 

12 “ 


44 

...54 

44 

20 “ 


44 

...34 

44 

Spikes. 

....4" 

44 

...16 

44 

41 

...A% 

44 

... 12 

44 

44 

....5 

44 

...10 

44 

4i 

....6 

44 

... 7 

44 

44 

....7 

44 

... 5 

44 


Name, the business designation of a 
mercantile house or firm, as, such and such 
parties do business under the name of 
Brown, Brothers, <fe Co., which latter is the 
name of the firm, though it may be com¬ 
posed of many other individuals of differ¬ 
ent names. The firm-names of old estab¬ 
lished mercantile houses are frequently 
continued for years after the individuals 
who composed the firms have ceased to be 
partners, and often for half a century or 
more after every one of the original parties 
are dead. In the State of New York it 
was thought that this use of a firm-name 
by successors to the business was liable to 
abuse, and amounted to a kind of false 
pretense-; and in the year 1833 a law was 


passed, “to prevent persons from trans¬ 
acting business under fictitious names,” 
and providing that ‘ ‘ no person shall here¬ 
after transact business in the name of a 
partner not interested in his firm, and 
where the designation ‘and Company,’ or 
‘ & Co. ’ is used, it shall represent an actual 
partner or partners.” But subsequently, 
in the year 1849, a law was passed which 
declared that the act of 1833 “shall not 
apply to commercial copartnerships located 
and transacting business in foreign coun¬ 
tries, but they may use their styles or 
firms of their houses in this State.” This 
law was again modified in the year 1854, 
so as to allow the use of any copartnership 
name to be continued by some or any of 
the copartners, their assigns, or appointees, 
provided that on every change of the per¬ 
sons continuing such use, a certificate shall 
be filed with the clerk of the county, and the 
same be published in one or more newspa¬ 
pers in the county, declaring the person or 
persons dealing under such name, with their 
place or places of abode, and restricting the 
provisions of the act to such firms or copart¬ 
nerships only as have business relations 
with foreign countries. Every ship or ves¬ 
sel of the United States is required by law 
to have her name , and the name of the 
port to which she belongs, painted on her 
stern, on a black ground, in white letters, 
of not less than three inches in length. 

Namur oil, a fragrant oil obtained 
from a species of andropogan, a kind of 
grass growing in the East Indies. 

Nankeen, or nankin, the commercial 
name for a kind of yellowish or buff-col¬ 
ored cotton cloth, manufactured chiefly 
in the province of Kyang-nan, or Nankin, 
and in other parts of China, from a native 
cotton of a brown-yellow hue. This fabric 
is well known in the United States, and 
usually comes in pieces of seven yards, 
and eighteen inches in width; but the im¬ 
itations made in England and the United 
States, though inferior, especially in the 
durability of color, are afforded so much 
cheaper, that the importation of the real 
nankeen has virtually ceased, and the imi¬ 
tations are largely exported to India, and 
even to China. The color of the Ameri¬ 
can and English nankeens is imparted by 
means of oak-bark, annotto, alum, and 
other substances. 

Nausooks, the trade-name for a kind 
of soft finished muslins, either plain, strip¬ 
ed, or plaided, commonly put up in pieces 
of twenty yards, and from thirty to thirty- 
one inches wide. Also called Nainsooks. 


































NATIONAL BANKS. 


335 


NAP. 

Nap, the pile or face of a piece of cloth 
or velvet. 

Naphtha, an inflammable colorless 
liquid of bituminous odor; both a natural 
and an artificial product. The article most 
generally known in commerce under this 
name is the lighter oil obtained by the 
distillation of bituminous coal, or from 
petroleum. It is used in the preparation 
of varnishes, for dissolving gums, as an 
illuminating oil, as a substitute for spirits 
of turpentine in mixing paints, and for 
other purposes. 

Naphthaline, a product of coal 
naphtha, the acid which forms the starting- 
point of the aniline colors, and has im¬ 
portant uses in the arts in the production 
of other commercial products. 

Napier’s bones, a set of rods made 
of bones, or of ivory, or hom, contrived by 
Lord Napier for facilitating the arithmet¬ 
ical operations of multiplication and divis¬ 
ion—a kind of movable multiplication table. 

Naples soap, a toilet soap made of 
lamb’s suet, olive oil, or oil of ben, tincture 
of ambergris, tincture of musk, and some 
essential oil. 

Naples yellow, a yellow pigment, 
in Italy called giallolino , said to be prepared 
from antimony, lead, and zinc—formerly 
made by a secret process at Naples. 

Napoleon, a French gold coin of the 
value of about $3.75. 

Narcotics, medicines or substances 
which produce sleep or stupor. 

Nard, an odoriferous shrub, called also 
Indian nard, the lavandula spica , used by 
the Orientals as a spice. 

Narrow cloths, woollen cloths un¬ 
der 52 inches in width. 

Narwhal ivory, the ivory of com¬ 
merce which is furnished from the horns 
or tusks of narwhals. 

National ESaaiks, banking institu¬ 
tions established in the United States, 
under the provisions of an act of Congress 
entitled, “An Act to provide a National 
Currency secured by a pledge of United 
States Bonds, and to provide for the cir¬ 
culation and redemption thereof,” passed 
June 3, 1864. 

The act provides for the establishment 
in the Treasury Department of a separate 
bureau, which shall be charged with the 
execution of all laws which may be passed 
by Congress respecting the issue and regu¬ 
lation of a national currency; the chief 
officer of said bureau to be denominated 
the Comptroller of the Currency, who is 
to act under the general direction of the 


Secretary of the Treasury, on whose re¬ 
commendation he is to be appointed by 
the President and Senate. 

The act also provides that suitable rooms 
shall be assigned in the Treasury building 
for conducting the business of the currency 
bureau, and that associations for carrying 
on the business of banking may be formed 
by any number of persons not less than 
five ; and that each association, \inder their 
hands, shall make an Organization Certifi¬ 
cate, which shall specify the name assumed 
by the association, the place where the 
banking business is to be transacted, the 
amount of capital stock, the number of 
shares into which it is divided, the names 
and places of residence of the shareholders, 
and the number of shares held by each of 
them; said certificate to be acknowledged 
and transmitted to the Comptroller. 

No association shall be organized with a 
less capital than $100,000, nor, in a city 
whose population exceeds 50,000 persons, 
with a less capital than $200,000; but 
banks with a capital of not less than 
$50,000 may, with the approval of the 
Secretary of the Treasury, be organized in 
any place, the population of which does not 
exceed 6,000 inhabitants. The affairs of 
every association shall be managed by not 
less than five directors, all of whom must 
be citizens of the United States, and each 
one of whom shall own in his own right at 
least ten shares of the capital stock; the 
capital stock shall be divided into shares 
of $100 each; and shareholders are held 
individually responsible, equally and rata¬ 
bly, and not one for another, for all con¬ 
tracts, debts, and engagements of such as¬ 
sociation to the extent of the. amount of 
their stock, in addition to the amount in¬ 
vested in such shares. 

Preliminary to the commencement of 
banking business, every association shall 
transfer and deliver to the Treasurer of 
the United States, United States registered 
bonds to an amount not less than $30,000, 
nor less than one-third of the capital stock 
paid in, which bonds shall be deposited 
with the Treasurer of the United States, 
and by him safely kept in his office, in 
trust for the association on whose behalf 
such transfer is made, and as a security 
for the redemption and payment of any 
circulating notes delivered to such associa¬ 
tion. The association making such trans¬ 
fer shall be entitled to receive from the 
Comptroller of the Currency circulating 
notes of different denominations, in blank, 
registered and countersigned, equal in 




336 


NATIONAL BANKS. 


amount to 90 per cent, of the current mar¬ 
ket value of the United States bonds so 
transferred, but not exceeding 90 per cent, 
of the amount of said bonds at the par value 
there Df, if bearing interest at a rate not less 
than 5 per cent, per annum; and at no time 


shall the total amount of such notes ex¬ 
ceed the amount of capital actually paid in. 

The act further provides that the entire 
amount of notes for circulation shall not ex¬ 
ceed $300,000,000. (An additional amount 
of $54,000,000 is authorized by act of July 


The following Statement shoics the number of Banks, Amount of Capital, Amount of Bonds 
Deposited , and Circulation in each State and Territory , as they stood October 1, 1870. 



Number in 
operation. 

Capital paid in. 

Bonds on 
deposit. 

Circulation 

issued. 

Maine. 

61 

$9,155,000 00 

$8,406,750 

$7,901,056 

New Hampshire. 

41 

4,835,000 00 

4,877,000 

4,540,535 

Vermont. 

42 

7,460,012 50 

6,732,500 

6,269,900 

Massachusetts. 

207 

87,522,000 00 

65,263,000 

62,528,720 

Rhode Island. 

62 

20,364,800 00 

14,198,100 

13,442,430 

Connecticut. 

81 

25,056,820 00 

19,759,100 

18,849,745 

New York. 

292 

113,497,741 00 

76,903,800 

79,051,860 

New Jersey. 

54 

11,690,350 00 

10,782,150 

10,193,065 

Pennsylvania. 

196 

50,360,390 00 

44,433,300 

42,202,030 

Maryland. 

31 

13,240,202 50 

10,015,750 

9,865,050 

Delaware. 

11 

1,428,185 00 

1,348,200 

1,298,025 

District of Columbia. 

3 

1,350,000 00 

1,286,000 

1,379,000 

Virginia. 

18 

2,725,000 00 

2,527,000 

2,288,880 

West Virginia. 

14 

2,216,400 00 

2,245,450 

2,131,200 

Ohio. 

130 

23,304,700 00 

20,399,200 

19,851,715 

Indiana. 

69 

13,377,000 00 

12,839,350 

11,816,855 

Illinois. 

84 

13,i095,000 00 

11,610,350 

10,839,080 

Michigan. 

41 

5,785,010 00 

4,552,100 

4,230,755 

Wisconsin. 

34 

2,720,000 00 

2,740,050 

2,745,050 

Iowa. 

43 

4,002,000 00 

3,819,650 

3,831,135 

Minnesota. 

17 

1,840,000 00 

1,798,200 

1,687,950 

Kansas. 

5 

410,000 00 

412,000 

428,800 

Missouri. 

20 

7,869,300 00 

5,033,250 

4,765,470 

Kentucky. 

18 

3,160,000 00 

3,042,200 

2,573,560 

Tennessee. 

16 

2,081,300 00 

1,835,300 

1,589,270 

Louisiana. 

2 

1,300,000 00 

1,258,000 

1,272,020 

Mississippi. 




66 000 

Nebraska. 

2 

500,000 00 

225,000 

177,100 

Colorado. 

3 

350,000 00 

297,000 

264,300 

Georgia. 

8 

1,815,000 00 

1,546,000 

1,2491600 

North Carolina. 

6 

840,000 00 

638,600 

539,900 

South Carolina. 

3 

1,081,100 00 

374,000 

333,000 

Alabama. 

2 

400,000 00 

310,500 

369,200 

Nevada. 

1 

250,000 00 

155,000 

131,700 

Oregon. 

1 

200,000 00 

200,000 

88,500 

Texas. 

4 

525,000 00 

505,000 

492,245 

Arkansas. 

2 

200,000 00 

200,000 

183,500 

Utah. 

1 

250,000 00 

150,000 

171,500 

Montana. 

1 

100,000 00 

40,000 

36,000 

Idaho. 

1 

100,000 00 

75,000 

65,200 

Total. 

1,627 

436,478,811 00 

342,833,850 

331,738,901 


























































NATIONAL BANKS. 


NATURE PRINTING. 337 


12, 1870.) The Comptroller is authorized, 
under the direction of the Secretary of the 
Treasury, to cause plates and dies to be 
engraved, in the best manner to guard 
against counterfeiting and fraudulent al¬ 
terations, and to have printed therefrom, 
and numbered, such quantity of circulating 
notes in blank, of the denominations of one 
dollar, two dollars, three dollars, five dol¬ 
lars, ten dollars, twenty dollars, fifty dol¬ 
lars, one hundred dollars, five hundred dol¬ 
lars, and one thousand dollars, as may be 
required to supply, under this act, the as¬ 
sociations entitled to receive the same; 
whioh notes shall express upon their face 
that they are secured by United States 
bonds, and shall also express upon their 
face the promise of the association to pay 
on demand. Not more than one-sixth of 
the notes furnished shall be of a less de¬ 
nomination than five dollars, and after 
specie payment shall be resumed, no asso¬ 
ciation shall be furnished with notes of a 
less denomination than five dollars. Such 
notes are authorized to be issued and cir¬ 
culated as money and shall be received at 
par in all parts of the United States in pay¬ 
ment of taxes, excises, public lands, and 
all other dues, to the United States, ex¬ 
cept for duties on imports; and for all 
debts owing by the United States to indi¬ 
viduals, corporations, or associations with¬ 
in the United States, except interest on 
the public debt, and in redemption of the 
national currency. 

The bonds transferred to the Treasurer 
of the United States for the security of 
circulating notes shall be held exclusively 
for that purpose until such notes shall be 
redeemed, the banking associations receiv¬ 
ing and appropriating to their own use 
the interest on the bonds which they re¬ 
spectively transferred to the Treasurer. 

The banking associations may hold such 
real estate as shall be necessary for their 
immediate accommodations, and such as 
shall be taken to secure debts previously 
contracted. 

The banks so organized may charge in¬ 
terest on loans and discounts at the rate 
of seven per cent, per annum, except 
where the bank rate of interest is less 
than seven per cent, by the laws of the 
State or Territory in which the bank is lo¬ 
cated. 

The law also provides that every associ¬ 
ation in the cities hereafter named, shall 
at all times have on hand, in lawful money 
of the United States, an amount equal to 
aj least 25 per cent, of the aggregate 


amount of its notes in circulation and iti 
deposits; and every other association shall, 
at all times, have an amount equal at least 
to 15 per cent, of the aggregate amount of 
its notes in circulation and of its deposits. 
Three-fifths of said 15 per cent, may con¬ 
sist of balances due to an association, 
available for the redemption of its circu¬ 
lating notes, from associations approved 
by the Comptroller of the Currency, or¬ 
ganized under this act in the cities of St. 
Louis, Louisville, Chicago, Detroit, Mil- 
waukie, New Orleans, Cincinnati, Cleve¬ 
land, Pittsburg, Baltimore, Philadelphia, 
Boston, New York, Albany, Leavenworth, 
San Francisco, and Washington City. 
And each bank organized in any of the 
above-named cities shall select a bank in 
the city of New York, at which it will re¬ 
deem its circulating notes at par. Each 
of such associations may keep one-half of 
its lawful money reserve in cash deposits 
in the city of New York; and each asso¬ 
ciation not organized within the cities 
named shall select an association in either 
of the cities named, at which it will re¬ 
deem its circulating notes at par. 

Every association shall take and receive 
at par for any debt or liability, any and all 
notes or bills issued by any association ex¬ 
isting under and by virtue of this act. 
Upon any failure on the part of an associ¬ 
ation to redeem its notes, the Comptroller 
of the Currency may appoint a receiver, 
sell the bonds pledged for its circulation at 
public auction in New York City, and pro¬ 
ceed at once to wind up its affairs. 

Native, a term used to denote metal¬ 
lic ores which are pure metals, as the na¬ 
tive copper ore on Lake Superior, the na¬ 
tive quicksilver at Almaden in Spain, etc., 
etc. 

Natrolite, a yellowish brown mineral 
which takes a high polish, and is used for 
ornaments; found in Switzerland, Nova 
Scotia, and Saxony. 

Natron, the commercial name for an 
impure carbonate of potash, a native ses- 
quicarbonate of soda, employed in the 
manufacture of glass, soap, bleaching, and 
for other purposes. It is found on the 
sides of the Natron Lakes in Egypt. In Co¬ 
lombia it is dug up in vast quantities under 
the name of urao , and in Northern Africa 
it is called tvona. 

Nature printing* printing per¬ 
formed by a technical and peculiar process 
whereby plants and other objects are re¬ 
produced upon paper “in a manner so 
truthful that only a close inspection re- 




338 NAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS. 


NAVIGATION. 


veals the fact of their being 1 copies; and so 
distinctly sensible to even touch are the 
impressions, that is difficult to persuade 
those unacquainted with the manipulation 
that they are an emanation of the printing- 
press. The distinguishing feature of the 
process consists, firstly, in impressing natu¬ 
ral objects, such as plants, mosses, sea¬ 
weed, and feathers, into plates of metal, 
causing, as it were, the objects to engrave 
themselves by pressure; secondly, in being 
able to take such casts or copies of the 
impressed plates as can be printed from by 
the ordinary copper-plate press. 

Nautical instruments, quadrants, 
sextants, telescopes, sand-glasses, compas¬ 
ses, logs, log-lines, and other instruments 
used in navigation. 

Naval, pertaining to ships or shipping. 

Naval officer, an officer of the cus¬ 
toms, appointed by the President of the 
United States, who receives, in addition 
to his salary, an equal amount of the fines, 
penalties, and forfeitures, with the collec¬ 
tor and surveyor of the port. He is re¬ 
quired to receive copies of all manifests 
and entries, and together with the collector, 
estimate all duties on imports, and keep 
a separate record thereof, countersign all 
permits, clearances, certificates, and other 
documents granted by the collector, exam¬ 
ine the collector’s abstract of duties, and 
other accounts of receipts, bonds, and ex¬ 
penditures, and if found correct to certify 
them. In other words, custom house pa¬ 
pers, after being signed and certified by the 
collector Or his deputies, are sent to the 
naval officer to be signed by him also, or 
by his deputies. The office is one of large 
emoluments, light duties, and slight re¬ 
sponsibility. 

Naval stores, tar, turpentine, pitch, 
rosin, spirits of turpentine, sail-cloth, and 
cordage; ship timber was formerly included 
{Anderson's Hist, of Com.), but now has 
its own distinct classification. 

Navette oSB, a valuable rape-seed oil 
obtained from the navette seeds. 

Navette seed, the name for the seeds 
of the brassioa nopus. 

Navigation, the act of traversing the 
sea, lakes, or rivers, in ships or other ves¬ 
sels. By the Navigation Laws of the Uni¬ 
ted States (Act of Congress of April 29, 
1864) it is provided that the following rules 
and regulations be adopted in the mercan¬ 
tile marine (as well as in the navy of the 
United States) :— 

In the following rules every steamship 
which is under sail, and not under steam, 


j is to be considered a sailing-ship; and 
every steamship which is under steam, 
whether under sail or not, is to be consid¬ 
ered a ship under steam. 

The lights mentioned in the following 
articles, and no others, shall be carried in 
all weathers, between sunset and sunrise. 

All steam-vessels when under way shall 
carry— 

1. At the foremast-head a bright white 

light * * * of such a character as to 

be visible on a dark night, with a clear at¬ 
mosphere, at a distance of at least five 
miles. 

2. On the starboard side, a green light 

* * * so fixed as to throw the light 

from right ahead, to two points abaft the 
beam on the starboard side, and of such a 
character as to be visible on a dark night, 
with a clear atmosphere, at a distance of 
at least two miles. 

3. On the port side, a red light * * * 
so fixed as to throw the red light in the 
same manner on the port side as the green 
light on the other side, and to be visible to 
the same distance. 

4. Both the green and red lights be so 
screened as to prevent their being seen 
across the bow. 

Steamships, when towing other ships, 
shall carry two bright white mast-head 
lights, vertically, in addition to their side¬ 
lights, so as to distinguish them from other 
steamships. 

Sailing-ships under way, or being towed, 
shall carry the same lights as steamships 
under way, with the exception of the white 
mast-head lights, which they shall never 
carry. 

Whenever, as in the case of small ves¬ 
sels during bad weather, the green and red 
lights cannot be fixed, these lights shall be 
kept on deck, on their respective sides of 
the vessel, ready for instant exhibition, and 
shall, on the approach of or to other ves¬ 
sels, be exhibited on their respective sides 
in sufficient time to prevent collision, in 
such manner as to make them most visible, 
and so that the green light shall not be seen 
on the port side, nor the red light on the 
starboard side. * * * * 

Ships, whether steamships or sailing- 
ships, when at anchor in roadsteads or 
fairways shall, between sunset and sun¬ 
rise, exhibit where it can best be seen, 
but at a height not exceeding twenty feet 
above the hull, a white light in a globular 
lantern of eight inches in diameter, and so 
constructed as to show a clear, uniform 
and unbroken light, visible all around the 





NAVIGATION. 


33G 


horizon, and at a distance of at least one 
mile. 

Sailing- pilot-vessels shall not carry the 
lights required by other sailing-vessels, but 
shall carry a white light at the mast-head, 
visible all around the horizon, and shall 
also exhibit a flare-up light every fifteen 
minutes. 

Open fishing-boats and other open boats 
shall not be required to carry side-lights 
required for other vessels, but shall, if they 
do not carry such lights, carry a lantern 
having a green slide on the one side and a 
red slide on the other side ; and on the ap¬ 
proach of or to other vessels, such lantern 
shall be exhibited in sufficient time to pre¬ 
vent collision, so that the green light shall 
net be seen on the port side nor the red 
light on the starboard side. Fishing boats 
or open boats, when at anchor or attached 
to their nets, and stationary, shall exhibit 
a bright white light, and may use a flare- 
up in addition, if considered expedient. 

Whenever there is a fog, whether by day 
or night, the fog signals described below 
shall be carried and used, and shall be 
sounded at least every five minutes, viz.: 

1. Steamships under way shall use a 
steam-whistle, placed before the funnel, 
not less than eight feet from the deck. 

2. Sailing-ships under way shall use a 
fog-horn. 

3. Steamships and sailing ships when 
not under way shall use a bell. 

If two sailing-ships are meeting end on, 
or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of 
collision, the helms of both shall be put to 
port, so that each may pass on the port side 
of the other. 

When two sailing-ships are crossing so 
as to involve risk of collision, then, if they 
have the wind on different sides, the ship 
with the wind on the port side shall keep 
out of the way of the ship with the wind 
on the starboard side, except in the case in 
which the ship with the wind on the port 
side is close-hauled, and the other ship 
free, in which case the latter ship shall 
keep out of the way. But if they have 
the wind on the same side, or if one of 
them has the wind aft, the ship which is 
to windward shall keep out of the way of 
the ship which is to leeward. 

If two ships under steam are meeting 
end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve 
risk of collision,-the helms of both shall be 
put to port, so that each may pass on the 
port side of the other. 

If two ships under steam are crossing, 
so as to involve risk of collision, the ship 


which has the other on her own starboard 
side shall keep out of the way of the 
other. 

If two ships, one of which is a sailing- 
ship and the other a steamship, are pro¬ 
ceeding in such direction as to involve risk 
of collision, the steamship shall keep out 
of the way of the sailing-ship. 

Every steamship, when approaching an¬ 
other ship so as to involve risk of collision, 
shall slacken her speed, or, if necessary, 
stop and reverse; and every steamship 
shall, when in a fog, go at a moderate 
speed. 

Every vessel overtaking another vessel 
shall keep out of the way of the said last- 
mentioned vessel. 

Where, by the above rules, one of two 
ships is to keep out of the way, the other 
shall keep her course, subject to the quali¬ 
fications contained in the following article: 

In obeying and construing these rules 
due regard must be had to all dangers of 
navigation, and due regard must also bo 
had to any special circumstances which 
may exist in any particular case, rendering 
a departure from the above rules necessary 
in order to avoid immediate danger. 

Nothing in these rules shall exonerate 
any ship, or the owner or master or crew 
thereof, from the consequences of any ne¬ 
glect to carry lights or signals, or of any 
neglect to keep a proper look-out, or of the 
neglect of any precaution which may be 
required bv the ordinary practice of sea¬ 
men, or by the special circumstances of 
the case. 

River steamers navigating waters flow¬ 
ing into the Gulf of Mexico shall carry the 
following lights, viz.: one red light on the 
outboard side of the port smoke-pipe, and 
one green light on the outboard side of the 
starboard smoke-pipe ; these lights to show 
both forward and aft, and also abeam on 
their respective sides. All coasting steam¬ 
ers, and those navigating bays, lakes, or 
other inland waters, other than ferry-boats 
and those above provided for, shall carry 
the red and green lights, as prescribed for 
ocean-going steamers, and in addition 
thereto a central range of two white lights, 
the after-light being carried at an elevation 
of at least fifteen feet above the light at 
the head of the vessel; the head-light to 
be so constructed as to show a good light 
through twenty points of the compass, 
namely, from right ahead to two points 
abaft the beam on either side of the ves¬ 
sel, and the after-light to show all around 
the horizon. 





340 


NEAD END. 


NET PROFITS. 


Nead end, the show end of woollen 
cloths. 

Neat cattle, animals of the bovine 
genus, as cows, oxen, etc. 

l\ T eat’§ foot oil, an oil obtained in 
the process of boiling down, from the feet 
of neat cattle, chiefly calves’ feet and 
sheep’s feet; used in softening leather and 
other purposes. The commercial article 
is rarely pure, being adulterated with lard 
and other oils. 

Necklaces, ornamental chains of gold 
or gems, or strings of beads to be worn 
round the neck by females. 

Nectarines, a species of peach, from 
which it differs chiefly in having a smooth 
rind and firmer flesh. 

Needles, small steel instruments, 
pointed at one end, with an eye at the 
other to receive a thread ; they are manu¬ 
factured from the best quality of steel, 
which is reduced to a suitable diameter by 
a wire-drawing machine, and then sub¬ 
jected to various ingenious mechanical 
processes, every needle passing through 
the hands of a great number of operatives 
before it is ready for sale ; when they are 
all finished, they are arranged according 
to their lengths, and divided into quanti¬ 
ties for packing in papers, by putting into 
a small balance the equivalent weight of 
100 needles, and so measuring them out 
without the trouble of counting them. 
They are mostly manufactured in England 
and in Germany, and come in papers of 25, 
50, or 100; 100 of these papers are then 
packed in a bundle, and 1,000 bundles 
packed in a case or cask. They are classi¬ 
fied as “sharps,” “betweens,” and 
“ blunts,” and vary from Nos. “1” to 
“10,” for ordinary sewing-needles. Be¬ 
sides those noted, there are sewing-ma¬ 
chine, knitting, darning, sail, saddlers’, 
crochet, and other kinds. 

Needle-work, work sewed, embroid¬ 
ered, or stitched by hand with the needle. 

Negotiable, anything the title to 
which may be transferred to others by 
simple indorsement and delivery. 

Negotiable notes or bills, prom¬ 
issory notes or bills drawn to order, and 
payable at a certain time. 

Negotiable paper, foreign and in¬ 
land bills, bills of exchange, or drafts at 
sight or on time, promissory notes not 
matured, and checks on banks,—made 
payable to order. 

Negotiate, to receive and to propose 
terms; to deliberate upon a proposed 
agreement; to arrange the terms. 


Negotiating paper, the act by 

which bills of exchange or promissory 
notes are put into circulation by being 
passed out of the hands of the original 
parties to other persons. 

Negro corn, a name in the West 
Indies for the Turkish millet or dhurra. 

Negro cloth, a coarse fabric of cot¬ 
ton warp and woollen weft, made largely 
before the rebellion of 1861, for the 
planters of the Southern States, to issue 
to their slaves for clothing. 

Negro bead, another name for Cav 
endish tobacco. 

Neigelli cloth, a fabric made in 
India from the sunn hemp. 

Nelambitnn, a culinary plant culti¬ 
vated in China, from which is made an ex¬ 
cellent kind of arrow-root. 

Nepan 1 paper, a paper made in 
Nepaul from the bark of a species of 
daphne. 

Nepaul tea, the leaves of a species 
of osyris , collected largely on the slopes of 
the Himalayas, and used by the Hindoos 
instead of China tea. 

Nephrite, a mineral of a leek-green 
color, passing into gray and greenish 
white ; axe-stone or jade. 

Neroli oil, a fragrant essential oil pro¬ 
duced by distillation from orange flowers, 
a peculiarity in which consists in the aro¬ 
ma of the oil being different from that of 
the orange flowers ; used in perfumery. 
The oil of the orange leaf is sometimes 
sold as neroli, but it is inferior. 

Nest, a number of boxes, tubs, baskets, 
etc., of different sizes, the one next in 
order of size being placed within the one 
immediately next larger, so packed for the 
convenience of transportation. 

Nests, the nests of a certain kind of 
swallow, peculiar to the Indian Islands, 
largely in demand in China, where they 
are held in high esteem as an esculent; 
the traffic in them is mostly with Java. 

Net, the exact amount or weight with¬ 
out tare—that is without the bag, box, or 
covering; also a textile fabric of knotted 
meshes. 

Net, or neat, something pure and un¬ 
adulterated with any foreign mixture; 
thus wines are said to be net when not 
falsified, and other commercial articles are 
so when freed from impurities. 

Net proceeds, the actual return or 
precise balance after deducting all com¬ 
mercial charges. 

Net profijs, the balance which ap¬ 
pears at the credit side, after deducting 




NETTLE. 


NEW ORLEANS. 


341 


the original cost and all expenses, bad 
debts, depreciation of stock, or other 
items which may properly be chargeable 
to the debtor side of the profit and loss 
account. 

Nettle, several kinds of nettles, as 
well as the bark of the nettle-tree of Aus¬ 
tralia, furnish valuable fibres for paper 
stock. The fibres of the China grass, so 
called, and the ramie plant, also belong to 
this genus. 

Nettle clotli, a thick cotton cloth 
japanned and prepared as leather. 

Nettle fibre, the fibre of the urtica 
or bohmeria nivea , or China grass, now 
much used with cotton and linen, by Eng¬ 
lish manufacturers in ladies 1 dress goods, 
and handkerchiefs. 

Nettle-wood, a fine, close-grained 
wood, the celtis australis. It is nearly as 
compact as box, and takes a very high pol¬ 
ish, and is used in France for flutes and 
for carving. 

Net weight, the exact weight of the 
merchandise without the case or covering. 

Neutral salts, combinations of acids 
and bases which are neither acid nor alka¬ 
line, but in which the acid is exactly neu¬ 
tralized by the base. 

Neutral tint, a factitious gray pig¬ 
ment. composed of blue, red, and yellow in 
various proportions, used by water-color 
painters. 

New crop, the fresh or incoming 
crop; applied chiefly to agricultural pro¬ 
ducts. 

New flour, flour manufactured from 
newly-harvested grain. 

New goods, a fresh supply of recent¬ 
ly received, and newly opened, goods and 
merchandise. 

New Jersey tea, the leaves of the 
ceanothus americana, said to be extensively 
used as a substitute for Chinese tea in 
North Carolina. 

New firm, a change, by the with¬ 
drawal, or by the addition, of one or more 
members of the copartnership. 

New Ssouse, a newly-established com¬ 
mercial firm or trading concern. 

New Orleans, a seaport city on the 
Mississippi River, about 100 miles from its 
mouth, and something over 1,600 miles 
southwest of New York. It is the great 
emporium of the commerce of the South¬ 
western States, and, with the exception of 
New York, has the largest export trade of 
any city of the Union. The city “pos¬ 
sesses unrivalled natural advantages for 
internal trade. The Mississippi River and 


its tributaries afford not less than 15,000 
miles of navigable waters, communicating 
with a vast extent of country, illimitable 
in its resources, exhaustless in fertility, 
and embracing nearly every variety of cli¬ 
mate. Every description of craft is em¬ 
ployed in transporting the rich products of 
the upper regions of the “Father of Wa¬ 
ters” to this great southern emporium. 
At one portion of its levee may be seen 
hundreds of flat-boats grounded on the 
“batture,” and filled, some with fat cat¬ 
tle, horses, mules, hogs, and sheep ; others 
with hay, corn, potatoes, butter, cheese, 
apples, and cider. The quay here is piled 
with lumber, pork, flour, and every vari¬ 
ety of agricultural produce, as if the Great 
Valley had emptied its treasures at the 
door of New Orleans. Farther on is the 
steamboat landing, a distinctive feature of 
this great metropolis. Here all is action, 
the very water is covered with life. Ves¬ 
sels of immense size move upon its bosom. 
One is rounding-to in the stream, seeking 
a mooring ; she is covered all over—a 
mountain of cotton—3,000 bales. Twenty 
more, freighted with the same natural com¬ 
modity, are discharging their cargoes at the 
wharves, while huge piles, bale upon bale 
and story above story, cover the levee. 
New Orleans is the greatest cotton market 
in the world. Immediately above and be¬ 
low the steamboat and flat-boat landings is 
the foreign and coastwise shipping, extend¬ 
ing two or three tier deep for nearly four 
miles. Here may be seen vessels from all 
parts of the world, each bearing at its mast¬ 
head the ensign of the respective nation to 
which it belongs.”— LijynncoU's Gazetteer. 

About one-half of the cotton crop of 
the United States is received and shipped 
at this port; and the sugar, molasses, flour, 
corn, pork, tobacco, and other products of 
the great valley of the Mississippi swell 
the commerce of the city to hundreds of 
millions of dollars. The direct exports to 
Europe, chiefly cotton, are upwards of 
$100,000,000 annually. Besides the great 
river avenue of trade, New Orleans is con¬ 
nected with the Gulf, and with the interior, 
by canals and railroads; and altogether, 
from its central and remarkably favorable 
position, its claims to be the second com¬ 
mercial city on the American continent, 
with vigilant- and severe sanitary regula¬ 
tions, may be maintained. 

Pilotage. 

For vessels drawing 10 feet of water or less, $3.50 
per foot; over 10 feet and under 18, $4.50 per foot: 
18 feet and upwards, $5.50 per foot. A fee of §7.6(1 



342 


NEW ORLEANS. 


NEWSPAPERS. 


to §20, according to tonnage, is charged on all ves¬ 
sels entering the port, and a ten days’ quarantine 
on vessels from the Gulf and West Indian ports from 
May 1 to November 1. 

Commissions on Sales. 


Sugar, cotton, tobacco, lead, flour, and 


other produce of the soil. 2^ per cent. 

Foreign merchandise. 5 

Domestic manufactures. 5 

Purchase and shipment of merchan¬ 
dise or produce. 2 )4 “ 


deceiving and, Forwarding Merchandise , exclusive 
of charges. 


Sugar, molasses, and tobacco.per hhd., §1 50 

Cotton. “ bale, 2 50 

Hemp. “ “ 50 

Moss. “ “ 20 

Provisions, or bacon. “ hhd., 50 

« 41 . “ tierce, 25 

Box pork. “ box, 25 

Pork, beef, lard, and tallow. “ bbl., 15 

Flour, grain, and other dry barrels. “ “ 8 

Lard, nails, and shot. “ keg, 5 

Lead. “ pig, 3 

Corn, wheat, beans, oats, and other 

grain. “ hag, 5 

Whiskey. “ bbl., 25 

Oils...;. “ “ 25 

Boxes or packages of drygoods, each, 25 cts. to 1 00 
Earthen and hardware, per package, 25 cts. to 75 

Bar iron and castings.per ton, 1 25 

Eailroad and pig iron. “ 1 00 

Hollow ware. “ 2 50 

Soap, candles, wine, etc.per box, 5 

Coffee and spices. “ bag, 10 

Gunpowder. “ keg, 50 

Salt. “ sack, 5 

Storage and labor per month. 

Cotton and wool.per bale, 25 

Tobacco. “ hhd., 50 

Hemp.per bale 300 lbs., 10 

do. “ GOO “ 20 

do. “ 800 “ 25 

Moss.per bale, 10 

Bagging, Kentucky. “ 5 

do India. “ 25 

Gunny bags. “ 15 

Hides.each, 1 % 

Railroad and pig iron. 50 

Bacon and provisions.per hhd., 25 

Pork, beef, lard, etc. “ bbl., 8 

Molasses, oil, and whiskey. “ 10 

Flour. “ 5 

Sugar and molasses. “ hhd., 40 

Havana sugar. “ box, 12>£ 

Com, wheat, and other grain. “ bag, 4 

Coffee and spices. 5 

Salt. 3 

Candles, soap, and fish.per box or basket, 4 

Raisins, oils, cigars, etc.per box, 4 

do. do. do.half “ 2 

Nails.per keg, 3 

Drygoods.not exceeding 10 feet, 15 

do. do. 20 “ 20 

do. do. 30 “ 25 

do. do. -60 “ 40 

Crockery.cask or crate, 30 

Hardware.per cask, 40 

do. “ bbl., 10 

Liquids.per pipe or hhd., 40 

do.per yi cask or bbl., 10 

Claret. per cask, 20 


Weight of grain per bushel. 

Wheat and rye. 

Corn.. 

Oats.. 


60 pounds. 

56 

,32 


Weights. 

When vessels are chartered or goods shipped by the 
ton, and no special agreement respecting the propor¬ 
tion of tonnage which each particular article shall 
be computed at, the following regulation shall be the 
standard:— 

That the article, the bulk of which shall compose 
a ton, to equal a ton of heavy materials shall in 
weight be as follows: 

Coffee in casks, 1,568 lbs.; in bags, 1,830 lbs. 

Cocoa “ 1,120 lbs.; “ 1,300 lbs. 

Pimento “ 950 lbs.; “ 1,100 lbs. 

Flour, 8 bbls. of 196 lbs. 

Beef, pork, tallow, pickled fish, and naval stores, 6 
bbls. 

Pig and bar iron, lead, and other metals or ore, 
heavy dye-woods, sugar, rice, honey, or other heavy 
articles, gross, 2,000 lbs. 

Ship bread, in casks, 672: bags, 784; bulk, 896 lbs. 

Wines, brandy, and liquids generally, reckoning the 
full capacity of the casks, wine measure, 200 gallons. 

Grain, peas, and beans, in casks, 22 bush. 

Grain, peas, and beans, in bulk, 36 bush. 

Salt, European, 36 bush. 

Salt, West Indian, 31 bush. 

Coal, anthracite, 28 bush. 

Timber, planks; furs, peltries, in bales or boxes ; 
cotton, wool, or other measurement goods, 40 cubic 
feet. 

Dry hides, 1,120 lbs. 

When molasses is shipped by the hogshead with¬ 
out any special agreement, it shall be taken at 110 
gallons, estimated on the full capacity of the cask. 

New Orleans moss, the commer¬ 
cial name for the fibres obtained from a 
parasitical plant, the tiUandsia usneoides, 
growing - in Jamaica and along the shores ot 
the Mississippi. After the plant is gather¬ 
ed it undergoes a preparation to divest it 
of its bark and pulp ; and the fibre, which 
is used for upholstery purposes, stuffing 
mattresses, cushions, etc., not only takes 
the place of horse-hair, but much resem¬ 
bles it, and except by good judges, may be 
taken for it. It is largely exported to the 
northern cities from New Orleans, in bales. 
It is also called Spanish moss, and in Ja¬ 
maica, “ old man’s beard.” 

New styles, relating to mixed mate¬ 
rials, patterns, figures, or colors m ladies’ 
dress goods. 

New tea, the freshly arrived tea of 
the last gathered crop. 

News agent, a vender of newspapers 
and periodicals. 

News Ilik, printing ink adapted to 
newspaper printing, generally of less body 
than ink for book-work. 

Newspapers, are manufactures of a 
peculiar kind, the traffic in which by news¬ 
dealers, giving them a sort of commercial 
character as articles of purchase and sale. 
They are the medium through which mer¬ 
chants receive most of their general com¬ 
mercial intelligence, and derive much of 
their information concerning values of 
raw materials and staple manufactured 
































































NEW YEAR’S DAY. 


NEW YORK. 


343 


commodities; and, for the purposes of 
communicating with the public, there is 
no agency which a merchant employs 
that is at once so cheap and so effective, 
as the advertising columns of the news¬ 
papers. 

New year’s day, the first day of 
January ; by statute in the State of New 
York, and by custom generally elsewhere, 
a legal and commercial holiday. 

New York, a seaport city, situate at 
the junction of the Hudson and East 
rivers, at the head of the New York upper 
bay, and about 18 miles from the ocean. 
“ The commercial metropolis of the United 
States.” “ The greatest emporium of the 
New World,” and “ one of the greatest 
cities of modem times.”— McCulloch . “The 
third in point of wealth and population of 
the cities of Christendom.”— Lippincott's 
Gazetteer. “ The greatest commercial city 
in the world.”— Ency. Brit. “ The com¬ 
mercial emporium of the United States, 
and the most populous city in the Western 
Hemisphere.”— Appleton's Cyclopedia. “No 
other city in the world which equals New 
York as a centre of transit.”— Knight's 
Cyclopedia. “ Its imports and exports em¬ 
brace every article which enters into the 
trade of the Union.”— Water son's Cyclo¬ 
pedia of Commerce. “ The shipping of 
New York is far greater than that of any 
other port, London not excepted.— McCul¬ 
loch. 

The city is indebted for its commercial 
prosperity to its admirable situation, and 
to the conveniences and facilities which it 
affords to foreign as well as to domestic 
trade. Vessels of the largest size sail di¬ 
rectly up to the city with almost any wind, 
at almost any stage of the tide. Reaching 
the city, they anchor in one of the safest 
and most magnificent harbors in the world ; 
or, if they wish to come alongside of the 
piers, they find in any of the docks ample 
depth of water to enable them to lie close 
to the wharf. The harbor is not impeded 
by ice in winter; the city is free from 
plague or pestilence in summer. By rail¬ 
roads it is connected with all the Atlantic 
and Western cities; by canals and river 
navigation as well as railroads, with the 
Lakes, with the Ohio, the Mississippi, the 
Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific. Vessels 
are here freighted with the least loss of 
time; crews furnished with the least 
trouble or expense. Ships’ stores and ship 
chandlery at a moment’s notice may be 
commanded in any variety, to any extent. 
Dry docks afford all necessary conveniences 


for repairs ; skilled workmen are at hand 
to perform the service. Merchandise is 
handled, stored, and insured, at the most 
reasonable rates ; and sales for cash, at 
the market prices, promptly effected on 
goods of any kind, in amounts without any 
limit. 

Nearly 3,000 foreign vessels visit the 
city yearly; 5,000 vessels from foreign 
ports make entry at the custom-house. 
Three thousand sailing vessels and between 
six and seven hundred steam vessels be¬ 
long to the port; and one hundred thou¬ 
sand coasting vessels, ships, brigs, schoon¬ 
ers, and sloops, arrive and depart every 
year. 

The bay is constantly enlivened by mov¬ 
ing palaces, floating under the flags of all 
nations ; the wharves and piers are cov¬ 
ered with crates, casks, ceroons, boxes, and 
bales, containing merchandise from every 
quarter of the globe, from every island of 
the ocean. The products of the nation 
are brought here to exchange for those of 
other lands; the wealth of the nation 
here concentrates for convenience of in¬ 
vestment, or for facilities of exchange. 

The establishment of numerous lines of 
sailing packet-ships for European ports 
secured for the city of New York at an 
early day the principal European trade ; 
and the ocean steam lines, which in part 
succeeded them, connecting the city with 
Scotland, Ireland, England, France, the 
West India Islands, the Mediterranean, the 
Pacific, and the Indian Seas, gave a new, 
probably a perpetual, lease to her mer¬ 
chants, for a vastly extended trade, over an 
immensely larger foreign field. To-day, in 
all else but in the inter-continental money 
exchanges, New York is the foremost com¬ 
mercial city on the globe. To gain the 
supremacy over London in this also is 
among the contemplated achievements of 
the future. The higher rates of interest, 
and the generally more expensive modes 
of transacting business in New York, ren¬ 
der it probable, however, that London 
will retain her ascendancy in this depart¬ 
ment for a long time to come. 

A majority of the merchants of New 
York are American citizens by birth ; and 
next in point of numbers, are citizens 
by adoption from Great Britain and Ger¬ 
many. English, French, Spanish, German, 
and Italian merchants are also numerous, 
and at the head of established houses are 
largely engaged in the import and export 
trades with their respective countries; 
while Turks, Greeks, Persians, Russians, 




344 


NEW YORK 


and natives of other countries, are occa¬ 
sionally, and temporarily, found either 
engaged in regular commercial pursuits, 
or occupied in special mercantile negotia¬ 
tions. 

The imports at New York constitute 
about two-thirds of all the foreign goods 
landed in the United States, and the ex¬ 
ports about two-fifths of all that are 
shipped from the different ports. The 
direct foreign exports of cotton from New 
Orleans and Mobile causes the discrep¬ 
ancy in the relative amounts of exports 
and imports at New York. 

The foreign imports at New York for 
three successive years (the figures show¬ 
ing the foreign gold cost), and the exports 
for the same peiiod (the figures, except 
the amounts for specie, representing the 
prices in currency), were as follows :— 


Imports. Exports. 

18G8. 251,193,834 234,907,701 

1809. 306,357,673 227,335,154 

1870. 315,200,002 254,137,208 

Included in the above were the imports 
and exports of specie, as follows :— 

Imports. Exports. 

1868 . 7,685,889 70,841,599 

1869 . 15,788,462 32,108,448 

1870 . 11,864,664 58,191,475 


The number and tonnage of vessels en¬ 
gaged in the foreign trade of the United 
States, which entered and cleared from 
New York during the year ending June 
30, 1870, were : — 

American vessels. 2,142. ..1,007,483 tons. 
Foreign vessels... 2,691.. .2,085,703 tons. 

The arrivals of vessels from foreign 
countries for the year average about 100 
each week. During the year 1870, for ex¬ 
ample, the arrivals were as follows:— 

American —207 steamships, 240 ships, 
319 barks, 476 brigs, 768 schooners, 176 
other vessels. 

British —459 steamships, 146 ships, 373 
barks, 640 brigs, 357 schooners, 3 yachts. 

German —96 steamships, 42 ships, 123 
barks, 47 brigs, 1 schooner, 1 galley. 

Dutch —1 ship, 8 barks, 17 brigs, 9 
schooners. 

Norwegian —3 ships, 77 barks, 15 brigs. 

Italian —2 ships, 43 barks, 39 brigs. 

Spanish —1 steamship, 5 barks, 12 brigs, 
3 schooners, 2 frigates. 

French —26 steamships, 2 ships, 4 barks, 
3 brigs. 2 ships-of-war. 

Austrian —14 barks, 1 brig. 

Portuguese —4 ships, 2 barks, 11 brigs, 
1 schooner. 


Danish —12 barks, 21 brigs, 2 schooners. 

Swedish —11 barks, 10 brigs. 

Belgian —2 ships, 1 bark. 

Russian —5 barks, 1 brig. 

Mexican —2 brigs, 3 schooners. 

Brazilian —3 brigs. 

Argentine —4 barks. 

Nicaraguan —1 bark. 

Liberian —1 bark. 

Total for the year 1870 from foreign 
ports, 4,860 ; for the year 1869 the total 
was 5,364. 

No report is made nor record taken of 
the vessels that arrive at and depart from 
New York from any of the ports of the 
United States, but the number is estimat¬ 
ed by the enrolling officers in the custom 
house to be about 100,000 annually. 

New York is not only the depository of 
foreign merchandise, it is also the great 
central emporium of American products. 
Merchants from every section of the 
country meet here to sell and to buy; and 
thus it necessarily becomes the chief dis¬ 
tributing point on the American continent, 
for domestic as well as for imported goods. 

RATES OF COMMISSIONS 

Recommended by the Chamber of Commerce , to be 

charged where tio express agreement to the contra¬ 
ry exists (1S71). 

BANKING. 

PEB CENT. 


On purchase of Stocks, Bonds, and all kinds of 
Securities, including the drawing of Bills for 

payment of same. 1 

On sale of Stocks, Bonds, and all kinds of Se¬ 
curities, including remittances in bills and 

guarantee. 1 

On purchase or sale of Specie and Bullion. % 

Remittances in Bills of Exchange. % 

Remittances in Bills of Exchange, with guaran¬ 
tee . . 1 

Drawing or Endorsing Bills of Exchange. 1 

Collecting Dividends on Stocks, Bonds, or other 

Securities. 

Collecting interest on Bonds and Mortgages.... 1 

Receiving and paying Moneys on which no 

other commission is received. . X 

Procuring acceptance of Bills of Exchange pay¬ 
able in Foreign Countries. ^ 

On issuing Letters of Credit to Travellers, ex¬ 
clusive of Foreign Bankers’ charge. 1 

Where Bills of Exchange are remitted for Col¬ 
lection, and returned under protest for non- 
acceptance or non-payment, the same commis¬ 
sions are to be charged as though they were 


duly accepted and paid. 

GENERAL BUSINESS. 

On sales of Sugar, Coffee, Tea. and General 
Merchandise, usually sold in large quantities, 
and on credit under 6 months, or for cash... 5 

On sales of Manufactured Goods, and other 
articles usually sold on long credits, for com¬ 
missions and guarantee. 7 : 

On sales of Manufactured Goods, and other 
articles usually sold on long credits, for Com¬ 
missions and guarantee, for cash. 5 





















NEW YORK. 


345 


PEK CENT. 

On purchase and shipment of Merchandise 

with funds in hand, on cost and charges. 2)4 

Collecting delayed and litigated Accounts. 5)4 

Effecting Marine Insurance, on amount insured )4 
No charge to be made for effecting Insurance 
on property consigned. 

Landing and reshipping of Goods from vessels 

in distress—on value of Invoice.. 2)4 

Landing and reshipping of Goods from vessels 

in distress—on Specie and Bullion. )4 

Receiving and forwarding Merchandise entered 
at Custom-House, on Invoice value 1 per cent., 

and on expenses incurred. 2)4 

On Consignments of Merchandise withdrawn 
or reshipped, full commissions are to be 
charged, to the extent of advances or respon¬ 
sibilities incurred, and one-half commission 
on the residue of the value. 

On giving Bonds that Passengers will not be- 
[ come a burden on the City—on the amount of 

the Bonds. 2% 

The risk of loss by robbery, fire (unless In¬ 
surance be ordered), theft, popular tumu't, 
and all other unavoidable occurrences, is, in 
all cases, to be borne by the owners of the 
Goods, provided due diligence has been exer¬ 
cised in the care of them. 

SHIPPING. 

On purchase or sale of Vessels. 2 )4 

Disbursements and Outfit of Vessels. 2 )4 

Procuring Freight and Passengers for Europe, 

East Indies, and Domestics Ports. 2)4 

Procuring Freight and Passengers for West In¬ 
dies, South America, and other places. 5 

Procuring Freight and Passengers for Foreign 

Vessels, in all cases. 5 

Collecting Freight. 2)4 

Collecting Insurance Losses of all kinds. 2)4 

Chartering Vessels on amount of Freight, actual 
or estimated, to be considered as due when the 

Charter Parties are signed. 2)4 

But no Charter to be considered binding till a 
memorandum, or one of the copies of the 
Charter, has been signed. 

On giving Bonds for Vessels under attachment 
in litigated cases—on amount of Liability.... 2)4 

The foregoing Commission to be exclusive of Bro¬ 
kerage, and every charge actually incurred. 

RATES OF STORAGE AND LABOR. 
Chargeable on Unclaimed Goods, at United States 
Private Bonded Warehouses. Approved by the 
Chamber of Commerce , and in force , 1871. 

Storage. Labor. St’r’ge. L’b’r. 

Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 


Ale or Porter, in hhds. 

Ale or Porter (bottles), in 

barrels. 

Ale or Porter (bottles), in 

casks. 

Alcohol, in puncheons. 

Anvils, loose. 

Anvils, in casks. 

Antimony, in casks. 

Almonds, in frails. 

Almonds, in bales. 

Almonds, in casks. 

Almonds, in bags. 

Argols, in casks. 

Arrow Root, in kegs (Ber¬ 
muda). 

Balsam Copaiba, in tin 

cans. 

Balsam Copaiba, in barrels. 


20 20 


8 8 


15 

15 

to 20 

20 

30 

30 

to 40 

40 

4 

4 



30 

30. 

to 40 

40 

20 

20 

to 30 

30 

4 

4 

to 6 

6 

10 

10 

to 20 

20 

10 

10 

to 15 

15 

4 

4 



20 

20 

to 30 

30 

5 

5 

to 8 

8 

6 

6 



15 

15 

to 25 

25 


Balsam Copaiba, in hhds.. 
Bark (Peruvian), in bags.. 
Bark ( do. /, in ceroons. 
Beads (Trieste), in cases.. 

Beer, in bbls. 

Beer, in hhds. 

Beeswax, in bales. 

Blankets, in bales. 

Blankets, in trusses, 2 bales 

each. 

Boots and Shoes, in cases. 

Bottles, in hampers. 

Bottles, in crates. 

Borax, in casks. 

Borax, in cases. 

Brandy, in pipes. 

Brandy, in half pipes. 

Brandy, in qr. casks. 

Brandy, in eighths casks.. 

Burlaps, in bales. 

Butter, in kegs. 

Cassia, in mats (for 100 

mate). 

Cassia, in chests. 

Cassia, in rolls or bales. 

Camphor, in cases. 

Capers, in boxes. 

Carboys (Vitriol, &c.). 

Canvas, in bolts. 

Cantharides, in cases. 

Candles, in boxes. 

Camomile Flowers, in bales 
Carpets, in rolls (single).. 

Carpets, in cases.. 

Carpets, in bales. 

Cheese, in boxes (Dutch).. 

Cheese, in casks. 

Chicory, in casks. 

Champagne, in baskets... 

Champagne, incases. 

Chocolate, in casks. 

Chocolate, in cases. 

Chain Cables, per ton. 

Citron, in cases. 

Cloves, in bags. 

Cloths, in bales. 

Cloths, in cases (Eng.).... 

Cocoa, in bags. 

Cochineal, in ceroons. 

Codfish (dr} r ), per quintal. 

Coffee, in bags. 

Crockery, in crates. 

Crockery, in casks. 

Crockery, in cases. 

Cordials, in cases of 1 doz. 

Cordials, in hhds. 

Cordials, in puncheons.... 

Corks, in bales. 

Cork Wood, in bundles or 

bales. 

Copper, in pigs, per 2,000 

lbs. 

Copper, in sheets, per ton. 

Copperas, in casks. 

Cubebs. in bales. 

Currants, in bbls. 

Currants, in carrotels. 

Cream of Tartar, in casks. 
Cinnamon, in rolls or bales 

Cigars. 

Dates, in frails. 

Demijohns (empty), 5 gals. 
Demijohns (empty), 3 galls. 
Demijohns (empty), under 

3 galls . 

Dry Goods (Cottons), ini 

cases.I 

Dry Goods (Linens), in [ 
cases.J 


30 

30 

to 40 

40 

4 

4 



5 

5 

to 10 

10 

10 

10 

to 20 

20 

10 

10 



20 

20 



10 

10 

to 20 

20 

30 

30 



30 

30 

to 40 

40 

10 

10 

to 15 

15 

25 

25 



20 

25 



10 

10 

to 20 

20 

5 

5 



35 

35 



25 

25 



12)4 

12)4 


6% 

614 



30 

30 

to 50 

50 

3 

3 

to 5 

5 

25 

25 



5 

5 

to 8 

8 

8 

8 

to 10 

10 

5 

5 

to 8 

8 

1)4 

1)4 to 3 

3 

20 

20 

to 50 

50 

3 

3 



10 

10 

to 20 

20 

2 

2 

to 6 

fi 

10 

10 

to 20 

20 

8 

8 

to 10 

10 

25 

25 

to 30 

30 

30 

30 

to 40 

40 

8 

8 

to 10 

10 

15 

15 

to 25 

25 

15 

15 

to 20 

20 

3 

3 



3 

3 



15 

15 



2 

2 

to 3 

3 

87)4 

75 



10 

10 

to 20 

20 

4 

4 

to 8 

8 

20 

20 

to 30 

30 

20 

20 

to 30 

30 

4 

4 

to 8 

8 

6 

6 

to 10 

10 

4 

5 



3 

3 

to 4 

4 

30 

30 

to 40 

40 

30 

30 

to 40 

40 

20 

20 

to 30 

SO 

2)4 

2)4 to 3 

3 

15 

15 

to 20 

20 

30 

30 

to 40 

40 

10 

10 

to 20 

20 

5 

5 

to 15 

15 

25 

40 



35 

35 



20 

20 

to 40 

4t 

10 

10 

to 20 

20 

5 

5 

to 6 

G 

20 

20 



20 

20 

to 40 

40 

8 

8 

to 15 

15 


See Segars. 


10 

10 




IK 

1 


1)4 

1 


% 


15 


20 to 25 


30 















































































346 


NEW YORK. 


Dry Goods (Hosiery), in 1 
cases...... I 

Dry Goods (Kdkfs.), ml 15 2 0 to 25 30 

cases.I 

Dry Goods (Gloves), in I 
cases . J 


Dry Goods (Woollen Ho- 

20 

20 to 30 

30 

Mery), casks. 

Dundee Linens, bales, all 

sizes, average. 

30 

30 to 40 

40 

Dunnage Mats, each. 

* 

* 


Earthenware.. 

See Crockery. 


Emery, in kegs. 

4 

4 


Figs, in drums. 

Figs, in frails. 

* 

* 


5 

5 


Filberts, in bags. 

5 

5 to 10 

10 

Flour, in bbls. 

Flour (Sago), in bags. 

4 

4 


3 

3 


Fish (Cod), per quintal,.. 

4 

5 


Fish (Herrings), in kegs 

2 

2 to 5 

5 

Fish (Mackerel), in bbls. 

8 

8 


Fish (Mackerel), in * bbls. 

4 

4 

35 

Furs, in casks. 

20 

20 to 35 

Furs, in cases. 

20 

25 to 25 

25 

Furs, in bales. 

15 

15 to SO 

30 

Flocks, woolen, in bales 

20 

20 to 25 

25 

Flax, in bales. 

20 

20 


Felt, in do. 

20 

20 to 25 

25 

Fustic, per ton. 

25 

30 


Gamboge, in cases . 

8 

8 to 10 

10 

Gin, in pipes. 

Gin, in % pipes. 

35 

35 


30 

30 


Ginger, in bags. 

4 

4 

10 

Ginger (East India), in cases 4 

4 to 10 

Gum Arabic, in cases. 

10 

10 to 15 

15 

Gums, in sacks. 

Gunny Bags, in bales (2 

bus. bags). 

Gunny Bags, in bales (3 

20 

20 to 25 

25 

10 

10 


bus. bags). 

Gunny Bags, in bales (4 

15 

15 


bus. bags). 

20 

20 


Guns, in cases. 

15 

20 to 20 

25 

Glue, in casks. 

Gutta Percha, loose, per 

20 

20 to 30 

30 

100 ps. aver. 

30 

30 to 50 

50 

Glass (Window!, in boxes. 

2 

2 to 4 

4 

Glass (Plate), in cases... 

20 

20 to 50 

50 

Hardware, in casks. 

Hats (Maracaibo), in ce- 

30 

30 to 50 

50 

roons. 

12 * 

12 * to 20 

20 

Hats (Maracaibo), incases 

12 * 

12 * to 20 

20 

Hats (Panama), in cases. 
Hats (Panama), in ce- 

12 * 

12 * to 20 

20 

roons. 

12 * 

12 * to 20 

20 

Hides (Ox), loose, each.. 

1 

1 


Hides (Deer), in bales,.... 

15 

15 to 25 

25 

Hides (do.), in bundles.... 

15 

15 to 25 

25 

Hemp (Manilla), in bales. 

5 

5 


Hemp (Italian), in bales.. 

10 

10 to 20 

20 

Hemp, loose, per ton. 

100 

75 


Hops, in bales.... ... 

15 

15 to 20 

20 

Hops, do. compressed. 

8 

8 to 10 

10 

Hosiery (Woolen),in casks 

20 

20 to 40 

40 

Indigo, in ceroons. 

5 

5 to 10 

10 

Indigo, in cases. 

10 

10 to 15 

15 

Iron, in bars, per ton. 

25 

37* 


Iron, in rods, do. 

25 

37 


Iron, in sheets, do. 

Iron, hoop, in bdls., per 

25 

37* 


bdl. of 56 lbs. 

Iron, hoop, in bdls., per 

1 

1 


bdl. of 112 lbs. 

2 

2 


Iron, in pigs, per ton. 

25 

37* 


Ipecac, in ceroons. 

5 

5 to 10 

10 

Iron (Railroad). 

10 

15 


Iron Boiler Plates, per ton. 

25 

40 


Iron rods, in coils, each. 

o 

G to 10 

10 

Iron Wire, in mats. 

4 

4 to 8 

8 . 


Jalap, in bales. 

Jews’ Harps,casks or cases 
Kirschwasser, in cases 

1 doz. 

Kirschwasser, in hhds.... 

Laces, in cases. 

Lard, in kegs. 

Lead, in pigs, per ton of 

2,000 lbs. 

Lead, in sheets, or in rolls, 

per ton. 

Lead Pipes, in cases. 

Lithographic Stones, in 

cases. 

Liquorice Paste, in cases 
Liquorice Sticks, in cases 
Liquoiice Root, in bundles 
Liquorice Root, in bales, 

each. 

Linens (Dundee), in bales, 

average. 

Linens, in cases. 

Looking Glass Plates, in 

cases. 

Logwood, per ton. 

Lignumvitae, per 2,000 

lbs. 

Maccaroni (Italian), in 

cases. 

Maccaroni (French), in 

cases. 

Madder (French), in casks 
Madder (German), in casks 

Magnesia, in cases. 

Manna, in cases. 

Marbles, in casks....... 

Matting (East India), in 

rolls, % yds. 

Matting (East India), in 

rolls, 4-4ths. 

Matting (East India), in 

rolls, 5-4ths. . 

Mustard, in cases. 

Musical Instruments, in 

cases. 

Nails, in kegs. 

Nails, in bags. 

Nut Galls, in bags. 

Nutmegs, in cases. 

Nutmegs, in bbls. 

Nutmegs, in casks. 

Ochre, in casks. 

Oil (Olive), in cases. 

Oil ( do. ), in baskets.... 
Oil ( do. ), and other, in 

casks. 

Oil (Essence), in cases.... 

Oil of Vitriol. 

Olives, in cases. 

Olives, in jars. 

Olives, in kegs. 

Opium, in cases. 

Paints, in barrels. 

Paints, in kegs. 

Paper, in bales. 

Paper, in cases. 

Paper Cigars. 

Peas (Preserved), in cases. 

Palm Leaf (Esteras). 

Palf Leaf, per bundle.... 
Pencils (Lead), incases.... 

Pepper, in bags. 

Peruvian bark, in bags.... 
Peruvian bark, in ceroons 

Pipes, in boxes. 

Potash (Hydriodate of), in 

cases. 

Prunes, in casks. 

Prunes in bbls. 


8 

8 

to 15 

15 

20 

20 

to 30 

20 

2 * 

2* to 3 

3 

20 

20 



15 

15 

to 20 

20 

3 

3 

to 5 

5 

20 

30 



50 

75 



30 

30 



25 

25 

to 50 

50 

8 

8 

to 10 

10 

8 

8 



5 

5 



8 

8 



30 

30 

to 40 

40 

15 

15 

to 30 

30 

20 

20 

to 50 

50 

25 

30 



20 

30 



4 

4 

to 6 

6 

3 

3 

to 4 

4 

50 

50 

to 75 

75 

35 

35 

to 40 

40 

10 

10 

to 20 

20 

10 

10 

to 20 

20 

25 

25 

to 30 

38 

3 

3 



4 

4 



5 

5 



3 

3 

to 5 

5 

30 

30 

to 50 

50 

2 

2 



2 

2 



3 

3 

to 3 

4 

8 

8 

to 10 

10 

10 

10 



20 

20 

to 25 

25 

15 

15 

to 25 

25 

2 

2 

to 3 

3 

1 * 

2 

to 2 

3 

15 

15 

to 30 

30 

6 

G 

to 10 

10 


See Carboys. 


2 

2 



1 

1 



2 

2 



10 

10 

to 20 

20 

10 

10 

to 15 

15 

5 

5 



8 

8 

to 20 

20 

8 

8 

to 20 

20 


See Segars. 


5 

5 



4 

4 



1 

1 



10 

10 

to 20 

20 

3 

3 

to 4 

4 

4 

4 



5 

5 

to 10 

1C 

1 

1 



15 

15 

to 20 

2C 

15 

15 

to 20 

2C 


0 6 


































































































NEW YORK, 


34 ? 


Prunes, in X bbls.) 

Prunes, in X bbls.j 

Prunes (in paper), in cases 
Prunes (in glass), in cases 

Pimento, in bags. 

Pianos. 

Quinine (bottles), in cases 

Quicksilver, in flasks. 

luiisins, in boxes. 

Raisins, in X and X boxes 

Raisins, in kegs. 

Raisins, in X kegs. 

Rhubarb, in cases. 

Rum (Jamaica) in punch¬ 
eons. 


Rum (St. Croix), in punch¬ 
eons. 

Rum (Bay), in puncheons. 
Sardines (Guilloux), in 

cases. 

Sardines (A. Camus), in 

cases . 

Sago, in cases. 

Sarsaparilla (Honduras), 

in bales . 

Sago Flour, in bags. 

Segars, in cases. 

Segars, loose, per box, all 

sizes... 

Segars, in bbls. and paper, 

all sizes. 

Shot, in frails (of 8 bags) 

Silks (India), in cases. 

Silks (English), in cases... 

Silks (French), in cases_ 

Silks ( Italian), in cases.... 
Silks (Raw), in ceroons.... 

Soap, m boxes. 

Straw Goods, in cases. 

Steel (Milan), in boxes.... 
Steel (English), in cases... 
Steel, in bundles, perbdl.. 

Skins (Deer), in bales. 

Spelter, in plates, 2,000 lbs 
Sugar (Manilla), in bags.. 
Sugars (Brazil), in bags... 
Sugar (Dutch), in tierces.. 
Sugar (Raw), in hhds.. .. 

Sugar, in boxes. 

Suspenders, in cases. 

Tea, in chests. 

Tin plates, in boxes. 

Tin (Banca), per 2,000 lbs. 
Tonqua Beans, in casks.... 

Toys, incases, 1__ 

Toys, in casks, ( a ® " 

Twine, in bales. 

Tobacco, in ceroons or bales 

Tobacco, in cases. 

Valerian, in bales. 

Vermicelli (Italian), in 

cases. 

Vermicelli (French), in 

cases . 

Vinegar, in hhds. 

Vinegar, in bbls. 

Watches and Jewelry, per 

case. 

White Lead, in kegs. 

Whiskey, in puncheons.... 

Wine, in butts. 

Wine, in pipes. 

Wine, in X pipes. 

Wine, in X pipes. 

Wine, in X pipes. 

Wine (Claret), in cases, 

1 doz. 

Wine (Hock), in cases, 
1 doz. 


2 

2 to 3 

3 

5 

5 to 10 

10 

8 

8 to 10 

10 

3 

3 to 4 

4 

100 

200 


6 

6 to 12 

12 

5 

5 


X 

1 


X 

X 


3 

3 


2 

2 


6 

6 to 20 

20 

35 

35 


35 

35 


35 

35 


5 

5 


4 

4 


8 

8 to 10 

10 

8 

8 to 10 

10 

3 

3 to 4 

4 

20 

20 to 50 

50 

X 

X 


8 

8 to 10 

10 

10 

10 


8 

10 


20 

20 


20 

20 


20 

20 


8 

8 to 10 

10 

2 

2 to 3 

3 

10 

10 to 30 

30 

4 

4 


20 

25 to 25 

30 

3 

3 to 4 

4 

15 

15 to 20 

20 

20 

37X 


2X 

5X to 3 

3 

3 

3 to 4 

4 

15 

20 to 25 

30 

30 

30 to 35 

35 

8 

10 to 10 

10 

10 

10 to 20 

20 

4 

4 


IX 

2 to 2 

2 

20 

37% 


10 

10 to 20 

20 

25 

25 to 30 

30 

10 

10 to 30 

30 

4 

4 to 6 

6 

10 

10 to 20 

20 

10 

10 to 25 

25 

4 

4 to 6 

6 

3 

3 to 4 

4 

20 

20 


10 

10 


35 

50 


2 

2 


40 

40 


40 

40 


35 

35 


15 

15 


7 

7 


5 

5 


2X 

2X 


3 

3 



Wine (Hock), in 

cases, 





2 doz. 


5 

5 



Wine (Claret and 

Sau- 





terne), in hhds... 


20 

20 



Woollens, in casks.. 


20 

20 

to 40 

40 

Woollens, in bales.. 


20 

20 

to 40 

4C 

Wool, in bales. 


15 

15 

to 30 

30 

Zinc, m pigs or plates, per 





ton, 2,000 lbs. 


25 

37X 



Zinc in casks. 


20 

20 " 

to 30 

3C 

Articles not enumerated. 

, at 

rates to correspond 

with those allowed 

for packages of similar size, 

or 


property of like general description. Such as are of 
unusal weight or size, as compared with enumerated 
articles, to be charged a reasonable compensation for 
labor and for storage according to space occupied, as 
compared with rates allowed for other storage. 

All packages of ordinary and usual size to be 
charged at rates not exceeding those specified in the 
first columns of prices, to wit, the lowest rates. The 
higher rates indicated in the second columns, are in¬ 
tended to apply only to packages of more than ordi¬ 
nary size or weight. 

The rates for labor include both receipt and de¬ 
livery of goods. The rates for storage are per month. 
If goods are taken from store at any time during the 
first month, one mouth storage chargeable: after the 
first, to be computed by the half month. 

All questions as regards the rates, or disputes be¬ 
tween the warehouse proprietor and importer on any 
of these points, to be -decided by arbitration. 


Cartage. 

The City Ordinances regulating the Rates of Cart¬ 
age to be charged in the City of New York, are aa 
follows;— 

The prices or rates to be taken or charged for the 
loading, transportation, and unloading of goods, 

wares, or other articles, shall be as follows, to wit:_ 

Oils, molasses, and all wet casks combining 
less than 25 gallons. 

Of 25 gallons, and under 50 gallons. 

Of 50 gallons, and under 100 gallons. 

For 100 gallons and upward. 

All gaugeable goods % of a cent per gallon. 

Sugars, tobacco, copperas, and all dry casks, 
of under 1,000 lbs. weight, for every load.. $0 75 

Of 1,000 lbs. and under 1,500 lbs., each. 8(5 

Of 1,500 lbs. and under 2,000 lbs., each. 93 

Of 2,000 lbs. and upward, for every 100 lbs., 
and other ponderous articles of 1,000 lbs. 

weight and upward, at the same rate. 11 

Hay, loose, per load... 1 68 

Bricks, when handled and piled, per load. 8(5 

Hoop-poles, loose, per load. 98 

Timber and lumber, per load. 71 

Hemp, loose, for every 1,200 lbs. 93 

Beef and pork, for every 5 barrels. 75 

Calves, sheep, and lambs, per load. 71 

Coal, per ton. 93 

Coal, per half chaldron... 73 

Cotton, for every 3 bales. 75 

Earthenware, loose, per load. 78 

Oil floor cloths, in boxes or rolls of less than 

10 feet in length, per load. 68 

Of 10 feet, and less than 15 feet do., each. 68 

Of 15 feet, and less than 20 feet do., each.... 93 

Of 20 feet, and less than 24 feet do., each,... 1 16 

Of 24 feet and upward, as may be agreed on. 

Plaster of Paris, loose, per ton.. 1 16 

Salt, for every 20 bushels... 68 

Cut Stone, per load. 71 

Slates or tiles, per load. 71 

Household furniture, loose, per load. 95 

For loading, unloading, and housing furniture, 
in the removal of families, extra, per load.... 93 

Bedding, tied up, chests, trunks, and boxes, 

per load. 75 

Cassia, in mats, per 100 mats. 5C 













































































348 


NEW YORK. 


Anchors of under 300 lbs. weight, per load.... 75 

Anchors of 300 lbs. weight and upward, per 

100 lbs. 18 

Chain cables of under 1,000 lbs. weight, per load 78 
Of 1,000 lbs. weight and upward, per 100 lbs. 11 

Iron hollow ware, per load. 78 

Iron and steel, per load. 66 

Fish, dry, per load. 93 

And for every load of goods, wares, and mer¬ 
chandise, or other things not enumerated.... 75 

All goods shipped in bond, double cartage. 


Provided —That when the distance exceeds half a 
mile, and is within a mile, one-third more shall be 
added to the above rates and prices, and in pro¬ 
portion for any greater distance. And if any public 
cartman shall ask, demand, receive, take, exact, or 
extort any greater rate, price, pay, or compensation 
for carting or transporting any article or thing what¬ 
soever than is mentioned, allowed, expressed, and 


limited as aforesaid, it shall not be lawful for him to 
receive any compensation for the said carting ot 
transportation; and the said asking or receiving 
shall be deemed a violation of this chapter. 

Public Porters shall be entitled to charge and re¬ 
ceive for the carrying or conveyance of any article, 
any distance within half a mile, twenty-five cents if 
carried by hand, and fifty cents if earned on a wheel¬ 
barrow or hand cart; if the distance exceeds hall a 
mile and is within a mile, one-half of the above rates 
in addition thereto, and in the same proportion for 
any greater distance. 

If any public porter shall ask or demand any 
greater rate of pay or compensation for the carrying 
or conveyance of any articles than is herein pro¬ 
vided, he shall not be entitled to any pay for said 
service; and to so ask, demand, or receive any 
greater pay or compensation, shall be deemed a vio¬ 
lation of this chapter. 


Pilotage. 

KATES FROM APRIL 1 TO NOVEMBER 1. 




INWARD. 

OUTWARD. 

DRAUGHT. 

RATE. 

PILOTAGE. 

OFF 

SHORE. 

TOTAL. 

RATE. 

PILOTAGE. 

6 ft. 0 in. 

$3 75 

$22 50 

$5 62 

$28 12 

$2 20 

$16 20 

6 “ 6 “. 

3 75 

24 37 

6 09 

30 46 

2 70 

17 55 

7 “0 “. 

3 75 

26 25 

6 56 

32 81 

2 70 

18 90 

7 “6 “. 

3 75 

2S 12 

7 03 

35 15 

2 70 

20 25 

8 “0 “ . 

8 75 

30 00 

7 50 

37 50 

2 70 

' 21 60 

8 “6 “. 

3 75 

31 87 

7 96 

39 83 

2 70 

22 95 

9 “0 “ . 

3 75 

33 75 

8 44 

42 19 

2 70 

24 30 

9 “6 “ . 

3 75 

35 62 

8 00 

44 52 

2 70 

25 65 

10 “0 “ . 

3 75 

37 50 

9 37 

46 87 

2 70 

27 00 

10 “ 6 “ . 

3 75 

39 37 

9 84 

49 21 

2 70 

28 35 

11 “0 . 

3 75 

41 25 

10 31 

51 56 

2 70 

29 70 

11 “6 “ . 

3 75 

43 12 

10 78 

53 90 

2 70 

31 05 

12 “ 0 “ . 

3 75 

45 00 

11 25 

56 25 

2 70 

32 40 

12 “6 «. 

3 75 

46 87 

11 72 

58 59 

2 70 

33 75 

13 “0 “ . 

3 75 

48 75 

12 19 

60 94 

2 70 

35 10 

13 “6 “ . 

3 75 

50 62 

12 65 

63 27 

2 70 

36 45 

14 “0 “ . 

4 50 

63 00 

15 75 

78 75 

3 10 

43 40 

14 “ 6 “. 

4 50 

65 25 

16 31 

81 56 

3 10 

44 95 

15 “ 0 “. 

4 50 

67 50 

16 87 

84 37 

3 10 

46 50 

15 “6 “ . 

4 50 

69 75 

17 43 

87 18 

3 10 

48 05 

16 “0 41 . 

4 50 

72 00 

18 00 

i»0 00 

3 10 

49 60 

16 “ 6 «. 

4 50 

74 25 

18 56 

92 81 

3 10 

51 15 

17 “0 “. 

4 50 

76 50 

19 12 

95 62 

3 10 

52 70 

17 “ 6 “ . 

4 50 

78 75 

19 69 

98 44 

3 10 

54 25 

18 “ 0 “ .. 

5 50 

99 00 

24 75 

123 75 

4 10 

73 80 

18 “6 “ . 

5 50 

101 75 

25 44 

127 19 

4 10 

75 85 

10 “0 “. 

5 50 

104 50 

26 12 

130 62 

4 10 

77 90 

19 “6 “. 

5 50 

107 25 

26 81 

134 06 

4 10 

79 95 

20 “0 “. 

5 50 

110 00 

27 50 

137 50 

4 10 

82 00 

20 “6 “. 

5 50 

112 75 

28 19 

140 94 

4 10 

84 05 

21 “0 “. 

6 50 

136 50 

34 12 

170 62 

4 75 

99 75 

21 “ 6 “. 

6 50 

139 75 

34 94 

174 69 

4 75 

102 12 

22 “0 “. 

6 50 

143 00 

35 75 

178 75 

4 75 

104 50 

22 “6 “. 

6 50 

146 25 

36 56 

182 81 

4 75 

106 87 

23 “0 “. 

6 50 

149 50 

37 37 

186 87 

4 75 

109 24 

23 “6 “. 

6 50 

152 75 

38 19 

190 94 

4 75 

111 62 

24 “ 0 “. 

6 50 

156 00 

39 00 

195 00 

4 75 

114 00 

24 “6 “. 

6 50 

159 25 

39 81 

199 06 

4 75 

116 37 

25 “0 “. 

6 50 

162 50 

40 62 

203 12 

4 75 

118 75 


The rates of pilotage from November 1 to April 1 
are $4 additional to the above, on both inward and 
outward bound vessels—that is to say, a vessel draw¬ 
ing 6 ft. pays $32.12 and $20.20, instead of $28.12 
and $16.20. 


Vessels having had death or sickness on board pay 
double outward pilotage. 

Vessels returning from sea in consequence of head 
winds or stress of weather, pay full pilotage. 

A pilot who is carried to sea when a boat is attend 































































NEW YORK. 


NIL. 


340 


ing to receive him. is paid at the rate of $100 per 
month during his necessary absence. 

For moving any vessel from Quarantine to the city 
of New York, one quarter the sum that would be due 
for the inward pilotage of such vessel. 

For moving any vessel from the river to a wharf, 
or from a wharf into the river, three dollars, except 
on the day of arrival or departure of such vessel. 

The customary charge of the New York pilots for 
putting a letter on board an inward-bound vessel, or¬ 
dering her not to enter the port, but to proceed to 
another destination, is a sum equal to the inward and 
outward pilotage of the vessel. 

No master of any vessel navigated under a coast¬ 
ing license, and employed in the coasting trade by 
the way of Sandy Hook, shall be required to employ 
a licensed pilot when entering or departing from the 
harbor of New York; but this provision shall not be 
construed to alter the legal rate of compensation of 
any pilot who may be so employed. 

Persons acting as pilots for vessels passing through 
the channel of the East river, commonly called ‘ ‘ Hell 
Gate,” shall be known as Hell Gate pilots, who shall 
receive their appointment from the Governor and 
Senate. 

The rates of pilotage are fixed by law as follows :— 

It shall be lawful for any such pilot to demand and 
receive from any person who shall employ any of 
them to pilot any vessel of the burden of ninety-five 
tons and upward, from the eastward of Sands Point 
or Execution Rocks, or to take charge of any such 
vessel at or to the eastward of Sands Point or Execu¬ 
tion Rocks, and pilot her to the port of New York, 
or to pilot her from the port of New York to Sands 
Point or Execution Rocks, for every vessel, one dol¬ 
lar and fifty cents for each and every foot of water 
such vessel may draw; and from the eastward of 
Hell Gate to the port of New York, one dollar for 
each and every foot of water such vessel may draw; 
and for pilotage from the port of New York to the 
eastward of either of the before-mentioned points or 
places, they shall be entitled to receive the same 
compensation as is above provided when the said 
vessel is bound to the port of New York. And every 
pilot shall for such services be entitled, in addition 
to the above-mentioned rates of compensation, to 
demand and receive the further sum of twenty-five 
cents for each and every foot of water which any 
square-rigged vessel may draw which they shall 
pilot to or from the port of New York. And from 
the first day of November to the first day of April in 
every year, every such Hell Gate pilot shall be en¬ 
titled to demand and receive for every ship, bark, 
or brig, the sum of two dollars, and for every schooner 
or sloop, the sum of one dollar, in addition to the 
rates above mentioned. 

Wharfage and Dockage. 

It shall be lawful to charge and receive within the 
cities of New York and Brooklyn, wharfage and 
dockage at the following rates, viz.: From every 
vessel that uses or makes fast to any pier, wharf, or 
bulkhead, within said cities, or makes fast to any 
vessel lying at such pier, wharf, or bulkhead, or to 
any other vessel lying outside of such vessel, for 
every day or part of a day, as follows : From every 
vessel of two hundred tons burden and under, two 
cents per ton ; and from every vessel over two hun¬ 
dred tons burden, two cents per ton for each of the 
first two hundred tons, and one-half of one cent per 
ton for every additional ton, except that all canal 
boats navigating the canals in this State, and vessels 
known as North River barges, shall pay the same 
rates as heretofore ; and the class of sailing vessels 
now known as lighters shall be at one-half the first 
above rates, but every other vessel making fast to a 
vessel lying at any pier, wharf, or bulkhead within 
said cities, or to another vessel outside of such vessel, 
or at anchor within any slip or basin, when not re¬ 


ceiving or discharging cargo or ballast, one-half the 
first above rates, and no boat or vessel shall pay less 
than fifty cents for a day or part of a day : and from 
every vessel or floating structure other than those used 
for transportation of freight or passengers, double 
the first above rates. And every vessel that shall 
leave a pier, wharf, bulkhead, slip, or basin, without 
first paying the wharfage or dockage due thereon,. 
after being demanded, by the owner, consignee, or 
person in charge of the vessel, shall be liable to pay 
double the rates established by this act. 

It shall be lawful for the owner or lessee of any 
bulkhead, pier, or basin, in the port of New York, to 
all goods, wares, or merchandise remaining on the 
bulkhead or pier owned or leased by him, for every 
day after the expiration of twenty-four hours from 
the time such goods, wares, or merchandise shall 
have been left or deposited on such pier or bulkhead, 
and shall be a lien thereon until paid, except¬ 
ing merchandise and other property delivered on a 
wharf for transportation by canal boats, through the 
canals owned by the State of New York, and also ex¬ 
cepting such merchandise as may be landed on a 
bulkhead for storage purposes, by the owner or oc¬ 
cupant of a warehouse immediately in front of and 
adjoining the bulkhead on which such merchandise 
shall be landed which may be permitted to remain 
thereon eight days without being subject to the 
above-named charge. 

IVew Zealand flax, the fibre of the 
leaves of phormium tencix , or flax lily. The 
leaves are manufactured into cordage, 
coarse linen, etc. 

Nibo, a powder for washing silk, ob¬ 
tained in India from the antichosis ara- 
bica. 

Nicaragua-wood, a wood of the 
same species as the Brazil-wood, of which it 
is an inferior variety; it is also called peach 
wood; it is used as a dye-wood, and pro¬ 
duces a bright but fugitive red. 

Nickel, a valuable white metal, much 
used as an alloy on account of its silvery 
appearance, which it imparts to other met¬ 
als. It is used at the mint for the baser, 
coins as a substitute for copper, and with 
copper and zinc it forms German silver 
and other alloys. 

Nicotine, a colorless, transparent, oily 
liquid, obtained from tobacco leaves; it is 
a most powerful poison, one drop put on 
the tongue of a large dog being sufficient 
to kill it in two or three minutes. 

Niello work, silver-ware, ornament¬ 
ed by deep engraved lines, and the lines 
filled up with a black or colored composi¬ 
tion of silver, copper, lead, sulphur, and bo¬ 
rax ; the dark colors thus inlaid contrasting 
with the bright surface of the .silver, pro¬ 
ducing an effect something like a copper¬ 
plate engraving. This kind of work is pro¬ 
duced in Berlin. 

Niger-seed, an undefined oil-seed 
which figures in the trade of Madras. 

Nil, in book-keeping used to denote 
passing over, or not to be noticed. 




350 


NINGPO. 


NOBEL’S BLASTING OIL. 


Nillgpo, one of the five open ports of 
China, situate on the river Yung, in the 
province of Che-Kiang. The general trade 
of the city has latterly'fallen off, Shanghai 
being not far distant, and to which place 
the silks and some kinds of teas are more 
readily carried. The chief exports are tea, 
silk, and cotton; the imports woven fab¬ 
rics, opium, and rice. 

Niobium, a metal, called also colum- 
bium. 

Nitrate of lead, nitric acid and 
oxide of lead, used by print manufactur¬ 
ers. 

Nitrate of silver, nitric acid and 
silver, much used as an indelible ink, in 
medicine, and in photography. It is found 
in commerce in crystals and in sticks; 
when in the latter form it is called lunar 
caustic. 

Nitrate of soda. This is found na¬ 
tive in immense quantities in Chili and 
Peru, in beds frequently of several feet in 
thickness. It is extensively employed as a 
source of nitric acid, and is also used as a 
manure. 

Nitrate of strontia, a salt prepared 
from the sulphide of strontium, and used in 
the preparation of 1 ‘ red fn*e” in pyrotech¬ 
nic works and in theatrical effects. 

Nitre, the saltpetre of commerce; in 
chemistry the nitrate of potash ; in miner- 
alogy, nitre; employed in medicine, the 
arts, and in metallurgy. 

Nitric acid, an acid obtained by the 
action of sulphuric acid on nitrate of potash 
or of soda, and known also as aqua fortis; 
as generally met with in commerce it is 
contaminated by sulphuric and other acids. 

Nitro-S>enzol, a yellowish oil pre¬ 
pared from benzol, which becomes solid at 
about 31 degrees Fahrenheit. It is used as 
a substitute for oil of bitter almonds for 
flavoring, and is also a source of aniline 
for the manufacture of dye-colors. 

Nitro-glyccriiie, an oily, yellowish 
liquid, which explodes with terrific vio¬ 
lence, and is used as a substitute for gun¬ 
powder in blasting rocks. It is made from 
glycerine, sulphuric and nitric acids, and in 
trade is sometimes called ‘ ‘glynoin oil,” “ni- 
troleum,” and ‘ ‘ Nobel’s blasting powder ”— 
the latter a combination of nitro-glycerine 
with other substances, to render it more safe. 
A serious dra wback to its commercial char¬ 
acter is its liability to explode under uncer¬ 
tain and seemingly capricious conditions. 
It is usually shipped in large bottles or car¬ 
boys, packed in casks or cases, in the man¬ 
ner provided for by law. The dangerous 


and terrific effects of its explosion very 
properly rendered its transportation a mat¬ 
ter of national legislation* Hence, by the 
third section of the Act of Congress of July 
28, 18(31), it is enacted that “it shall not be 
lawful to transport, carry, or convey, 
ship, deliver on board, or cause to be 
delivered on board, the substance or 
article known or designated as nitro¬ 
glycerine or glynoin oil, nitroleum or 
blasting oil, or nitrated oil, or powder 
mixed with any such oil, or fuel saturated 
with any such article, upon or in any ship, 
steamship, steamboat, vessel, car, wagon, 
or other vehicle, used or employed in trans¬ 
porting passengers by land or water, be¬ 
tween a place or places in any foreign 
country and a place or places within the 
limits of any State, territory, or district of 
the United States, or between a place in 
one State, territory, or district of the 
United States and a place in any other 
State, territory, or district thereofand 
any person, company, or corporation vio¬ 
lating the provisions of this law are “lia¬ 
ble to a fine of not less than one thousand 
nor more than ten thousand dollars, at the 
discretion of the court, one-half to the use 
of the informer. ” And by the fifth section 
of the same act it is declared unlawful to 
1 ‘ ship, send, or forward any quantity of 
the said substances or articles, or to trans¬ 
port, convey, or carry the same, by a ship, 
boat, vessel, vehicle, or conveyan ee of any 
description, upon land or water, to or be¬ 
tween [places as in third section], unless 
the same shall be securely enclosed, depos¬ 
ited, or packed in a metallic vessel sur¬ 
rounded by plaster of Paris, or other ma¬ 
terial that will be non-explosive when 
saturated with such oil or substance, and 
separated from all other substances; and 
the outside of the packages containing the 
same be marked, painted, or labelled in a 
conspicuous manner with the words ‘ Ni- 
tro-Glycerine, Dangerous;’ ” and the vio¬ 
lation of this section renders the party 
liable to a “ fine of not less than one thou¬ 
sand nor more than five thousand dollars, 
at the discretion of the court, one-half to 
the use of the informer. ” 

Nitroleum, a proper, but not the 
commercial name for nitro-glycerine. 

Nobel’s blasting; oil, another name 
for a variety of dynam, or dynamite, a 
blasting powder invented by Nobel, a Swe¬ 
dish mining engineer, consisting of a mix¬ 
ture of 75 per cent, of nitro-glycerine with 
25 per cent, of infusorial silica. In com¬ 
merce, nitro-glycerine, dynam, and Nobel’s 




NOBLE METALS. 


NUTMEGS. 


351 


blasting powder mean pretty much the 
same thing; in their manufacture, that is 
chemically, there is a difference. 

Noble metals, metals which can be 
separated from oxygen by heat alone; they 
are mercury, gold, silver, platinum, palla¬ 
dium, rhodium, iridium, and osmium. 

Aoils, short pieces and knots of wool 
which are taken from the long staple by 
the process of combing; packed in bales 
and shipped as a distinct article from 
wool; but by the decision of the Treasury 
Department of April 19, 1869, are “ to be 
classified as wool, not as wool waste.” 

Nosi-inflammable fabrics. By 
the application of sulphate of ammonia, 
light fabrics such as curtains, muslin dress¬ 
es, etc., may be rendered non-inflammable 
without injury to the texture or color; it 
is a laundry, not a manufacturing process. 

Nordhausen acid, a kind of sul¬ 
phuric acid used as a solvent of indigo, of 
extra strength and purity, used for various 
chemical purposes. An acid nearly or fully 
equal to it is now made in Brooklyn, L. I., 
by Martin Kalbfleisch. 

Norway 1 a saber. Under this name 
deals, beams, and balks are largely shipped 
from Norway to Holland, France, England, 
and Denmark. 

Norway raystone, whetstone. 

Norway spruce, a species of fir, the 
pinus abies , a timber tree abundant in 
Norway. 

Norway tea, the leaves of a species 
of rubies , or raspberry. 

Nostrums, a term applied to quack 
medicines, or secret medicinal or curative 
preparations. 

Notary public, an officer appointed 
under State laws, but whose official acts 
are recognized and respected by the cus¬ 
tom of merchants and by the courts of all 
nations, and whose attestation of certain 
kinds of commercial documents have pecu¬ 
liar force and validity ; as, for instance, cer¬ 
tificates of protests of bills of exchange, 
the shipping papers of seamen, etc. 

Note, meaning a promissory note, as 
when a merchant says I have a note to 
pay to-day, or, I have not a note out; a 
note receivable or a note payable, also a 
bank note. 

Note papers, fine, fancy or plain 
paper, not exceeding in size, when folded 
as in the quire, 5x8 inches, frequently still 
smaller, and of irregular and varying sizes. 

Notes payable, same as bills payable. 

Notes receivable, same as bills re¬ 
ceivable. 


Notice, the implied contract of the 
indorser of a note or bill of exchange, is, 
that he will pay if the maker or acceptor 
shall be in default, provided he has due 
notice of the dishonor, and it is for the 
holder to prove affirmatively that such 
notice was given, or the indorser is dis¬ 
charged from liability. 

Notions, the general name for small 
wares, such as spool cotton, tapes, hooks- 
and-eyes, pins, needles, etc. 

November, the eleventh calendar 
month, abbreviated in commercial corre¬ 
spondence, Nov. 

Noyau, a favorite cordial or liqueur 
flavored with the kernels of peach-stones 
or bitter almonds ; an inferior kind is 
flavored with the essential oil of bitter 
almonds. 

Nugga, a weight for cotton in India 
of 316 lbs. 

Nuggets, large lumps of gold as found 
in the gold mines. 

Number. The quality of some kinds 
of merchandise is described by numbers, 
thus, 1st quality No. 1; 2d quality No. 2; 
3d quality No. 3 ; numbers for other kinds 
of merchandise describe sizes, as gloves, 
shoes, stockings, spool thread, needles, etc. 

Nil in mad, a Persian felt carpet. 

Nuns’ thread, a kind of cotton 
thread made at Paisley. 

Nurseries, commercial nurseries are 
formed by persons who adopt nursery gar¬ 
dens as a business, and raise and bring for¬ 
ward young plants, shrubs, and trees, for 
sale. 

Nut-galls, galls or gall-nuts, which see. 

Nutmeg butter, improperly called 
oil of mace; it is obtained in the Moluc¬ 
cas by expression from the fresh nutmegs, 
which are first bruised and then strained 
and pressed. The oil is imported from the 
East Indies. 

Nutmegs, the fruit of the myristica 
moscliata , a tree which grows in the Mo¬ 
lucca Islands. The entire fruit is of the 
size of a peach, the nutmeg is the inner¬ 
most kernel or seed, contained in a thin 
shell which is surrounded by the mace. 
Good nutmegs feel heavy in the hand; 
when perforated by worms they feel light, 
though the holes may not be discovered, as 
they are generally filled up or stopped by 
some substance. Nutmegs are cultivated 
in Java, Singapore, Sumatra, and many 
islands of the Indian Ocean, and in some 
parts of the West Indies. The Dutch en¬ 
deavored to confine the growth of the nut¬ 
meg to three of the Banda Isles, but theii 






352 


NUT OIL. 


NUX VOMICA. 


attempts were frustrated by a kind of 
pigeon, called the nutmeg bird, which, ex¬ 
tracting the nutmeg from its pulpy peri¬ 
carp, digests the mace, but voids the nut¬ 
meg in its shell, which falling in a suitable 
situation, readily germinates; and the 
young plants thus obtained are used for 
transplanting. Nutmegs from Penang and 
other Indian islands are packed in very 
strong chests of about 220 lbs., and are 
usually powdered with lime to prevent 
the attack of an insect which is very 
destructive, often destroying the entire 
contents of a chest. There is a kind 
nearly twice as long, but much inferior to 
the true nutmeg, which is called in trade 
the long or wild nutmeg. Nutmegs are 
sold by the lb., and the price regulated 
by the size of the nut; thus 60 to 80 per 
lb., 80 to 90 per lb., 95 to 185 per lb. ; 
the last mentioned being worth about half 
as much as the first. 

Nut oil, a valuable drying oil, ob¬ 
tained from walnuts, or hazel nuts, either 
by cold or hot pressure. The term is also 
sometimes applied to peanut oil. 

Nut pine, a variety of pine tree, the 
seed cones of which are very large, and 
the seeds eatable, and esteemed as an 
article of food by the Indians. 


| Nutria fur, the fur of an animal 
called the coypu or conia, largely used 
in the manufacture of hats ; the chief im¬ 
ports are from Buenos Ayres and Chili. 

Nut§, fruits of certain trees and shrubs 
divested of their hulls, or their pericarps, and 
consisting generally of a simple kernel, in¬ 
closed in a hard shell. Those which are com¬ 
monly known in trade as imported nuts, are 
the cocoa nut, hazel nut, Brazil nut, pista- 
chia nut, Madeira nut, etc. The nuts of do¬ 
mestic growth which have a place in com¬ 
merce, are the chestnut, walnut, hickory nut, 
butter nut, pecan nut, pea nut, etc. Most of 
these nuts are of importance for their edible 
kernels, and some for their abundant oil. 

Nux vomica, the seeds of a tree, a 
species of strycknos , a native of the coast of 
Coromandel; the seeds, though a power¬ 
ful poison, form a valuable medicinal 
drug ; they are shipped from Bombay in 
small bags of about 28 lbs. each. The im¬ 
ports to the United States are mostly from 
London. Nux vomica is inodorus, and its 
taste, which is intensely bitter, remains 
long on the palate. It is a very current 
belief that it is used by brewers and dis¬ 
tillers of malt and spirituous liquors. In 
England its use by brewers is prohibited 
under heavy penalties. 



SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Oak-bark 

fEcorce de chene 

Eichenrinde 

Eikenbast 

Scorza di quercia 

Corteza de roble 

Oakum 

iltoupe 

Heede; Werg 

Kalfatwerg 

Stoppa 

Estopa 

Oars 

Rames 

Riemen 

Roerstok 

Remi 

Remas 

Oats 

Avoine 

Hafer 

Haver 

Avena 

Avena 

Oatmeal 

Farine d’avoine 

Hafermehl 

Havermeel 

Farina dell’avena 

Harina de avena 

Ocher 

Ocre 

Berggelb; Ocker 

Geel oker 

Ocria; ocra 

Ocre 

Oil 

Huile 

Oel 

Olie 

Olio 

Aceite 

Oil-cake 

Tourteau 

Oelkuchen 

Lijnkoek 

Panelli 

Torta 

Oil-cloth 

Toile cir6e 

Wachstuch 

Wasdoek 

Tela incerata 

Hule 

Olibanum 

Encens 

Weibrauch 

Wierook 

Incenso 

Olibano 

Olive oil 

Huile d'olive 

Baumol 

Olijfolie 

Olio d’olive 

Aceite d’oliva 

Olives 

Olives 

Oliven 

Olijven 

Olive 

Accitunas 

Onions 

Oignons 

Zwiebeln 

Wijen 

Cipolle 

Cebollas 

Onyx 

Onyx 

Onyx 

Onyx 

Onice 

Onice 

Opal 

Opale 

Opal 

Opal 

Opalo 

Gpalo 

Open port 

Port franc 

Freihafen 

Vrij haven 

Porto franco 

Puerto franco 

Opium 

Opium 

Opium 

Opium 

Opio 

Opio 

Oranges 

Oranges 

Orangen 

Oranjeapples 

Arance 

Naranjas 

Orchella 

Orseille 

Orselje 

Orseille 

Oricello 

Orchil] a 

Ores 

Minerals 

Erze 

Erts 

Minerale 

Quijos 

Ornaments 

Ornement 

Verzierungen 

Ornament 

Omamenti 

Adorno 

Orpiment 

Orpiment 

Operment 

Oprement 

Orpimento 

Orpimento 

Osiers 

Osier [truche 

Korbvveide 

Waterwilg 

Salcio 

Mimbre [struz 

Ostrich feathers 

Plumes d’au- 

Straussfedern 

Struisvederen 

Piume di struzzo 

Plumas de ave- 

Otter skins 

Peaux de loutre 

Otterfelle 

Ottervellen 

Pelli di lontra 

Pieles de nutria 

Ounce 

Once 

Unze 

Ons 

Oncia 

Onza 

Oxgalls 

Fiel de boeuf 

Ochsengalle 


Fiele di bul 

Heil de vaca 

Oysters 

Huitres 

Austem 

Oesters 

Ostriche 

Ostras 


Oak bark, the bark of several spe¬ 
cies of oak, usually peeled from the trees 
in broad strips, and in lengths of about four 
feet, and sold by the cord. In England it is 
sold by the ton. Used in tanning leather. 

Oak lumber a sad timber, white 
oak logs, white oak planks, white and red 
oak staves and headings, live oak for ship¬ 
building, etc. 

Oak tanned, leather tanned with 
oak bark. 

Oakum, old tarred ropes untwisted, 
pulled or picked to pieces, and forming a 
substance something like tow, and used for 
calking ships’ bottoms; that which is made 
from untarred ropes is called white oakum. 
It is usually packed in large bales, and the 
annual consumption and sales in New York 
nlone are estimated at over 3,000,000 of 
lbs. 

Oars, the long hand-paddles or blades 


used in rowing boats; they are largely 
manufactured in the State of Maine and in 
the city of New York, and form an article 
of considerable export; both the English 
and French navy, and a good part of the 
European merchant service, are furnished 
with American oars, made mostly of white 
ash. 

Oat meal, the flour or meal made 
from oats; the grain is usually prepared, 
or kiln-dried before grinding. It is in de¬ 
mand in the cities as an article of food, and 
is imported from Scotland, Ireland, and 
Canada. 

Oats : there are several varieties of oats 
raised in the United States, but, except in 
color, there is no particular difference. The 
price currents usually quote Canada, New 
York, Western, New Jersey, and Pennsyl¬ 
vania. They are used as a food for horses, 
very little being ground into meal in this 



















OILED PAPER. 


354 OBSCENE BOOKS, ETC. 

country. They are sold by the bushel, 
which consists usually of 32 lbs., but vary¬ 
ing a pound or more in different localities. 

Obscene books or pictures, 
importation of, prohibited by law, and if 
found are to be seized, condemned, and 
destroyed ; and any person depositing such 
pictures or publications in the post-office 
for transmission as mail matter, is liable to 
fine and imprisonment. 

Obsidian, a kind of black, volcanic 
glass or mineral found in Mexico, Peru, 
Siberia, and other parts. Used for knife- 
handles, and made into various articles of 
mourning jewelry. 

Ocean steamers, ships propelled 
by steam, and built with special reference 
to ocean navigation; differing from the 
steam vessels which are employed on the 
rivers, both in form of construction and in 
their greater strength. 

Oc Siava, a Spanish commercial weight 
of 56-,Vo grains. 

Ochre, clay colored yellow by hydrate 
of iron ; but the term is applied to any com¬ 
bination of the earths with iron which can 
be used as pigments; the greater the quan¬ 
tity of iron the deeper, generally, the tint. 
The ochre of Vierzon in France is held in 
the greatest estimation on account of its 
beautiful yellow color. 

Ocltrey earth, clay in combination 
with iron in any form suitable for pig¬ 
ments, or which can be used in the com¬ 
position of painters’ colors. 

Oetava, a Spanish measure of length 
at Cadiz, equal to 4/if inches. 

Octave, a cask of wine the eighth part 
of a pipe; as a measure of capacity the 
octave is uncertain; for the wines of 
Spain it varies from 16 to 20 gallons. 

Octavo, a book or pamphlet the size 
of which is produced by the folding of 
sheets of medium printing paper into 8 
leaves or 16 pages, usually contracted 8vo. 

October, the tenth calendar month, 
usually abbreviated Oct. 

Octroi, the term used in France for 
the tolls levied at the gates of Paris (and 
some other cities), upon articles of food 
brought into the city. 

Ociiba wax, a vegetable wax ob¬ 
tained from the fruit of a shrub growing 
in the Province of Para. 

Odials, the young roots of the palmyra 
palm, sold for food in the Ceylon markets. 

Oil re, a liquid measure of Majorca, of 
100 Vf gallons. 

Ocliro, the name of a culinary plant 
largely cultivated in our gardens ; known 


in the Southern States as gumbo, and in 
the West Indies as pepper pot. 

Ocliro fibre, a strong, pliant, silky 
fibre obtained from the ochro plant, which 
is said to be well suited for the manufac¬ 
ture of ropes, bagging, and paper. 

Olfal, those parts of slaughtered ani¬ 
mals not vendible as flesh. An ox of 800 
lbs. has about 250 lbs. of offal; a sheep of 
74 lbs., 24 lbs.; a calf of 150 lbs., 35 lbs. 
of offal. 

Offer, a price named by the party wish¬ 
ing to purchase. 

Ofiiee, the counting-house, or the de¬ 
partment; in the building where the books 
are kept, or a private room for the use of 
the members of the firm, near to or ad¬ 
joining the counting-room. 

Officinal, such drugs or preparations 
as are directed by the pharmacopoeia, and 
kept ready prepared in the apothecary’s 
shop for sale. 

Oiling', anchorage in or off the harbor 
in deep water at a distance from the shore, 
and where the services of a pilot are not 
required to conduct the ship. 

Offset, to balance; as to offset one ac¬ 
count or charge against another. 

Ohm, a variable liquid measure of G-er- 
many,—at Baden of 391 gals.; at Bremen, 
38- l V gals. ; at Berlin, 49-,Vo - gals. ; and at 
other places varying from 12 gals, to 40 gals. 

Oil cake, a mass of compressed seeds 
from which oil has been extracted; the 
marc or refuse after oil is expressed from 
flax or other seeds. The cake from flax¬ 
seed is largely produced in this country 
and mostly shipped to England, where it is 
fed to cattle. The marc of rape. and cot¬ 
ton seed are also sold as oil cake, mostly 
for manure. The amount of imports of 
the different kinds into England exceeds 
100,000 tons. The shipments from the 
United States exceed 75,000 tons annually. 

Oil cloth, canvas oiled and painted 
for covering floors, and other uses; a com¬ 
mon name for floor cloth; manufactured of 
various widths, in all varieties of colors 
and patterns, and sold by the square yard. 

Oil colors, painters’ pigments or col¬ 
ors, formed of mineral substances ground 
and worked up with oil. 

Oiled paper, transparent tracing 
paper, used by draughtsmen and surveyors. 
The Chinese oiled paper, which comes in 
packing boxes and as envelopes for Chinese 
goods, is the common bamboo paper pre¬ 
pared by slightly soaking it in clear oil, 
and then brushing it over with anothei 
coat and drying. 




OILED SILK. 


OLD IRON. 


355 


Oalcd silk, silk fabrics prepared by 
being- saturated in oil. 

Oil nuts, a name applied to various 
nuts which yield oil. 

Oil of bricks, an oil obtained by 
subjecting- a brick soaked in oil to the pro¬ 
cess of distillation. It is used by lapi¬ 
daries in cutting gems. 

Oil of mucc, a name frequently but 
improperly used for nutmeg butter, or the 
concrete oil of the nutmeg. 

Oil of vitriol, the old name for sul¬ 
phuric acid, and one still very much in use 
in ordinary trade language. 

Oil pain Haigs, pictures on canvas, 
or works of art, painted in, that is with, 
oil colors. 

Oil palm, a palm-tree growing in 
Guinea, which bears a fruit about the size 
of a large plum, which furnishes the palm- 
oil of commerce; the leaves of the tree 
are woven by the natives into mats. 

Oils, a general designation for unctuous 
liquids which retain their fluidity at a low 
temperature. There are three classes of 
commercial oils: 1. Fixed or fatty oils, 
which are either of vegetable or animal 
origin, and are obtained by expression. 
2. Volatile or essential oils, which are 
usually obtained by distillation from vege¬ 
tables or plants. 3. Mineral oils, which 
are derived artificially from lignite and 
bituminous bodies, or those in a native 
state, in what is known as coal oil, rock 
oil, or petroleum. The fatty oils are also 
divided into two classes, and are known as 
drying oils and non-drying oils. The dry¬ 
ing oils are used principally for varnishes 
and for painters’ colors, and consist of lin¬ 
seed, nut, poppy, hemp, cucumber, sun¬ 
flower, castor, grape seed, cotton seed, and 
some others. The non-drying oils, when 
fresh, are used in culinary operations, and 
on the table, as salad oils; also for illumi¬ 
nating purposes, and for the greasing of 
machinery, and such as readily unite with 
alkalies for soap-making. These oils con¬ 
sist of olive, almond, sesamum, beech, 
mustard, rape seed, butter of cacao, cocoa 
nut, palm, lard, laurel, ground nut, piney 
tallow, colza, radish, horse chesnut, and a 
few others. The mineral oils are used 
partly for lubrication, but mostly for illu¬ 
mination. The oils which enter most 
largely into commerce are whale and other 
fish oils, lard, linseed, colza, olive, palm, 
rape seed, and rock oil or petroleum. 

Oil seed, the name frequently given 
to the castor bean. 

Oil seeds. Under this head are in¬ 


cluded linseed, rape seed, teel sesame or 
gingelly seed, poppy, ground nut kernels, 
cotton seeds, etc. 

Oil stones, a description of hones or 
whetstones formerly obtained in Turkey 
and Germany almost exclusively, but now 
by far the larger part used in Europe and 
America are obtained from Kansas. The 
stones are taken out of the quarry in blocks 
of from a few ounces to a half ton in weight, 
and shipped to New York, where they are 
manufactured or cut into various sizes, and 
thence shipped to all parts of the world. 

Oily-grain, a common name, in many 
places, for sesame seed, the seeds of the 
sesamum orientale. 

Oka, a weight of Alexandria of 2-, I 0 - 
lbs.; at Constantinople, 2-j- 0 - lbs.; at Can- 
dia, 2j5, i u - lbs. ; at Smyrna, 2- 1 a j L o lbs. 

Oke, a variable weight—at Tripoli, 2f 
lbs.; at Aleppo, 2-^, lbs. 

Old, this word has considerable signifi¬ 
cance in trade, the commercial quality of 
various articles being affected, and their 
value increased or diminished, by its use ; 
thus, the values of old wines, old liquors, 
old Java coffee, etc., are enhanced by be¬ 
ing old, while other commodities when old 
are of less value, as hops, flour, etc. 

Old accounts, unsettled bills, or 
open ledger balances of long standing. 

Old clothes, second-hand garments, 
very largely dealt in in large cities, mostly 
by a poor class of industrious Jews, and by 
pawnbrokers. 

Old customers, a designation given 
by a house to those persons who have made 
frequent purchases from it, or who have 
dealt with it during a considerable period 
of time. 

Old house, a commercial establish¬ 
ment or firm of long standing. 

Old iron, iron which has been made 
up into some kind of manufacture and be¬ 
come worn and unfit for further use, or, 
without having been worn or used at all, 
if it is discarded, and its commercial char¬ 
acter changed from a manufacture into a 
raw material fit only to be reworked. 
Scrap iron may fall under either or both 
these definitions. A British steamer bound 
for St. John put into Boston in distress, 
and, finding the flues of the boiler defec¬ 
tive, had them replaced with new boilers, 
and sold the defective boilers as old iron. 
The technical designation “ old iron” was 
the correct one; and if the boilers had been 
regularly imported and entered as old iron, 
the duty, $6 per ton, imposed by the col¬ 
lector at Boston, would have been the 




356 


OLD METALS. 


ONICOLO. 


proper one ; butit was held by the Depart¬ 
ment at Washington that to constitute an 
importation in the true meaning of the 
law, the arrival must be voluntary, with 
the intent to import, and the exaction of 
duty was overruled.— Dec. Treas. Dept., 
March 10, 1803. 

Old meta!@, the old metals which 
are of most account in commerce after old 
or scrap iron, are those of copper, brass, 
yellow metal, and pewter, and consist of 
such as are of no other use, and fit only to 
be remanufactured. Old manufactures 
of gold and silver, are bought and sold as 
old gold and old silver, and are not included 
in the phrase old metals. 

Old Stock, goods which remain on 
the shelf, or are on hand at the close of 
the season. 

Old Tom, a trade name for a kind of 
London gin. 

Old wane, wine which is supposed to 
have improved in quality, and therefore 
increased in value, by reason of its age. 
Wines that are originally poor, however, 
do not improve by becoming old. 

Oieic acid, one of the fatty acids, 
obtained by distillation from oils, and used 
in the manufacture of candles. 

OliBionum, a gum resin obtained 
from a tree, the boswellia serrata , found in 
the mountainous parts of India, and also 
in the countries bordering on the Red Sea. 
The gum is chiefly imported from the Le¬ 
vant. It is called frankincense, from the 
odor which it exhales when burnt. It is 
used as incense in Roman Catholic churches. 

Olive osS, oil expressed from olives 
(from the pericarp of the fruit, not from 
the seed), by first crushing the fruit, and 
then putting the pulp in sacks and sub¬ 
jecting it to a gentle pressure. The first 
oil extracted is the purest, and is called 
virgin salad oil; it is distinguished by its 
greenish color, but is often adulterated 
with other oils. The impure qualities are 
used in various ways in manufactures, and 
by soap-makers. It is computed that 
50,000 tons of this oil is annually produced 
in Southern Europe, where it is used in 
cookery, and on the table in the manner in 
which butter is used in the United States. 
The town of Gallipoli, on the shore of the 
Gulf of Taranto in Italy, is the principal 
port on the Mediterranean for the ship¬ 
ment of this oil. The oil is produced in 
very great abundance in the surrounding 
country, and brought into the town of 
Gallipoli, where they have cisterns cut in 
the limestone rock on which the town is 


built, which are peculiarly well fitted for 
the preservation of the oil. They do not 
differ much in appearance from a common 
water tank, and are usually under the 
houses of the inhabitants, and arched over, 
with the exception of a circular hole, into 
which the oil is poured, and through which 
it is again drawn up. It is said that the 
oil will keep in these cisterns for an indefi¬ 
nite period, and is improved, not only in 
clearness, but also in flavor. When the 
oil is to be shipped it is drawn off from 
the cisterns into skins, which are carried 
on men’s backs to the shore, where, the 
casks being filled, they are conveyed in 
lighters to the ships. The shipments or 
exports from this place amount to from 
3,000,000 to 4,000,000 gallons annually. 

Olives, the fruit of the olive-tree ; an 
oval plum of a green or violet color, with 
a fleshy pericarp containing a hard nut, 
and when pickled is esteemed and exten¬ 
sively used as a relishing condiment or 
article of dessert for the table. They are 
chiefly cultivated for the oil which is ob¬ 
tained from the pericarp. In commerce 
the large Spanish and the small French or 
Provence olives are the most common, the 
latter being most esteemed. They are 
imported in oil, but most usually in salt 
brine. 

OBive padding cloth, the name 
for a cheap kind of cloth used for stuffing 
coat collars. 

Olive wood, the wood of the olive 
tree, Avhich is beautifully veined, has an 
agreeable smell, and takes a fine polish; it 
is made into ornamental articles in France. 

Omhros, the name of a particular 
quality of madder. 

On credit, goods bought to be paid 
for at a future day; as, A buys his goods 
on credit, whereas B buys his for cash. 

Oil commission, goods held on con¬ 
signment, on the sale of which the party 
receives a commission, or percentage on 
the amount of the sale. 

Oil drought, malt or spirituous liq¬ 
uors, mineral waters, or other liquids, 
which when served or sold are drawn 
from casks or tanks instead of being bottled. 

Oil Blond, in ready supply in store, or 
at direct command. 

Oil time, a sale or purchase the pay¬ 
ment for which is to be made at a future, 
but usually at a fixed time, or day certain. 

OilicoBo, a variety of onyx with a 
deep blue ground, on which is a band of 
bluish white. It is used for cameos, and 
is chiefly obtained in Bohemia. 




ONIONS. 


OPTION. 


Onions, an edible bulb largely culti¬ 
vated in Spain, Portugal, and France, and 
also in some parts of the United States. 
The town of Weathersfield in Connecticut 
is noted for its large shipments of onions 
to New York and to the West Indies. 

On sale, goods held and for sale by a 
party other than the owner; merchandise 
left by the owner with another party for 
sale. 

Onyx, a variety of quartz resembling 
agate, and composed of alternate parallel 
layers of different colors, usually of alight 
brown and an opaque white. The cameos 
cut in onyx are highly prized, but the gem 
is of little value. 

Oolong, or Ootung, a favorite and 
very fragrant black tea, grown in the Ning- 
yang districts a little north from Amoy. 

Oopack, a variety of black tea, so 
named from the province of Oopack, in 
China, whence it is procured. 

Opal, a kind of resinous or uncleavable 
quartz; the color milk white, red brown, 
green, and pearl gray ; generally pale, but 
sometimes dark. Some varieties exhibit a 
beautiful play of colors, or different colors, 
by refracted or reflected light, the cause 
of which is not accounted for. The chief 
localities for opals are Hungary, Mexico, 
the Feroe Islands, and Iceland. 

Open an account, to place the 
name of a party on a merchant’s books, 
implying, usually, that transactions either 
in credits or debits, may be continuously 
made until notice is given to close the ac¬ 
count. 

Open account, a running account 
on a merchant’s books, of debits or credits 
with an individual or firm. 

Opening, a term used by drygoods 
merchants, and milliners, for the day on 
which they open and display a new assort¬ 
ment of seasonable goods. The opening 
day for autumn, with most of the estab¬ 
lishments in New York City, usually occurs 
during the month of September; for the 
spring, in the month of March. Adver¬ 
tisement is made of the days of opening, 
and large crowds of ladies are generally 
attracted to the exhibition. 

Open policy, an insurance policy 
covering undefined risks, but which pro¬ 
vides that its terms shall be made definite, 
especially on the property insured, by sub¬ 
sequent endorsements or additions. 

Opiates, narcotic or soporific drugs. 

Opium, the hardened juice obtained 
from the white poppy. Incisions are made 
in the poppy heads while growing, and the 


357 

juice flows out in small quantities, which 
is then dried in the sun, and being kneaded 
into cakes is ready for the market. It if 
usually imported in chests, and is not per¬ 
mitted to pass through the customs unless 
the appraiser finds it is pure, and contains 
not less than 9 per cent, of morphine. The 
varieties met with in commerce are Smyr¬ 
na or Levant, Turkey or Constantinople, 
Egyptian or Alexandrian, Persian, and In¬ 
dian. It is chiefly used in Europe and 
America as a source of morphine, narco¬ 
tine, and other pharmaceutical prepara¬ 
tions, while in Asia it is used to an enor¬ 
mous extent for eating and smoking. The 
greatest consumption is in China, and the 
principal supplies are obtained from India, 
the exports from the latter country 
amounting to 50,000 or 60,000 chests an¬ 
nually, and the money value of which is 
forty or fifty millions of dollars. Most of 
the opium is smuggled into the country. 
By the treaty of 1858, opium may be 
imported into any of the open ports on 
paying a duty of 30 taels ($41.84) per pi¬ 
cul. The importer, however, is permitted 
to sell it only at the port. It can be car¬ 
ried into the interior by Chinese only, and 
only as Chinese property. The foreign 
trader is not allowed to accompany it. 

Oplag, a commercial term in Nor¬ 
way applied to warehoused goods. Tran¬ 
sit oplag, means the depositing or ware¬ 
housing goods for exportation, subject to 
transit duties only; credit oplag , is a sys¬ 
tem which allows goods imported from 
abroad to be placed in the owner’s store 
free of duty for a given time, on his re¬ 
porting every three months how much he 
has sold, and then paying the duty on such 
an amount. 

OpoEialsam, a name for the balm of 
Glilead used as a cosmetic by the Turkish 
ladies. 

Opodeldoc, a camphorated soap lini¬ 
ment. 

Opoponox, an acrid drug or gum 
resin, resembling asafoetida, obtained from 
a parsnip-like plant which grows in Mace¬ 
donia and Sicily. 

Opossum skills, the fur skins of a 
small marsupial animal found in various 
parts of the United States; the fur is of 
an inferior quality, and of slight value. 

Optical instruments, telescopes, 
microscopes, spectacles, eye-glasses, field 
and opera glasses, magnifying glasses, etc. 

Option, a Wall street or stock-brokers’ 
term for the privilege of taking, or deliver¬ 
ing, at a future day, a certain number oi 




358 


ORANGES. 


ORENBURGH GUM. 


shares of a given stock at a price agreed 
upon. The terra appears in the stock 
quotations, for buyer’s option, b. o. ; for 
seller’s option, s. o. The term is also used 
among commercial men in various ways, 
as, payment to be made within 30 days, 
or if over 30 days, interest to be added, at 
the option of the buyer, etc. 

Oranges. The oranges of commerce 
are the fruit of the citrus aurantium. 
There are several varieties of this species, 
but the most esteemed in the markets of 
the United States are those which come 
from Havana; they are usually packed in 
boxes, though imported also in barrels and 
casks. They are sold by the 100 or 1000. 
From the citrus bigaradia, or the Seville 
orange, the orange-water of the perfumers 
is chiefly obtained, and the flowers of this 
. species yield the oil of neroli; orange mar¬ 
malade is also made from this species. 

A very large trade in oranges is carried on 
between San Francisco and the Society Isl¬ 
ands, not less than 5,000,000 being annually 
shipped to California from Tahiti. The 
usual price, delivered on board a vessel, is 
$7.50 per 1000. The trade is in the hands of 
a few foreign merchants, who take goods in 
exchange for the fruit, the oranges being 
gathered and brought them by the natives. 

Orange color, a color composed of 
equal parts of red and yellow. Arnotta 
alone dyes orange, but it is not a fast 
color. 

Orange mineral, the commercial 
name for red lead freed from some of the 
impurities which attach to that article, as 
usually found in commerce. 

Orange peel, the rind or outer skin 
of the orange, used by confectioners in va¬ 
rious ways, and imported in considerable 
amount. Orange peel is usually put up in 
casks, and the principal shipments are 
from Jamaica. 

Orange pekoe, a kind of Chinese 
black tea, resembling pekoe; it contains 
much dust, and the lower grades have 
brown and dark leaves mixed with the 
white-tipped yellowish leaves of the better 
grades. 

Orcliella, a name for various dye 
lichens, or weeds from which orchil and 
cudbear are manufactured. They are im¬ 
ported from various parts of the world, 
and in commerce receive the name of the 
country from whence they have been de¬ 
rived, as Barbary orchella, Madeira orchel- 
la, etc. It is said that the largest quantity, 
and best kind of orchella weed, is obtained 
from the Portuguese settlements in Africa, 


and sent to Lisbon, from which place there 
is annually shipped to other countries over 
3,000,000 lbs. 

Oreloi, the name of the coloring prin¬ 
ciple of several lichens. 

Order, a direction in writing to pay 
money or to deliver merchandise; the spe¬ 
cific direction for certain kinds and certain 
quantities of goods to be sent or shipped 
to the party ordering, which order may be 
verbal or in writing. 

Order-book, the book in which the 
orders from buyers of merchandise are en¬ 
tered ; also the name for the book which 
contains copies of orders sent out. 

Ordinary, a ship laid up in harbor, 
dismantled; relating to quality, as the or¬ 
dinary brands, or kinds; distinguished 
from the lowest kinds, or from the highest 
grades. 

Ordinary seamen, a sailor not 
rated as an “able seaman.” 

Ordnance, cannon, and all kinds of 
large guns. 

Ores, the mineral bodies from which 
metals are extracted. In the tariff laws 
of the United States, provision is made for 
“mineral substances in a crude state, not 
otherwise provided for,” and in another 
section provision is made for “all raw or 
unmanufactured articles not herein enu¬ 
merated or provided for.” No special pro¬ 
vision is made for ores. If they are em¬ 
braced in the first-named section they pay 
a duty of 20 per cent.; if in the second, a 
duty of 10 per cent. The Treasury De¬ 
partment, decision of July 15, 1862, decided 
‘ 4 lead ore to be a mineral substance in a 
crude state.” 

Oreala, a kind of rock sand found in 
British Guiana, used in the manufacture 
of pottery. 

Oregrund Iron, a valuable kind of 
iron obtained from the ores of the mines 
of Dannemora in Sweden. It derives its 
name from the port of shipment. The 
iron is better known in the United States 
as Dannemora iron. 

Oreicte, a kind of brass, or alloy of 
copper, zinc, magnesia, tartar, sal ammonia 
and lime ; it has a fine grain, is malleable, 
takes a good polish, has a golden brillian¬ 
cy, and its complexion may be restored by 
the use of acidulated water. 

Oreicte watcher, watches the cases 
of which are made of oreide, and washed 
over with a thin coating of gold. 

Orel tin, a yellow coloring principle 
obtained from annotta. > 

Orenburg!! gum, a sweet, gluti- 



ORGANZINE. 


OSNABURGS. 


359 


nous gum obtained from a species of larch 
in Russia, and used as a substitute for gum 
arabic. 

Organzine, a description of silk, the 
term being most usually applied to Italian 
silk, washed, spun, and thrown in a pecu¬ 
liar manner, the process for a long time 
being kept a secret by the Italians. The 
term is now understood to be silk which 
has been twisted, like the yarns which 
form a strand, and twisted a second time 
like the strands which form a rope; the 
thread being thus made hard and com¬ 
pact. 

Orgeat, a sweetened emulsion of al¬ 
monds and gum arabic, flavored with 
orange-flower water and bitter almonds. 

Oriental, a term applied to a variety 
of precious stones, without any reference 
to the countries from which they are 
brought. 

Oriental alabaster, a kind of car¬ 
bonate of lime which has been deposited 
from water holding that substance in solu¬ 
tion ; such water finding its way into the 
hollows and crevices of rocks, falls down, 
and on evaporation, leaves a calcareous 
layer, which in time accumulates to such 
an extent as to entirely fill some caverns ; 
it is generally clouded and zoned in a con¬ 
centric manner, and cannot be scratched 
with the nail, while ordinary alabaster, 
sulphate of lime, is so soft as readily to 
yield to the nail. Fine slabs of oriental 
alabaster are procured from the Pyrenees, 
Chili, and in Egypt. 

Oriental amethyst, a lilac blue or 
violet variety of sapphire. 

Oriental chalcedony, the finer 
and harder kinds of camelian. 

Oriental emerald, a greenish-yel¬ 
low variety of sapphire. 

Oriental garnet, blood-red or dark- 
crimson garnet. 

Oriental hyacinth, reddish-brown, 
and orange-yellow varieties of sapphire. 

Oriental opal, the finest kinds of 
precious opal. 

Oriental ruby, the name sometimes 
given to fine red varieties of sapphire ; the 
most valuable kind of ruby. 

Oriental sapphire, the name given 
to blue transparent varieties of corun¬ 
dum ; when perfect, and cf a clear, bright 
Prussian blue color, and of a high degree 
of transparency, this stone is valued next 
to the Oriental ruby; it is, however, sel¬ 
dom found in this state, being more fre¬ 
quently pale blue; pale varieties, when 
exposed to a strong heat, lose their color 


without undergoing any other alteration, 
and have often been sold for diamonds. 

Oriental topaz, a variety of sap¬ 
phire of a yellow color, more or less mixed 
with red; it is a very beautiful stone, 
though inferior in value to ruby or sap¬ 
phire. 

Origanum oil, an essential oil ob¬ 
tained from the wild marjoram. 

Original packages, goods in the 
cases or packages in which they are im¬ 
ported, or received from the manufacturer, 
without being broken or divided. 

Orleans, a trade name for a kind of 
cloth made of worsted and cotton, used 
for dresses. 

Ormolu, an alloy of copper and zinc, 
made to resemble fine gold, and also called 
mosaic gold ; an imitation bronze. 

Ormolu varnisb, an imitation gold 
varnish of copper or bronze. 

Oro prklre, an alloy of gold, silver, 
and palladium. 

Orpinicnf, a yellow sulphide of ar¬ 
senic, found native in Hungary, Turkey, 
China, Mexico, and other parts of the 
world, and artificially prepared as a pig¬ 
ment and for pyrotechnists, chiefly in Sax¬ 
ony. The word is a corruption of the 
Latin name auripigmentum or golden 
paint. 

Orpin, a yellow color of various de¬ 
grees of intensity ; orpiment or king’s yel¬ 
low. 

Orris, a kind of gold or silver lace. 

Orris root, the root of the iris floren- 
tina > a native of the south of Europe. It 
is used in the manufacture of hair powder, 
and some other articles in perfumery, and 
also as a medicinal drug. 

Oroide. See Oreide. 

Orsedew, Dutch gold or leaf metal; 
brass leaf; Manheim gold. 

Ortolans, small birds caught in the 
island of Cyprus and along the shores of 
the Mediterranean, which are pickled and 
packed for shipping. 

Osiers, the name for the various spe¬ 
cies of willows which are employed in bas¬ 
ket making. 

Osleon iron, bars of iron specially 
made for the manufacture of wire. 

Osmiii, a Russian grain measure, at 
St. Petersburg equal to 2-J bushels. 

Osimburgs, coarse linen made of 
flax and tow, a kind of negro cloth, large¬ 
ly consumed in the Southern States, the 
West Indies, and Brazil. The name is de • 
lived from having been originally made at 
Osnaburg, in Germany. 



360 OSTRICH FEATHERS. 


OVERDUE. 


Ostricli featliers. The elegance of 
these feathers as an ornament in dress 
renders them a valuable article of com¬ 
merce. The most esteemed are the long, 
white feathers plucked from the wings of 
the male bird brought from Barbary. One 
pound of these usually comprise about 
eighty feathers, and is worth from $150 
to $200 the lb. Considerable quantities of 
inferior feathers are annually shipped from 
Alexandria, in Egypt, where they are usual¬ 
ly sold at about $10 the rotili of lbs. 
The mode of hunting ostriches by the reg¬ 
ular hunters is thus described. The finest 
adult male bird is singled out of the flock 
of perhaps six or eight, at the season when 
the feathers are in the finest condition,— 
that is. when the quills have not arrived 
at their full hardness. He follows the 
bird thus selected, at a sharp trot, so as not 
thoroughly to alarm it, but follows it up 
perhaps ten miles or more at the same rate 
of speed, and then stops and off saddle, 
letting his horse feed and rest for about 
twenty minutes; the ostrich also stops. 
The hunter then mounts again, and follows 
up the bird at a fast gallop. The ostrich 
is now stiff and tired, so that his pursuer 
soon runs him down and knocks him on 
the head and kills him at once. An ostrich 
in good plumage is worth about $80, each 
bird having from 2| to 3 ounces of the 
fine white feathers. Some hunters get 
from fifty to eighty birds in a season. 

Oswego stare li, a variety of starch 
made from Indian corn, and deriving its 
name from Oswego county, New York, 
where it is very largely manufactured. 

Otoba, the name for a kind of fatty 
oil extracted by pressure from the fruit of 
a species of nutmegs, the myristica otoba , 
of New Grenada. 

. Ottar, the aromatic principle; as the 
fragrant oil obtained from rose leaves, 
which is also called otto and attar. 

Otter, a term sometimes used in the 
retail trade for annotto. 

Otter skins, the skins of the sea 
otter, enhydra marina, a valuable fur-bear¬ 
ing animal of which rarely more than 
about 1,000 are taken in the course of a 
year, chiefly in the North Pacific Ocean. 
The fur is most in demand in China and 
Russia. The skins of the land-otter are 
much more abundant, as many as 20,000 
being frequently obtained in a single year. 
The fur is less esteemed, and is of much 
less value than that of the sea-otter. 

Otto of cedar, a fragrant oil ob¬ 
tained from the wood of the cedar. 


Otto of roses, a volatile oil obtained 
by distilling roses with water, manufactur¬ 
ed extensively at Ghazipoor, in Hindostan, 
and at Shiraz, in Persia. The commer¬ 
cial supplies for Europe and America are 
from Turkey. Owing to its exceeding 
high price, it is liable to adulteration. See 
Attar of Roses. 

On nee, from the Latin uncia , the 
twelfth part of anything,—a weight the im¬ 
part of a lb. troy, or 480 grains ; the part 
of a lb. avoirdupois, or 4374 grains. In 
some parts of the West coast of Africa 
the ounce is a nominal money of account, 
represented by 16,000 cowry shells. The 
once (onza, the eighth part) is a term in 
some places in continental Europe for long, 
superficial, and dry measures. 

Out, to be destitute of—none on hand, 
all sold out of the article inquired for. 

Outfit, a fitting out; as of a ship for a 
voyage. 

Out port, a harbor some distance from 
the city, or seat of trade ; a port away 
from the main custom house. 

Out-put, a term in the iron trade for 
the yearly production. 

Outs, a term used by gaugers to ex¬ 
press the difference between the contents 
and the capacity of a cask containing a 
liquid. 

Outsides, the two quires of paper on 
the outsides of a ream, called also casse 
paper, the sheets being more or less im¬ 
perfect. 

Outstanding accounts, the book- 
debts, and business claims which, in part 
at least, are supposed to be collectible. 

Outward bound, ships or vessels 
departing, or on a voyage to a distant 
port. 

Ov er, surplus; cash on hand not ac¬ 
counted for; a term for money on hand 
not required for the day’s payments ; as 
have you anything over to-day ? meaning, 
have you more money than you have use 
for to-day. This last use of the term is 
common with m oney-borrowers; it is also 
much in use with bankers and brokers. 

Overcharge, an excessive or unjust 
charge ; a charge at a higher rate than the 
implied or expressed agreement, or than 
the usual rates; an inadvertent error 
against the buyer. 

Overdraw, to draw for a sum be¬ 
yond one’s credit balance in a bank, or 
with a banker. 

Overdue, a note or obligation lor the 
payment of money on a particular day re¬ 
maining unpaid after that day. 






OVERHAUL. 


Overhaul, to turn over and examine 
with a view to repairs, as of a vessel. 

Overload, to load with too heavy^a 
cargo. 

Oi erpay, to pay more than is strictly 
due. 

Overshoes, shoes worn over the or¬ 
dinary walking boots or shoes; in trade 
the term is rarely applied to other than in¬ 
dia-rubber shoes. 

Overstock, a supply beyond the ac¬ 
tual want; more than is sufficient for the 
demands of customers within the season; 
a greater supply than is profitable to hold. 

Overtrading, buying goods beyond 
the means of payment, or beyond the 
wants of the community. 

Overweight, more in weight than is 
required by law or custom. 

Owe, to be in debt. 

Owing, due to ; as the money is owing 
for the merchandise. 

Owling, a term used in England for 
the offence of transporting wool or sheep 
out of the kingdom, in violation of the 
acts of Parliament; so called because 
usually done in the night, when owls are 
awake. 

Oxalic acid, a vegetable acid used 
in calico printing, by straw hat makers, 
for whitening the leather of boot tops, for 
taking out ink spots, for cleaning copper 
utensils, etc.; it is largely manufactured 
in Switzerland, where it is prepared from 
the juice of wood sorrel. In England it is 
made from sawdust by the action of soda, 
potash, sulphuric acid, and lime. 

Ox gall, the bile from the gall bladder 
of the ox, used in various manufacturing 
operations for its alkaline properties, chief¬ 
ly as a detergent in woollen mills, to scour 
wool and cloth. 

Oxidized oil, a solid, elastic sub¬ 
stance produced by oxidizing linseed oil, 
used in the manufacture of artificial leath¬ 
er. and as a substitute for vulcanized india- 
rubber. 

Oxidized silver, a process of turn¬ 
ing the surface dull and dark by washing 
it with a solution of sodium and potassi¬ 
um ; used by the French in the manufac¬ 
ture of bijouterie. 

Ox reiuis, narrow strips of hide, about 


OZ. 361 

nine feet long, twisted for ropes and traces 
and for other purposes. 

Oxymel, a preparation of honey and 
vinegar,—in pharmacy frequently combin¬ 
ed with other medical ingredients and 
then named from them, as oxymel of 
squills, etc. 

Oxyrliodine, a mixture of oil of 
roses and vinegar. 

Oysters, molluscs of the genus ostrea , 
the ostrea edulis, being the kind which 
form so large a trade and are so extensive¬ 
ly in demand as an article of food. Thou¬ 
sands of vessels are employed in the oyster 
trade, and tens of thousands of persons are 
engaged in planting, fishing, and packing 
them. The finest flavored oysters in the 
world are said to be obtained in New York. 
In Philadelphia and Baltimore they are 
more plentiful. The latter city is the 
chief centre of the oyster-packing trade, 
where they are put up in kegs and tin 
cans for shipment to the West. The num¬ 
ber of cans packed annually is computed 
by millions. 

Oy§ter plant, the common name for 
salsafy, a species of tragopogon, a valuable 
garden vegetable common in our markets. 

Oyster shells. The chief demand 
for these shells in this country is for the 
purpose of converting them into lime. In 
China they are made to take the place of 
glass for windows in the poorer class of 
dwellings. They are cut square, and laid 
like tiles with their edges overlapping, the 
row being held by strips of wood length¬ 
wise in the sash. These shells are very 
abundant among the Phillipine Islands, 
and sell at about the rate of $3 per 
10 , 000 . 

Ozokerif, a valuable mineral sub¬ 
stance resembling a resinous wax, found 
chiefly in Moldavia and on the shores of 
the Caspian sea. It is of a yellowish- 
brown color, has an agreeable aromatic 
odor, softens by the heat of the hand, and 
may be kneaded like wax. By distillation 
and purification it is made beautifully 
white, and almost as transparent as paraf¬ 
fine. In New York it is used for candles, 
and it is said that they bum with a bright¬ 
ness exceeding that of spermaceti. 

Oz., the abbreviation for ounce. 



SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Packcloth 

Toile d’embal- 

Packtuch 

Paklinnen 

Terzone; invog 

Arpillera 

Packages 

Colis [lage 

Packete; Colli 

Goederen 

Colli [lit 

i Fardos [dium 

Packfong 

Argentan 

Neusilber 

Nieuw zilver 

Argentino 

Argenton; Pala- 

Packthread 

Ficelle 

Bindfaden 

Bindgaren 

Spago 

Hilo bramante 

Padding 

Ouate 

Watte 

Watte 

Bambagia [cc 

Guata 

Paddy 

Riz en grains 

Reis in Hiilsen 

Rijst in grein 

Riso fatto 6 bian 

Arroz en grano 

Padlocks 

Cadenas 

V orlegeschlosser 

Hangsloten 

Lucchetti 

Candados 

Pails 

Sceaux 

Eimer 

Emmers 

Secchie 

Cubos; cantaroa 

Paint 

Peinture 

Oelfarbe 

Blanketsel 

Fattibello 

Pintura 

Paintings 

Tableaux 

Gemalde 

Bildflache 

Pitture 

Cuadros 

Paper 

Papier 

Papier 

Papier 

Carta 

Papel 

Paper-hangings 

Papier peint 

Tapeten 

Behangselpapier 

Tapezzeria 

Papeles pintados 

Paper money 

Papier-monnaie 

Papiergeld 

Papiereugeld 

Carta-monetata 

Papel moneda 

Par 

Pair 

Pari 

Pari 

Pari 

Par 

Parchment 

Parchemin 

Pergament 

Perkament 

Carta peciv 

Pergamino 

Parcel 

Paquet 

Pack 

Pak 

Paco 

Bala 

Paris 

Paris 

Paris 

Parijs 

Parigi 

Paris 

Partner 

Associe 

Theilhaber [lung 

Deelhebber 

Socio 

Companero; socio 

Partnership 

Societe [ageur 

Compagniehand- 

Vennootschap 

SocietA 

Sociedad 

Passenger 

Passager; voy- 

Passagier 

Passagier 

Passeggiere 

Pasegero 

Passport 

Passeport 

Pass 

Paspoort 

Passaporto 

Pasaporte 

Pasteboard 

Carton 

Pappe 

Bordpapier 

Cartoni impastiti 

Carton; pasta 

Pastiles 

Pastels 

Riiucherkerzen 

Pastel 

Pastelli 

Pastelas 

Patterns 

Patrons 

Muster 

Patrone 

Modello 

Prueba 

Payable 

Payable 

Zahlbar 

Betaalbaar 

Pagabile 

Pagadero 

Payment 

Paiement 

Zahlung 

Betaling 

Pagamento 

Paga 

Peaches 

Peches 

Pfirsiche 

Perziken 

Persiche [nori 

Persigos 

Peanuts 

Tarnotes 

Erdeicheln 

Aardakers 

Cattapuzze mi- 

Chufas 

Pearls 

Perles 

Perlen 

Paarlen 

Perle 

Perlas 

Pearlash 

Perlasse # 

Perlasche 

Perlasche 

Potasse 

Perlasa 

Pears 

Poires 

Birnen 

Peren 

Pere 

Peras 

Peas 

Pois 

Erbsen 

Erwten 

Piselli [ature 

Arvejas 

Peat 

Tourbes de tan 

Torf; Braunkohle 

Bruinkolen 

Pizzedi scamosci- 

Adobes 

Peddlers 

Colporteurs 

Hausirer 

Marskrumer 

Spazzino 

Bunoheros 

Pelts 

Pelleteries 

Rauchwaaren 

Pelterigen 

Pellice 

Peleteria 

Pencils 

Crayons 

Bleistifte 

Potlooden 

Lapis 

Lapices 

Penholders 

Porte-plumes 

Federhalter 

Penhouders 

Manichi 

Portaplumas 

Penknives 

Canifs 

Federmesser 

Pennefessen 

Temperini 

Cortaplumas 

Pens 

Plumes 

Federn 

Federn 

Penne 

Plumas 

Pepper 

Poivre 

Pfeffer 

Peper 

Pepe 

Pimienta 

Percentage 

Tantieme 

Tantieme 

Tantieme 

Qualche parte 

Tanto por ciento 

Percussion caps 

Capsules 

Zlindhiitchen 

Zundhutchen 

Fulminantes 

Fulminantes 

Persia 

Perse 

Persien 

Persie 

Persia 

Persia 

Peru 

P6rou 

Peru 

Peru 

Peru 

Peru 

Peruvian bark 

Quinquina 

Chinarinde 

Kinabast 

Scorza del Peru 

Quina; cascarilla 

Petersburg 

Petersbourg 

Petersburg 

Petersburgh 

Pietroburgo 

Petersburgo 

Petroleum 

Huile de petrole 

Petroleum; Erddl 

Bergteer 

Olio di sasso 

Aceite de petroleo 

Pewter 

6 tain 

Zinn [Kalk 

Zinn 

Stagno 

Peltre; estano 

Philadelphia 

Philadelphie 

Philadelphia 

Philadelphia 

Filadelfia 

Filadelfia 

Phosphate of 

Phosphorus [lime 

Phosphate de 

Phosphore [chaux 

Phosphorsaurer 

Phosphor 

Phosphorus 

Fosfato di calcina 
Fosforo 

Fosfato de cal 
Fosforo 

Piano forte 

Piano [plomb 

Fortepiano 

Piano-forte 

Piano-forte [bo 

Piano [plomo 

Pigs of lead 

Saumons de 

Muldenblei 

Lood in blokken 

Conche di piom- 

Galapagos dfl 

Pills 

Pilules 

Pillen 

Pillen 

Pillole 

Pildoras 

Pill-boxes 

Boites aux pilules 

Pillenschachteln 

Pillendoozen 

Scatole da pillole 

Pildoreros 

Pilot 

Pilote 

Lootsen 

Loods 

Pilota 

Piloto 

Pilotage 

Pilotage 

Lootsengebuhr 

Lioodsgeld 

Pilotaggio 

Pilotaje 

Pimienta 

Pimento 

Piment 

Piment 

Jamaika-peper 

Pimento 

Pineapple 

Ananas 

Ananas 

Ananas pijnap- 

Ananasso 

Ananas; piSa 

Pine timber 

Pin 

Fichte; Kiefer 

Pynboom [pel 

Pino 

Pino 

Pins Epingles 

Nadeln 

tfaalden 

Chiodi 

Alfileres 

l\pe (measure) I Pipe 

Pipe 

Pijp 

Botte 

Pipa 



























COMMERCIAL SYNONYMS 


363 


English. 

• 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Pipe clay 

Terre k pipe 

Pfeifenthon 

Pfeifenklei 

Terra de pipne 

Tierra de pipas 

Pipes 

Pipes 

Pfeifen 

Pfeifen 

Piper 

Pipas 

Pistachio-nuts 

Pistaches 

Pistazien 

Pistache 

Pistacchi 

Pistachos 

Pistols 

Pistolets 

Pistolen 

Pistolen 

Pistole 

Pistolas 

Pitch 

Poix 

Pech 

Pek; pik 

Pece 

Pez 

Planks 

Planches 

Dielen 

Planken 

Tavole 

Tablas 

Plaster of Paris 

Platre de Paris 

Gips 

Gips 

Gesso di Paris 

Yeso de Paris 

Plated ware 

Plaqu6 

Plattirte Waaren 

Plattirte Waaren 

Placche 

Plateado 

Platinum 

Platine 

Platina 

Platina 

Platina 

Platina 

Playing cards 

Cartes a jouer 

Spiel karten 

Spielkaarten 

Carte da giuoco 

Naipes 

Plumbago 

Plombagine 

Plumbagen 

Potloot 

Piombaggine 

Lapiz plomo 

Plums 

Prunes 

Zwetschen 

Pruimen 

Susina 

Ciruelas 

Plush 

Ptsluche 

Pliisch 

Pluis 

Felpa 

Felpa 

Poland 

Pologne 

Polen 

Polen 

Polonia 

Polonia 

Pomegranates 

Grenades 

Granatapfel 

Granaatapelen 

Melagrani 

Granadas [dera 

Poppy oil 

Huile de pavot 

Mohnbl 

Papaverolie 

Olio di papavero 

Aceite de adorrni- 

Porcelain 

Porcelaine 

Porzellan 

Porcelein 

Porcelana 

Porcelana 

Pork 

Sal6 

Pbkelfleisch 

Peckelvleesch 

Carne salata 

Carne salada 

Port [tion 

Port 

Hafen 

Haven [plaats 

Porto 

Puerto [cion 

Port of destina- 

Destination 

Bestimmungsort 

Bestemmings- 

Destinazione 

Lugar de destina- 

Postage 

Port de lettre 

Briefporto 

Briefport 

Porto de lettre 

Porxe de cartas 

Postage stamp 

Timbre-poste 

Postmarke 

Postzegel 

Bollo postale 

Franqueo 

Postoffice 

Bureau de poste 

Postamt 

Postkantoor 

TJfficio postale 

Oficio de correo 

Potash 

Potasse 

Pottasche 

Potasch 

Potassa 

Potasa 

Potatoes 

Pommes de terre 

Kartoffeln 

Aardappelen 

Pomi de terra 

Patatas 

Pound 

Livre 

Pfund 

Pond 

Libbra 

Libra 

Powder (gun) 

Poudre a fusil 

Schiesspulver 

Buskruid 

Polvere 

Polvora 

Prague 

Prague 

Prag 

Praag 

Praga 

Praga 

Precious metals 

Metaux pr6cieux 

Edle Metalle 

Edele metalen 

Metalli preziosi 

Metales nobles 

Precious stones 

Pierres- pr6cieu- 

Edelsteine 

Edeigesteenten 

Pietre preciose 

Piedras preciosas 

Premium 

Prime [ses 

Priimie 

Premie 

Premio 

Premio 

Preserves 

Confitures 

Eingemachtes 

Banketbakkers- 

Confetti 

Confituras 

Price 

Prix 

Preis 

Prijs [artikeln 

Prezzo 

Precio 

Price currant 

Prixcourant 

Preiscourant 

Prijscourant 

Lista de prezzi 

Boletin de precios 

Print:? 

Toiles imprim6es 

Druckwaaren 

Gedrukte stoffen 

Tele stampate 

Telas estampadas 

Privateer 

Corsaire 

Kaper 

Kaper 

Corsaro 

Corsario 

Prize 

Prise 

Prise 

Prijs 

Presa 

Presa 

Proceeds 

Provenu 

Ertrag 

Opbrengen 

Proven to 

Provecho 

Produce 

Produit 

Product 

Product 

Prodotto 

Producto [cia 

Profit 

Benefice; gain 

Gewinn 

Winst 

Beneficio 

Beneficio; ganan- 

Promissory note 

Billet a ordre 

Verschreibung 

Promesse 

Cambiale secca 

Pagar6 

Protest 

Protet 

Protest 

Protest 

Protesto 

Protesta 

Provisions 

Comestibles 

Lebensmittel 

Levensmiddelen 

Viveri 

Viveres 

Pm nes 

Pruneaux 

Pflaumen 

Pruimen 

Prugne 

Ciruelas 

Prussia 

Prusse 

Preussen 

Pruissen [blaauw 

Prussia [ano 

Prusia 

Pr ussian blue 

Bleu de Prusse 

Berliner Blau 

Berlijnsch 

Azzurro prussi- 

Azul de Prusia 

Pumice-stone 

Pierre ponce 

Bimsstein 

Puimsteen 

Pietra pomice 

Piedra pomez 

Putty 

Lut de vitrier 

Kitt 

Stopverf 

Cenere di stagno 

Cimeirto 


Pacliira cordage, ropes made 
from the bark of a tree in New Grenada. 

Pack, a bale of goods; in England by 
a pack of meal is meant 280 lbs.; of wool, 
240 lbs.; a pack of playing cards is a full 
set; a bundle made up'for transportation ; 
to form things into packages or bundles ; 
to arrange and store merchandise in a case 
for shipment. 

Package, a bundle or bale of goods, 
made up for transportation. 

Packages, in auction rooms and with 
importing merchants, any kind of bales or 
boxes containg merchandise; as, 100 pack¬ 


ages of goods may mean 100 bales, or 100 
boxes, or 100 cases, according as the arti¬ 
cle to be sold may be packed or put up. 

Packclotli, coarse cloth used for 
baling goods. 

Packen, a weight at St. Petersburg 
of 1,082 lbs. 

Packer, one who puts up goods in 
boxes, bales, crates, or otherwise, for ship¬ 
ping or forwarding. 

Packet day, the regular sailing day 
of a ship or vessel belonging to a line. 

Packet §lilp§, vessels belonging to 
a line, one of which sails on regular stated 























PACKFONG. 


364 

days, with goods or passengers; and, be¬ 
tween certain ports, with the mails also. 

Packf Ollg, an East Indian or Chinese 
alloy, forming a white metal, composed of 
copper, zinc, and nickel; white copper. 

Pack-horse, a horse used for carry¬ 
ing bales or packs on his back. 

Packing', cotton yarn, waste, or other 
material sold for stuffing round the pis¬ 
tons, or other moving parts of machinery ; 
the act of putting up goods in bales, boxes, 
etc. 

Packing boxes, square or oblong 
boxes of fir or pine boards, made of va¬ 
rious sizes in which to pack merchandise. 

Packing store, a place where goods 
are sent to be packed,—in the city of New 
York a regular and distinct business. 

Pack load, the load an animal may 
carry on its back. 

Pack thread, a strong twine or 
small cordage used in tying up packages. 

Paeo, an iron ore of Peru which con¬ 
tains particles of native silver. 

Pacos, a name for Peruvian sheep, 
a species of llama, much prized for its 
wool. 

Pad, a fish measure,—not used in the 
United States; in England sixty mackerel 
go to a pad. 

Padar, a name for coarse flour or 
meal; groats. 

Padding, a kind of rough cloth or 
material for stuffing collars and other 
parts of garments,—used by tailors. 

Paddle wood, a strong, light wood 
used in machinery, obtained in Guiana,— 
the name is derived from the natives using 
it for the construction of their paddles. 

Paddy, the commercial name for un¬ 
husked rice. In cleaning paddy to pre¬ 
pare it as commercial rice, it undergoes 
two processes: first to divest the grain of 
the rough silicious outer covering, and sec¬ 
ond, the removal of the bran or fibre which 
covers the rice; by the latter process the 
rice becomes denned. 

Paddy bivd feathers, fine, cream- 
colored ornamental feathers, obtained 
from a species of crane in the East Indies ; 
this name is given because the bird is usu¬ 
ally taken in the rice fields. 

Padlocks, portable locks made with 
a link to pass through a staple. 

Padon, a kind of silk ferret or rib¬ 
bon. 

Padra, a term by which a kind of 
black tea is designated. 

Paduasoi, a particular kind of silk 
stuff, so named from being manufactured 


PAINTINGS. 

at Padua, in Italy, sometimes written pad- 
esoi. 

Page, the ‘right or left han<J folio of 
the cash, bank, journal, ledger, or other 
book. 

Pagliazza, a weight at Cephalonia, 
of 2 lbs. 

Pagoda, a gold coin current in India, 
of the value of about $2; a weight for 
gold in the East Indies, of about 53£ 
grains. 

Paid down upon the Nail* The 

origin of this phrase is thus stated : In the 
centre of the merchants’ exchange room in 
Limerick, Ireland, and probably in other 
towns, there stood a pillar about four feet 
high, and upon it a circular plate of cop¬ 
per about three feet in diameter. This 
was called the Nail, and on it was paid 
the earnest for any commercial bargains 
made ;—the money was thus “ paid down 
upon the nail. ” 

Pail§, wooden or tin vessels with han¬ 
dles adjusted so as to be movable. 

Paint boxes, small boxes containing 
cakes of different kinds of water colors. 

Paint brushes, the kind of bristle 
brushes used by house painters; those 
used by artists are called artists’ brushes. 

Painters’ colors, mineral pigments 
ground and worked up with oil; the ox¬ 
ides of iron in various forms are employed 
in the production of black, brown, and yel¬ 
low paints; oxides of zinc and of bismuth, 
and carbonate of lead for white paints; 
oxide of copper, with arsenic and other sub¬ 
stances, for greens, etc. 

Paintings, works of art as objects of 
taste, painted by artists, on canvas, ivory, 
glass, or other substances, either with oil 
or water-colors. The notion that water- 
color paintings should be called drawings 
has no authority in commerce. Paintings 
of American artists, residing abroad and 
imported in good faith as objects of taste, 
are admitted free of duty. It was held by 
the Treasury Department that a ‘ ‘ Geneva 
enamelled painting,” consisting of an ena¬ 
melled painting, on a metallic base, to be 
converted by further manufacture into or¬ 
naments for the person, was an article not 
known, commercially or otherwise, as a 
painting.— Decision , Mar. 3, 1858. 

Paintings on glass, understood by the 
Secretary of the Treasury to be painted 
glass, to be used for windows, was held 
not to be paintings within the meaning of 
the law. It surely, says Secretary Cobb, 
cannot be held to be the intent of the law 
to admit every article painted free of 



PAINTS. 

duty, but the term “painting’s ” must be 
confined to what are usually denominated 
“works of art,” or “objects of taste,” 
whether imported for sale or otherwise. 
Dec. Mar. 29, 1859. 

“Portraits, ‘done in silk,’ are not to 
be considered paintings, within the mean¬ 
ing of the law.” Tread. Regulations. 

“Paintings of an obscene character are 
to be seized at the Custom House, and if 
legally condemned, to be destroyed.”— 
Treas. Reg. 

Paints, coloring substances in com¬ 
bination with oil; the basis is usually of 
white lead, with the coloring agents de¬ 
rived from the mineral or vegetable king¬ 
dom mixed with it. 

Pair, two things of a kind. The use 
of this word in trade varies with the par¬ 
ticular article dealt in: —thus 1 dozen 
pairs of gloves or stockings means 24 
gloves or 24 stockings; but 1 dozen pair 
of spectacles, or trousers, or scissors, mean 
but 12 of either of these articles. 

Pa la, the trade name, in the East In¬ 
dies, for a species of indigo plant. 

Palamoud, an article of food used 
by Turks and Arabs, made from the meal 
of dried or roasted acorns, with sugar and 
aromatics added. 

Pale, in colors, wanting in intensity. 

Pale bark, the name given to seve¬ 
ral varieties of cinchona ; these yield less 
quinia than the red or yellow. 

Paleaipores, a kind of flowered In¬ 
dian dimity used for bed-coverings. 

Pales, narrow boards, pointed at one 
end for fencing; pickets. 

Palisander, a term indiscriminately 
applied to rose wood, violet wood, and to 
striped ebony. 

Palladimil, a valuable hard metal, 
used in the construction of mathematical 
instruments, and as fin alloy with silver it 
is employed by dentists. 

Palissy ware, a kind of decorated 
enamelled pottery ware, so named from 
the original manufacturer. 

Palm, a measure of 9-j- 0 % inches, be¬ 
ing that measure by which Carrara marble 
is invoiced and sold, one cubic palm being 
reckoned as two cubic feet; in ship build¬ 
ing in England and the U. S. 3 inches ; in 
Altona and Hamburg 3£ inches. 

Palm fibre, fibre obtained from the 
leaves of various species of palm, some 
kinds of which are largely employed in 
making common carpets, sail cloth, paper, 
etc. 

Palmitic acid, an acid obtained 


PALM OIL. 365 

from palm oil and largely used in making 
candles. 

Palifiiitia, a substance obtained from 
palm oil. 

Palin leaf, the leaves of different 
kinds of palm ; used for seats of chairs, 
for brooms, hats, baskets, wicker-work, 
etc. In Brazil they are packed for ship¬ 
ping, in bundles of about GO leaves; in 
Cuba in bunches of about 25 leaves. 

Palm leaf fans, fans formed of 
a single leaf of palm, and largely imported 
from China. 

Palm leaf bats, hats and bonnets 
made from palm leaves, largely manufac¬ 
tured at several places in Massachusetts. 
The raw leaves are mostly shipped from 
Cuba, in bunches of 25 each, and as de¬ 
livered are from 4 to 5 feet long. They are 
taken to the bleaching house, and after a 
process of brimstone bleaching the leaves 
are split into strips or a kind of straw. 
Nearly one-third of all that passes through 
the hands of the splitters is spoiled, and 
only fit for the paper makers, who usually 
buy it at about the rate of $50 per ton. 

After the straw is ready to be worked 
into hats, all the work is done by hand. 
In all the New England States, except 
Rhode Island, are agents who send the 
leaf out into the country among the wives 
and daughters of the farmers, by whom it 
is braided into hats, and woven into webs 
for shaker hoods. Large teams are con¬ 
stantly passing over the hills, carrying ma¬ 
terial to be braided, or the work that has 
been finished. The number of people who 
find employment in this business is very 
great. It is light work, and a nimble-fin¬ 
gered girl of ten or twelve can earn as 
much in a day as an adult woman. Boston 
is the chief centre of the palm-leaf hat 
trade; the great bulk of the manufacture, 
which amounts to over 300,000 dozen an¬ 
nually. goes to the Western States. 

Palitio, a commercial measure of 
8.9750 inches, used in Italy, but varying 
in different places ; the palmo at Carrara, 
for marble, is 9.5919 inches. 

Palm oil, a reddish-yellow oil, fluid 
in Africa, but of the consistency of butter 
when imported into the United States; 
obtained from the fruit of the oil palm of 
the west coast of Africa, the avoira or 
crocro palm-tree, growing on the coast and 
also in the interior of Guinea. The oil 
is used in the manufacture of soap and 
candles, and for these purposes is largely 
imported into Europe and the United 
States. 




366 


PALM SOAP. 


PANAMA HATS. 


Palm soap, soap made from soda 
and palm oil and tallow. 

Palm sugar, sugar made in tlie East 
Indies from the juice of the cocoa and 
other palms, and called jaggery. 

Palm tree wood, the stems or 
trunks of palms, various kinds of which are 
imported both from the West and the East 
Indies, and mostly used for fancy cabinet 
work. The areca catechu , or betel-nut 
palm, yields a wood of a light yellow-brown 
color, the cocoanut palm a wood of a 
chestnut-brown color, and the latter kind 
is sold under the various names of palm, 
palmetto, palmyra, nutmeg, leopard, and 
porcupine woods. The two last receive 
their names according- as the section is 
made in one direction or another. 

Palm wax, a kind of wax gathered 
from the stems of the ceroxylon andicola , 
growing in tropical America. It is used 
for candles in South America, and in the 
United States in the manufacture of hats. 

Palm wine, an intoxicating bever¬ 
age made from the juice of several kinds 
of palm. 

Palmyra wood, the trunk of a 
palm tree of Ceylon and southern India, 
used by turners and frequently called nut¬ 
meg wood. 

Palocoto, the name given for the 
stems of a seaweed, a species of lamina¬ 
ria, sold in the shops in South America 
and chewed by the inhabitants as a pre¬ 
ventive and cure of goitre. 

Pail, a name for the betel-nut, the 
narcotic masticatory of the East, made 
from the areca-nut and the leaves of the 
betel pepper. Its use in the East Indies 
is about as common as the use of chewing 
tobacco is among the lower classes of peo¬ 
ple in the United States. 

Pamphlets. This term is usually 
applied to printed publications, in the oc¬ 
tavo form, stitched, and either with or 
without covers, and containing not more 
than 32 or at most 48 pages. Stitched 
publications with a greater number of 
pages are usually termed “ books in paper 
covers,” or “books in pamphlet form.” 
In England, “no person shall sell, or ex¬ 
pose to sale, any pamphlet without the 
name and place of abode of some known 
person, by and for whom it was printed or 
published, written or printed thereon, un¬ 
der a penalty of £20.” 

Panama hats, plaited hats made 
from the leaves of a small fan palm-tree 
which groAvs in Peru, Equador, New Gra¬ 
nada, and Venezuela. It is called bonbon- 


axa by the Peruvians, bonbonace by the 
Brazilians, and in Central America, gen¬ 
erally, Jipijapa. The leaves are carefully 
gathered, and with a small knife each leaf 
is slit in strips, which, after being exposed 
to dew and to a process of drying and 
curling up, is plaited and made up into 
hats. Moyobamba, a town of north Peru, 
is the place where the best quality of hats 
are produced. They are made in the huts 
and houses of the families, and not in 
factories. The children make the coarser 
hats, the adults the fine article. When 
one, two, or more hats are finished, the 
maker repairs to some store to sell his 
work. Sometimes a clerk or agent of the 
Moyobamba stores will go from house to 
house in the country and collect them. A 
hat which sells at the rate of $42 the 
dozen, requires one week to make; an 
eighty dollar hat requires from four to six 
months. The regular and experienced 
dealers can tell at a glance whether the 
hat is made by a man or woman, or by a 
child; whether it is uneven, defective, 
starched up, bad in color, or otherwise. 
After the purchases are made, the hats are 
sorted according to form, fineness, and 
color, packed as flat as possible in bales of 
one hundred pounds each, and started on 
Indians’ backs for the water navigation of 
the Amazon. Thousands of dozens are 
sent to Para, whence they are taken to 
Pernambuco, Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro. 

Manavi, in Equador, is the only other 
place in the world where first-class “ Pan¬ 
amas ” are made. Those called the “ St. 
Helena ” are the most widely known, and 
are in great repute in the West Indies. 
The use of A\ r ax makes these hats firm 
without detracting from any other quality. 
Brazil is the largest customer of the fine 
hats; the West Indies and Spanish Main 
come next; then Australia follows; next 
comes France, and then the United 
States. 

The New Granada hats, which usually 
are sold in New York, are the poorest of 
all; the Payta hats are good only for fair 
weather. The Moyobamba and Manavi 
hats, though much dearer, are by far the 
most durable. Moyobamba makes only 
first quality hats, while Manavi produces 
a class of hats (in addition to the fine ones) 
Avhich are only used by the poorer people. 
Moyobamba annually exports doAvn the 
Amazon about one hundred and fifty thou¬ 
sand hats, which bring five hundred thou¬ 
sand dollars in gold to that small interior 
population. Manavi exports to the Pa- 



PANE. 


PAPER BOXES. 


367 


cific States and over the isthmus of Pan¬ 
ama (to the West Indies and the United 
States) about two hundred thousand. 

The New Granada and Maracaibo hats, 
which at the place of their production 
cost from $12 to $20 the dozen (and which 
could not be sold in Brazil at any price), 
are the kind usually sold in New York for 
about $10 or $12 each. The hats worn by 
Brazilian gentlemen, the wealthy and even 
the middle classes of the Spanish Main, 
and the West Indies, and by the rich 
Frenchmen, cost originally from one hun¬ 
dred dollars to six hundred dollars per doz¬ 
en in the country where they are made; 
and eighty dollars for a single hat is not 
an uncommon price in the valleys of the 
Andes, the place of their production.” 

Pane, a term used for a side of fur; a 
plate of glass; a square of silk or cloth 
inserted. 

Panic, a financial crisis among com¬ 
mercial men, generally brought about by 
overtrading and speculation, but some¬ 
times resulting from legitimate commer¬ 
cial risks. 

Panne, a kind of French worsted 
plush. 

Panniers, hampers or baskets. 

Paniniscoiinin, a kind of soft leath¬ 
er cloth. 

Paais, shallow earthenware or tin open 
dishes or vessels. 

Panonia leather, a name for an 
American leather cloth, a textile fabric 
impregnated with oak bark and gelatine, 
and to which a flexible varnish containing 
lampblack is afterwards added. 

Pantechnicon, a bazar in London 
for the sale of carriages, furniture, etc. 

Pautograplied, silk goods embroi¬ 
dered, after they are woven, by an instru¬ 
ment called the pantograph. 

Pantiles, gutter-shaped tiles, about 
13£ inches long by 9| wide. 

Pantile laths, laths of 1 \ inch wide 
and one inch thick, sold in the London 
timber yards in bundles of 12 each. 

Paper, a thin and flexible material 
made from the pulp of various fibrous sub¬ 
stances, chiefly from the pulp of old linen, 
cotton, and jute rags, from straw, bass 
wood, and such like flexible vegetable 
fibres. A ream of paper consists of 20 
quires of 24 sheets each; or, latterly, for 
printing paper of 20 quires of 25 sheets 
each. Paper is almost invariably bought 
and sold by the ream, but the price is reg¬ 
ulated by the weight. The general classi¬ 
fication in the trade is printing, writing, 


and wrapping papers; printing is either 
news or book; writing may be flat cap or 
other sizes for blank books, foolscap, letter, 
or note; wrapping may be straw, brown, 
thin, heavy, etc. Besides these there are 
various other kinds, such as blotting, wall, 
filtering, drawing, bank-note, etc., etc., 
all of which kinds are largely produced in 
the Eastern and Middle States, Massachu¬ 
setts alone producing annually to the value 
of $10,000,000. Considerable amounts of 
printing paper are imported from Belgium, 
and of fine writing and fancy papers from 
England. The actual importations for an 
average month at the port of New York 
will illustrate this import, trade. 

808 cases writing, - - value $43,529 

628 cases printing, - - “ 17,458 

4,960 rolls stainers’ paper, u 25.464 

98 cases fancy, “ ll’017 

242 cases colored, - - “ 12,390 

88 cases tissue and copying, “ 1,800 

10 cases drawing, - - “ 1,338 

189 reams photographers’, “ 1,327 

39 cases wrapping and 2 fil¬ 
tering, - - - u 1,206 

14 cases plate and 3 envelopes, “ 1,765 

1 case lace paper, - - “ 608 

Card paper and Bristol boards, “ 2,539 

The following are the sizes of the differ¬ 
ent descriptions of papers as generally 
recognized by the trade; as furnished by 
different paper makers the sizes for the 
different denominations vary considerably. 

inches. inches. 


Imperial 22 x28 
Card board 22 x28 
Card sheets 22 x28 
Pot paper 12^x15 
Super royal 20 x28 
Double cap 17 x28 
Royal 20 x24 

Medium 19 x24 
Check folio 17 x24 
Medi’m folio 18 x23 
Imperial 22 x30 
Atlas 26 x34 

D’bl el’ph’nt 26fx40 


Folio post 17 x22 
Demy 16 x21 
Crown 15 x!9 
Double pot 25 x30 
Legal cap 13 xl6 
Foolscap 13 xl6 
Flat cap 14 xl7 
Dub. mdm. 24 x38 
Super royal 19 x27 
do. do. 21 x27 
Elephant 23 x28 
Columbier 234x34^ 
Antiqu’rian 31 x53 


PajH'r, a term frequently used for 
legotiable commercial notes or bills of ex- 
jhange, distinguished as short, long, good, 
ight, etc. 

Paper bass, envelopes in the form 
)f bags made of strong paper, for holding 
seeds, spices, etc., largely manufactured 
n New York City. 

Paper boxes, boxes or cartons made 
>f pasteboard, manufactured in American 
jities to the extent of many millions annu- 
illy, for hosiers, glove manufacturers, dry 



368 PAPER CURRENCY. 


PARAGUAY TEA. 


goods merchants, etc. In Paris upwards 
of 4,000 persons are said to be constantly 
employed in this manufacture. The differ¬ 
ent kinds of boxes are distinguished by six 
classes: 1. Boxes for containing artificial 
flowers, velvets, ribbons, silks, satins, trim¬ 
mings, etc. 2. Confectionery and bon-bons 
boxes. 3. Trinket boxes. 4. Boxes for 
fans, perfumery, and gloves. 5. Large, 
strong boxes for shawls, fine muslins, etc. 
6. Boxes for pills, and small articles of 
various kinds. 

Paper currency, a circulating me¬ 
dium composed of bank or government 
notes or bills. 

Paper hangings, a general name 
for all colored or figured papers used for 
covering the walls of apartments. The 
designs of one kind known as flock paper 
are formed by foreign matters applied to 
the paper; the other kind, with flowers or 
figures, are painted or printed. 

Paper money, notes or bills issued 
by a bank, or by the government, promis¬ 
ing the payment of money, and circulated 
in place of coin; the denominations of 
these banknotes or bills are usually $1, $2, 
$3, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500, and 
$ 1 , 000 . 

Paper liionre, paper impregnated 
with a sweetened solution of arseniate of 
potash, and more commonly sold under the 
name of fly-poison paper. 

Paper muslin, the thinnest kind of 
glazed muslin, used as linings. 

Paper stock, the substances used 
for manufacturing into paper, consisting 
chiefly of linen and cotton rags, though 
many other substances are in demand. 
Paper pulp is largely made from bass¬ 
wood, from esparto-grass, from straw, rat¬ 
tans, and other like articles. 

Paper store, a storehouse where are 
sold printing, writing, letter, wrapping, 
and other kinds of paper. 

Papier inaclie, a name given to 
articles manufactured of the pulp of paper 
united with other materials, forming a 
hard substance which is moulded into 
various kinds of useful and ornamental 
articles. It consists of three varieties: 

1. Sheets of paper pasted together, ex¬ 
posed to great pressure, and then polished ; 

2. Sheets of considerable thickness, made 
from ordinary paper pulp; and 3. The 
fibrous slab made from a coarse variety of 
fibre and combined with some earthy matter 
to insure its solidity. In its production rosin 
and oils are used, and it is sized, covered 
with lampblack, varnished, and placed in 


a heated oven and exposed to a very 
moderate heat until perfectly dry. 

Papier inaclie good*, articles for 
use or ornament made from papier mache, 
varnished and highly polished. 

Par, equality of nominal and actual 
value ; bills of exchange, stocks, and bank 
bills are at par when they sell for their 
nominal value as expressed on their face; 
when they sell for less, they are below , and 
when for more, they are above par. The 
par value of foreign bills of exchange may 
or may not be the expressed value on the 
face of the bills, depending on the relative 
fineness of the coin of the respective coun¬ 
tries. 

Par of exchange, is deducing the 
rate of exchange from the mintage valua¬ 
tions of two countries, the coins being 
worked fully up to their standards. 

Para, an important commercial city of 
Brazil, and the capital of the vast mari¬ 
time province of the same name, situate 
on the river Amazon about 75 miles from 
its mouth. It is the chief shipping port 
for the india-rubber which is collected in 
such immense quantities on the shores of 
the Amazon, the shipments from this port 
amounting in some years to 10,000,000 of 
lbs. Hides, Brazil-nuts, sarsaparilla, an- 
notto, and sugar are also among its exports. 

Weights and measures. 1 Brazilian lb.=1.012 lbs. 
avoirdupois; 1 arroba=32.38 lbs.; 1 quintal=129.517 
lbs.; 1 vara=1.198 yards ; 1 covado=. 0714 yards. 

Para, a nominal Turkish coin; in Con¬ 
stantinople and Alexandria 40 paras are 
equal to 1 piastre, and 100 piastres are 
equal to about $4 85 ; a measure of capaci¬ 
ty 2 feet square by 6J inches deep, used in 
some parts of the East Indies; at Bombay 
it is 3£ bushels; at Ceylon, as a weight for 
coffee, it is from 35 to 50 lbs; pepper, 27 
to 30 lbs.; paddy, 30 to 33 lbs; husked 
rice, 42 to 46 lbs. 

Paraffin, a very valuable candle ma¬ 
terial or oily product, obtained chiefly 
from oily bituminous varieties of cannel 
coal. When pure it is quite white, re¬ 
sembling spermaceti, inodorous, and taste¬ 
less ; it is known also as mineral wax. 

Paraffin candles. These generally 
consist in part of wax, spermaceti, or the 
solid fat acids, and are in much esteem for 
their high illuminating power and beauti¬ 
ful appearance. 

Para grass, the fibres of the leaves 
of the piassava palm. 

Paraguay tea, the leaves of the 
South American holly (ilex paraguaiensis ), 
largely used as a tea in Brazil; it is es- 





PARAMATTA. 


PARKESINE. 


369 


timated that forty millions of lbs. of the 
leaves are consumed annually in South 
America; the beverage from the leaves is 
called mate. It is commonly shipped in 
tin chests covered with colored paper, 
somewhat after the manner of the Chinese. 
This mate is said to have been in partial 
use in Europe a half century before the 
tea from China was introduced. A recent 
traveller “Across South America,” thus 
refers to this tea :— 

“ The yerba , sometimes called yerba 
mate , from which the Paraguay tea is made, 
is to South America what the tea of China 
is to Europe and the United States; nor 
are its qualities very greatly different from 
those of the Asiatic herb. 

“ The yerba trees grow in forests called 
yerbales , on the rivers of Paraguay, and 
attain a considerable size. 

“At the time of gathering, a party of 
peons are sent into the forests, who collect 
the branches, sprigs, and leaves in vast 
piles, which are afterwards thoroughly 
scorched. This being accomplished, the 
leaves and twigs are packed in a raw hide, 
which contracts as it dries, compressing 
the yerba into an almost solid mass. In 
this condition it is sent to market. 

‘ ‘ The mate is a small gourd, which forms 
the general drinking-cup in all the regions 
which I visited. An infusion of the yerba 
having been made, with accessories, as in 
our own country, it is sucked from the 
mate through a tin or silver tube, called 
the bombilla, which is provided at its lower 
extremity with a strainer, which prevents 
the finer particles of the yerba from rising 
to the mouth. The name of the gourd or 
cup is not unfrequently coupled with that 
of the tea itself in mentioning the article.” 

Paramatta, a kind of bombazine or 
thin worsted and cotton fabric used for 
cheap carriage linings, and some finer kinds 
also used as ladies’ dress goods. 

Para Bints, the Brazil nut, so called 
because of Para being the port from which 
they are most largely shipped to Europe. 

Parasols, small umbrellas or sun¬ 
shades used by ladies. 

Parbuckle, a contrivance to haul up 
or lower a hogshead or cask. It is formed 
by passing the middle of a rope round a 
post or ring, the two parts of the rope be¬ 
ing then passed under the two quarters of 
the cask, bringing the two ends back again 
over it, so that these, being hauled or 
slackened together, either raise or lower 
the hogshead or cask as may be required. 

Parcel, a small package or bundle of 


goods; a lot or portion. The term is ap¬ 
plied to a large lot of goods as well as to 
a small package. 

Parcel book, a book in which is 
entered the time and manner of the de¬ 
spatch of parcels from the store. 

Parch incut coffee, a trade name 
for coffee when prepared for market in a 
particular manner in the West Indies. 

Parchment cuttings, the clip¬ 
pings of prepared skins, chiefly in demand 
for making size. 

Parchment paper, also called 
vegetable parchment, is made by steeping 
unsized paper in a mixture of sulphuric 
acid and water, whereby it is made tough, 
and capable of being written on with ink; 
it is used for many purposes, and as a sub¬ 
stitute for parchment, and also, to some ex¬ 
tent, as a substitute for bladder. 

Parchment, a writing material, made 
from the skins of the she-goats or sheep ; 
for drum heads from the skins of he-goats 
and wolves; for battledores from the skin 
of the ass. 

Pareira root, a drug imported from 
Brazil. 

Parella, a lichen used in dyeing. 

Parget, gypsum or plaster-stone. 

Parian, a fine quality of white por¬ 
celain clay, so called from its resemblance 
to Parian marble. 

Parian marble, a beautiful white 
marble from the Island of Paros. 

Parian ware, statuettes and various 
figures and ornaments made from fine 
Staffordshire porcelain clay, mixed with 
flint and moulded, dried, and fired. The 
manufacture is difficult and expensive, 
but nevertheless it is a means of multiply¬ 
ing the productions of high art in a com¬ 
paratively cheap form. The biscuit china 
of France is quite inferior to the Parian 
of England. 

Paris blue, a bright blue obtained 
by heating aniline with chloride of tin. 

Paris green, an arsenical pigment 
of a very vivid green tint, used mostly for 
coloring paper hangings. 

Parisian marble, the name given 
to a kind of artificial ivory made in Paris 
from papier-mache and gelatine. 

Paris red, a fine iron rouge employed 
for polishing. 

Paris white, a kind of prepared 
chalk. 

Parkesine, a material made of gun¬ 
cotton, ivory dust, and other substances, 
which may be moulded like india-rubber, 
or gutta-percha, after which it solidifies 



370 PARMESAN CHEESE. 


PARTNERSHIP. 


and becomes hardened, similar to ebonite ; 
known in trade as a kind of artificial ivory, 
and also by the name of xylotile , which lat¬ 
ter word see. 

Parmesan elieese, a celebrated 
cheese from Parma, Italy. 

Parquetry, the name for a kind of 
fancy wood work, made of several pieces 
of wood, disposed according 1 to some par¬ 
ticular pattern—produced by placing the 
grain of the wood in different directions, 
or developing the pattern by using two or 
more kinds of woods of different colors. 

Parrots, well-known cage birds, the 
green and gray being largely dealt in by 
bird fanciers. 

Partial loss, a phrase in insurance, 
for any damage short of, or not amount¬ 
ing to, a total loss. 

Parties, persons who engage to do or 
not to do certain matters and things con¬ 
tained in an agreement; infants, idiots, 
lunatics, drunkards, and, except in certain 
cases, married women, cannot be parties to 
a contract. 

Partner, an associate in business, un¬ 
der a contract of partnership. 

Partners, persons who have united 
together, and formed a partnership; the 
division of the profits and losses arising 
from the business may be in proportion 
to the respective amounts contributed, 
but each partner is liable to the creditors 
for the entire indebtedness of the firm. 
A secret partner is one who is actually a 
parner by participation of profit, but is 
not avowed or known to be such ; and a 
dormant partner is one who takes no share 
in the conduct or control of the business 
of the firm ; both these are liable to cred¬ 
itors for the debts of the concern, because 
they have an interest and participate in 
the profits. A nominal partner is one who 
permits his name to be used, or holds him¬ 
self out to the world as a partner; he also 
is liable to the creditors of the firm, on the 
ground that he justifies them in trusting 
the firm on his credit. Limited partner¬ 
ships may be formed under the laws of the 
State of New York, and some other States, 
and by virtue of an Act of Congress, in the 
District of Columbia, under which the re¬ 
sponsibility of the special or limited part¬ 
ner is restricted to the loss of the money 
he put in, and no more. 

Partnership. When two or more 
persons combine their money, property, 
labor, or skill for the transaction of busi¬ 
ness for their common profit, they enter 
into partnership ; the division of the prof¬ 


its and losses arising from the business may 
be in proportion to the respective amounts 
contributed, or otherwise. Where the par¬ 
ties are engaged in one branch of trade 
only, and carry on all their business for 
their joint benefit, it is a general partner¬ 
ship. Special partnerships are those form¬ 
ed for a special or particular branch of 
business, or employment of the parties, or 
one of them. When they extend to a sin¬ 
gle transaction or adventure only, such as 
the purchase and sale of a particular par¬ 
cel of goods, they are more commonly called 
limited partnerships; though this latter 
term is now usually applied only to that 
form of partnership which, by statute, 
limits the liability of the special partner 
to the actual amount of money contributed 
to the business. The following synopsis 
of the general principles which govern in 
the law of partnerships, although desulto¬ 
ry and anonymous, affords practical sug¬ 
gestions of interest both to the partners 
themselves, and to parties who transact 
business with partnership firms : — 

4 4 When two or more persons place money 
or skill in a common business it is called 
a partnership. 

Partnership is usually formed by an 
agreement in writing, called articles of co¬ 
partnership. But it may be formed by 
mere agreement in words, or by the acts of 
the parties. 

It is always the better way, upon form¬ 
ing and entering into a partnership, to 
have the manner of conducting and con¬ 
cluding the partnership business reduced 
to writing, and signed. 

The use of pen and ink in this as in 
countless other transactions, will save ex¬ 
pense of time and money, and much bad 
feeling from lawsuits which arise from 
misunderstood or garbled versions of the 
contract of partnership. 

The main test of whether any business 
transaction in which two or more persons 
are engaged in a partnership is, whether 
there is a sharing of the profits of the busi¬ 
ness. No partnership can legally arise un¬ 
less the idea of profit enter into it as an 
element. 

Thus two or more persons contributing 
toward the purchase of a quantity of 
wheat, to be proportionately divided be¬ 
tween them, would not make the persons 
purchasing partners. 

There must be a re-sale and a joint inter¬ 
est in the result of the sale and in the 
profits. 

There is sometimes a difficulty in apply- 



PARTNERSHIP. 

mg this test to ascertain whether the busi¬ 
ness relations of certain persons make 
them partners. 

It is frequently a practice for a young 
man to receive a proportion of the profits 
in place of a salary. Now, the question 
whether he is merely a servant or a part¬ 
ner is of importance to himself and third 
parties. If he is a partner, he is entitled 
to an account and specific lien, and respon¬ 
sible for all the losses and debts of the firm. 

The rule is, that if certain service is to 
be performed for a share of the profits, 
without conferring any interest in the cap¬ 
ital stock, or such interest as to enable him 
to demand an account, it is a mere agency. 

A species of partnerships quite common 
in this country are Joint Stock Companies. 

The manner in which these companies 
are formed ; the amount to be subscribed ; 
the mode of transfer, is set out in the ar¬ 
ticles entered into between the parties. 

A member of the company is entitled to 
the benefits of all its contracts, and re¬ 
sponsible for all engagements made by its 
agents. 

His liability commences with the forma¬ 
tion of the company, and he is not liable 
for contracts made before that period by 
its intended members. 

Nor will the statements of other parties 
that a person is a member, or the publica¬ 
tion of his name as a member, without his 
consent, render him liable. 

There are three different kinds of part¬ 
ners. The nominal partner, who has no 
money in the concern, but who allows the 
firm to use his name as credit; the real 
partner, or ostensible partner, who is, or 
appears as such to the world ; the dormant 
partner, who has an interest in the profits 
of the firm, but whose name does not ap¬ 
pear as a partner. He is one who tries to 
reap all the benefits of a partnership, and 
avoid liability for all the losses. So long 
as he keeps perfectly concealed he does so, 
but if his name becomes disclosed as a 
partner he becomes equally liable with the 
other members. 

■When a partnership is once formed, each 
partner, whether nominal, real, or dor¬ 
mant, is the accredited agent of the rest, 
respecting the business of the firm. 

One partner, however, cannot bind the 
remainder by a contract required in law 
to be under seal, unless the co-partners 
assent to the contract previous to its exe¬ 
cution, or afterwards ratify and adopt it. 

A release of debt, even if under seal, 
made by one partner, is good, because the 


PARTNERSHIP. 371 

seal was not necessary, and he had the 
right to discharge the debt. 

It must be within the scope of the part¬ 
nership business, and every person whc 
deals with a partner is supposed to kno'v 
the nature of the business of the firm. 

The party dealing with the partner, 
however, must act in good faith. The 
partner, for instance, can purchase goods 
at an extravagant price, and the firm is 
bound to pay for them; or he may sell 
goods at a very low figure, and pocket the 
money himself, and defraud the firm. 

But, if the man to whom he sold the 
goods knew that the whole transaction 
was for the purpose of defrauding the firm, 
he could not hold the firm liable for the 
bargain of the partner. 

The most dangerous power that a part¬ 
ner has is that of issuing negotiable paper 
on behalf of the firm. 

It is thus in the power of the partner to 
issue a mass of paper, realize upon it, and 
leave the firm liable for its payment when 
it matures. 

All such paper, however, must be in the 
name of the firm, and also in behalf of the 
firm. 

When the business of the firm does not 
require the agency of such paper, there is 
no implied authority to issue it. Firms 
which are not commercial have no right 
to issue commercial paper—such as law 
firms and medical firms. 

A partner may discharge or give a re¬ 
ceipt for a debt due the firm, but he can¬ 
not submit a difference to arbitration. 

He may pledge as well as sell the part¬ 
nership effects. 

He may give or receive a notice for the 
firm. 

He may take a debt barred by the statute 
of limitation out of the statute, by a new 
promise or acknowledgment. 

The right of a creditor against a partner¬ 
ship is both joint and several. 

Not only are the partnership effects liable 
to be applied to its payment, but each part¬ 
ner is liable to have his own individual 
property applied to the same purpose. 

A partnership creditor must absorb the 
partnership effects first, and then the part¬ 
ners’ private property. 

An individual creditor must, in case of 
conflict between himself and a firm cred¬ 
itor, apply the individual property of the 
debtor first. 

The presumption is, that partners upon 
the termination of their partnership, are 
equal owners of the partnership effects. 




PASSENGERS’ BAGGAGE. 


372 PART OWNERS. 


This may be regulated, however, by 
agreement. 

We have shown that the private proper¬ 
ty of each partner, however small his in¬ 
terest in the firm, is liable for the debts of 
the firm. The reason of this was because 
the public, knowing that a certain person 
was a member of a partnership, gave that 
firm credit on account of the responsibility 
of that person, and the law would not al¬ 
low a person holding out his name to give 
credit to the firm, to say he was not re¬ 
sponsible for the debts of the firm. 

To obviate the hardships which frequent¬ 
ly resulted from this, the legislatures from 
many of the States have created what are 
termed limited partnerships. 

The act in the State of New York pro¬ 
vides that such partnerships may consist 
of one or more persons, who shall be called 
general partners, and who shall be jointly 
and severally responsible as general part¬ 
ners now are by law, and of one or more 
persons who shall contribute in actual cash 
payments a specific sum as capital to the 
common stock, who shall be called special 
partners, and who shall not be liable for 
the debts of the partnership beyond the 
fund so contributed. 

The general partners only shall transact 
business and sign for the partnership. 

The persons forming such partnership 
shall make and sign a certificate which 
shall contain: — 

1. The name or firm under which such 
partnership is to be conducted. 

2. The general nature of the business. 

3. The general and the special partners, 
and their residences. 

4. Amount of capital of special partners. 

5. When partnership begins and ends. 

6. Acknowledgment of this certificate 
in regular form. 

7. Filing this certificate in the clerk’s 
office of the county where their place of 
business is located.” 

Part owners, the separate rights of 
several owners of a ship, where the parties 
are not partners, and are not liable for each 
other’s debts. 

Partridge berry, the winter green 
or mountain tea berry ; used in pharmacy. 

Partridge wood, the variegated 
wood of certain South American and East 
Indian trees, used mostly for umbrella 
handles and walking sticks. It is named 
from a peculiar wavy pattern in the grain. 

Pass, a name for a kind of Russian 
hemp; also a permit to go on board of a 
vessel on her arrival in port. 


Passage, a voyage taken by water. 
Passage money, the fare paid for 
conveyance by sea. 

Pass-book, a small hand-book pass¬ 
ing between dealers, in which the transac¬ 
tions are entered at the time by one of the 
parties, and passed back to the other. 

Passe-carne, the name for a much- 
esteemed culinary vegetable used on th( 
Isthmus of Panama; the word means, 
“ excels or surpasses meat.” 

Passed, merchandise which has been 
compared with the invoice, and appraised 
at the port of entry by the government 
appraiser, the word “ passed,” if found 
correct, being stamped on the package. 

Passengers, persons who have taken 
passage in a public conveyance for the pur¬ 
pose of being transported from one place 
to another. 

Passengers’ baggage, the trunks 
and packages containing the clothing and 
effects which accompany passengers arriv¬ 
ing from a foreign country. 

There is no law which authorizes any 
one to bring in articles which they have 
purchased or procured abroad, unless on 
payment of the regular duties. The fact 
that these articles are for personal, or fami¬ 
ly use, or for presents, and not merchan¬ 
dise, makes no difference, except in cer¬ 
tain specified cases. 

The following articles, with the restric¬ 
tions mentioned, are admitted free : — 

Paintings and statuary, the production 
of American artists residing abroad, pro¬ 
vided the same be imported in good faith 
as objects of taste and not of merchan¬ 
dise. 

Wearing apparel in actual use, and other 
personal effects not merchandise, profes¬ 
sional books, implements, instruments, 
and tools of trade, occupation, or employ¬ 
ment not machinery. The term ‘ ‘ wear¬ 
ing apparel ” embraces articles either 
used or ready for use, such as it w r ould be 
supposed the station in life of the party 
in possession would entitle or require him 
or her to make use of. And such articles 
not obviously excessive in quantity or 
quality, when satisfactorily shown that 
they have been in actual use by the owner, 
may be admitted free of duty. Other 
personal effects, not merchandise, are un¬ 
derstood to be such articles as either sex 
have occasion to make daily use of, such 
as combs, brushes, and other articles of 
the toilet. Professional books, imple¬ 
ments, and tools of trade, occupation, or 
employment are understood to embrace 




PASSENGER-SHIPS. 


PASSENGER-SHIPS. 373 


such hooks or instruments as would natu¬ 
rally belong- to a surgeon, physician, en¬ 
gineer, or scientific person returning to 
this country, or immigrants from abroad 
coming to the United States to settle. 

The exemption of household and per¬ 
sonal effects from duty extends only to 
household effects which have been in use 
in the family for at least one year, and to 
such only of the personal effects as have 
been in actual use prior to the shipment 
from the foreign port. 

Jewelry, when worn, and of such a de¬ 
scription and quantity as befits the station 
of the possessor, may be admitted free of 
duty. 

Plate and other household effects must 
hare been in use abroad one year, to en¬ 
title them to free entry, and the initials 
or other marks are not to be considered as 
proof of their having been so used. 

Presents, other than such as are exempt¬ 
ed by law from duty, or paintings and 
statuary imported as objects of taste, are 
liable to duty. 

“Baggage must be duly entered, or, at 
the option of the Collector, it may on de¬ 
claration be examined by an inspector in¬ 
stead. If dutiable articles are found there¬ 
in entry must be made thereof and duty 
paid .—Act March 2, 1799. Under the 
first section of the act of June 27, 1864, 
all baggage of passengers from contiguous 
foreign territory is to be inspected by a reg¬ 
ular inspector, or other officer of the 
Customs, at the first point of entry at 
which it shall arrive, and such officer is 
empowered to require the trunk, sack, or 
other envelope containing the baggage to 
be opened, or its key delivered to him, 
and refusal to comply with such require¬ 
ments forfeits the trunk or other envelope 
and its contents. It is doubtful whether 
concealment of dutiable articles would 
carry with it more than the forfeiture of 
such article. By the act of July 18, 1866, 
dutiable articles concealed in baggage for 
the purpose of evading the duty are for¬ 
feited, but not the remaining articles of the 
baggage. If a baggage entry is made, 
and if, upon examination, dutiable articles 
are found not included in the entry, all 
such articles are forfeited, and the person 
in whose baggage they are found, is liable 
to forfeit and pay treble the value of such 
articles .”—Decision Sec. Treas. 

Passenger-ships, ships appropri¬ 
ated to, and employed in, the conveyance 
of passengers. By the laws of the United 
States steamships and other vessels con¬ 


veying passengers from foreign parts are 
restricted to a certain number of passen¬ 
gers, according to the tonnage of the ves¬ 
sel ; a certain space is to be allowed for 
each passenger; the vessels are required to 
have life-boats, proper ventilators, cook¬ 
ing-ranges, stores of provisions, etc., and 
the captain is bound to maintain good 
discipline and habits of cleanliness. The 
act of Congress above referred to, known 
as the “ Passenger Law,” passed March 3, 
1855, enacts that 

Sec. 1. That no master of any vessel shall take on 
board, at any foreign port, other than foreign con¬ 
tiguous territory of the United States, a greater num¬ 
ber of passengers than in proportion of one to every 
two tons of such vessel, not including children under 
the age of one year in the computation, and comput¬ 
ing two children over one and under eight years of 
age as one passenger. That the spaces appropriated 
for the use of such passengers, and which shall not 
be occupied by stores or other goods not the personal 
baggage of such passengers, shall be in the following 
proportions, viz.: On the main or poop decks or plat¬ 
forms and in the deck-houses, if there be any, one 
passenger for each sixteen clear superficial feet of 
deck, if the height or distance between the decks or 
platforms shall not be less than six feet; and on the 
lower deck (not being an orlop deck), if any, one pas¬ 
senger for eighteen such clear superficial feet, if the 
height or distance between the decks or platforms 
shall not be less than six feet, but so as that 
no passenger shall be carried on any other deck or 
platform, nor upon any deck where the height or dis¬ 
tance between decks is less than six feet, with intent 
to bring such passenger to the United States, and 
shall leave such port or place and bring the same, or 
any number thereof, within the jurisdiction of the 
United States; or if any such master of any vessel 
shall take on board his vessel, at any port or place 
within the jurisdiction of the United States, any 
greater number of passengers than in the proportion 
aforesaid to the space aforesaid, or to the tonnage 
aforesaid, with intent to carry the same to any for¬ 
eign port or place other than foreign contiguous ter¬ 
ritory as aforesaid, every such master shall be deemed 
guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction there¬ 
of, before any Circuit or District Court of the United 
States, shall for each passenger taken on board be¬ 
yond the limit aforesaid, or the space aforesaid, be 
fined in the Siam of fifty dollars, and may also be im¬ 
prisoned, at the discretion of the judge before whom 
the penalty shall be recovered, not exceeding six 
months. * * * * It is also provided that one hospi¬ 
tal in the spaces appropriated to passengers, and 
separate therefrom by an appropriate partition, and 
furnished as its purposes require, may be prepared, 
and when used, may be included in the space allow¬ 
able for passengers, but the same shall not occupy 
more than one himdred superficial feet of deck or 
platform : Provided , That on board two-deck ships, 
where the height between the deeks is seven and one- 
half feet or more, fourteen clear superficial feet of 
deck shall be the proportion required for each pas¬ 
senger. 

Sec. 2. That no such vessel shall have more than 
two tiers of berths, and the interval between the low¬ 
est part thereof and the deck or platform beneath, 
shall not be less than nine inches, and the bertha 
shall be well constructed, parallel with the sides of 
the vessel, and separated from each other by parti¬ 
tions, as berths ordinarily are separated, and shall be 
at least six feet in length and at least two feet in 
width, and each berth shall be occupied by no more 
than one passenger; but double berths of twice the 



374 PASSENGER-SHIPS. 


PASSENGER-SHIPS. 


above width may be constructed, each berth to be 
occupied by no more, and by no other, than two wom¬ 
en, or by one woman and two children imder the age of 
eight years, or by husband and wife, or by a man and 
two of his own children under the age of eight years, or 
by two members of the same family; and if there shall 
be any violation of this section in any of its provisions, 
then the master of the vessel and the owners thereof 
shall severally forfeit and pay the sum of five dollars 
for each passenger on board of said vessel on such 
voyage, to be recovered by the United States in any 
port where such vessel may arrive or depart. 

Sec. 3. That all vessels, whether of the United 
States or any foreign country, having sufficient capa¬ 
city or space according to law for fifty or more pas¬ 
sengers (other than cabin passengers), shall, when 
employed in transporting such passengers between 
the United States and Europe, have, on the upper 
deck, for the use of such passengers, a house over 
the passage-way leading to the apartments allotted 
to such passengers, below deck, firmly secured to the 
deck or combings of the hatch, with two doors, the 
sills of which shall be at least one foot above the 
deck, so constructed that one door or window in such 
house may at all times be left open for ventilation ; 
and all vessels so employed, and having the capacity 
to carry one hundred and fifty such passengers, or 
more, shall have two such houses ; and the stairs or 
ladder leading down to the aforesaid apartment shall 
be furnished with a hand-rail of wood or strong rope; 
but booby hatches may be substituted for such houses. 

Sec. 4. That every vessel so employed, and having 
the legal capacity for more than one hundred such 
passengers, shall have at least two ventilators to purify 
the apartment or apartments occupied by such pas¬ 
sengers ; one of which shall be inserted in the after 
part of the apartment or apartments, and the other 
shall be placed in the forward portion of the apartment 
or apartments, and one of them shall have an exhaust¬ 
ing cap to carry off the foul air and the other a receiv¬ 
ing cap to carry down the fresh air; which said venti¬ 
lators shall have a capacity proportioned to the size of 
the apartment or apartments to be purified; namely, 
if the apartment or apartments will lawfully author¬ 
ize the reeception of two hundred such passengers, 
the capacity of such ventilators shall each be equal to 
a tube of twelve inches diameter in the clear, and in 
proportion for larger or smaller apartments; and all 
said ventilators shall rise at least four feet six inches 
above the upper deck of any such vessel, and be of the 
most approved form and construction; but if it shall 
appear, from the report to be made and approved, as 
hereinafter provided, that such vessel is equally well 
ventilated by any other means, such other means of 
ventilation shall be deemed and held to be a compli¬ 
ance with the provisions of this section. 

Sec. 5. That every vessel carrying more than fifty 
such passengers, shall have for their use on deck, 
housed and conveniently arranged, at least one ca¬ 
boose or cooking range, the dimensions of which shall 
be equal to four feet long and one foot six inches 
wide for every two hundred passengers; and pro¬ 
vision shall be made in the manner aforesaid, in this 
ratio, for a greater or less number of passengers ; but 
nothing herein contained shall take away the right to 
make such arrangements for cooking between decks, 
if that shall be deemed desirable. 

Sec. 6 . That all vessels employed as aforesaid shall 
have on bonrd, for the use of such passengers, at the 
time of leaving the last port whence such vessel shall 
sail, well secured under deck, for each passenger, at 
least twenty pounds of eood navy bread, fifteen 
pounds of rice, fifteen pounds of oatmeal, ten pounds 
of wheat flour, fifteen pounds of peas and beans, 
twenty pounds of potatoes, one pint of vinegar, sixty 
gallons of fresh water, ten pounds of salt beef, free 
of bone, all to be of good quality; but at places 
where either rice, oatmeal, wheat flour, or peas and 
beans cannot be procured, of good quality and on 


reasonable terms, the quantity of either or any of 
the other last-named articles may be increased and 
substituted therefor; and, in case potatoes cannot be 
procured on reasonable terms, one pound of either 
of said articles may be substituted in lieu of five 
pounds of potatoes; and the captains of such vessels 
shall deliver to each passenger at least one-tenth part 
of the aforesaid provisions weekly, commencing on 
the day of sailing, and at least three quarts of water, 
daily; and if the passengers on board of any such 
vessel in which the provisions and water herein re¬ 
quired shall not have been provided as aforesaid shall 
at any time be put on short allowance during any 
voyage, the master or owner of any such vessel shall 
pay to each and every passenger who shall have been 
put on short allowance, the sum of three dollars for 
each and every day they may have been put on short 
allowance, to be recovered in the Circuit or District 
Court of the United States; and it shall be the duty 
of the captain or master of every such ship or vessel 
to cause the food and provisions of ail the passengers 
to be well and properly cooked, daily, and to be served 
out and distributed to them, at regular and stated 
hours, by messes, or in such other manner as shall be 
deemed best and most conducive to the health and 
comfort of such passengers, of which hours and 
manner of distribution due and sufficient notice shall 
be given. If the captain or master of any such ship 
or vessel shall wilfully fail to furnish and distribute 
such provisions, cooked as aforesaid, he shall be 
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon convic¬ 
tion thereof, before any Circuit or Distirct Court of 
the United States, shall be fined not more than one 
thousand dollars, and shall be imprisoned for a term 
not exceeding one year; Provided , That the en¬ 
forcement of this penalty shall not affect the civil 
responsibility of the captain or master and owners, to 
such passengers as may have suffered from said de¬ 
fault. 

Sec. 7. That the captain of any such vessel so em¬ 
ployed is hereby authorized to maintain good disci¬ 
pline, and such habits of cleanliness among such 
passengers as will tend to the preservation and pro¬ 
motion of health; and to that end he shall cause 
such regulations as he may adopt for this purpose to 
be posted up, before sailing, on board such vessel, in 
a place accessible tq such passengers, and shall keep 
the same so posted up during the voyage ; and it is 
hereby made the duty of said captain to cause the 
apartments occupied by such passengers to be kept 
at all times in a clean, healthy state; and the owners 
of every such vessel so employed are required to con¬ 
struct the decks, and all parts of said apartment, so 
that it can be thoroughly cleansed ; and they shall 
also provide a safe, convenient privy or water-closet 
for the exclusive use of every one hundred such pas¬ 
sengers. And when the weather is such that said 
passengers cannot be mustered on deck with their 
bedding, it shall be the duty of the captain of every 
such vessel to cause the deck occupied by such pas¬ 
sengers to be cleansed with chloride of lime, or some 
other equally efficient disinfecting agent, and also at 
such other times as said captain may deem neces¬ 
sary. 

Sec. 8. That the master and owner or owners of 
any such vessel so employed, which shall not be pro¬ 
vided with the house or houses over the passage¬ 
ways, as prescribed in the third section of this chap¬ 
ter, or with ventilators, as prescribed in the fourth 
section of this chapter, or with the cambooses or 
cooking-ranges, with the houses over them, as pre¬ 
scribed in the fifth section of this chapter, shall sev¬ 
erally forfeit and pay to the United States the sum 
of two hundred dollars for each and every violation 
of, or neglect to conform to, the provisions of each 
of said sections; and fifty dollars for each and every 
neglect and violation of any of the provisions of the 
seventh section of this chapter. 

Sec. 9. That the collector of the customs at any 




PASSENGER-SHIPS. 


PASSPORT. 


375 


port of the United States at which any vessel so em¬ 
ployed shall arrive, or from which any such vessel 
shall be about to depart} shall appoint and direct one 
or more of the inspectors of the customs for such 
port to examine such vessel, and report, in writing, 
to such collector, whether the requirements of law 
have been complied with in respect to such vessel. 

_ Sec. 10.. That the provisions, requisitions, penal¬ 
ties, and liens of this act, relating to the space ap¬ 
propriated to the use of passengers, are hereby ex¬ 
tended and made applicable to all spaces appropriated 
to the use of steerage passengers in vessels propelled 
in whole or in part by steam, and navigating from, 
to, and between the ports, and in manner as in this 
act named, and to such vessels and to the masters 
thereof. 

Sec. 11. That the vessels bound from any port in 
the United States to any port or place in the Pacific 
ocean, or on its tributaries, or from any such port or 
place to any port in the United States on the At¬ 
lantic or its tributaries, shall be subject to the fore¬ 
going provisions regulating the carriage of passen¬ 
gers in merchant vessels, except so much as relates 
to provisions aud water; but the owners and masters 
of all such vessels shall in all cases furnish to each 
passenger the daily supply of water therein men¬ 
tioned ; and they shall furnish a sufficient supply of 
good and wholesome food, properly cooked; and in 
case they shall fail so to do, or shall provide un¬ 
wholesome or unsuitable provisions, they shall be 
subject to the penalty provided in the sixth section 
of this chapter, in case the passengers are put on 
short allowance of water or provisions. 

Sec. 12. That the captain or master of any ship or 
vessel arriving in the United States, or any of the 
Territories thereof, from any foreign place whatever, 
at the time that he delivers a manifest of the cargo, 
and if there be no cargo, then at the time of making 
report or entry of the ship or vessel, pursuant to law, 
shall also deliver and report to the collector of the 
district in which such ship or vessel shall arrive, a 
list or manifest of all the passengers taken on board 
of the said ship or vessel at any foreign port or place; 
in which list or manifest it shall be the duty of the 
said master to designate, particularly, the age, sex, 
and occupation of the said passengers, respectively, 
the part of the vessel occupied by each during the 
voyage, the country of which it is their intention to 
become inhabitants; and shall further set forth 
whether any and what number have died on the 
voyage. 

Sec. 13 directs the collectors of customs to make 
reports to the Secretary of State. 

Sec. 14. That in case there shall have occurred on 
board any vessel arriving at any port within the 
United States, any death among the passengers (other 
than cabin passengers), the master or captain or 
owner or consignee of such ship or vessel shall, with¬ 
in twenty-four hours after the time within which the 
report and list or manifest of passengers mentioned 
in section twelve of this act is required to be deliver¬ 
ed to the collector of the customs, pay to the said 
collector the sum of ten dollars for each and every 
passenger above the age of eight years who shall have 
died on the voyage by natural disease; and the said 
collector shall pay the money thus received at such 
times and in such manner as the Secretary of the 
Treasury by general rules shall direct, to any board 
or commission appointed by and acting under the 
authority of the State within which the port where 
such ship or vessel arrived is situated, for the care 
and protection of sick, indigent, or destitute emi¬ 
grants, to be applied to the objects of their appoint¬ 
ment ; and if there be more than one board or com¬ 
mission who shall claim such payment, the Secretary 
of the Treasury, for the time being, shall determine 
which is entitled to receive the same, and his decision 
in the premises shall be final and without appeal. 
Provided, That the payment shall in no case be 


awarded or made to any board or commission or as¬ 
sociation formed for the protection or advancement 
of any particular class of immigrants or emigrants of 
any particular nation or creed. 

And the act of Congress, March 24, 
1860, for the better protection of female 
passengers, enacts, that 

Sec. 1. Every master or other officer, seaman, or 
other person employed onboard of any ship or vessel 
of the United States, who shall, during the voyage 
of such ship or vessel, under promise of marriage, or 
by threats, or by the exercise of his authority, or by so¬ 
licitation, or the making of gifts or presents, seduce 
and have illicit connection with any female passen¬ 
ger, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon con¬ 
viction, shall be punished by imprisonment for a 
term not exceeding twelve months, or by a fine not 
exceeding one thousand dollars. Provided, That the 
subsequent intermarriage of the parties seducing and 
seduced may be pleaded in bar of a conviction. 

Sec. 2. Neither the officers, seamen, or other per¬ 
sons employed on board of any ship or vessel, bringing 
emigrant passengers to the United States, or any of 
them, shall visit or frequent any part of such ship or 
vessel assigned to emigrant passengers, except by the 
direction or permission of the master or commander 
of such ship or vessel first made or given for such 
purpose; and every officer, seaman, or other person 
employed on board of such ship or vessel, who shall 
violate the provisions of this section, shall be deemed 
guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof, 
shall forfeit to the said ship or vessel his wages for 
the voyage of the said ship or vessel, during which 
the said offence has been committed. Any master 
or commander who shall direct or permit any officer, 
seaman, or other person employed on board of such 
ship or vessel, to visit or frequent any part of said 
ship or vessel assigned to emigrant passengers, ex¬ 
cept for the purpose of doing or performing some ne¬ 
cessary act of duty as an officer, seaman, or person 
employed on board of said ship or vessel, shall be 
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, on con¬ 
viction thereof, be punished by a fine of fifty dollars 
for each occasion on which he shall so direct or per¬ 
mit the provisions of this section to be violated, by 
any officer, seaman, or other person employed on 
board of such ship or vessel. 

It shall be the duty of the master or commander of 
every ship or vessel bringing emigrant passengers to 
the United States to post a written or printed notice, 
in the English, French, and German languages, con¬ 
taining the provisions of the second section of this 
act, in a conspicuous place on the forecastle, and in 
the several parts of the said ship or vessel assigned 
to emigrant passengers, and to keep the same so 
posted during the voyage; and upon neglect so to 
do, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and 
on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine not 
exceeding five hundred dollars. 

And the act of July 4,1864, enacts that, The term 
“ contiguous territory,” in the first section of the act 
of March 3, 1855, shall not be held to extend to any 
port or place connecting with any interoceanic route 
through Mexico; 

That the provisions of the 11th section of said act 
are extended to all vessels whose passengers, or any 
part of them, are or shall be bound from or to any 
of the ports or places therein mentioned, by way of 
any overland route or routes through Mexico or Cen¬ 
tral America; and 

That a synopsis of the laws relating to the carriage 
of passengers should be printed, framed under glass, 
and placed in some conspicuous place in every vessel 
employed in carrying passengers. 

Passport, a paper containing the 
name of the master and a description of 
the vessel, with a permission from the 




376 


PASTEBOARD. 


PAYABLE. 


neutral State to the captain to proceed on 
the voyage proposed; this passport is fur¬ 
nished by the collector of the port from 
which the vessel clears; a government 
document given to travellers certifying to 
their citizenship, designed as a protection 
while travelling in foreign countries. 

Paste-board, a thick stiff kind of 
paper board, formed of several single 
sheets pasted together, or by being mould¬ 
ed in thick boards from pulp. It is used 
for making boxes, in millinery, and for 
various purposes. 

Pastel, the coloring pulp obtained 
from the isatis tinctoria , a dye stuff allied 
to indigo ; it imparts a yellow or greenish- 
yellow color. 

Paste, a factitious gem—a kind of 
glass manufacture composed of rock crys¬ 
tal melted with alkaline salts, and colored 
with metallic oxides ; the inspissated juice 
of licorice. 

Pastil, or Pastille, the French 
name for certain aromatic sugared confec¬ 
tions ; the English name for small cones 
made of gum benzoin with powder of cin¬ 
namon and other aromatics, which are 
burned as incense and to conceal unpleas¬ 
ant smells in apartments; an aromatic 
lozenge; a roll of paste or sort of paste, 
made by grinding together different colors 
with gum-water, in order to make crayons. 

Pasta resill, a resinous substance em¬ 
ployed by the Indians, in the northern part 
of Peru, for covering wood, to render it 
impermeable to water. The plant which 
yields it is not known. 

Patacoon, a name for the Spanish 
dollar. 

Pat agon, a silver coin of Berne, 
worth about $1.18 ; also a Spanish silver 
coin of the value of 62 £ cts. 

Patak, an Egyptian money worth 
about 12 cts. 

Patchouly, an essential oil used in 
perfumery, obtained from an herb, which 
grows very much like sage, and is found 
in China and northern India; the name is 
also given to the dried branches and leaves 
of the plant. 

Patent medicines, medicines pre¬ 
pared according to a secret formula. If 
imported they are subject to the same ex¬ 
amination and disposition as other medi¬ 
cinal preparations, and cannot pass the 
Custom House for consumption, but must 
be rejected and condemned, unless the spe¬ 
cial examiner be satisfied, after due inves¬ 
tigation, that they are fit and safe to be 
used for medicinal purposes. 


Patent yellow, a pigment—an oxy 
chloride of lead, called also mineral yellow. 

Pattern, a quantity of cloth suitable 
for a garment; the design or ornament; 
specimen or sample. 

Pattern cards, the manufacterers’ 
samples, as of cutlery, prints, etc., which 
are furnished to merchants on cards. 

Patras, a seaport city on the Gulf of 
Patras in the northwest comer of the Mo- 


rea, possessing a more extensive trade than 
any other port of Greece, and particularly 
noted for its extensive shipments and ex¬ 
ports of currants, amounting annually 
to about 17,000,000 of lbs. The fruit is 
generally shipped in large heavy casks, 
and is larger and said to be freer from 
sand and gravel than that which is shipped 
from Zante or Cephalonia. The other ex¬ 
ports are valonia, olive oil, wine, raw silk, 
skins, wool, wax, and grain. The imports 
which are chiefly from Marseilles, Leg¬ 
horn, Trieste, and Venice consist of sugar, 
coffee, salt-fish, tin plates, iron, hardware, 
cordage, timber, etc., etc. There is no 
duty on exports; on imports, manufactured 
goods pay about 15 per cent. ; some few 
articles, such as wine and soap, as much 
as 30 or 40 per cent., and other articles 
generally about 10 per cent. 

Moneys , Weights , and Measures (of Greece). 

100 Cepta = 1 drachma. 


23 Drachmas 
2,128 lbs. (Venetian) 
400 Drams 
1 Oke 
1 Kilo 
1 Pik 

1 Pik (for cloth), 


about $4.75. 

1 ton, 2,240 lbs. 
1 oke. 

2?4 lbs. 

1 bushel. 

25X inches. 

27 inches. 


Paul, a small silver Tuscan coin of the 
value of 10 cents. 

Pauliuia, a medicine prepared from 
the seeds of a shrub in Brazil. 

Pawn , a pledge; one who has tempora¬ 
rily sold himself as a slave in Africa for debt. 

Pawnbroker, one licensed to re¬ 
ceive goods on pledge for advances in 
money on which a large rate of interest 
may be charged, with power to sell the 
goods if the principal sum and interest 
thereon be not paid within a specified time. 
By the act of Congress, every person whose 
business or occupation it is to take or re¬ 
ceive by way of pledge, pawn, or exchange, 
any goods, wares, or merchandise, or any 
kind of personal property whatever, as 
security for the repayment of money lent 
thereon, is deemed a pawnbroker. 

Pay, to discharge a debt. 

Payable, justly due and owing, or, as 
in bills payable, to become due on a day 
certain. 





PAYEE. 


PEACH BRANDY. 


377 


Payee, the person in whose favor a 
note or bill of exchange is made payable. 

Payer, the person on whom a bill of 
exchange is drawn. 

Payment, rendering satisfaction to 
a creditor, by paying money or its equiva¬ 
lent in discharge of a promise or obligation. 
Unless otherwise agreed upon, payment 
must be in cash. The word frequently 
occurs in commercial language : thus, to 
suspend payment, to delay payment, pay¬ 
ment in full of all demands, day of pay¬ 
ment, heavy payment, etc. 

Peaelies, a well known and highly 
esteemed fruit, conveyed to the markets 
in crates and baskets. New York is the 
principal distributing market, receiving 
her supplies from Georgia in the early 
part of the season, South Carolina, North 
Carolina, and Virginia following, and la¬ 
ter from Maryland, Delaware, and New 
Jersey; the two last-named States, how¬ 
ever, furnishing the chief supply. Balti¬ 
more, where the principal peach-preserv¬ 
ing and canning business of the country is 
located, affords a market for a large part 
of the peach-growing districts most con¬ 
tiguous to that city, while Philadelphia, 
being in the very centre of the Delaware 
and New Jersey districts, has her markets 
most abundantly supplied with the choic¬ 
est kinds, and at the cheapest rates. The 
southern peaches sent to New York are 
packed in crates, having sides composed 
of slats, thus permitting free ventilation. 
They are generally sent by railroad to 
some Southern seaport, from which they 
are transferred to a steamer, often reach¬ 
ing New York in poor condition, and sell¬ 
ing at very low prices. In the earlier part 
of the season the lots that arrive in prime 
condition are sold at high prices. 

As the time for harvesting the crop draws 
near in Delaware and New Jersey, all or¬ 
dinary farm labor is neglected, and troops 
of men, women, and children, white and 
black, assemble, even from remote cities, 
to pluck the fruit and pack it for market. 
Three, or four baskets is the average 
amount taken from each tree, but from 
mature trees seven or eight baskets are 
said to be not uncommonly gathered. The 
Delaware and Chesapeake Canal is the 
northern outlet for fruit grown in the 
Eastern Shore counties of Maryland, and 
the farms along its course in Delaware, all 
of which are devoted to peaches. In the 
height of the season about 25,000 baskets 
of fruit are daily carried by the canal 
boats, being collected from the landings at 


the different farms. The greatest chan¬ 
nels for the transportation of the peaches, 
however, are the Delaware, Camden and 
Amboy, and New Jersey Railroads, which 
connect with other lines running to all 
sections of the peach country. So im¬ 
mense has this traffic become that these 
roads during the season, form what are 
known as “peach trains,” on which they 
carry nothing else. The cars are specially 
prepared for the traffic, having free venti¬ 
lation, good springs, and shelves on the in¬ 
side for the storage of baskets and crates. 
Each car holds about 500 baskets, and be¬ 
tween 100 and 200 cars arrive daily at New 
York. It is estimated that nearly 150,000 
baskets arrive in flush times, involving the 
use of about 300 cars. 

The trains leave the peach country be¬ 
tween 1 and 3 P.M., and reach New York 
(Jersey City) at about the same hours in 
the morning, where they are met by the 
merchants, to whom they have been gen¬ 
erally consigned on commission. Scenes 
of confusion commonly ensue that would 
appal the uninitiated. All the work is 
done by the aid of lanterns, and the shout¬ 
ings and cursing of the drivers and labor¬ 
ers, with the rattling of the cars, make a 
turmoil not soon forgotten. The commis¬ 
sion merchants sometimes have special 
arrangements with the growers, but the 
usual commission is 10 per cent. The 
average cost of transportation is $130 per 
car, the shippers and commission mer¬ 
chants loading and unloading the cars. 
The shipments from the State of Dela¬ 
ware for the year 1871, were estimated at 
upwards of 4,000,000 baskets, about one- 
fourth of which were shipped by water, the 
rest by railroad. 

Peach baskets are made in Delaware, 
New Jersey, New York, and the East, and 
are generally constructed of ash, at a cost 
varying from 15 to 25 cents each, and 
hold about five-eighths of a bushel apiece. 
After the baskets are emptied in New 
York, they are carried back to the peach 
country by the railroad companies with¬ 
out charge, and are refilled. Crates are 
always sold with the peaches. A great 
amount of capital and thousands of persons 
are engaged in the fruit trade, but the full 
statistics have never been carefully pre¬ 
pared. 

Peacli wood, a name for the Nica¬ 
ragua wood, sometimes called St. Martha 
wood—a red dye-wood. 

Peacli brandy, a liquor distilled 
from peaches. 





378 


PEA JACKETS. 


PEARLS. 


Pea jackets, loose, warm, short 
coats, made of rough pilot cloth for use 
at sea. 

Peanuts, the fruit of the aracliis hy- 
<pog(£(i , called in England ground nuts and 
earth nuts. They are indigenous to Africa 
and South America, and considerable 
amounts are imported. But they are also 
largely cultivated in the Southern States, 
and extensively sold in New York. After 
being slightly roasted, the shell being quite 
soft, they form a convenient article for 
common people to carry in their pockets 
and munch at the theaters, circus, or other 
public places. A valuable oil is also ob¬ 
tained from the nuts, sold as nut oil, 
and in some places they are used as an 
adulteration of coffee. It was decided by 
the Treasury Department that peanuts are 
neither nuts nor fruit in the sense in which 
these terms are .used in commerce, but 
that they should be classed with beans, 
peas, and other leguminous products.— 
Let. Sec. Treas. to Col. at Boston , Aug. 4, 
1868. 

Peailllt Oil, an oil obtained from 
peanuts by expression. On an importation 
of this oil from the coast of Africa by a 
house in New York, it was contended that 
the oil was not an expressed oil, but that 
it was obtained by the action of the sun on 
the nuts, the latter being put in proper 
state or condition for such action. The 
Secretary of the Treasury in his decision 
of January 18, 1859, decided that the oil 
in question, according to his belief, was 
obtained from the nut principally by me¬ 
chanical pressure, though the extraction 
may have been facilitated by exposure to 
the sun. 

Pearl a§ll, calcined potash ; the com¬ 
mercial carbonate of potash. The pearl 
ash of commerce is obtained byre-lixiviat- 
ing the black ashes (pot ashes) to free 
them from impurities, and evaporating 
them to dryness. 

Pearl barley, is the seed of the bar¬ 
ley divested of its skin as well as its husk, 
and afterwards rounded and polished in a 

mill. 

Pearl buttons, buttons made from 
mother-of-pearl. 

Pearl shells, mother-of-pearl shells. 
The finest shells used are called Macassar, 
and they are worth in the London market 
usually about $650 to $750 per ton. The 
Manilla shells are worth from $500 to 
$600 per ton; those from Bombay bring 
$350 to $400 per ton, and those from 
Panama bring from $150 to $200 per ton. 


Pearled, ribbons or lace with borders 
in appearance like pearls. 

Pearl edge, the trade tenn for a 
peculiar edge to some kinds of ribbons; a 
narrow kind of thread edging. 

Pearl essence, the material used 
in the manufacture of artificial or mock 
pearls. It is obtained by scraping the 
scales of the bleak fish, washing and puri¬ 
fying them, and adding a little sal-ammonia 
and such delicate coloring substances as 
may produce the required tinge. It is an 
article of considerable trade, and is pre¬ 
pared chiefly at Eberbach, on the Neckar. 
The scales of the roach and dace are used 
for inferior kinds of pearls. 

Pearl powder, pearl white; the 
subnitrate of bismuth ; a cosmetic. 

Pearls, the well-known spherical con¬ 
cretions obtained from the interior of the 
shell of pearl oysters. . The pearl oyster is 
fished on the west coast of Ceylon, on the 
coast of Coromandel in the Persian Gulf, off 
the coast of Algiers, at Pearl Islands in the 
West Indies, on the coasts of Columbia, in 
the bay of Panama, and in the Passaic 
river in the State of New Jersey; in trade 
they are classed with gems and jewelry, 
or articles of personal adornment. The 
most approved color is a clear silver-like 
lustre, which shines like satin, tinged with 
a golden shade, or a pink-like blush. Ar¬ 
tificial pearls are small globules of thin 
glass, the pearly lustre or imitation being 
produced by the use of the “ essence d’ori¬ 
ent,” or pearl essence, and various and 
curious manipulations. They are largely 
manufactured in France, Germany, Italy, 
and China. The Chinese pearls are made 
of a kind of gum. Artificial pearls are 
made so closely to imitate the genuine that 
it is difficult to detect them. A French 
jeweller at the great Exhibition placed in 
his case alternate rows of large real and 
artificial pearls, with the query attached 
“ Which are the artificial ? ” The 23d sec¬ 
tion of the act of March 2, 1861, provides 
that oil, spermaceti, whale, and other fish 
of American fisheries, and all other articles 
the produce of such fisheries on importa¬ 
tion, shall be exempt from duty. A New 
York merchant, who established a pearl 
fishery on the Columbian coast, and sent 
out his own vessels, and American citizens 
as superintendents, on the refusal of the 
collector at New York to admit free entry 
of the products of his fishery, appealed to 
the Department at Washington, and the 
following decision was rendered by Secre¬ 
tary Bout well:— 




PEARL SAGO. 


PEDDLERS. 


“Pearls and pearl shells are to be re¬ 
garded as ‘ products of the American fish¬ 
eries,’ and as such free of duty, when the 
whole operation of the taking or catch is 
done by duly documented vessels of the 
United States ; and when so taken on the 
Pacific coast they may be shipped from 
such vessels to Atlantic ports across the 
Isthmus, if due proof of their origin be 
given. ”—Letter Sec. Treas. to Col. at New 
York , Feb. 5, 1869. 

Pearl sago, sago in the form of very 
small, hard, whitish grains, not larger than 
a pin’s head. 

Pearl wliite, same as pearl powder. 

Pears, a delicious fruit, of which 
there are perhaps 50 varieties sold in New 
York. They are purchased by dealers by 
the barrel, the prices varying from $4 to 
$16 per barrel. 

Pear-tree wood, the timber of the 
pear-tree;—used for the engraved blocks 
of calico printers, and also in turnery. 

Peas, one of the most esteemed of the 
pulse products; extensively cultivated in 
the United States, and enter into various 
culinary uses as well as form a valuable 
article of food for cattle. They are usu¬ 
ally sold by the bushel, and for shipping, 
they are generally packed in barrels. We 
import, in considerable quantities, many 
varieties of the finer sorts from England 
and France for seed, which are purchased 
by market and fancy gardeners; green 
peas put up in sealed tin cans are also 
imported from France. A considerable 
amount of peas are burnt and ground for 
the adulteration of coffee. 

Pea-sausage, the name for a kind 
of sausage invented in Prussia in the year 
1870, during the war with France, and for 
which the Prussian Government paid the 
inventor the sum of $87,000. It was at 
first manufactured exclusively for the 
army, but it is not unlikely that its use 
may become very extensive, and that as 
an article of commerce it will hereafter be 
quoted as commonly as caviare or macca- 
roni. Its preparation and use during the 
war was thus noticed : “ This dish is not 
so much a sausage as a complete meal pre¬ 
pared from peas filled into a bladder, dried, 
and made to keep. The secret consisted 
in the addition of salts, which prevented 
the sausage from turning sour. The advan¬ 
tage accruing from such prepared meal for 
the maintenance of the soldiers in camp 
and during war is apparent. The large 
herds of animals need not be driven with 
the advancing army, and are not exposed 


379 

to malarious diseases ; and the it any thou* 
sands of tons of bones and of hides re¬ 
main at home, and in the neighborhood of 
the markets. The sausage factory in Ber¬ 
lin employs not less than 1,200 persons, of 
whom 20 cooks, on 40 boilers, prepare the 
meal, which is filled by 150 men into blad¬ 
ders, with the aid of a so-called sausage 
syringe. Every day are required 22,500 
pounds of bacon, 45,000 pounds of pea- 
meal, 28 bushels of onions, and 4,000 
pounds of salt. In the beginning only 
30,000 of these sausages were turned out 
daily, and the Second army supplied with 
them. Now, however, are sent off 75,000 
daily, which are packed in 600 boxes, each 
holding 100 to 150 sausages. The soldier 
has only to put it into boiling water and 
his meal is ready.” 

Peat, one of the varieties of mineral 
fuel; the carbonized remains of vegetable 
materials. 

Pebbles. Lenses for spectacles made 
of perfectly clear and colorless rock crys¬ 
tal instead of glass are usually called peb¬ 
bles by opticians, but in the jewelry trade 
the term is rather indefinitely applied to 
rounded specimens of Scotch agates, rock 
crystal, and other stones. 

Pecan nuts, a species of hickory nut 
imported in bags and barrels, chiefly from 
Texas and Louisiana. 

Peck, a dry measure containing the 
fourth part of a bushel. 

Peetlc acid, an acid containing jelly¬ 
ing properties, obtained principally from 
carrots. 

Pectoral gllin, a preparation from 
gum arabic, sugar, and eggs, frequently 
sold in the shops under the name of jujube, 
marsh mallow, or iceland moss paste, with 
little or none of the substances which give 
them these distinctive names. 

Pecul. See Picul. 

Peddle, to carry about goods for re¬ 
tail sale. 

Peddlers, travelling traders ; persons 
who carry about small commodities on 
their backs, or in carts or wagons, and sell 
them. They are obliged to take out li¬ 
censes, and to conform to certain regula¬ 
tions required by law. By the laws of the 
United States, any person (except persons 
peddling only charcoal, newspapers, maga¬ 
zines, bibles, religious tracts, or the prod¬ 
ucts of his farm or garden) who sells, or 
offers to sell, at retail, goods, wares, or oth¬ 
er commodities, travelling from place tc 
place in the town, or through the country, 
is regarded a peddler. 



3S0 


PEEL. 


PEPPER CORN. 


Peel, the skin or rind of fruit, some 
kinds of which, as the orange and lemon 
peel, are articles of commerce. 

Pekoe, the trade name of a fine black 
tea, consisting of the earliest leaf buds, 
collected as they are just bursting in spring. 
It is considered the most delicate of all 
black teas. 

Pellitory, the root of the anacylus 
pyrethrum, a stimulant drug which, when 
chewed, produces a hot sensation. The 
root is imported in bales from the south of 
Europe, the Levant, and Barbary. 

Pellon, a long fur robe. 

Pelotags, packs or bales of Spanish 
wool. 

Pelt," the raw, untanned skin of an ani¬ 
mal, with the hair on it; unprepared sheep¬ 
skins are very commonly called pelts. 

Peltry, the collective term for the raw 
and unprepared skins of wild, fur-bearing 
animals, particularly those of high north¬ 
ern latitudes; when the insides of the 
skins are dressed (taw r ed or tanned), they 
become furs. 

Pelt wool, wool pulled from the 
skins of sheep after they are dead. 

Penilllieail, concentrated dried buf¬ 
falo meat; the muscular portions of the 
meat are cut into thin slices, dried in the 
sun, and closely packed, with a portion of 
fat, in buffalo and deer skins—sometimes 
reduced to a powder. This pemmican is 
said to afford the largest amount of nutri¬ 
tive food in the least quantity of solid mat¬ 
ter. It is chiefly prepared by the Indians 
who inhabit the regions of the Rocky 
Mountains. 

Penang canes, small palms used for 
walking-sticks—brought from Penang; of¬ 
ten sold under the name of penang law¬ 
yers. 

Pei#ell cases, gold, silver, or India 
rubber cases provided with an iron wire 
and screw to force a portion of the plum¬ 
bago beyond the case ; they are made to 
carry in the vest-pocket, and the manufac¬ 
ture and sale of them is very large. Sold 
by stationers and jewellers. 

Pencils, small hair-brushes employed 
by painters in oil or water colors ; also 
slender cylinders of black lead or plumba¬ 
go, generally enclosed in cedar cases;—the 
best are those made from the plumbago 
of Borrowdale, in England. Pencils are 
largely manufactured in England and Ger¬ 
many, and also in the city of New York. 
Imitation pencils are made of plumbago 
dust and of different sorts of colored pow¬ 
ders. Pencils are also made of red chalk, 


and of different substances, and of various 
colors. 

Penguin skins, the prepared skins 
of the breast of the penguin,—used for 
articles of ladies’ dress. 

Pen-liolclers, the handles or sup¬ 
ports for steel pens. 

Penknives, a common name for 
pocket-knives, originally applied to small 
knives used for sharpening quill pens. 

Penning, a weight at Amsterdam of 
59^ grains. 

PeiinistOlie, a coarse, woollen frieze. 

Penny, a large British copper coin of 
about the value of two cents ; this word is 
frequently, but improperly, applied to the 
cent of the United States. 

Pennyroyal, an aromatic plant 
growing wild in all parts of the United 
States—used in medicine. 

Pennyweight, a weight equal to 24 
grains troy; it is so called because such was 
the weight of a silver penny in the reign of 
Edward I. of England. 

Pens, shaped metal or quill instru¬ 
ments used to write with; the kind most 
in use are steel pens; those made from 
gold are only better because, not being 
acted upon by the acid of the ink, they do 
not corrode, and are, therefore, more dur¬ 
able. 

Penseed grass, a valuable fibrous 
grass—the saccharum sara. 

Pen wiper, a cloth for cleaning pens, 
usually an attachment to the desk of the 
accountant. 

Pepper. The pepper of commerce is the 
fruit or seeds of an Asiatic plant, the piper 
nigrum , or pepper tree ; extensively used 
throughout Asia, Europe, and America as 
a condiment. The chief supplies of Eu¬ 
rope and America are derived from Su¬ 
matra and Java. The berries are gather¬ 
ed before they are fully ripe, and in the 
process of drying become shrivelled— 
these constitute the black pepper. The 
ripe, hard, and fully developed round ber¬ 
ries are soaked in water until they swell 
and burst their cuticle, which is then 
separated by rubbing and winnowing, and 
these constitute white pepper. The piper 
longens , or long pepper, is cultivated in 
Bengal, and is a considerable article of 
commerce in India. Cayenne pepper is a 
mixture of the powder of the dried pods 
of different species of capsicum. Guinea 
pepper consists of the aromatic seeds of 
the grains of Paradise, and another spe¬ 
cies of amomum. 

Pepper corn, the seeds of the pep 




PEPPER DULSE. 


PERNAMBUCO WOOD. 381 


per vine, which are circulated as money 
in some parts of Africa. 

Pepper dulse, a pungent sea weed 
used as a condiment. 

Pepper elder, a species of pepper 
abundant in Jamaica, and used as a sub¬ 
stituted for the black pepper. 

Peppermint oil, an essential oil 
obtained from the mentha piperita ;, a 
European plant which has become natu¬ 
ralized in the United States, and is exten¬ 
sively cultivated for the production of the 
oil, in the distillation of which the whole 
plant is used. It is used in pharmacy by 
confectioners, is a common article in al¬ 
most every household in the form of an 
essence, and is exported from the United 
States to Europe, and other countries. 

Pepsine, a medicinal preparation 
made from sheeps’ rennet. 

Pepsi lie biscuits, the ordinary 
baked flour biscuits,—containing about 5 
grains of pepsine. 

Pep si lie liquor, artificial gastric 
juice. 

Perada, pear sweetmeats 

Percaline, a fine cotton fabric, plain 
or printed print, also called percale. 

Per cento a contraction of the Latin 
phrase per centum^ and signifies of the hun¬ 
dred, thus 5 per cent, means 5 of every hun¬ 
dred ; a rate or commission per hundred, 
usually expressed in commercial papers 
thus, %. 

Perch, or pole, a measure of length 
in the United States of 5£ yards; in ma¬ 
sonry, solid measure, a perch is 25 cubic 
feet. 

Percussion caps, small detonating 
copper caps, for exploding the charge of a 
gun or pistol; they are largely imported 
from England, and have entirely super¬ 
seded the flint lock. 

Perelle, the crab’s eye lichen, which 
yields a purple dye. 

Perfumery, odors extracted from 
plants, and combined with inodorous ma¬ 
terials ; in trade, as a generic term, it em¬ 
braces cosmetics, dentifrices, pomades, 
and other similar toilet appendages; also 
volatile oils, essences, and tinctures which 
combine the fragrant extracts with oils or 
alcohol. 

“ Whether any perfumed lady would be 
disconcerted at learning the sources of her 
perfumes, each lady must decide for her¬ 
self ; many of the scents said to be procur¬ 
ed from fruits and flowers, are really pro¬ 
duced from anything but flowery sources. 
The perfumers are chemists enough to 


know that similar odors may be often 
produced from dissimilar substances, and 
if the half-dollar bottle of perfumery has 
really the required odor, the perfumer 
does not expect to be asked what kind of 
odor was emitted by the substance whence 
the perfume was obtained. Doctor Lyon 
Playfair pronounces these primary odors 
as often most unbearable. A peculiarly 
foetid oil, termed fusel oil, is formed in 
making brandy and whiskey; this fusel 
oil, distilled with sulphuric acid and ace¬ 
tate of potash, gives the oil of pears. The 
oil of apples is made from the same fusel 
oil, by distillation with sulphuric acid and 
bichromate of potash. The oil of pine¬ 
apples is obtained from a product of the 
action of putrid cheese on sugar, or by 
making a soap with butter and distilling 
it with alcohol and sulphuric acid, and is 
now largely employed in England in mak¬ 
ing pineapple ale. Oil of grapes and oil 
of cognac, used to impart the flavor of 
French cognac to British brandy, are little 
else than fusel oil. The artificial oil of 
bitter almonds now so largely employed in 
perfuming soap and for flavoring confec¬ 
tionery, is prepared by the action of nitrio 
acid on foetid gas-tar. Many a fair fore¬ 
head is damped with eau de millfleurs , 
without knowing that its essential ingre¬ 
dient is derived from the drainage of cow¬ 
houses. In all such cases as these, the 
chemical science involved is, really, of a 
high order, and the perfume produced is 
a bona fide perfume, not one whit less 
sterling than if produced from flowers and 
fruits. The only question is one of com¬ 
mercial honesty, in giving a name no long¬ 
er applicable, and charging too highly for 
a cheaply produced scent. This mode of 
saving a penny is chemically right, but 
commercially wrong.” 

Periodicals, a term for monthly 
magazines, quarterly reviews, or other pub¬ 
lications, which are issued at monthly or 
other intervals. Newspapers, in trade lan¬ 
guage, are not comprised in this term, nor 
are serial publications, though issued at 
regular intervals. 

Periwinkle, a species of mollusk 
largely used as food in London. 

Permit, a technical term for a grant 
or license; as, a custom house permit to 
land goods; or to receive with liberty to 
take away goods ; a pass. 

Pernambuco wood, one of the 
varieties of Brazil wood, or perhaps more 
properly the true Brazil wood, a valuable 
dye-wood. 





382 


PERROBA. 


PERUVIAN BARK. 


Perroba, the commercial name for 
a valuable kind of cabinet wood of Brazil. 

Perpignan wood, the wood of the 
nettle tree. 

Perry, a cider or wine made from the 
juice of pears. 

Persian, a thin silk, chiefly used for 
lining garments. 

Persian berries, the fruit of a Per¬ 
sian variety of rhamnus infectorins, the 
same as Avignon, or yellow berries; or 
French berries; they are much used as a 
dye in calico printing, and the plant is 
now cultivated in France and Turkey, and 
the berries are imported from Asiatic Tur¬ 
key, from Persia, and from France. 

Persian tobacco, a fragrant to¬ 
bacco of Persia. 

Persicot, a kind of liqueur. 

Persis, a coloring matter prepared 
from lichens. 

Personal effects. The act of Con¬ 
gress of July 30, 1846 (continued to the 
present time), provides for the admission 
rree of duty, of “ wearing apparel in ac¬ 
tual use and other personal effects not 
merchandise; ” and also for household 
effects, old, and in use of persons and 
families from foreign countries, if used 
abroad by them, and not intended for any 
other person, or for sale. What consti¬ 
tutes other “ personal effects ” is not al¬ 
ways easily determined, and the question 
frequently gives rise to unpleasant alter¬ 
cations between passengers and custom¬ 
house officers. Under the phrase ‘‘Passen¬ 
gers’ baggage,” will be found the general 
regulations, which govern in the cases 
there mentioned. Decisions of the Treas¬ 
ury Department have been made to the 
following effect: 

“ Old articles, the effects of a deceased 
father or brother of an immigrant, can¬ 
not be admitted unless they have been ac¬ 
tually used by the immigrant as owner 
while abroad.”— Letter Sec'y of the Treas¬ 
ury, to It G. Ferguson, Esq., New York, 
Nov. 24, 1868. 

‘ ‘ Duty must be demanded on all watch¬ 
es but one brought into the United States 
by a single passenger. Seizure should be 
made only upon denial by the passenger 
that he has any other, or upon a false 
statement of the number in his possession. 
If the watches are old, the passenger may 
choose the one to be treated as personal 
effects. If some are old and some new, the 
new are to be included among those to be 
treated as subject to duty.”— Letter to Col. 
at New York , July 14, 1868. 


“ A wagon, owned by an immigrant and 
intended for his own use and not for sale, 
is free as personal effects but his horses 
or other animals are subject to duty.”— 
Letter to J. It Irelons, Iowa City, Aug. 3, 
1868. 

“An iron safe, such as is used in an 
office or store, is not to be considered part 
of an immigrant’s effects which are ad¬ 
mitted dutyfree.”— Letter to E. Hartley , 
Esq., Philadelphia, Sept. 18, 1868. 

“ Though the personal effects of an im¬ 
migrant are free of duty, they must ar¬ 
rive with the owner, or within a reasona¬ 
ble time thereafter, to be entitled to free 
entry.”— Letter to Col. at Rochester, N. Y., 
Aug. 20, 1868. 

“This provision” {free entry) “is held 
to embrace a buggy and cutter which had 
been actually used by a practising physi¬ 
cian in Canada, and which he intended to 
use, on emigrating thence, in the United 
States. ”— Letter to Col. at Buffalo, N. 
Y., Feb. 19, 1868. 

‘ k Books, as personal or household ef¬ 
fects of citizens of the United States dy¬ 
ing abroad, are exempt from duty; also 
books, or libraries, or parts of libraries of 
persons or families from foreign countries, 
if used abroad by them at least one year, 
and not intended for any other person or 
persons, or for sale; also books, as per¬ 
sonal effects of persons arriving in the 
United States, “ not merchandise,” and 
not exceeding in value what is usual 
for a traveller or other person to carry 
with him for actual use.”— Treasury 
Reg. 

“ Articles of silver plate, presented to a 
daughter by her parents, or wedding gifts, 
and brought by her to the United States, 
were decided by the Treasury Department 
to be admissible to free entry, on the 
usual declaration, under oath, that the arti¬ 
cles in question had been in use abroad for 
one year by the family of which she was 
a member, whether before or after her 
marriage.”— Treasury Reg. 

“A piano is a household effect,” and 
may, under the conditions, ‘ ‘ be admitted 
free of duty.” 

‘ ‘ Articles coming to the possession of 
a party by bequest from a deceased rela¬ 
tive abroad, cannot, if otherwise dutiable 
by law, be imported free of duty, because 
of such bequest.”— Treasury Reg. 

Peruvian balsam, a fragrant oleo- 
resin obtained from the myroxylon perui- 
ferum. 

Peruvian bark, Jesuits’ bark; the 





PESADA. 


PEWTER. 


383 


common name for the several varieties of 
cinchona bark from Peru. 

Posada^ a variable Spanish weight 
from 35^ to 404 lbs.—in Buenos Ayres of 
35 lbs. ; of dry and salt hides of Monte¬ 
video, 40 lbs. ; of wet salt hides, GO lbs. 

Pe§ela, a Spanish silver coin; it va¬ 
ries in value according to the purity of the 
coinage, but may generally be reckoned at 
about 20 cents. 

Pe§iimlo, a dry measure of a little 
more than 8 quarts. 

Peso, a Spanish name for the dollar of 
exchange; also a name for the pound 
weight. 

Peso (ltiro, the hard dollar of Spain. 

Petiite, a name, in Central America, 
for the palm leaves or grass used for mak¬ 
ing hats or mats. 

Peter Punk, a nickname used in 
New York for a person employed by the 
auctioneer to bid on articles put up for 
sale at petty, or at mock auctions. 

Petersburg, see St. Petersburg. 

Petersham, a rough woolen cloth 
used for over-coats, so called from the 
name of an English nobleman and dandy 
of the last century, who made this coarse 
cloth fashionable. 

Petrolene, an oily liquid of a pale- 
yellow color, used for lubricating machi¬ 
nery, and called stone oil; it is obtained 
from the bitumen of the lower Rhine. 

PetroBeum, mineral or rock oil ; 
when purified, used as an illuminating, lu¬ 
bricating, and candle oil. It is a native, 
inflammable, bituminous, liquid substance, 
which, when in a solid state, is called as- 
phaltum. The springs or wells of liquid 
petroleum, which furnish the principal sup¬ 
plies of commerce, are in western Penn¬ 
sylvania and Canada. It is shipped in 
strong, well-made barrels, or in cases con¬ 
taining two five-gal Ion tin cans each, in 
large amounts to Holland, Belgium, Ger¬ 
many, England, Spain, France, Australia, 
and indeed to most of the seaports of Eu¬ 
rope, South America, West Indies, and 
China. It is also produced in Persia, Italy, 
at Gabian in France, Trinidad in the West 
Indies, and in the “ Burman Empire near 
Rangoon, where vast quantities have been 
annually raised for many centuries with¬ 
out any apparent exhaustion of the wells 
from which it is drawn. ” Crude petroleum 
is sometimes transparent and of a water 
color, but more generally brown or almost 
black, or of various shades between the 
two. Barbadoes petroleum is a black, 
nearly opaque liquid, of the consistence of 


molasses. When subjected to distillation 
it yields naphtha, and leaves a solid resi 
due of asphaltum. Rangoon petroleum has 
about the consistence of goose fat. The 
commercial products of asphaltum are ben¬ 
zine, naphtha, paraffin, and the aniline 
dyes. 

The commercial importance of petro¬ 
leum, either for the home trade, or as a 
commodity for export* has been entirely 
developed since the year 18G0. Prior to 
that period it was an article unknown to the 
commerce of this country. It now forms, 
with a few exceptions, the largest in 
amount of any of our products which we 


export 

to foreign countries. 

The total 

yearly shipments from 1860 to 

1870, inclu- 

sive, are as follows :— 




From 

From the 



New York. 

United States. 

1861... 

.Gals., 

1,112,476 

1,500,000 

1862... 

u 

6,720,273 

10,887,701 

1863... 

u 

19,547,604 

28,250,721 

1864... 

ll 

21,335,784 

31,872,792 

1865... 

u 

14,626,090 

29,805,523 

1866... 

u 

34,501,385 

67,430,451 

1867... 

u 

33,834,133 

67.052,020 

1868... 

u 

52,803,202 

99,281,750 

1869... 

n 

65,993,690 

102,748,604 

1870... 

u 

87,667.299 

141,208,155 


By the Act of Congress of July 28, 
18GG, petroleum shall not be carried on 
any steamers carrying passengers, except 
on the decks or guards thereof, or in open 
holds, where a free circulation of air is se¬ 
cured, and at such distance from the fur¬ 
naces or fires as may be prescribed by any 
supervising inspector, or any board of local 
inspectors. 

Petty cask book, a book for en¬ 
tering small receipts and payments. 

Petty rice, the name for the white 
seeds of the chenopodium quinoa , or green 
goosefoot, a succulent plant of Peru; the 
seeds are sold and used as a substitute for 
rice. 

Petti II, a common French name for 
tobacco and snuff. 

Pe-tlllltse, the Chinese name for a 
kind of partially decomposed granite, used 
by them in the manufacture of their porce¬ 
lain. 

Pewter, an alloy of tin and lead 
with antimony or copper, combined in dif¬ 
ferent proportions, according to the pur¬ 
poses which the alloy is to serve ; it is an 
important alloy, and some of its varieties, 
as Britannia and Queen’s metal, are largely 
used in manufactures. The sorts known 
in commerce are plate , triple , and ley • 






384 


PFENNING. 


PHILADELPHIA. 


pewter; the first is the hardest, and is 
used for plates and dishes; the second is 
used for ale mugs; and the third, in Eng¬ 
land more especially, for the larger wine 
measures. 

Pfenning, a German coin and money 
of account, being the fourth part of a 
Kreuzer. 

Pfund, an apothecaries’ weight, and 
also a weight for gold and silver ; used in 
all the German cities on the continent, and 
varying from about £ of a lb. to nearly 1£ 
lbs. 

Pharmaceutical, relating to the 
proper preparation of drugs and medi¬ 
cines. By the Revenue Regulations, adopt¬ 
ed by authority of Congress, all foreign 
pharmaceutical and all chemical prepara¬ 
tions, when imported, whether crystal¬ 
lized or otherwise, used in medicine, must 
be found, on examination, to be pure and 
of proper consistence and strength, as well 
as of perfect manufacture, conformably 
with the formulas contained in the stand¬ 
ard authorities ; and must in no instance 
contain over 3 per cent, of excess of moist¬ 
ure or water of crystallization. 

Pliea§ant wood, a name for part¬ 
ridge wood. 

Phenol, carbolic acid, or a kind of 
creasote obtained from coal tar. 

Phenol blue, a coloring-matter ob¬ 
tained from phenol, and generally known 
in commerce as azuline. 

Phials or vials, small bottles, used 
mostly for medicines. 

Philadelphia, one of the principal 
commercial cities of the United States, 
situate on the river Delaware, about ninety 
miles from the ocean or mouth of the 
river, and about the same distance from 
New York. The city has a large foreign 
commerce, the exports exceeding those of 
any other northern city, New York ex¬ 
cepted ; and, with the like exception, an 
inland trade which is larger than that of 
any other city of the Union. The direct 
foreign imports entered at the custom¬ 
house in Philadelphia form only a part of 
the actual imports of the city, as her mer¬ 
chants have heretofore availed themselves 
very largely of the facilities which the nu¬ 
merous lines of steamships from foreign 
ports arriving at New York afforded them 
for keeping up their assortments, and in 
enabling them to receive a more rapid 
succession of foreign products and manu¬ 
factures than could be furnished them by 
the shipping accommodations of their own 
port. 


The Entries of these importations for 
the Philadelphia merchants have always 
been made at the New York custom¬ 
house, and the duties there paid. This 
indirect instead of direct importation was 
attended with loss of time and other incon¬ 
veniences, which for a great many years 
was a source of annoyance to the leading 
merchants of the city, and various efforts 
were made from time to time to have the 
goods, which landed at New York, sent on 
in bond to Philadelphia, to be there en¬ 
tered and appraised, and the duties paid 
at their own custom-house. At length,* 
“after many years, and most vexatious 
delays and hindrances, this much desired 
object has been attained, so far as the pre¬ 
liminaries are concerned. The Camden 
and Amboy Railroad Company have bonded 
their line of transportation, and the im¬ 
porters are now at liberty to make trial 
of the provisions of the law.” 

Moreover, the establishment of Euro¬ 
pean steamship lines, a matter which, at 
intervals, for many years has been the 
subject of discussion in the Board of 
Trade, is now, 1871, announced as so far 
consummated as that a company, with 
adequate capital, has been duly organized, 
and four first-class iron propellers are con¬ 
tracted for, and are now being constructed, 
for the formation of a line of American- 
built steamships between the ports of 
Philadelphia and Liverpool. 

The internal and coasting trade of Phil¬ 
adelphia is only second to that of New 
York. The canals and railroads connect¬ 
ing it with the oil, lumber, iron, coal, and 
grain growing districts make it a great 
entrepot for these products, and the princi¬ 
pal supplies of all kinds of goods for the mid¬ 
dle and for the south-western States, and a 
large part of the supplies for sections of 
the western and southern States, are ob¬ 
tained in this city ; while, as the great 
manufacturing city of the United States, 
her wares and manufactures form staple 
commodities in every commercial city of 
the Union—north, east, south, and west. 
The merchants of Philadelphia are emi¬ 
nent for their probity and fair dealing, 
and their customers once obtained are gen¬ 
erally permanently secured, very few find¬ 
ing it to their advantage, or having any 
inclination, to change. 

Breadstuffs, provisions, and petroleum 
are the principal articles of foreign export; 


* Annual Report of the Philadelphia Board of 
Trade for 1871. 





PHILADELPHIA. 


385 


but coal, bark, lard, lumber, and various 
other products, and machinery, malt li¬ 
quors, candles, chemicals, soap, carriages, 
locomotives, steam-engines, gas fixtures, 
glass, and a great variety of other manu¬ 
factures are also extensively shipped to 
foreign ports; and, as Philadelphia in 
many branches of industrial art greatly 
excels, the demand for her manufactured 
products abroad must continue to increase, 
and her commerce necessarily be constant¬ 
ly extended. 

Commercial Beg illations. 

Inspectors of Bark, Beef and Pork, Butter and 
Lard, Domestic Distilled Spirits, Flaxseed, Flour 
and Meal, Leather, Pot and Pearl Ashes, Salted Fish, 
and Tobacco are appointed by the Governor of the 
Commonwealth. For Philadelphia, two Inspectors 
of Distilled Spirits, who shall appoint one or more 
deputies. The Chief Inspector of Flour and Grain 
to appoint three deputies. 

All Inspectors and their deputies to be sworn offi¬ 
cers, and to give bond with surety. 

Inspection is compulsory only on the above articles 
when designed for exportation, but “foreign pro¬ 
duce is wholly exempt from inspection, provided the 
name of the brand of the State whence exported is 
placed upon it at any time previous to exportation.” 

Bark. —Ground Black Oak, to be shaved free from 
“ross,” or outside bark, ground sufficiently fine for 
use. The brands to be merchantable—1st quality, 
No. 1: 1st quality, No. 2; 2d quality, No. 1 ; 2d 
quality, No. 2; 3d quality, No. 1; 3d quality, No. 2. 
Fees for inspection, weighing, and branding, one dol¬ 
lar ; one-half from buyer, one-half from seller. 

Beef and Pork. —(Inspection voluntary.) When 
inspected, the words “merchantable” and “Phila¬ 
delphia ” to be branded, with Inspector’s name, on 
the cask. Fees for inspecting, re-packing, and brand¬ 
ing each tierce, barrel, and half-barrel, 8 cents. For 
“ searching,” packing, re-packing, heading, and 
branding a tierce, 20 cents ; a barrel or half-barrel, 
13 cents. 

Butter and Lard of [Pennsylvania], intended for 
export to foreign countries, to be inspected. If 
found merchantable, to be marked B. or L., with the 
qualities No. 1 extra, No. 1 and 2. Condemned but¬ 
ter or lard, marked X. The weight and tare to be 
distinctly marked on the package. Fees for each 
package, and each five canisters, 4 cents. 

Distilled Spirits. —Each Inspector to be a gauger. 
Also the gauging instruments are designated by the 
following clause of the law: “ Each Inspector shall 
keep constantly in good order a set of correct gaug¬ 
ing instruments, made in accordance with the stand¬ 
ard measure of the wine gallon of this Common¬ 
wealth, namely, a scale, calipers, and rod. He shall 
also procure and keep a hydrometer, commonly called 
‘ Dico’s Liverpool Patent Hydrometer.’ ” Standard 
proof to be— 

One hundred parts spirits and one hun¬ 
dred water... 4th proof 

If five degrees below hydrometer proof, 3d “ 

If ten “ “ “ “ 2d “ 

If fifteen “ “ “ “ 1st “ 

The marks to show the ft 11 capacity of the cask, 
the quantity or number of gallons out, and the qual¬ 
ity of proof of the liquor. Fees 10 cents per cask. 

Flaxseed to be put up in seven bushels or three 
and a half bushels casks, of sound oak, with twelve 
hoops, and with a lining hoop to each head fastened 
with at least three iron nails. To be branded with 
the name of the cleaner. Penalty, two dollars and 
sixty-seven cents for each cask. 

Flour and Meal. —To be packed in barrels and 


half-barrels, each to have ten hoops, fastened with 
iron nails. The capacity of the barrel to be 196 lbs., 
and of the half barrel, 98 lbs. The grades of Flour 
to be superfine, fine, and middling. The fees of In¬ 
spectors, one cent per barrel. For each hogshead of 
Rye or Indian meal, two cents. For weighing, and 
marking tare on hogsheads and puncheons, 30 cents. 

Leather. —Each side of the Leather to be stamped 
with weight and quality, which are “good,” “bad,” 
and “ damaged.” Fees, 2 cents for each side. 

Pot and Pearl Ashes. —Brand, “first sort,” “ sec¬ 
ond sort,” “third sort,” with name and “Philadel¬ 
phia.” 

Salted Fish. —Shad and Herrings put up in Phila¬ 
delphia for exportation, to be inspected and brand¬ 
ed “No. 1,” or “No. 2.” 

Tobacco designed for exportation, not bearing the 
marks of other States, to be inspected. The Inspec¬ 
tor to ship sample. All Tobacco submitted for in¬ 
spection, he shall make in every hogshead three 
breaks, from each of which he shall draw out, tic up, 
and seal, two hands as samples, giving a certificate 
for each hogshead so inspected. 

Weighmasters and Measurers are not public offi¬ 
cers, nor gangers, otherwise than in the foregoing 
regulations. In weighing, the “Patent Balance” is 
used, the 1,200 and 1,500 lb. beam weighing to the 
pound, the 600 lb. beam weighing to the half pound, 
the 500 lb. beam weighing to quarter pound. When 
the tares are marked on the packages, they are copied 
by the weigher in his return; otherwise, if required, 
the actual tare is ascertained and certified. 

At a special meeting of the Corn Exchange, April 
20th, 1871, it was agreed that the fees for measuring 
grain should be increased to 60 cents per 100 bushels 
(which amount 6hall be equally divided between pur¬ 
chaser and seller, in addition to seven cents per 100 
bushels, charged for head measuring, to be paid as 
heretofore by the purchaser). 

Bates of Commission and Storage adopted by the 
Philadelphia Merchants. 

On flour, not less than three cents per barrel for 
labor, three cents per barrel for inspection and coop¬ 
erage, three cents per barrel for storage. 

On wheat, when received by rail, not less than one 
cent per bushel for measuring, storage, and labor. 

All other grain, when received by rail, one and a 
half cents per bushel for measuring, storage, and 
labor. 

On wheat and other grain, when received afloat, 
one and a half cents per bushel for measuring and 
actual expenses incurred when stored, which shall not 
be less than the charge made by rail. 

On seeds, dried fruit, butter, dressed hogs, feed and 
meal in bags, and other miscellaneous produce, two 
and a half per cent, commission, and one per cent, for 
storage, measuring, etc. 

A charge of not less than one-eighth of one per 
cent, for fire insurance shall be added in all cases, 
except where sales are made afloat. 

After the first month shall have expired, the charge 
for storage shall not be less than three cents per month 
on flour, and one-half cent per bushel on grain, with 
one-eighth of one per cent, per month fire insurance. 

Beceiving Commission. 

Cents. Cents. 


Bacon . 50 33 ton. 

Grain, 

all 


Bark . 50 

44 

kinds . 

... l^bush. 

Beef.50 

it 

Hemp... 

... 6 

bale. 

Butter and 


Hoop Poles. 20 

1,000. 

Lard.50 

(4 

Indigo.. 

... 8 

chest. 

Clay . 50 

44 

Do. .. 

... 4 

eer. 

Clover seed. 2 

bush. 

Iron .... 

.. .20 

ton. 

Coal . 10 

44 

Leather. $1 00 

ton. 

^lorn Meal.. 3 

bbl. 

Lumber. 

...20 

1,000 ft. 

Do. ..12 

hhd. 

Nails ... 

...20 

ton. 

Dye Woods.25 

ton. 

Plaster. . 

...10 

bush. 

Flour . 3 

bbl. 

Seeds... 

... 1 

44 



















386 


PHILADELPHIA. 



Cents. 



Cents. 


Shingles . 

..20 591,000. 

Tin, Block. 15 $ ton. 

Shot. 

.. ox 

keg. 

Tobacco. 

...25 

hhd. 

Soap, for- 


Do. .. 

... 6 

bale. 

eign... 

.. 4 

box. 

Do. Man- 


Stoves.... 

...20 

1,000. 

uf ac... 

.. 2 

box. 

Steel, 

in 


Whiskey. 

..26 

hhd. 

bars 

or 


Do. ., 

... ox 

bbl. 

bundles 

..20 

ton. 

Whiting., 

...25 

hhd. 

Sugar.... 

. .15 

hhd. 

Wine.... 

..25 

pipe. 

Do. 

.. 5 

bbl. 

Do. 

.. ox 

cask. 

Do. 

.. ix 

bag. 

Wood, Dye. 36 

ton. 

Tallow... 

..25 

hhd. 

Wool.... 

..12# 

sack. 

Tea. 

.. 4 

chest. 





Rates of Storage per Month. 


Cents. 


Cents. 


Almonds.. 25 59 hhd. 

Grain of all 


Do. .. 4 

bag. 

kinds... # 53bush. 

Alum. 3 

bbl. 

Hams in 


Ashes. OX 

44 

bulk... 41 

ton. 

Bagging... 1# 

piece. 

Do. in 


Bark, Quer- 


hhds....20 

hhd. 

cit.40 

hhd. 

Hardware. 25 

hhd. 

Beeswax.. 2# 

bbl. 

Hemp .... 62# 

ton. 

Beef.4 

44 

Hempen 


Pork.5 

44 

Yarns. ..20 

reel. 

Bottles.... 3 

gross. 

Herrings.. 1 

box. 

Brandy ...25 

pipe. 

Hides. 1# 

hide. 

Bristles.. .25 

cask. 

Hops.5 

bale. 

Butter ... 1# 

firkin. 

Homs... .50 

1,000. 

Candles... 1# 

box. 

Indigo.... 3 

cer. 

Cassia.... OX 

44 

Do.8 

case. 

Do. IX 

mat. 

Iron, pigs, 


Chocolate. 1# 

box. 

& blooms. 10 

ton. 

Clover 


Do. bolts, 


Seed... 1 

bush. 

sheets, or 


Do. in 


nail rods. 

44 

bags.... 1 

bush. 

Lard. 1# 

keg. 

Cloves and 


Lead, pig 


Nutmegs 8 

case. 

or sheet. 15 

ton. 

Corn. X 

bush. 

Do. dry 


Cocoa.... 2 

bag. 

or ground 


Do.11# 

tc. 

in oil... .30 

44 

Codfish... 25 

hhd. 

Leather .. 

side. 

Do. ... 2 

box. 

Lemons or 


Coffee... .20 

hhd. 

Oranges. 6# 

box. 

Do.12# 

tc. 

Molasses.15@. 20 

hhd. 

Do.1# 

bag. 

Do. 8(31,10 

tierce. 

Copper, in 


Do. 5@, 6 

bbl. 

pigs....15 

ton. 

Nails .... .30 

ton. 

Do. in 


Oil, pipes 


sheets or 


or hhds.30 

each. 

bolts.... 20 

ton. 

Oil.1# 

doz. 

Corn Meal 3 

bbl. 

Paints ... .30 

ton. 

Do. 12 

hhd. 

Paper, 


Copperas. .25 

44 

wrapping. 1 

ream. 

Cordage. ..37# 

ton. 

Pepper.... 2 

bag. 

Cotton. ...10 

bale. 

Pimento... 2 

4fc 

Dry Goods 


Raisins.... 2 

keg. 

in boxes 


Do.2 

box. 

or bales. 1 

cub. ft. 

Rice. 6 

tierce. 

Duck.1 

bolt. 

Rum.25 

punch, 

Earthen- 


Salmon... 6# 

bbl. 

ware. 15 

crate. 

Do.1# 

kit. 

Do. .25 

hhd. 

Salt.1# 

bush. 

Feathers.. 8 

sack. 

Saltpetre.. 2 

bag. 

Fish, 


Sugar 15@. 20 

hhd. 

pickled., 5 

bbl. 

Do. ,10@,12 

tierce. 

Do. dry.. 1 

box. 

Do. . 5@, 6 

box. 

Do. in 


Do.1# 

bag. 

bulk.... 2 

cwt. 

Tea.4 

chest. 

Flax.62# 

ton. 

Tobacco ..25 

hhd. 

Flax Seed.10 

tierce. 

Do. ... 6 

bale. 

Do. . 3 

bag. 

Do. ... 1 

box. 

Flour.3 

bbl. 

Wool.10 

bale. 

Gin.25 

pipe. 

Whiskey... 5 

bbl. 

Ginger.... 2 

hag. 

Do. ...25 

hhd. 


Commissions for Purchasing. 

On produce generally, one-half the charges mad* 
for selling, and 2# P er cent. on ot her goods. 


Commission for Receiving and Shipping hence to 
other Ports. 


Flour and Meal. 

Corn Meal. 

Flour and Meal. 
Grain, all kinds 
Peas and Beans 
Seeds, all kinds. 


Cents. 

. • 6# |9 barrel. 

.. 25 hogshead. 

.. 3% half barrel* 

.. 1 bushel. 

.. 1 bushel. 

.. 3 bushel. 


Commission for Loadmg Goods in Cars or Boats. 

On store goods and merchandise generally, 75 cents 
per ton. 

Leakage and Breakage. 

On spirits, 2 per cent.; ale, beer, and porter, in 
bottles, 10 per cent. All other liquors, in bottles, 5 
per cent. 

Rules. 

In all cases where acceptances are made on produce, 
in anticipation of sales, the commission merchant 
shall be at liberty to sell, in order to meet the drafts 
at maturity. 

Delivery will be accomplished on the part of the 
seller, when he places at the door of his warehouse, 
flour or meal, in a position to be removed by the pur¬ 
chaser’s porters or stevedores; and grain, when 
pointed out to the purchaser or his agent. 

The expenses of towing and wharfage of boats and 
vessels shall be paid by the purchaser of the cargo, 
when moved for his accommodation. 


Regular Fees for Weighing, Agreed upon by the 
Public Weighers. 


Butter, in kegs. 3 cents per keg. 

Do. in barrels. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. in half barrels and tubs. 5 cents each. 

Bleaching Powders. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Codfish, in casks. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. loose and bundles. 4 cents per 100 lbs. 

Coffee, in bags. 2#cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. all other kinds. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. in pockets and mats. 4 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. in barrels. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Cotton, in bales (Southern) .... 12# cents per bale. 
Do. do. (South Ameri¬ 
can) . 8 cents per bale. 

Do. when stowed. 3 cts. per bale ex'r. 

Do. Seed, in bags. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. do. in barrels. 6# cents per bbl. 

Canary Seeds, in bags. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. do. in barrels. 6 # cents per bbl. 

Cloverseed, in bags. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. in barrels. 6 % cents per bbl. 

Cutch. 4 cents per 100 lbs. 

Dry Goods. 6#cents per 100 lbs. 

Dry Fruits. 4 cents per 100 lbs. 

Flax Seed, in bags (American). 3 cents per 100 lbs. 
Do. do. (Foreign)... 2#centsperl001bs. 

Do. in barrels. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. in cake. 2 cents per 100 lbs. 

Fustic. 50 cents per ton. 

Gums, in cases, 4 and under... 25 cents per case. 

Do. do. over 6.15 cents per case. 

Do. in hhds., bbls. or bags.. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. in bags, when weighed 

single.15 cents per bag. 

Hides and Hide Cuttings, in 

hales. 4 cents per 100 lbs, 

Do. loose. 6 cents per 100 lbs. 

* Do. slaughtered. 4 cents per 100 lbs, 

Hide Cuttings, loose.10 cents per 100 lbs 

Ham and Bacon, in casks. 2 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. do. in cases. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 











































































PHILADELPHIA BAEK. 


PHYSIC NUT. 


387 


JTam nnd Bacon, in tierces .... 8 cents per tierce. 

Hogs and loose meat. 5 cents per 100 lbs. 

Indigo, in ceroons and cases, 4 

and under.15 cents each. 

Indigo, in ceroons and cases, 

over 6.25 cents each. 

Lead, in pigs. 2 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. in rolls.... 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. old.10 cents per 100 lbs. 

Lard, in kegs. 3 cents per keg. 

Do. in tierces and barrels.... 8 cents each. 

Do. in half barrels. 5 cents each. 

Liquorice, in cases.15 cents per case. 

Logwood.50 cents per ton. 

Lignumvitae.50 cents per ton. 

Opium, in cases. cents per case. 

Do. when emptied. 75 cents per case. 

Pimento. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Pepper. 2 cents per 100 lbs. 

Peanuts. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Bice, in tierces. 12% cents each. 

Do. in barrels and bags. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. in half barrels. 5 cents each. 

Bags, in bales.... 2 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. in sacks. 4 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. in crates and loose.10 cents per 100 lbs. 

Bosewood. $1 per ton. 

Sugar, in hogsheads and tierces. 2 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. boxes. 12% cents per box. 

Do. ban - els. 6% cents per bbl. 

Do. bags. 2Xcentsperl001bs. 

Do. Brazil boxes. 75 cents per box. 

Do. Canton boxes. 3 cents per box. 

Sumac (American). 4 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. (Foreign).•;* 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Saltpetre, in bags. 2>£cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. in kegs. 6% cents per keg. 

Sal Soda. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 

Timothy Seed. 4 cents per 100 lbs. 

Tea, in chests. 6 cents per chest. 

Do. half chests. 4 cents per chest. 

Tobacco, in stems and hogs¬ 
heads. 2 cents per 100 lbs. 

Tobacco, in boxes or bales. 6% cents each. 

Do. cases. 4 cents per 100 lbs. 

Tallow, in casks. 2 cents per 100 lbs. 

Do. tierces and barrels.. 8 cents each. 

Do. ceroons. 6% cts. per ceroon. 

Tares, under 8. 12% cents each. # 

Do. over 12. 8 cents each. 

Wool, in bales, under 150 pounds 

each. 6% cents per bale. 

Wool, in bales, over 150 pounds 

each. 4 cents per 100 lbs. 

Walnuts. 3 cents per 100 lbs. 


Philadelphia bark, a name for 
quercitron; so called because of quercit¬ 
ron bark being principally shipped from 
Philadelphia. 

Philosophical apparatus and 
instruments. By our tariff laws prior 
to the year 1864, “ philosophical apparatus 
and instruments,” also books, drawings, 
and various other articles specifically men¬ 
tioned, if imported for the use of a col¬ 
lege, academy, or seminary of learning, 
were admitted free of duty. In 1857 there 
was imported for the use of the Harvard 
University, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
among other similar articles, white tiles 
for furnaces, potassium, sodium, alumi¬ 
nium, in ingot and leaf, oil of naphtha and 


uric acid, and it was contended by the pro¬ 
fessor in the philosophical department, 
for which these articles were specially de¬ 
signed, that they should have free entry as 
“ philosophical apparatus.” 

Giving to this provision, says the Secre¬ 
tary of the Treasury in his decision, the 
most enlarged and liberal construction in 
favor of seminaries of learning of which 
its terms will admit, this Department does 
not feel at liberty to extend the meaning 
of the phrase ‘‘philosophical apparatus” 
beyond its ordinary meaning as used in 
commercial parlance. Philosophical ap¬ 
paratus are terms descriptive of instru¬ 
ments or utensils used in illustrations and 
experiments, but it would be yielding to 
an unsafe latitude of construction to bring 
within the operation of this provision as 
philosophical instruments, brick for fur¬ 
naces, chemicals and chemical prepara¬ 
tions, or other articles embraced in this 
importation, upon the general ground of 
their utility in advancing the interests and 
objects of seminaries of learning. 

Phosphate Of lime, calcined bone 
or bone earth, sold as a fertilizer; a com¬ 
bination of phosphoric acid and lime. 

Phosphates, the salts formed by 
the combination of phosphoric acid with 
metallic, earthy, or alkaline bases. 

Phosphorus, a substance obtained 
from calcined bones; it is largely used in 
the manufacture of matches. 

Phosphorus paste, a composition 
of phosphorus, rye meal, butter, and sugar; 
used for destroying rats and mice, and as 
a substitute for arsenic. 

Photocell, the commercial name for 
a certain kind of naphtha or illuminating 
oil; parraffin oil. 

Photographic paper, a chemi¬ 
cally prepared paper brushed with a solu¬ 
tion of nitrate of silver. 

Photographs, pictures taken on 
chemically prepared paper by the action of 
light. By the internal revenue laws of the 
United States ambrotypes and daguerreo¬ 
types, for the purposes of taxation, are 
considered as photographs. They are not 
commercially classed with engravings.— 
Dec. Sec. Treas ., Dec. 16, 1868. 

Phtirra, the leaves or fibre of the 
chamerops ritchiana , a palm of Hindostan, 
—used for making into baskets, ropes, 
brushes, fans, twine, etc. ; called by the 
Hindoos pfees. 

Physic lint, the seeds of the curcas 
purgans, or jatropha curcas, growing in 
Brazil, the West Indies, and on the west- 


















































388 


PIANO-FORTES. 


PICRIC ACID. 


em coast of Africa; also called Barbadoes 
nuts; used in pharmacy. 

Piano-fortes, musical instruments 
—in common trade language merely pi¬ 
anos ; in these instruments of music the 
manufacturers of Boston, New York, Phil¬ 
adelphia, and Baltimore, and some of the 
western cities are preeminent; large num¬ 
bers are shipped from the Atlantic cities 
to Europe as well as to all parts of South 
America. 

Piassaba, or Piassava , the footstalks 
of a species of South American palm,— 
the attalea funifera, a strong, useful fibre, 
forming an important article of commerce 
in Brazil, where it is used for making cord¬ 
age and ropes, and in New York and London 
for making into brushes, etc., as a,cheap 
substitute for bristles. The imports are 
from Bahia and Para. 

Piastre, the dollar of exchange in 
Spain,—it is also used in Italy, Turkey, 
South America, and the East Indies, vary¬ 
ing in value in each country. In Alexan¬ 
dria accounts are kept in piastres of 40 paras, 
and 100 paras are worth about $4.85. 

Pic, a cloth measure of Turkey, at 
Constantinople and Smyrna for silk 
of a yard, for cottons and woollens at 
Patras f of a yard. 

Picamare, a thick oil of an exceed¬ 
ingly bitter taste obtained from wood tar. 

Picayune, a name in the southern 
states for the old Spanish coins of the 
value of iV of a dollar; also to express 
the sum of 6^- cents. 

Pice, an East Indian copper coin, an 
inch in diameter, and weighing 100 grains 
troy, and the value of - 6 - L 4 - part of the E. 
I. Co.’s rupee ; also a very minute weight 
varying in different localities from 150f to 
276 £ grains. 

PieBsurim beans, the seeds of an 
uncertain tree growing in Brazil; used in 
medicine. 

Pick, to choose or select,—to have the 
pick, that is the privilege of selecting or 
making choice. 

Picker-bends, pieces of limed, but 
untanned buffalo hides, prepared for and 
sold to power loom weavers to attach to 
the shuttles. 

Pickets, a trade name for narrow 
boards pointed at one end,—used for 
fencing. 

Pickings, cullings ; also perquisites 
or the gainings not legitimately earned in 
trade. 

Pickled, articles of food preserved in 
a solution of salt and water, or in vinegar. 


Pickled fisli, fish cured in salt and 
brine, and generally packed in barrels, half 
barrels, or kits. 

Pickled oysters, oysters preserved 
in salt and vinegar, and shipped in kegs, 
or in tin cans. 

Pickles, fruits or vegetables preserv¬ 
ed in vinegar, or in salt, for the use of 
the table. The very bright-green color 
Avhich has frequently been imparted to 
pickles is due in nearly all cases to the 
use of a salt of copper. This, says the edi¬ 
tor of Ure’s Dictionary, is in the highest 
degree injurious, and cannot be too strong¬ 
ly deprecated. The largest and most re¬ 
spectable pickle manufacturers have aban¬ 
doned the use of these deleterious coloring 
substances. 

On an importation of “ salted peppers,” 
known as Haytian peppers, the collector at 
New York classed them as pickles, under 
the general clause embraced in the words 
“ capers, pickles, and sauces of all kinds.” 
There was no question as to the peppers 
being preserved in salt or salt brine, but 
the importer alleged that the articles in 
question were nflfc used as pickles in the 
ordinary sense of that term, but were 
used mainly for the manufacture of the 
condiment known in trade as “pepper 
sauce.” Secretary Cobb, in his decision of 
Oct. 30, 1857, says that in a general sense 
the word “pickle” may be held to em¬ 
brace all articles preserved in salt and 
water, and peppers so preserved and im¬ 
ported might fall under that designation. 
But the term in the law, in his opinion, 
•refers to the well-known article in ordi¬ 
nary use for the table, and commonly pre¬ 
served in vinegar. Haytian peppers im¬ 
ported as in this instance in salt and water 
are not used in that form as a “ pickle.” 
At all events they are not, in the condition 
in which they are imported, pickles as 
before defined. The decision of the col¬ 
lector was overruled. 

Pick lock, a superior description of 
wool; the picked, or selected portions of 
fleeces of the best quality. 

Fictha, a Burmese weight of about 
3£ lbs. 

Pi cote, a name in Italy for a coarse 
stuff made of goat’s hair, and for a glossy 
silk fabric. 

Picraena wood, the bitter wood 
sold as quassia 

Picric acid, a substance formed in 
boiling indigo with nitric acid, and used 
for dyeing silk and wool a bright yellow; 
it is also, and more cheaply, obtained 




PICTURE BOOKS. 

from coal-tar creasote, or from Australian 
gum. 

Picture books, cheaply illustrated 
books for children. 

Picture dealers, purchasers and 
venders of paintings and engravings. 

Pi ch del I a, a variety of olive. 

Picul, a commercial weight of Borneo 
of 135f lbs. ; in China and Sumatra of 133^ 
lbs.; at Japan 133£ lbs. average, but some¬ 
times 130 lbs. ; Malacca 135 lbs., and of 
the Philippine Islands 139-,^- lbs. 

Piece, a part of anything; or the 
whole, that is, a definite quantity, of silk, 
muslin, or cloth, according to its kind. 

Piece goods, the articles usually so 
classed are gray cotton, mulls, jaconets, 
shirtings, madapollans, printed cambrics, 
long cloths, sheetings, drills, calicos ; and 
all kinds of fabrics of cotton, linen, wool, 
or silk, which are woven in lengths suit¬ 
able to be cut up, by the usual lineal mea¬ 
sure of the country where they are sold, 
for household or domestic purposes. The 
Treasury Department decision, Sept. 10, 
1861, held that “ printed cotton handker¬ 
chiefs,” imported in “pieces of several 
dozens in length,” should be classed with 
other manufactures of cotton known in 
the trade as piece goods. It is doubtful if 
the Courts would sustain the decision. 

' Pi cccs of India, the customary 
phrase used as a mode of reckoning in the 
transaction of business upon the African 
coast. Formerly in the slave trade, if a 
negro merchant asked 10 pieces tor a slave, 
the European trader offered his wares di¬ 
vided into 10 portions, each portion being 
regarded as a piece, without regarding the 
parts which made it up. Thus 10 coarse 
blankets make 1 piece, a musket 1 piece, 
a keg of powder of 10 lbs. weight 1 piece, 
a piece of Chintz 2 pieces, a piece of India 
blue calico 4 pieces, 10 copper kettles 1 
piece, which made up the ten for which 
the slave was exchangeable. 

Pier, a quay, wharf, or landing-place, 
projecting into the river or harbor, for the 
facilities of shipping, etc. 

Pierage, a term sometimes used for 
wharfage; money paid by ships for the 
use of a pier or wharf. 

Pietra dura, ornamental work, ex¬ 
ecuted in colored stones, representing 
fruits, flowers, animals, etc. ; a kind of 
Mosaic, as the Florentine. 

Piezgos, leather or skin bottles, made 
to carry liquor. 

Pig, a mass or an ingot of unforged 
metal. 


PIG IRON. 389 

Pigeon-lioles, compartments in z 
desk, or in shelves in the counting room, 
used as receptables for letters, bills, and 
other detached papers. 

Pi geon wood, another name for 
zebra wood. 

Pig iron, the commercial name for 
crude or cast iron, or iron obtained of 
smelting furnaces directly from the ores, 
run out from the furnace and solidified in 
open moulds in the form of large rough 
ingots; the moulds being commonly in 
form of a long channel, with shorter late¬ 
ral branches, the pieces formed in the lat¬ 
ter are designated as pigs, the middle 
piece as sow ; and when solidified, the for¬ 
mer are broken off, and the latter broken 
into convenient lengths. Each pig weighs 
about 100 lbs., varying somewhat, how¬ 
ever, at different furnaces. The commer¬ 
cial values of pig iron are determined by 
the nature of the ores, and of the fuel 
used ; that from charcoal fuel bringing 
the highest price. Considerable amounts 
of pig iron of a particular quality are im¬ 
ported from Scotland, but it is largely pro¬ 
duced in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New 
York, Massachusetts and other States; 
Pennsylvania furnishing, however, nearly 
one-half of the product of the United 
States, mostly smelted by anthracite coal. 

The different qualities are to some ex¬ 
tent recognized by the shapes and appear¬ 
ances their surfaces take on cooling, or by 
the appearance of the metal itself upon 
its freshly fractured surface, and are dis¬ 
tinguished and usually divided into four 
commercial classes, namely, those of dark 
gray , bright gray , mottled , and white irons ; 
known respectively, also, as Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. 
1. Dark gray iron , commonly coarsely 
granular. This form of cast-iron is but 
moderately tenacious, and is often very 
soft under the file or the chisel. Remelted 
it tends to pass into No. 2, and then forms 
excellent castings. 2. Bright gray iron is 
more finely granular. Considerable differ¬ 
ences of quality are met with in irons of 
this color; most of them are strong, and 
some extremely so, while some of them in 
a degree admit of being hammered, and 
are easily filed, turned, and bored. The 
gray irons have commonly higher melting 
points than the white, but liquefy suddenly 
at the last, and are very fluid, and being 
most suitable for castings, they are known 
as “ foundry irons. ” 3. Mottled irons are 
intermediate between the gray and the 
white, showing, as the term implies, an in¬ 
termixture of the two sorts named, in dis- 




390 


PIG IRON, 


PIG NUTS. 


tinct granules or patches, and they are 
sometimes distinguished as “strongly,” or 
“weakly” mottled. This class of irons 
is harder and less tenacious than the gray, 
generally lighter in color, and approaches 
the white irons in its qualities. 4. White 
irons vary from a gray white to a tin Avhite. 
The better quality of white iron is often 
laminated, always hard, sometimes more 
so than the best steel, and very brittle, and 
is easily fused. The white irons are not 
generally used for casting, but are con¬ 
verted into wrought or malleable iron, be¬ 
ing known sometimes as “forge pig,” and 
also as the “high irons.” Some iron¬ 
masters carry the distinction of irons to 
eight varieties. The first four of these 
are gray irons (beginning with those 
known as “first” and “second” foun¬ 
dry”), while mottled iron starts at “No. 
5,” and the whitest iron being reached 
forms “No. 8.” In any case, the distinc¬ 
tions explained do not invariably indicate 
the value of the irons; for through peculi¬ 
arities of the ores, fuels, or working, a low 
denomination of one manufacturer may 
possess even a greater commercial value 
than a higher of others; and, from the like 
causes, the irons of a given maker or dis¬ 
trict usually come to be known and valued 
according to the particular qualities they 
possess, and for particular uses which they 
best serve. An illustration on a large scale 
is afforded in the “ Scotch pig,” a foundry 
iron of no great strength, soft, and when 
fused extremely fluid, but which being 
produced in abundance and cheap, as well 
as also of very uniform quality, is exten¬ 
sively imported into the United States for 
mixing with American irons, and has be¬ 
come adopted as the standard by which the 
prices of pig irons generally are quoted. 

Pig, or cast iron, is one of the most im¬ 
portant of the products of our country; 
its yearly value, even in its crude state, 
latterly exceeding that of all the gold and 
silver produced in the United States; and 
the increase of its production, though oc¬ 
casionally checked, may be said to be both 
rapid and steady. The entire product in 
the year— \ 

1810 was. 54,000 tons. 


1828 . 

.130,000 

u 

1829 . 

.142.000 

I'l 

1830 . 

.165,000 

u 

1831 . 

.191,000 

u 

1832 . 

.200,000 

u 

1840 . 

.347,000 

u 

1842 . 

.215.000 

u 

1845 . 

.486,000 

u 


1840 765,000 tons. 

1847 .800.000 “ 

1850 504,000 “ 

1854 730,000 “ 


From 1854 to the year 18G2 the product 
was from 700,000 to 900,000 tons, varying 
slightly, increasing and decreasing, year by 
year. The product in the year— 


1863 was. 947,000 tons. 

1864 .1,135,000 “ 

1805 931,000 “ 

1866 .1,350,000 “ 

1867 .1,461,000 “ 

1868 .1,603,000 “ 

1869 .1,916,000 “ 

1870 .about 1,900,000 “ 

England in 1818 made 300,000 tons, and 

gradually augmented this quantity, until 
in 1835 it first reached 1,000,000 tons. 

In 1840.1,500,000 tons. 

1847.2,000,000 “ 

1850.2,500,000 “ 

1854.3,000,000 “ 

1856.3.500,000 “ 

1862 .4,000,000 “ 

1863 .4,500,000 “ 


And since then it has fluctuatingly in¬ 
creased to 4,900,000 tons in 1868, and 
about 5,200,000 tons in 1869. 

Throughout Europe the advance in the 
production of iron has been scarcely less 
marked than here and in England. 

In 1845 France produced.. 440,000 tons. 
In 1869 France produced. .1,380,000 “ 

In 1845 Germany produced. 130,000 “ 

In 1869 Germany produced.1,220,000 “ 

In 1845 Belgium produced. 150,000 “ 

In 1869 Belgium produced. 863,000 u 
In 1845 Austria produced.. 175,000 “ 

In 1869 Austria produced.. 395,000 “ 

The total quantity of iron now made in 
the world may be estimated at 12,000,000 
tons. 

Pig load, lead in pigs, or as first ex¬ 
tracted from the ore. The pigs of foreign 
leads weigh from 135 to 150 lbs.; of Amer¬ 
ican generally from 85 to 90 lbs.; Califor¬ 
nia lead, 110 to 115 lbs. 

Pigments, paints; a general term 
for colors used by painters. 

Pignons, the edible seeds of the cones 
of various pine trees. In Chili they are 
considered a great delicacy, both by the 
Indians and Spaniards. In Australia they 
are also in great esteem. They are occa¬ 
sionally imported into the United States in 
very small quantities, and are probably used 
in pharmacy or confectionery. 

Pig nuts, the name, in the United 
States, for an inferior variety of hickory 
































PIG TAIL. 


PIMENTO. 


391 


nuts. They have comparatively soft shells, 
and pigs are very fond of them, hence the 
name. The name is also given to the roots 
of the bunium bulbocastanum , or earth nuts. 

Pig tail, the trade name for a kind of 
twisted chewing tobacco. 

Pike, a measure of length used in 
Egypt and Syria, about three-fourths of a 
yard, or 26| inches. 

Pilcliaa’d, small fish resembling her¬ 
ring, caught on the western coast of Eng¬ 
land, and when cured and salted largely 
shipped to the Mediterranean ports. It is 
a saying of the fishermen on the coast of 
Cornwall, that the pilchard is the least fish 
in size, most in number, and greatest for 
gain, taken from the sea. It is now some¬ 
thing less, but until within a few years the 
Cornish fisheries averaged the enormous 
number of 60,000,000 of the fish, or 21,000 
bogheads, annually. 

Pile, the nap or fine hairy substance of 
the surface of cloth, carpeting, velvet, etc. 

Pillar dollar, a silver coin, the 
standard dollar of Spanish coinage; gradu¬ 
ally disappearing from circulation in Europe 
and America, having for many years been 
shipped as an article of merchandise to 
China. 

Pill boxes, small paper or wooden 
boxes for pills. The wooden boxes are 
made from a thin veneer or shaving from 
a soft pine board, and the box and the lid 
shaped in an iron mould or cylinder in a 
manner the rapidity of which almost ex¬ 
ceeds belief, each box passing through the 
hands of several persons, and yet they are 
sold so exceedingly cheap as to excite sur¬ 
prise, a gross costing only from 25 to 35 
cents. The paper boxes, made of thin 
pasteboard, and lined with fine and fre¬ 
quently with fancy-colored paper, and the 
outside covered with engraved or printed 
paper, are also the product of the com¬ 
bined labor of several persons, and are 
afforded at a still lower price than the 
wooden boxes. 

Pillow, the name given to a kind of 
fustian. 

Pillow lace, a fine kind of ld.ce 
worked by the hand upon a pillow or 
cushion, stuck according to the pattern 
with pins, around which linen or silken 
threads are twisted and woven off a series 
of bobbins. A very fine quality of this lace 
is made at Honiton, in Devonshire, Eng¬ 
land, and is hence also called Honiton lace. 

Pill§, medicines put up in the form of 
little round balls, and usually sold by the 
box. 


Pilotage, the compensation allowed 
to pilots, which is usually regulated accord¬ 
ing to the tonnage of the vessel. 

Pilot boats, small, strongly built, 
and generally fast sailing vessels, employed 
in coasting about harbors and sometimes 
running far to sea to meet and pilot vessels 
into the harbor. The boats are owned by 
the pilots who sail them, but no boat can 
be withdrawn from the service except by 
permission of the board of commissioners 
of pilots. Every pilot boat is required to 
have its number conspicuously painted in 
large figures on its sails. 

Pilot bread, hard ship biscuit or sea 
bread. 

Pilot clotli, a heavy woolen broad¬ 
cloth used mostly for overcoats. 

Pilot jack, a union or other flag 
hoisted by a vessel for a pilot. 

Pilots, persons licensed or authorized 
by law to steer vessels over bars or through 
devious channels into harbor or out to sea. 
Congress expressly gives to the States the 
appointment and regulation of all pilots in 
the bays, rivers, inlets, harbors, and ports 
of the United States, but prohibits any 
discrimination in the rate of pilotage, and 
on boundary waters between States, pilots 
licensed by either State may be employed. 
A master of a vessel refusing to take a 
licensed pilot vitiates the insurance on the 
vessel, and makes himself and owners re¬ 
sponsible for any loss to the owners of 
goods on board which may be caused by 
this refusal. When a pilot boards a vessel 
at sea he reports himself to the master and 
takes control of the vessel, so far as direct¬ 
ing her course is concerned, it being his 
duty to keep her in the channel and to 
conduct her safely to her anchorage or 
dock. But the general management of 
the vessel is still kept by the captain, he 
taking the orders from the pilot whether 
to go fast or slow, if under steam ; if 
under canvas to make or take in sail, etc. 
No one is licensed as a pilot at New York 
unless he be a good seaman, and possesses 
such a knowledge of navigation as will ena¬ 
ble him to find the latitude by an observation 
of the sun’s altitude, to keep a dead reck¬ 
oning, and to lay down courses on a chart. 

Flail cuto, the fruit or berry of a tree, 
the ugenia pimento,, common on the north 
side of the island of Jamaica, whence the 
name of Jamaica pepper. It is also called 
allspice from its taste and flavor being sup¬ 
posed to resemble that of a mixture of 
cloves, cinnamon, and nutmegs. The ber¬ 
ries are gathered when they have attained 






392 


PIMENTO OIL. 


PINE TREE LEAF YARN, ETC. 


their full size, but while yet green, the 
smallest being preferred; they are then 
dried in the sun and packed into bags of 
112 lbs. or in casks or hogsheads. 

Pimento oil, an aromatic oil ob¬ 
tained from the covering of the fruit of 
the pimento. 

Pimple, calcined copper in a certain 
state; also called sponge regulus. 

Pina clotli, a name for the cloth 
manufactured from the fibres of the leaf 
of the pine-apple. 

Pinang, the Malay name for the betel 
nut. 

Pinchbeck, a species of brass, or 
yellow-metal, intended as an imitation of 
gold, and used for watch cases and arti¬ 
cles of a like description. It takes its 
name from the person who brought the 
alloy into notice. 

Pineotlin, a preparation of garacin 
which yields fine violet tints ; commercial 
alizarine. The name is taken from Pin- 
coff, a Manchester manufacturer who first 
introduced it. 

Pine-apple cheese, cheese mould¬ 
ed in the form of the pine-apple. 

Pine-apple cider, a beverage ob¬ 
tained from the juice of the pine-apple by 
fermentation. An early historian of Bar¬ 
bados thus rapturously speaks of this 
liquor : 4 4 The last and best sort of drinke 
that this island or the world affords is the 
incomparable wine of pines, and is cer¬ 
tainly the nectar which the gods drinke, 
for on earth there is none like it; and that 
is made of the pine juyce of the fruite 
itself, without commixture of water or 
any other creature, having in itself a nat¬ 
ural compound of all tastes excellent that 
the world can yield—’tis made by press¬ 
ing the fruite and strayning the liquor, 
and it is kept in bottles.” 

Pine-apple clotli, a fine fabric 
made by the natives of the Philippine 
Islands, from the fibres of the leaves of 
the pine-apple plant. It is made into 
shawls, scarfs, dresses, handkerchiefs, 
etc. ; the texture is soft, delicate, and 
transparent, and generally has a slight 
tinge of pale yellow. 

Pine-apple oil, a solution of buty¬ 
ric ether in alcohol which, having the 
odor of the pine-apple, is prepared for and 
is used by confectioners as a flavoring 
material. 

Pine-apples, the fruit of the brome- 
lia ananas. The fruit, which is shaped 
like the cones of the pine tree, though 
much larger, is pronounced by Loudon to 


be the first in the world. They are 
brought to New York and other northern 
cities from the West Indies and other tro¬ 
pical regions, generally packed in bulk in 
the hold of the vessels. The fruit being 
speedily perishable after ripening, the 
trade in it is comparatively limited, but 
10 or 12 cargoes of from 20 to 40,000 
annually reach the London market from 
the West Indies and the West Coast of 
Africa, and 20 cargoes or more are entered 
at New York from Cuba, the Bahamas, and 
other islands. 

Pill e-apple yarn, the filaments or 
fibres of the leaves of the pine-apple plant. 
The leaves are gathered just before the 
ripening of the fruit, and the prickly edges 
being cut off, the leaves are beaten upon 
a wooden block with a mallet until a silky¬ 
looking mass of fibres is obtained, which 
after being washed and dried are ready 
for spinning. 

Pine nuts, the seeds of some species 
of pine which in the south of Europe are 
used on the table ; pignons. 

Pine thistle, the airactylus gummi- 
fera growing in the south of Europe, the 
root of which abounds with a valuable 
kind of gum, and the flower stalks are 
dressed with oil and used as food. 

Pine timber, the wood of various 
trees of the genus pinus , viz. : pinus alba , 
the white pine; pinus mitis, the yellow 
pine; pinus rigida , the southern pine— 
obtained in the various regions of North 
America, from Canada to Florida, in the 
order noted. Large quantities are annu¬ 
ally exported from Canada to England, 
where some of the varieties are known as 
deals. From its straight fibre, its durabil 
ity, and the readiness with which it can be 
worked, it may probably be considered 
the most generally useful timber in the 
world. 

Pine-tree leaf oil, an oil obtained 
from the leaves of the pine. It is made 
in the Thuringian forests of Germany, and 
used medicinally. 

Pine tree leaf yarn, clotb, and 
elotliing. Stockings, shirts, flannels, 
quilts, knitting yam, wadding, and other 
articles are manufactured at Remda in 
the Thuringian Forest from the leaves of 
the pine, more or less mixed with other 
fibres. These goods are put on the mar¬ 
ket as remedial agents for some kinds of 
ailments or diseases, and are in limited 
demand both in Europe and America. 

Pine wool, the fibre obtained from 
the buds and leaves of pitius syloestHs , 




PINEY TALLOW, 


PISTACHIA NUTS. 393 


and from which, vegetable flannel is man¬ 
ufactured. 

Piney tallow, vegetable tallow; 
concrete fat obtained from the seeds of 
the vateria indica, a tree common on the 
Malabar coast. The substance appears to 
be intermediate between tallow and wax. 

Piney varnish, a fragrant resinous 
fluid which issues from the bark of the 
vateria indica , called also liquid copal. 

Pink, a color combining red with 
white, prepared for artists, painters, dyers, 
etc., from cochineal, Brazil wood, and 
other substances. 

Pink root, the root of the spigelia, 
a plant abundant in the south-western 
States, from whence the drug is mostly 
received. It is packed in bales or casks, 
and is generally shipped from St. Louis, 
by way of New Orleans. 

Pink saucers, small china or earth¬ 
en saucers, the inner surfaces of which are 
covered with a pink coloring substance 
which may be taken up with a brush and 
used for painting or coloring small articles. 

Pinnacottay oil, a common name 
for poonay oil. 

Pinole, an aromatic powder used in 
Italy in the manufacture of chocolate. 

Pilionata, a conserve or paste made 
of pine nuts. 

Pins, small pointed pieces of brass 
wire with spherical heads. They are 
largely manufactured at Birmingham, 
Connecticut, and at other places in New 
England, where eight pin factories produce 
annually 2,000,000 packs, each pack con¬ 
taining 3,300 pins, a total of 6,720,000,000 
pins. They are usually put up in large 
cases, each case containing 072,000 pins. 
In England the daily production is esti¬ 
mated at about 15,000,000. “ The manu¬ 
facture of pins is regarded as one of the 
greatest prodigies of the division of labor ; 
furnishing, as it does, 12,000 articles for the 
sum of about 75 cents, which requires 
the united diligence of 14 skilful opera¬ 
tors.” 

Pint, a measure for liquids containing 
the eighth part of a gallon; the word is 
Dutch and signifies a little measure of 
wine; at Amsterdam the pint is about 
£ of a gallon. 

Pint bottles, glass bottles of the 
nominal capacity of 1 pint. It is the prac¬ 
tice at the New York custom-house to 
consider 1£ gallon to the dozen pint bot¬ 
tles, as usually imported with ale or beer, 
as correct measurement, and the Secretary 
of the Treasury, in a letter to the Collector 


at New Orleans, Nov. 5, 1868, acquiesced 
in the practice. 

Pipe, a liquid measure for wine, at 
Cadiz 115 gallons, for oil 112} gallons ; 
for rum at Bahia 134£ gallons, for molas¬ 
ses 187£ gallons; at Oporto 138 gallons ; 
Spain generally 115 gallons. 

Pipe, a cask for liquids, usually con¬ 
taining 2 hogsheads or 126 gallons. At 
Bordeaux, for brandy, the pipe or piece 
contains a little more than 994 gallons; 
at Cognac 152£ gallons. As a wine mea¬ 
sure it is variable and uncertain, varying 
according to the sort of wine it contains ; 
and this being the case, the proper method 
is to charge for the actual number of gal¬ 
lons which the cask called the pipe may 
contain. 

Pipe clay, a species of grayish or 
yellowish white clay employed in the 
manufacture of tobacco pipes and various 
sorts of earthenware or pottery, and for 
scouring cloth. 

Pi perl lie, a crystalline principle or 
substance extracted from black pepper. 

Pipes, the general name for tobacco 
pipes; these are made of various mate¬ 
rials, but in trade the common white clay 
pipe is in greatest demand, while those 
from briar wood and from meerschaum clay 
are also dealt in to a large extent. 

Pipe stems, tubes through which the 
smoke is drawn from the bowls of tobacco 
pipes. Those most common in commerce 
are the reeds cut in the swamps of North 
Carolina, and those of the weichsel wood, 
which resembles cherry, imported from 
Germany. 

Pipe Stone* a dark kind of clay slate 
found in Oregon, and carved by the In¬ 
dians into bowls and tobacco pipes. 

Pi pi, the pods of a species of Brasi- 
letto, used in turning. 

Piping, a kind of cord or trimming 
used by mantua makers. 

Pipsissewa, a wild medicinal plant; 
a variety of the wintergreen. 

Pique, a cotton fabric figured in 
the loom, used for summer dresses for 
women and children, also for vestings. 

Piqiiette, an inferior French wine. 

Pique work, a minute kind of in¬ 
laying with gold, silver, etc.; a kind of 
buhl-work. 

Pirogue, a kind of boat carrying two 
masts and a leeboard, generally pro¬ 
nounced by watermen, and along-shorc- 

men, perriauger. 

Pistacliia nuts, the fruit of pistacln 
vera. The nuts are oblong and pointed. 



394 


PISTAREEN. 


PLATE GLASS. 


about the size of the filbert, with a sweet¬ 
ish taste, and used mostly in confection¬ 
ery. They are imported from Sicily, but 
those from Persia are reckoned superior. 
The exports from ports on the Mediter¬ 
ranean are from 500,000 to 000,000 lbs. 
annually. 

Pistareen, a Spanish silver coin, 
worth about 20 cents. 

Pistole, a gold coin of the European 
States ; as a Spanish coin it is equal to 
i of a doubloon ; the pistole of Geneva is 
equal to $3.42 ; of Switzerland, $4.54. 

Pita, a name for the fibres of the 
leaves of the. American aloe, used for 
cordage and paper stock. 

Pitela, a residuum of boiling tar, or a 
substance made by melting coarse resin 
with a portion of tar; largely used in ship¬ 
building and for other purposes. 

Pitcli blende, an ore used by 
porcelain painters, and in the preparation 
of uranium yellow. 

Pitcli eoal, bituminous coal; a 
name given to jet from its pitch-like ap¬ 
pearance. 

Pitcli stone, a kind of volcanic 
glass, of various tints. 

Pittaeal, a dark-blue solid substance, 
somewhat like indigo, obtained from oil 
of tar ; it dyes a fast blue upon linen and 
cotton goods. 

Plaid, a commercial term for a varie¬ 
gated fabric produced by strips of various 
colors, crossing each other equally in the 
warp and weft, also in some of its varie¬ 
ties known as Tartan, and the national 
costume of Scotland. 

Plain, not ornamented with colors or 
figures. 

Plains, a fabric for ladies’ dresses 
with silk warp and cotton weft; a good 
imitation of silk, and in various colors. 

Plane irons, cutting irons to insert 
in carpenters’ planes, imported from Shef¬ 
field, and also manufactured in the United 
States. 

Planes, edged tools, used in carpen¬ 
try, of which there is a great variety for 
different uses, and distinguished by differ¬ 
ent names. 

Plank, a broad piece of sawed tim¬ 
ber, usually applied to oak or pine, thicker 
than a board, say from 14 inches to 4 
inches; it is also generally understood 
to mean more than 9 inches in width. 

Plantano pasado, the dried fruit 
of the plantain, an article of commerce in 
Mexico. The ripe fruit is made up into 
packages of about 75 lbs., in the leaves and 


fibre of the plant, which, subjected to pres¬ 
sure, is rendered somewhat analogous to r 
the dried fig. 

Plantain, a valuable tropical fruit 
which resembles the banana. When ripe 
it is of a pale-yellow color, and usually 
from 6 to 12 inches long, and from 1 to 2 
inches in diameter. They are frequently 
cultivated of a much larger size. They 
are largely shipped to the northern cities 
and used as a table fruit. 

Plantain bark, the manilla hemp 
of commerce. 

Plant food, the trade name for an 
artificial manure derived from blood and 
bones, usually sold in sacks of 190 lbs. 

Plasma, a green chalcedony, having a 
dark tint; used for beads and other orna¬ 
ments. 

Plaster, gypsum, or sulphate of lime. 

It is found abundantly in various countries 
and localities, but the commerce of this 
country is mainly restricted to what is 
known as Genesee and the Nova Scotia 
plaster. 

Plaster easts, figures or ornaments 
moulded from plaster-of-Paris. 

Plasterers’ Eiair, the hair of the 
cow, goat, or other kind of animal, used 
for mixing in mortar, and classed with 
building materials. 

Plaster-of-paris, the commercial 
name for calcined gypsum, a white powder 
produced by exposing plaster or gypsum to 
heat. The name was originally applied to 
the calcined plaster stone dug near Mont¬ 
martre, in the neighborhood of Paris, but 
it is now used for the prepared gypsum of 
Nova Scotia, or any other locality. 

Plata, the Spanish name for silver, 
applied to ore, bullion, or coin. 

Plat©, gold or silver wrought into ar¬ 
ticles of household furniture, for table use, 
or ornament. 

Plated ware, wares of base metal 
overlaid with gold or silver, usually by a 
chemical process, as electrotyping; and 
made in imitation of plate, and used as a 
substitute. 

Plate glass, the name for a very fine 
kind of glass, usually cast in comparatively 
thick plates, and the kind used for mirrors 
and for the best kind of window glass. In 
the manufacture of plate glass the prepon¬ 
derance of silicate of soda gives a more 
liquid combination than potash, and enables 
it to be poured out of the crucible in which 
it is melted upon a cast-iron table, and rol¬ 
led into sheets, which after careful anneal¬ 
ing are ground to a level surface with em- 




PLATE LEATHER. 


POAKE. 


395 


ery, and ultimately polished with colcothar. 
The most of the plate glass imported into 
the United States is from France and Bel¬ 
gium, though a considerable amount is also 
imported from England. Its manufacture 
in the United States, though successfully 
accomplished as a manufacture, has not as 
yet acquired any commercial importance. 

Plate leather, prepared leather,— 
chamois skins used in rubbing silver ware. 

Plate marks, a name in Great 
Britain for the engraved figures or special 
marks or emblematic representations, 
stamped on gold or silver plate; for Lon¬ 
don the local mark is a lion; Birmingham, 
an anchor; Sheffield, a crown and lion; 
Edinburgh, castle, thistle, and king’s head; 
Glasgow, a tree with a bell and salmon; 
Ireland, a harp and figure of Britannia. 

Plate paper, a heavy soft paper 
used for printing from engraved plates— 
now generally called copper-plate paper. 

Plate powder, a polishing material 
made of rouge and prepared chalk, or of 
putty powder and rose-pink. 

Platillas, a linen fabric made in Si¬ 
lesia for export to America. 

Platfna, twisted silver wire; the 
Spanish word for platinum, from plata , 
silver, or the river Plata , near which it 
was first found. 

PBatiuum, a very valuable, heavy, 
malleable metal, of a color between steel- 
gray and silver-white. It is found chiefly 
in South America and the Uralian moun¬ 
tains in small grains, seldom so large as a 
pea. It is so infusible that no considerable 
portion of it can be melted by the strongest 
heat of the furnace, hence its great useful¬ 
ness when made into utensils for the labor¬ 
atory and for certain manufactures. The 
metal is harder than silver, about twice as 
heavy, and is about half the value of gold. 
Retorts made of platinum are admitted 
free of duty into the United States. 

Platting*, slips of cane, bast, straw, 
etc., platted for making hats, bonnets, etc. 

Playing cards, small pieces of card¬ 
board with painted or printed figures or 
devices on them for playing games, 52 of 
which in proper suits constitute a pack. 
The manufacture of playing-cards is im¬ 
mense, and their sale extends to all quar¬ 
ters of the globe, and to all classes of 
people from the highest to the lowest. 
They are said to have been introduced in 
the 14th century to divert Charles VI. of 
France. By the hearts were meant eccle¬ 
siastics ; the spades (Spanish, espedas , 
swords) represented the nobility, who at 


that time wore swords. The diamonds 
(< varreaux ) denoted the citizens or mer¬ 
chants ; the trefoil or clover-grass was an 
emblem of the husbandman, called clubs 
because the Spaniards have bastas on their 
cards. The knaves were the servants of 
knights. The kings were David, Alexan¬ 
der, Caesar, and Charlemagne, who estab¬ 
lished the four great monarchies, the Jews, 
Greeks, Romans, and Franks. The four 
queens were Argino (i. e. regina, or queen 
by descent), Esther, Judith, and Pallas. 
It is somewhat unfortunate for this theory 
of their origin, that the custom of using 
somewhat similar cards as instruments of 
play or amusement, is said to have been 
practised in India and China long anterior 
to this period. 

Plenching-nails, large nails used 
for fastening planks or floor-boards to the 
joists. 

Ploc, a mixture of hair and tar for 
covering a ship’s bottom. 

Plouket? the name for a coarse woolen 
fabric. 

Plotte, a Swedish silver coin worth 
about 36 cents. 

Plug tobacco, the trade name for 
spun and twisted chewing tobacco when 
made up in small rolls, each roll being 
called a plug ; also for cakes of chewing 
tobacco, such as Cavendish, etc. 

Plumbago, the usual commercial 
name for graphite, the common name for 
which is black lead. It is found in Ger¬ 
many, England, Pennsylvania, Massachu¬ 
setts, California, and in other localities; 
but the sources of commercial supply for 
crucibles and for other manufactures, are 
from Ceylon; for the best quality of lead 
pencils, from the Borrowdale mines in 
England. 

Plumes, manufactured bunches of 
colored or ornamental feathers, chiefly ap¬ 
plied to the feathers used on military caps. 

PI um eta, a sort of Spanish woollen 
cloth. 

Plums, a well-known fruit known only 
in commerce in a dried state. They are 
imported from France, Germany, and Italy, 
under the name of dried plums, prunes, 
and prunelloes, and sold by weight. 

Pllisll, a shaggy cloth with a double 
warp and long velvet nap on one side. It 
is made of worsted, hair, or silk; a kind 
of unshorn velvet. In the plush for hats 
cotton is also used, but is hidden, and only 
the silk shown at the surface. 

Plusll liats, hats made of silk plush. 

Poake, the commercial name for the 




396 


POCKET. 


POPPY SEED OIL. 


collected waste from the preparation of 
skins, such as the refuse hair, oil, lime, 
etc., in demand for manure. 

‘Pocket, a name used in the wool and 
hop trade for a large bag or sack, contain¬ 
ing 25 cwt.; for the finest description of 
hops, containing only about H cwt. 

Poeket-lismdkercliiefs, a com¬ 
mon name for linen, silk, or cotton hand¬ 
kerchiefs made to be carried by gentlemen 
in the pocket for use; the term is also ap¬ 
plied to ladies’ handkerchiefs. 

Pock-wood, another name for lig¬ 
num vitse. 

Poliega.ll, the name for prepared bait 
used in the mackerel fisheries, being fish 
cut or ground in a cutting mill, and formed 
into a kind of paste. 

Poids-de-lliarc, a European or con¬ 
tinental name for gross weight, or pound 
avoirdupois. 

Pointes de Paris, the French and 
common commercial name for small iron 
wire nails; such, for example, as are used 
in the nailing up the packing boxes which 
we receive from France. 

Point lace, a general term for all 
kinds of lace worked by the needle; and 
sometimes certain kinds of bobbin lace are 
so called; it is properly a very fine kind of 
pillow lace made of flax thread with the 
needle. 

Polacca, the name for a peculiar 
kind of three-masted or lateen-rigged ves¬ 
sel common to the Mediterranean. 

Policy, the instrument in which the 
contract between the insurer and insured 
is expressed. It is subscribed only by the 
insurers or underwriters, but binds both 
parties ; a ticket, warrant, or written con¬ 
tract for money in a public fund or society. 

Poli§lied, brightened by polishing 
tools or by brushes. 

Polishing rush, the commercial 
name for equisetwn hyemale , imported from 
Holland as a material for polishing wood, 
ivory, and brass; it is also called Dutch rush. 

Pollack, fish which resemble, and 
are caught, salted, and sold in the same 
manner as codfish. 

Polony, dried sausage; a corruption 
of Bologna. 

Polpoltin, the name of a Russian 
coin worth about 21 cents. 

Poltiii, a Russian silver coin of the 
value of about 38 cents. 

Pomade, a scented unguinous sub¬ 
stance for the hair; pomatum. 

Pomatum, a solid greasy substance 
used in dressing hair. 


Pomegranate, the fruit of the 
punica granatum; when ripe it is about 
the size of an orange. It is occasionally 
imported from the West Indies, but is not 
a fruit much esteemed. 

Pomegranate bark, a name for 
the rind of the fruit of that name, which is 
used in medicine, in dyeing, and in tanning. 

Poll ell OS, a trade name for stout wor¬ 
steds. An outer garment worn in Mexico, 
being simply a blanket or piece of heavy 
cloth 1^ yards wide by 3 yards long, with 
a slit in the centre, through which the 
head is inserted ; when walking the ends 
fall in front and behind ; when on horse¬ 
back, at the sides. 

Pond, a weight at Amsterdam equal 
to pounds. 

Pongee, a kind of silk fabric from 
India and China. 

Pongee handkerchiefs, hand¬ 
kerchiefs composed of pongee, imported 
from China. 

Pood, a Russian weight of 3G- 1 1 g lbs.; 
wool, tallow, etc., are always quoted at 
the ports on the Black Sea by the pood. 

Pool balls, ivory balls about two 
inches in diameter, which come in sets of 
9, 12, or 16, the latter being the number 
used in the United States; used for play¬ 
ing the game of pool on a billiard table. 

Poonac, the cocoa-nut cake, or refuse 
of the copperah after the oil is expressed; 
it is always greatly in demand as a food for 
cattle, and particularly for fattening fowls, 
and as a manure. 

Poonay oil, a lamp oil obtained from 
the nuts of the cnlophyUum tree in the 
East Indies, also called poonseed oil. 

Poon wood, a valuable timber, the 
produce of a species of calophyllum ,— 
much used in the East Indies for spars, 
planks, etc. 

Poplar timber. Several species of 
poplar furnish timber which is used for 
certain kinds of domestic utensils, but it is 
not deemed very valuable. White wood, 
the timber of the tulip tree, is often, but 
improperly, called poplar. 

Poplin, a fine woven stuff of silk and 
worsted, or silk and woollen, used for ladies’ 
dresses. The manufacturers in Ireland 
excel in this article. The article known as 
Norwich poplin is made of silk and linen. 

Poppy seed, the seed of the papaver 
sommferum , used as an oil seed. The 
poppy is largely cultivated in northern 
Germany, in France, and in Belgium for 
the seed. 

Poppy seed oil, an oil obtained 



PORCELAIN. 


PORT WARDENS. 


397 


from poppy seed, used for lamps, and as a 
substitute for olive oil, and also for adul¬ 
terating- olive or salad oil. The oil is of a 
light yellow color, remains a long time 
without becoming rancid, and is not easily 
affected by cold. 

Porcelain, a semi-transparent vari¬ 
ety of earthenware, first manufactured in 
China, and hence also called chinaware. 
The Portuguese first introduced this ware 
into Europe and bestowed upon it the 
name of porcelain, from porcella , a cup. 
The name is now used to denote generally 
all earthenware which has been semi-vitri¬ 
fied, and become somewhat translucent in 
the kiln ; it is a fine specimen of pottery 
in which the ingredients are so selected 
that they act chemically upon each other, 
and are thus brought to a state of vitrifica¬ 
tion ; when perfectly free from coloring 
matter and translucent it is called china. 

Porcelain paper, a kind of highly 
glazed fancy French paper. 

Porcupine wood, a species of 
palm, the cocos nucifera , the wood of 
which, when obliquely cut, resembles the 
quills of the porcupine. 

Pork, the commercial name for the 
flesh of the hog, either fresh or salted. 
Many thousands of slaughtered hogs are 
sent in the winter season to New York to 
be there cut up, cured, and packed for 
shipment to foreign markets, but the large 
supply of packed pork for shipping comes 
from Ohio and other western States. By 
the laws of the State of New York there 
shall be three qualities of pork that may 
be branded on inspection. The first is de¬ 
nominated “mess pork,” and shall consist 
of the sides of good fat hogs, exclusive of 
all other pieces, and each barrel contain¬ 
ing it shall be branded on one of its heads 
“ mess pork.” The second quality shall be 
denominated “ prime pork,” of which there 
shall not be in a barrel more than three 
shoulders, the legs being cut off at the 
knee joint, nor more than 24 lbs. of heads, 
which shall have the ears and snouts cut 
off, and the brains and bloody gristle taken 
out of the heads; and the rest of the pork 
to constitute a barrel of prime shall be 
made up of side pieces, neck and tail 
pieces, and the barrel of such pork shall 
be branded“ prime pork.” The third qual¬ 
ity shall be denominated “ cargo pork,” of 
which there shall not be in a barrel more 
than 30 lbs. of head and four shoulders, 
and it shall be otherwise merchantable 
pork, and branded “ cargo pork.” The 
barrels shall be made of good seasoned 


white ash or white ash staves and head¬ 
ing, and each barrel shall contain 200 lbs. 
of pork. 

Porpoise leather, a valuable kind 
,of leather made from porpoise skins ; it is 
remarkable for its strength, and is used 
for traces, mail bags, etc. 

Porpoise oil, an oil obtained from 
the blubber of the porpoise, the porcus-pis - 
cis , or hog fish; so named from its shape. 

Port, a harbor for vessels; a place 
within land protected against the waves 
and winds, and affording to vessels a place 
of safety; a place at which vessels may 
arrive and discharge or take in their 
cargoes. 

Portage, an interruption to river 
navigation, whence goods are required to 
be taken from the vessel and carried across 
the land to be again reshipped at some 
other point on the river. 

Port dues, certain fees levied on 
shipping, entering or quitting a port. 

Porter, a fermented malt liquor, so 
called from being for a long period the 
favorite beverage of the London porters. 
It is distinguished by its dark color, pro¬ 
duced by the charring of the malt. The 
marks of pure porter are transparency, a 
dark brown color, and a peculiar bitter 
taste, as if produced by burning, and a 
somewhat aromatic flavor. Porter is im¬ 
ported from England in bottles, but it has 
never been a particularly popular beverage 
in the United States, and the imports are 
inconsiderable. 

Portland arrow root, the trade 
name for a kind of sago prepared on the 
west coast of England from the Indian 
turnip. 

Portland cement, an English hy¬ 
draulic cement, so called because it resem¬ 
bles in color the Portland stone. 

Portland stone, a species of lime¬ 
stone, much used in London as a building 
stone; obtained from the island of Port¬ 
land off the southern coast of Dorsetshire. 

Port of delivery, a place designat¬ 
ed by law where vessels may discharge 
their cargoes, having previously made 
entry at a port of entry. 

Port of entry, a port at which any 
vessel, or the cargo on board, arriving from 
a foreign port or place within the United 
States, may make entry, and unlade the 
said cargo or any part thereof, every port 
of entry being also by law declared a port 
of delivery. 

Port wardens, officers appointed 
under State laws with authority to exer 



398 


PORT WINE. 


POSTAGE. 


cise a certain control over pilots, and 
whose duty it is, on being notified by any 
of the parties in interest, to proceed on 
any vessel for the purpose of examining 
the condition and stowage of cargo, and if 
there be any goods damaged on board said 
vessel they are required to examine and 
ascertain the cause of such damage. If 
on arrival of any vessel the hatches shall 
be first opened by any person not a port 
warden, and any part of the cargo shall 
come from on ship-board in a damaged 
condition, these facts shall be presumptive 
evidence that such damage occurred in 
consequence of improper stowage or negli¬ 
gence, and the owner of the vessel held 
liable. Damaged vessels and wrecks are 
also required to be surveyed by the ward¬ 
ens, and various other duties involving the 
rights of owners and liabilities of under¬ 
writers, etc., come under their cognizance. 

Port wine, a wine the produce of a 
mountainous district on the banks of the 
river Douro, about 70 miles from Oporto, 
whence it derives its name, and from which 
place it is shipped, almost exclusively, to 
England, usually in pipes of 115 or 138 
gallons. 

Post, an established conveyance for 
letters; in book-keeping to carry the fig¬ 
ures of an account from the day-book or 
journal to the ledger; a name for a particu¬ 
lar size of writing or letter paper; a place 1 


in an unsettled or sparsely populated dis¬ 
trict for bartering goods—a trading post. 

Postage, the charge for postal ser¬ 
vice or carrying letters, etc., to different 
or distant points. The payment is made 
by the purchase of stamps, which are 
stuck on the letter. 

The rates of postage within the United 
States are fixed by act of Congress ; with 
foreign countries by treaty stipulations. 

The postage on letters within the United 
States and Territories is three cents for 
every letter or sealed package weighing 
one half ounce or under, and three cents 
for every additional half-ounce, or frac¬ 
tion thereof. Prepayment with stamps 
in all cases is required. 

City letters must be prepaid, two cents 
per half-ounce. Letters not called for (if 
prepaid) will be returned to the writer, 
at his or her request, without additional 
postage. 

Postage on Books, not exceeding four 
ounces in weight, 4 cents. 

Each additional four ounces or fraction 
thereof, 4 cents. 

Newspapers sent from the office of 
publication may be prepaid at the follow¬ 
ing rates quarterly : 

Dailies.35 cents per qr. 

Weeklies. 5 cents per qr. 

Monthlies (not over 4 oz.).. 3 cents per qr. 

1 Quarterlies. 1 cent per qr. 


COUNTRIES. 


all German States, Prus¬ 
sia and Austria. 

Denmark. 

Sweden. 

Norway. 

Russia. 

Switzerland. 

G recce. 

Italy, via Austria. 

Papal States. 

Egypt. 


Letters per one half ounce. 

Newspapers, 
if not over 4 oz., 
pre-payment 
compulsory. 

Books, Packets, 
Prints, Patterns 
or Samples, per 
4 oz. pre-payment 
compulsory. 

By 

Direct Mail. 

Closed Mail 
via England. 

By 

Direct Mail. 

Closed Mail 
via England. 

By 

Direct Mail. 

Closed Mail 
via England. 

Paid. 

Unpaid. 

1 

Paid. 

Unpaid. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

10 

10 

15 

15 

3 

4 

6 

8 

13 

16 

18 

21 

5 

6 

6 

10 

16 

18 

21 

23 

8 

9 

11 

13 

16 

18 

21 

23 

8 

9 

11 

13 

15 

18 

20 

23 

5 

6 

8 

10 

15 

15 

— 

— 

4 

_ 

8 


18 

18 

23 

23 

9 

10 

12 

14 

15 

15 

— 

— 

4 

_ 

8 


14 

14 

19 

19 

6 

7 

9 

11 

20 

20 

25 

25 

49 

10 

12 

14 










































POSTAGE STAMPS. 


POULTRY. 399 


Miscellaneous Matter .—On unsealed cir¬ 
culars, maps, prints, engravings, music, 
cards, photographs, types, cuttings, roots, 
seeds, &c., on one package, to one ad¬ 
dress, prepaid, not exceeding four ounces , 
2 cents ; over four, and not exceeding 
eight ounces , 4 cents. The weight of 
packages is limited to 32 ounces. 

Money can be sent to any part of the 
country with absolute safety by obtaining 
a Money Order, for which the fees are :— 
On not less than $1 and not over $20, 10 
cents ; over $20 and not exceeding $30, 
15 cents ; over $30 and not exceeding 
$40, 20 cents ; over $40 and not exceed¬ 
ing $50, 25 cts. No order issued for less 
than $1, or more than $50. 

Post Items .—It costs 15 cents extra, 
besides the regular postage, to register a 
letter. Internal Revenue stamps cannot 
be used to pay postage. Stamps cut from 
stamped envelopes are not allowed to be 
placed upon other letters. No article 
contained in glass can be sent by mail. 

FOREIGN POSTAGE. 

To England. 


Letters.6 cents per half oz. 

Newspapers.2 cents per 4 oz. 

Books.6 cents per 4 oz. 

Samples.6 cents per 4 oz. 

To France. 

Letters.15 cents per \ oz. 


Posture stamps, adhesive stamps, 
which in the United States are of the 
values of 2, 3, 5, 10, 12, 15, 24, or other 
number of cents, issued by government to 
prepay the charges on letters transmitted 
through the post-office. 

Post otrice, a place in every village 
or city appointed by the government for 
the reception and distribution of letters 
and newspapers, or other mailable mat¬ 
ter, which is to be transmitted, or that 
has been carried, by what is termed the 
post. 

Pot, a small variable liquid measure of 
France, varying from 1 to 2 quarts; in the 
West Indies a measure of 2 quarts ; the 
designation for a particular size of paper. 

Potalc, a name for distillers’grains; 
the refuse of grain distilleries, used on 
farms for feeding to live stock. 

Potasli, an alkali procured from wood 
ashes. The production of potash is car¬ 
ried on upon a large scale in Russia and 
America, where the value of timber is less 
than in other countries. It is packed in 
barrels and sold by weight. It constitutes 
a large export article from the United 


States, the State of New York furnishing 
the main supply. 

Potatoes, the well-known tubers of 
the solanum tuberosum , largely cultivated 
for food, and forming an extensive article 
of both domestic and foreign commerce. 
They are sold by the bushel of 60 lbs., 
usually shipped in barrels. 

Potato starch, a gum or starch 
made from the potato, used by calico prin¬ 
ters and cotton manufacturers. 

Pot metal, an alloy of copper and 
lead for making pots; the term is also ap¬ 
plied to glass as it comes from the glass 
pots. 

Pot paper, the name by which a par¬ 
ticular size of paper is designated, so called 
from the water mark of the old manufac¬ 
turers of this size being a pot or jug. The 
size is 12£ by 15 inches. 

Pots and Pearls, a commercial 
abbreviation for pot and pearl ashes. 

Pot stone, a variety of soap-stone, 
used for culinary vessels, for fire stones, 
and also, particularly in Germany, manu¬ 
factured into ornaments and works of art. 

Potted meats, viands preserved by 
partial cooking, and packed in small jars or 
pots and hermetically sealed. 

Potters’ clay, a variety of clay used 
in the manufacture of coarse red earthen¬ 
ware ; a common name in the stores for 
fullers’ earth. 

Potters’ ore, picked lumps of the 
sulphide of lead. 

Pottery. Under this term are included 
such wares as consist of an infusible mix¬ 
ture of earths, which is refractory in the 
kiln, and continues opaque. It compre¬ 
hends earthenware, stone-ware, flint-ware, 
faience, delft-ware , iron stone china, etc. 

Potters’ stone, the red-streaked 
Derbyshire alabaster, used for moulds by 
the potters in Staffordshire. 

Pottle, an English dry measure of i fi 0 - 
of a gallon. 

Police, the French inch, being equal 
to 1.0658 inches. 

Poueliong, or poxvcliong, the 

name for a kind of souchong tea. 

Poil-de-sole, the trade name for a 
fabric for ladies’ dresses made of silk and 
wool. 

Poudre d’or, pounded mica used 
instead of sand for drying writing. 

Poudrette, an artificial manure com¬ 
posed of night soil and decomposed vege¬ 
table matter, dried and deodorized. 

Poillon, a woollen fabric of Thibet. 

Poultry, a general name for the do 










400 


POUNCE. 


PRICE. 


mesticated fowls used as food. Dressed 
poultry, on importation from Canada, is, 
according- to the decision of the Secretary 
of the Treasury, embraced in that section 
of the tariff law which provides for “ a 
raw or unmanufactured article .”—Letter 
to Col. at Ogdensburg , Feb. 3, 1868. 

Pounce, a powder used by account¬ 
ants and clerks (most used by those who 
are hasty, nervous, or careless) to impart a 
solid surface to such portions of a written 
paper as had undergone erasure, to prevent 
the ink from spreading when again written 
over. It is composed of resin and cuttle¬ 
fish bone, or of gum-sandarach pulverized 
to a fine powder. 

Pounce s>;»per, a transparent paper 
for drawing or tracing. 

Pound, when not qualified the pound 
is always understood to be the avoirdupois 
pound of 7,000 grains; the Troy pound 
contains 5,760 grains; 144 avoirdupois lbs. 
equal 175 lbs. Troy. 

Pound, a money of aocount. The 
pound sterling is of the value of an Eng¬ 
lish sovereign, and its custom-house value 
in the United States is $4.84. The pound 
of the British possessions, Nova Scotia, 
New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Can¬ 
ada, is reckoned at $4. 

Powder, a common trade name for 
gunpowder. 

Powder blue, a name for smalts. 

Powder puffi*, pads of swan’s skin 
and down used by ladies to powder the skin. 

Powders, pulverized drugs, or sub¬ 
stances reduced to fine particles for medi¬ 
cinal purposes. 

Power Booms, weaving machines 
worked by steam or water-power. 

Power of attorney, a written in¬ 
strument under seal, by which one or more 
persons authorize one or more other per¬ 
sons called the attorneys, to do some act 
for or instead and in the place of, the 
former. 

Powhatan pipes, a kind of red 
clay tobacco pipes. 

Poyal, a striped stuff used by uphol¬ 
sterers for covering chairs and seats. 

Pozzolana, volcanic ashes brought 
from Pozzuoli, a town near the Bay of 
Naples, and used with lime in making 
Roman cement. 

Pratique, the certificate given to a 
vessel that she has duly performed quar¬ 
antine. 

Praw, a kind of flat boat, or lighter, 
used in Holland for conveying goods to or 
from a ship. 


Prawns, a large kind of shrimps very- 
abundant in China, and largely exported 
from Siam as salt provision, dried and 
pickled. 

Precious metals, a phrase usually 
applied to gold and silver — bullion or 
coin, and to the wares manufactured from 
these two metals. The entire amount of 
the precious metals employed in Europe, 
North and South America, Australia, and 
the Cape of Good Hope, is estimated to be 
$2,500,000,000. It is difficult to estimate 
the quantity or amount of bullion which 
exists in the form of plate. But the an¬ 
nual consumption for this purpose is now 
put down at about $60,000,000. 

Precious stones, the general name 
for gem stones of the second class. 

Premium, the sum paid for insurance 
or indemnity; a sum per cent, on loans 
distinct from the fixed interest; the ad¬ 
vance over the par value. 

Prepared chalk, chalk freed from 
impurities by washing and afterwards dried 
in small masses. 

Preserves, a general name for fruits 
kept, that is, preserved , in sugar or syrup. 

Pressed glass, the name given to 
articles of glass moulded into form by a 
machine. 

Preston salts, a preparation of am¬ 
monia with certain essences, usually sold 
in small bottles. 

Price, the commercial value at which 
merchandise is bought and sold; the value 
of a commodhy estimated in money—the 
price rising when it commands more, fall¬ 
ing when it commands less money. Mr. 
McCulloch, in his treatment of the subject 
of prices, seems to regard it as belonging 
to the department of political economy, 
dividing and discussing it under the follow¬ 
ing heads: 1. Price of freely produced 
commodities; 2. Price of monopolized 
commodities ; 3. New sources of supply; 
4. Influence of war on prices; 5. Influ¬ 
ence of taxes on prices ; and, 6. Influence 
of speculation on prices. Thus of freely 
produced commodities, their exchangeable 
value, says he, that is, their power of ex¬ 
changing for or buying other commodities, 
depends, at any given period, partly on the 
comparative facility of their production, 
and partly on the relation of the supply 
and demand. If any two or more com¬ 
modities respectively required the same 
outlay of capital and labor to bring them 
to market, and if the supply of each were 
adjusted exactly according to the effectual 
demand—that is, were they all in sufficient 




PRICE. 


401 


abundance, and no more, to supply the 
wants of those able and willing- to pay the 
outlay upon them, and the ordinary rate of 
profit at the time, they would each bring 
the same price, or exchange for the same 
quantity of any other commodity. But if 
any single commodity should happen to 
require less or more capital and labor for 
its production, while the quantity required 
to produce the others continued stationary, 
its value as compared with them would in 
the first case fall, and in the second rise ; 
and supposing the cost of its production 
not to vary, its value might be increased 
by a falling off in the supply, or by an in¬ 
crease of demand, and conversely. But, 
continues Mr. McCulloch, it is of import¬ 
ance to bear in mind that all variations of 
price arising from any disproportion in the 
supply and demand of such commodities 
as may be freely produced in indefinite 
quantities are temporary only, while those 
that are occasioned by changes in the cost 
of their production are permanent, at least 
as much so as the cause in which they 
originate. A general mourning occasions 
a transient rise in the price of black cloth; 
but supposing that the fashion of wearing 
black were to continue, its price would not 
permanently vary; for those who previ¬ 
ously manufactured blue and brown cloths, 
etc., would henceforth manufacture only 
black cloth, and the supply being in this 
way increased to the same extent as the 
demand, the price would settle at its old 
level. Hence the importance of distin¬ 
guishing between a variation of price 
originating in a change of fashion or other 
accidental circumstance ; such, for exam¬ 
ple, as a deficient harvest, and a variation 
occasioned by some change in the cost of 
production. In the former case prices 
will, at no distant period, revert to their 
old level; in the latter the variation will 
be lasting. 

When the price of a freely produced 
commodity rises or falls, such variation 
may evidently be occasioned either by 
something affecting its value, or by some¬ 
thing affecting the value of money. But 
when the generality of commodities rise 
or fall, the fair presumption is that the 
change is not in them, but in the money 
with which they are compared. But this 
conclusion does not apply in all cases. A 
fall in prices may be caused by the increased 
productiveness of industry, the opening of 
new and more abundant sources of supply, 
and the discovery of new means and im¬ 
proved methods of production. 


The effect of monopolies on prices is 
thus considered: There is a considerable 
class of commodities whose producers or 
holders enjoy either an absolute or a par¬ 
tial monopoly of the supply. When such 
is the case prices depend entirely or prin¬ 
cipally on the proportion between the sup¬ 
ply and demand, and are not liable to be 
influenced, or only in a secondary degree, 
by changes in the cost of production. An¬ 
tique statues and gems, the pictures of the 
great masters, wines of a peculiar flavor pro¬ 
duced in small quantities in particular situ¬ 
ations, and a few other articles exist under 
what may be called absolute monopolies; 
their supply cannot be increased, and their 
prices must therefore depend entirely on 
the competition of those who may wish to 
buy them, without being in the slightest 
degree influenced by the cost of their pro¬ 
duction. Monopolies are sometimes estab¬ 
lished by law, as when the power to sup¬ 
ply the market with a particular article is 
made over to one individual or society of 
individuals, without any limitation of the 
price at which it may be sold, which, of 
course, enables those possessed of the mon¬ 
opoly to exact the highest price for it that 
the competition of the buyers will afford, 
though such price may exceed the cost of 
production in any conceivable degree. 

The rights conveyed by patents some¬ 
times establish a valuable monopoly, for 
they enable the inventors of improved 
methods of production to maintain, during 
the continuance of the patent, the price of 
the article at a level which may be much 
higher than is required to afford them the 
ordinary rate of profit. This advantage, 
however, by stimulating invention, and ex¬ 
citing to new discoveries, of which it is the 
natural and appropriate reward, instead of 
being injurious, is beneficial to the public. 
There are also partial monopolies, depend¬ 
ing upon situation, connection, fashion, 
etc. These and other inappreciable cir¬ 
cumstances sometimes occasion a difference 
of 30 per cent, or more in the price of the 
same article in shops not very distant from 
each other. Generally speaking, the sup¬ 
ply of monopolized commodities is less 
liable to vary than the supply of those 
which are freely produced, and their prices 
are generally more steady. 

In opening new markets, or new sources 
of supply as effecting a change in prices, 
Mr. McCulloch particularly instances the 
fall that has taken place in the price of 
pepper and of most sorts of commodities 
brought from the East Indies since the 




402 


PRICE. 


PRIMAGE. 


opening of the trade in 1814. And on 
taxes he holds that when a tax is laid on a 
commodity its price necessarily rises in a 
corresponding proportion, for otherwise 
the producers would not obtain the ordi¬ 
nary rate of profit, and would, of course, 
withdraw from the business. The effect 
of war in obstructing the ordinary chan¬ 
nels of commercial intercourse, and occa¬ 
sioning extreme fluctuations in the supply 
and price of commodities, is well known. 
As to the influence which speculation has 
on prices, he thinks that it very rarely hap¬ 
pens that either the actual supply of any 
species of produce in extensive demand, 
or the intensity of that demand, can be 
exactly measured. Every transaction, he 
continues, in which an individual buys 
produce in order to sell it again, is, in fact, 
a speculation. The buyer anticipates that 
the demand for the article he has pur¬ 
chased will be such at some future period, 
either more or less distant, that he will be 
able to dispose of it with a profit; and the 
success of the speculation depends, it is 
evident, on the skill with which he has 
estimated the circumstances that must de¬ 
termine the future price of the commodity. 
It follows, therefore, that in all highly 
commercial countries, where merchants 
are possessed of large capitals, and where 
they are left to be guided in the use of 
them by their own discretion and fore¬ 
sight, the prices of commodities will fre¬ 
quently be very much influenced, not 
merely by the actual occurrence of changes 
in the accustomed relation of the supply 
and demand, but by the anticipation of 
such changes. It is the business of the 
merchant to acquaint himself with every 
circumstance affecting the particular de¬ 
scription of commodities in which he deals. 
He endeavors to obtain, by means of an 
extensive correspondence, the earliest and 
most authentic information with respect 
to everything that may affect their supply 
or demand, or the cost of their produc¬ 
tion ; and if he learned that the supply of 
an article had failed, or that, owing to 
changes of fashion, or to the opening of 
new channels of commerce, the demand 
for it had been increased, he would most 
likely be disposed to become a buyer, in 
anticipation of profiting by the rise of 
price, which, under the circumstances of 
the case, could hardly fail of taking place; 
or, if he were a holder of the article, he 
would refuse to part with it unless for a 
higher price than he would previously have 
accepted. If the intelligence received by 


the merchant had been of a contrary de¬ 
scription—if, for example, he had learned 
that the article was now produced with 
greater facility, or that there was a falling 
off in the demand for it, caused by a 
change of fashion, or by the shutting up 
of some of the markets to which it had 
been previously admitted, he would have 
acted differently; in this case he would 
have anticipated a fall of prices and would 
have either declined purchasing the article, 
except at a reduced rate, or have endeav¬ 
ored to get rid of it, supposing him to be 
a holder, by offering it at a lower price. 
In consequence of these operations the 
prices of commodities, in different places 
and periods, are brought comparatively 
near to equality. All abrupt transitions, 
from scarcity to abundance, and from 
abundance to scarcity, are avoided. An 
excess in one case is made to balance a de¬ 
ficiency in another, and the supply is dis¬ 
tributed with a degree of steadiness and 
regularity that could hardly have been 
deemed attainable. 

The causes which operate in producing 
changes in the prices of commodities are 
such that Price Current Tables going back 
for a series of years, however interesting 
as historical records, afford no safe guide 
to a merchant in his current or prospective 
business. No calculations of prices for 
coming years or future periods, can be de¬ 
duced from any one cause which influenced 
fluctuations at a former period, unless all 
the conditions are similar, which in the 
nature of things can rarely occur. As a 
matter of curious interest, rather than for 
any practical use, the following table of 
prices of some leading articles for six dif¬ 
ferent years is presented. See next page. 

Price current, a published list of 
the ruling market prices of the day, for 
merchandise and produce. 

Price list, a written or printed—more 
commonly printed—list of articles offered 
for sale, with the prices for each article. 

Prickle, a name in England for a 
kind of basket filled with filberts, contain¬ 
ing about 56 lbs. 

Prickle yellow, a name for the 
yellow-wood timber of the West Indies. 

Prillion, tin extracted from the slag. 

Primage, a small perquisite of the 
captain of a ship on the freight or cargo, 
paid by the shipper, or the consignee, for 
loading. This payment is variously regu¬ 
lated in different voyages and trades; its 
origin is said to have been in allowing the 
master of the ship a small duty for the 




PRICE. 


403 


Prices of Leading Articles in New York on the first day of May in each Year. 


* Gold. 

t Gold in Bond. 


Breadstuffs—W heat Flour, State.bbl. 

Rye Flour, fine. “ 

Corn Meal, Jersey. “ 

Wheat, prime white.bush. 

Rye. “ 

Oats, State. “ 

Com, yellow... “ 

Candles—M ould.lb. 

Sperm ... .“ 

Coal—A nthracite.ton. 

Copper.ingot. 

Coffee—B razil.lb. 

Java.“ 

Cotton—M iddling Upland.lb. 

Fish—D ry Cod.qtl. 

Mackerel, No. 1, Mass.keg. 

Fkuit—R aisins.box. 

Dried Apples.lb. 

Hay.. hundred. 

Hemp, Manila.lb. 

Hides, B. A.“ 

Hops.“ 

Indigo, Manila.“ 

Iron—S cotch, pig.ton. 

Com. Eng. bar. “ 

American pig. 

Laths.M. 

Leather, hemlock, sole.lb. 

Lime, common Rockland.bbl. 

Liquors—C og. Brandy.gall. 

Dom. Whiskey. “ 

Molasses—N ew Orleans. “ 

Muscovado. “ 


Naval Stores —Spirits Turpentine 


Rosin, com.bbl. 

Oils —Whale, crude.gall. 

Whale, manuf. “ 

Sperm, crude. “ 

Sperm, manuf. “ 

Linseed. “ 


Petroleum, Ref., bond 


Provisions —Pork, Mess.bbl. 

Pork, Prime . 

Beef, Mess, Country. “ 

Beef, Prime. 

Pickled Hams.lb. 

Pickled Shoulders.“ 

Lard.“ 

Butter, State. “ 


Cheese. 

.100 lbs. 

Salt, Liv., fine. 

.lb. 




46 

Soap —Castile. 

.lb. 

66 


Spices —Pepper... , 

Sugars —Cuba. 

Refined White.... 

Tallow. 

Teas —Young Hyson 

Souchong. 

Oolong. 


Tin —Straits. 

T>la+/><a T n iVhjir . 


Tobacco —Kentucky. 

.lb. 

66 


Wine —Port. 

.lb. 


66 


46 


66 


1SG6. 


$7 10 
4 90 

3 85 

2 55 
78 
61 
86 
20 % 
40 

8 50 
28 
*20 
*25% 
33 ' 

4 50 
18 50 

3 70 
15% 
60 

*10 
18 Si 
65 
1 35 
44 00 
94 00 
42 00 

4 00 
30% 

1 50 
*5 50 


26 
10 
65 
87% 
25 
00 
20 
35 
45 
45 
42 

26 00 
24 00 
20 00 

" 17 % 
12 
20 
50 
20 

9 12% 
2 75 
12 
6 75 
*2 65 

14 
*23 

12 % 

15 
11 % 

1 30 
90 
1 00 
*21 
*10 25 
20 
75 
1 30 
6 00 
65 
50 
62 
45 


1867. 

1868. 

flO 70 

$10 00 

8 75 

9 00 

6 50 

6 00 

3 40 

3 10 

1 58 

2 15 

83 

85% 

1 40 

1 20 

20% 

20 

40 

45 

5 50 

5 00 

24 

23% 

19 

+11% 

25 

*23 

28 

32% 

6 50 

6 00 

18 50 

22 50 

3 65 

3 90 

10 

8 

1 90 

80 

*11% 

*11 

*21 

*20% 

60 

50 

1 30 

*90 

42 00 

40 50 

90 00 

85 00 

42 00 

38 00 

3 25 

3 00 

31 

28% 

1 70 

1 25 

*5 50 

*5 55 

2 35 

.... 

90 

90 

57 

55 

73 

75 

2 75 

3 35 

95 

75 

75 

85 

2 45 

2 00 

2 90 

2 25 

1 36 

1 14 

24 

28 

22 80 

28 00 

19 00 

23 00 

16 00 

20 00 


23 00 

13 

18% 

9% 

13% 

13% 

18 

28 

48 

19 

15 

10 50 

9 75 

*2 60 

1 90 

15 

10 

3 00 

2 30 

*2 50 

*2 27% 

18 

17 

29 

*23% 

12 

12 

15 

15% 

11% 

12% 

1 30 

1 30 

1 05 

1 05 

1 25 

1 20 

21% 

24% 

*9 25 

*8 25 

16 

16% 

70 

.... 

*91 

*66 

8 00 

.... 

48 

45 

55 

54 

66 

57 

43 

37 


1869. 


$5 90 


6 75 
4 70 
1 90 
1 30 


90 


90 


20 
48 
5 50 

24 
11 

25 


28% 
7 50 
29 00 
3 00 
15% 
60 

* 12 % 

*22 

8 

*90 
41 50 
85 00 
40 00 

3 00 
30 

1 25 
*5 00 

95 

80 

55 

46% 

2 62 % 
1 05 

1 20 
1 20 
1 05 

1 03 
32% 

31 00 
25 75 
12 00 
9 00 
15% 
13 
18 
38 
22 
9 00 

2 00 
13% 

4 00 
*2 20 

13% 
*24 
11 % 
15% 
ms 
1 20 
95 
1 10 
33% 
8 75 
12 % 
25 
*90 


45 

50 

54 

35 


1870. 

1871. 

$4 90 

$6 10 

5 50 

6 00 

4 75 

3 90 

1 35 

1 75 

1 05 

1 10 

69 

66 

1 12 

77 

18 

13 

37% 

30 

5 50 

9 00 

h-L 

cc 

21% 

10% 

+12 

*22 

*22 

23% 

14% 

6 25 

6 50 

27 00 

25 00 

3 90 

2 65 

8% 

6 

90 

1 15 

*14 

*11 

*23% 

*25% 

21 

11 

*90 

1 20 

35 00 

33 00 

75 00 

75 00 

33 00 

30 00 

2 15 

2 35 

29 

28 

1 25 

1 25 

*5 00 

*4 00 

1 05 

93% 

80 

65 

45 

40 

44 

47% 

2 05 

2 40 

70 

60 

82% 

70 

1 55 

1 30 

1 65 

1 45 

92 

92 

29 Is 

23% 

28 50 

18 50 

22 00 

14 75 

11 50 

14 00 

15 75 

16 00 

15% 

12 

11% 

6% 

16% 

11% 

35 

34 

16 

14 

7 00 

9 00 

1 50 

1 60 

15 

9% 

7 00 

4 25 

*2 20 

2 35 

12 

10% 

*27% 

*16% 

9% 

9% 

11% 

13 

9% 

9 

78 

60 

80 

65 

85 

72 

*34 

*32% 

*8 75 

*8 50 

11% 

8% 

29 

25 

*85 

70 

3 00 

2 25 

44 

48 

50 

53 

54 

57 

33 

38 





































































































404 


PRIME. 


PRO RATA. 


use of his ropes and cables in discharging 
the goods of merchants. The amount of 
the charge, if made at all, differs in dif¬ 
ferent places from one or two cents to 
ten or twelve cents for each package. 

Prime, of high grade or quality; in 
certain articles this word has a technical 
trade meaning, as prime pork, which 
means pork consisting of such proportions 
and kinds as are prescribed by law. 

Prince Rupert’s metal, an alloy 
of copper and zinc; one of the many 
varieties of brass; also called Prince’s 
metal. 

Prince’s mixture, a dark kind of 
snuff, scented with otto of roses. 

Prince’s wood, a light-veined 
brown wood obtained in Jamaica, and 
used in turnery. 

Princettas, a kind of worsted, or 
worsted and cotton fabric. 

Princeza snuft*, a noted light-col¬ 
ored snuff made at Bahia. 

Principal* the capital sum ; the sum 
on which interest is paid; the head man 
or leading member of a house. 

Printers’ blankets very fine, 
heavy, woollen felted blankets, used on 
the presses of newspaper and book print¬ 
ers, and also by calico printers. They-are 
sold by the square yard. 

Printing ink, a thick, black ink 
made of linseed oil, soap, lamp-black, or 
other ingredient; it is usually classified as 
news and as book ink —the latter having 
more body, and being stiffer than the 
former; for fancy printing it is made in 
different colors. 

Prints* a general commercial name 
for calicoes or printed muslins; impres¬ 
sions on paper of engravings on copper, 
steel, wood, or stone, representing some 
particular subject or composition, and 
which may be either colored or uncolored. 

Privateers, armed vessels owned by 
private individuals, engaged in maritime 
war by the authority of one of the belli¬ 
gerent parties, and allowed to appro¬ 
priate to themselves the w'hole or most of 
the property which they may capture at 
sea. 

Prize, vessels or goods taken at sea 
by a belligerent power ; any property cap¬ 
tured at sea in virtue of the rights of 
war. 

Proceeds, the sum afforded by a 
sale, the product. 

Procuration, the act by which one 
person gives authority or power to another 
to act in his place ; a power of attorney. 


Produce, a general trade name for 
products of the farm. 

Produce broker, one who sells 
the products of the country for another 
for a commission ; “ a person whose occu¬ 
pation it is to buy or sell agricultural or 
farm products .”—Act of Congress of July 
13, 1800. 

Profit, the net gain in any trans¬ 
action ; the gain after deducting the cost 
and charges. 

Profit and loss account, the 

amount on a merchant’s books which ex¬ 
hibits the gain or loss in his business, or 
the gain or loss in each commercial trans¬ 
action with which he may open the ac¬ 
count. 

Promissory note, a written pro¬ 
mise to pay to a certain person or his 
order, or to the bearer, a certain sum of 
money, at a future time, unconditionally 
or without defalcation ; he who makes the 
promise is called the maker, and he to 
whom it is made is the payee ; and the 
note passes by indorsement and becomes 
similar and subject to the rules applicable 
to bills of exchange. A party holding a 
note and seeking payment of it looks first 
to the maker and then to the indorser. 
One holding a bill of exchange looks first 
to the drawee or acceptor, and, on his 
failure, to the drawer. 

Prompt payment, payment made 
punctually according to agreement, or on 
the da 3 r it is due. 

Proof spirit, distilled liquors, con¬ 
taining an equal amount in weight of 
alcohol and water, or 50° of alcoholic 
strength by Trail’s alcoholometer when at 
a temperature of 60° F., and as found in 
commerce of the specific gravity of 0.920. 
The term proof was derived from the gun¬ 
powder test. Spirit was poured over gun¬ 
powder, and the vapor inflamed if it 
fired the gunpowder it was over proof; if 
it burnt without igniting the powder, 
owing to the residuary water rendering 
the powder damp, it was said to be under 
proof. The more precise mode of ex¬ 
pressing the strength of alcoholic liquors, 
by degrees, instead of proof, is now 
adopted. Mix rectified spirit 5 pints, and 
distilled water 3 pints, and you have a 
spirit of the specific gravity of 0.920 or 
proof spirit. In the State of New York 
all domestic distilled spirits of the specific 
gravity of .9335 at the temperature of 
60°, is by law deemed first proof. 

Pro rata, an equitable division or 
proportional distribution. 




PROTECTIVE TARIFF. 


PROVISIONS. 


405 


Protective tariff, a tariff of rates 
of duty which, for the protection of Ameri¬ 
can manufacturers or producers, discrim¬ 
inates by imposing - higher duties than the 
uniform rates on certain imported com¬ 
modities which enter into competition 
with home products,—a kind of tariff spe¬ 
cially objected to by “free traders.” 
Some of the doctrines of protectionists, 
reduced in a disconnected way to the form 
of propositions, without illustration or 
argument, are: 

Protection is a blessing to any country. 

One chief object of protection is that 
home industry may not be overwhelmed 
by heavy shipments, when there are gluts 
in the foreign markets. 

Our prices should depend on domestic, 
not on foreign competition. We can have 
no sure basis till we can be relieved from 
fluctuations. 

A protective duty levied upon any arti¬ 
cle that we can manufacture at home to 
the extent of our own wants, will, in all 
cases, by increasing competition and sup¬ 
ply, reduce the price of such article. 

Protection creates competition,—com¬ 
petition destroys monopoly. The object 
and the effect of protective duties is to 
increase manufacturing establishments in 
the country, thereby creating competition, 
the only thing which can destroy monopoly. 

American labor is based on the principle 
of securing to all laborers and artisans fair 
remuneration for work done. Its neces¬ 
sary consequence is an improved condition 
in the comfort, intelligence, and happi¬ 
ness of the laboring classes as contradis¬ 
tinguished from the ignorance and pover¬ 
ty of the same classes in Europe. 

To compete with foreign production in 
which labor is the great item, our mechan¬ 
ics and laborers would have to be re¬ 
duced to the wages of Europe, which on 
a fair average are about one-fourth of the 
prices paid in the United States. 

One pound of cheap foreign goods is 
sufficient to lessen and perhaps destroy 
the legitimate trade in a hundred pounds 
of the native production. 

The people of the country under a pro¬ 
tective policy, are enabled to buy and 
consume more largely than under free 
trade competition. 

The protective policy is directly benefi¬ 
cial to farmers; it builds up rival factories 
in farming districts, increases the demands 
for labor, enhances the price of raw mate¬ 
rials, and creates a home market for all 
farm products. 


The cheapest articles, in this as in any 
other country, are those which are wholly 
or mainly home-made. 

Whenever a department of manufac¬ 
tures or other industry has become fir ml y 
established in our country, by the aid of 
protection or otherwise, so that its endu¬ 
rance and expansion are virtually insured, 
domestic competition may be relied on 
to graduate the price of its product to the 
average standard afforded by other and 
kindred pursuits. 

Foreign products which may cost less 
in money, may cost more in our labor or 
its fruits. 

Prices which we pay for European pro¬ 
ducts which we rival here are far less than 
they would be in the absence of such 
rivalry. 

Protection, by bringing producer and 
consumer nearer each other, enables them 
to interchange their respective products 
directly and cheaply instead of circuitous¬ 
ly through several intermediates, and at 
great cost. 

Protest, a written document attested 
by a consul, drawn by the captain or offi¬ 
cers of a ship or vessel, stating the sever¬ 
ity of a voyage or other casualty by 
which the vessel has suffered, and show¬ 
ing it was not owing to the neglect or 
misconduct of the master. 

Protest, a notarial act made when a 
bill of exchange is not accepted when pre¬ 
sented for that purpose ; or if a bill or 
promissory note when presented for pay¬ 
ment be not paid. In order to hold the 
drawer and indorsers of the bill and the 
indorsers of the note, a regular protest 
must be made by a notary public, and 
notice of non-acceptance or non-payment 
be given to all antecedent parties, and 
that the party so notified is looked to for 
payment. 

Proved, tested, as liquors, gunpow¬ 
der, iron girders, etc., to test their 
strength. 

Provence oil, a fine olive oil, the 
produce of Aix. 

Provender, hay, straw, or other dry 
food for cattle. 

Provisions, in the price currents of 
England and the United States under this 
head are included, butter, cheese, beef, 
pork, bacon, shoulders, hams, and lard. 
In the sale of provisions, the rule is that 
the seller impliedly warrants that they are 
wholesome, and he who sells unwhole¬ 
some provisions may be punished for a 
misdemeanor. 


I 



406 


PRUNELET. 


PULU. 


I*ruiiclet, a liquor made from wild 
flowers. 

Pruuclla sail, fused nitre moulded 
into cakes and used for chemical purposes. 

Prunella, a thin woollen or mixed 
stuff, employed chiefly for women’s shoes. 

Prunes, dried plums; the finest kind 
are usually packed in cartoons, the com¬ 
moner kind in barrels or large casks ; they 
are largely imported from France and 
Germany. 

Prunellas, a species of dried plums, 
—diminutive of prune. 

Prussian !>lue, a rich and intense 
blue pigment largely consumed in the 
arts. As found in commerce frequently 
adulterated with alumina, chalk, or other 
substances. 

Prussian brown, a deep-brown col¬ 
or obtained from the yellow prussiate of pot¬ 
ash with a solution of sulphate of copper. 

Prussian dollar, the silver thaler, 
of the value of 69 cents. 

Prussiate of potasli, a salt ob¬ 
tained by fusing animal substances with 
carbonate of potash. It is manufactured 
on a large scale, and is an extensive article 
of commerce. 

Prussic acid, hydrocyanic acid; it 
derives its name from having been first ob¬ 
tained from Prussian blue. 

Pud, a Russian weight of SGyfto lbs. 

Puddie, the name given to a kind of 
cloth. 

Puer, the trade name for dogs’ dung, 
—used by tanners. 

Puffer, a person employed by the 
owner of property which is sold at auction, 
to bid it up for the purpose of raising the 
price upon bona fide bidders. 

Pulling, extravagant advertisements 
concerning one’s wares or business. 

Pill lali, a commercial weight in India; 
at Bellary in the Madras Presidency it is 
equal to 138^ lbs.; at Secunderabad, a Eu¬ 
ropean station in Deccan, it is equal to 
252^ lbs. It is understood that there is a 
difference in this weight in buying and sel¬ 
ling. A selling pullah will be 240 lbs., a 
buying pullah 252 lbs. 

Pullipunla nuts, a name in Peru 
for the vegetable ivory nuts. 

Pulp, the macerated or partially pre¬ 
pared material for making paper—usually 
imported in a dry state ; also the pulp or 
juice of grapes; an occasional importa¬ 
tion of the latter article is made at the 
port of New York. 

Pulque, a spirituous liquor made in 
Mexico from the agave. 


Pulse, a general name for leguminous 
seeds or their plants, as beans, peas, 
etc. 

Pulil, a brown thistle down gathered 
from a kind of fern imported from the 
Sandwich islands, which, mixed with silk, 
is used in the manufacture of hats, and 
largely used in San Francisco by upholster¬ 
ers for stuffing mattresses, beds, and 
cushions. It is shipped in large bales to 
the extent of 400,000 or 500,000 tons an¬ 
nually, and sold by the ton. This article, 
quite a new commercial commodity, is 
thus described in the American Cyclope¬ 
dia:—Pulu, or vegetable silk, the long silky 
fibres that cover the stipes or stalks of a 
species of fern which grows in the Sand¬ 
wich Islands. A similar product has been 
known in Sumatra, obtained from a fern 
called the penghawar or penawar djambi. 
The long, sparkling, brown, hairy-like 
fibres which clothe the stems resemble 
more the covering of animals than of 
plants ; and it is supposed that from this 
plant originated the ancient fable of the 
Scythian or vegetable lamb. This was 
said to be an animal which sprung from a 
seed out of the earth, to which it continued 
rooted. It had a sort of flesh and blood, 
and lived by browsing all within its reach, 
till finally it died for want of further sus¬ 
tenance. The Russian name of the ani¬ 
mal is barometz, which has been applied 
as a specific name to the plant. The Sand¬ 
wich Island pulu is the product of a fern 
of the genus cibatium , the specific name of 
which is uncertain; or it may be produced 
by several species of this genus. It grows 
on lands elevated from 1,000 to 4,000 feet 
above the sea, and frequently reaches the 
height of 15 feet. Each plant when four 
years old produces 2 or 3 ounces of the fibre. 
These are gathered by women and chil¬ 
dren, and spread on rocks or mats to dry ; 
the article is then sold to the larger deal¬ 
ers, and packed in bales for exportation. 
The trade is principally confined to the 
districts of Hilo, Hamakua, and Puna on 
Hawaii, and the shipments are to San 
Francisco, Australia, Vancouver’s Island, 
etc. From the custom-house return of 
Hawaii, the trade is seen to have increased 
from 2,479 lbs. in 1851, to 313,220 lbs. in 
1858. It is now regarded as the staple ex¬ 
port of the Sandwich Islands. By the 
natives it has long been used for pillows, 
etc. When woven it produces a fabric in¬ 
termediate in character between silk and 
wool. The East India article has been in¬ 
troduced into the Dutch pharmacopoeia, 






PUMICE STONE. 


PYRITES. 


407 


and is employed, like cotton, wool, tow, 
or beaver nap, as a styptic. 

Pumice stone, a kind of lava, or 
spongy, vitreous looking mineral, used for 
polishing, and in a powdered state,under the 
name of pounce, used in the manufacture 
of parchment. It is found in various parts 
of Europe, but chiefly from a part of Italy 
where volcanoes have at one time been 
active. 

Pumpernickel, a species of rye 
bread made in Westphalia, which, in 
loaves frequently of 60 lbs., is exported in 
large quantities to other parts of Germany. 

Pump wood bark, a tanning 
bark from British Guiana. 

Pliuafoo, the preserved pulp of the 
fruit of a kind of palm, used in Ceylon as 
food. 

Puncheon, a cask made of oak staves 
iron hooped, supposed to contain 84 gal¬ 
lons, but varying with different liquors ; 
a puncheon of rum in Jamaica is 102 gal¬ 
lons. 

Punjllin, an unbleached, strong, fine 
cotton long cloth, made in India. 

Punk, vegetable tinder. See Amadou. 

Punt, a small ship’s boat; an oblong 
flat-bottomed boat. 

PuulilBa, a narrow point lace edging. 

Purkeck inarkle, a kind of mar¬ 
ble crowded with the remains of snails, 
and the beauty of which consists in the 
result of the pattern produced by the sec¬ 
tions of the included shells. It is found 
in the Isle of Purbeck. 

Purchase, to buy for an equivalent 
in money. 

Purchased, bought, procured, ob¬ 
tained ; as, he purchased his goods in Phila¬ 
delphia. 

Purdah, a white and blue striped 
cotton cloth used for curtains. 

Purple dyes, a numerous class of 
dyes now obtained mostly from coal-tar, 
and used in dyeing and calico printing. 

Purple heart timber, a valua¬ 
ble timber for machinery obtained at Es- 
sequibo. 

Purple off Cassius, a pigment 
which stains glass and porcelain of a red 
or purple hue. It is also called gold 
purple. 

Purple off mollusca, a viscid 
fluid secreted by some species of shell¬ 
fish. The Tyrian dye of the Greeks, and 
the imperial purple of the Romans. 

Purple wood, a plain purple wood, 
obtained in Brazil, and used for ramrods, 
buhl work, marquetry, etc. 


Purree, the crude material exported 
from India and China, from which is ob¬ 
tained the pigment known as Indian yel¬ 
low. It is supposed by some to be a pro¬ 
duct of the urine of the camel, buffalo, 
or elephant, after the animals have eaten 
the fruit of the mangosteen; while others 
assert it to be a vegetable substance mixed 
with magnesia. 

Purrela, an inferior Spanish wine. 

Pm *se, a Turkish sum of money equal 
to 500 piastres; a common mode of reck¬ 
oning in Alexandria in Egypt is by the 
purse or Ms / a small bag used for carrying 
money in, and carried in the pocket. It 
was decided by the Treasury Department 
that such purses could not be admitted 
under that section of the tariff which pro¬ 
vides for k ‘ articles worn by men, women, 
or children,” as they were carried and not 
worn within the meaning of the law, and 
the duty was therefore ordered to be as¬ 
sessed as a manufacture of silk, or leather, 
or other material, as the case might be. 

Pu§§aree, a commercial weight at 
Calcutta of 10£ lbs. 

Pu§tulata§ moss, a dye-lichen, the 
umbilicaria pustulata. 

Put unci call, a Wall street stock¬ 
brokers’ term. See Call and put. 

Putcliuk, or Putcliock, the dried 
root of a species of costus , a kind of ginger 
found on the mountains of Cashmere, 
hundreds of tons of which are annually 
exported hence to China, where it is chief¬ 
ly used as an incense ; it yields a fine 
smoke, and diffuses a grateful odor in 
burning. 

Puttoo, a coarse fabric made from 
the refuse hair of the shawl goat. 

Putty, a cement made of powdered 
whiting and linseed oil, used by glaziers. 
It is manufactured in New York and other 
cities on a large scale, and packed in blad¬ 
ders, kegs, and casks. 

Putty powder, the pulverized ox¬ 
ide of tin, or of tin and lead mixed, used 
in polishing metals, glass, etc. 

Plizzolauo, volcanic, gravelly kind 
of ashes, exported to England and other 
countries from the Mediterranean, to mix 
with mortar in making hydraulic cement. 

Pyrite§. Iron pyrites, or mundic, a 
mineral which is largely employed in the 
manufacture of copperas and sulphuric 
acid. On an importation of “pyrites” 
at New York, the importer claimed to en¬ 
ter it under the classification of “brim¬ 
stone, crude, in bulk.” The Secretary of 
I the Treasury (Dec. Oct. 29, 1860) decided 






408 


P. Y. C. 


PYROTECHNICS. 


that the article in question was not crude 
brimstone, but that it was known under 
the name of “ pyrites, or the sulphuret of 
iron,” from which sulphur might by cer¬ 
tain processes be obtained. 

P. Y. C., an abbreviation for “Prime 
Yellow Candle ” tallow, imported from 
Russia. 

Pyrogallic acid, an acid employed 
in photography, and also to dye the hair 
a light brown. 

Pyroligneous acid, the vinegar 
obtained from hard woods by destructive 
distillation. 

Pyronome, the name given by the 
inventor to a kind of blasting powder pro¬ 
duced mainly from the spent bark of the 
tanneries. 

Pyrotechnics, a general name for 
all kinds of fancy fireworks, compositions 


of luminous devices with explosive com¬ 
bustibles. In their manufacture, the 
principal commercial ingredients required 
are nitre, sulphur, and charcoal, with fil¬ 
ings of iron, steel, copper, zinc, and resin, 
camphor, lycopodium, etc. Gunpowder is 
used in grain, half crushed, or finely ground 
for different purposes. Iron filings are 
used to produce bright-red and white 
sparks. Steel filings and cast-iron borings 
to give a more brilliant fire, with wavy 
variations. Copper filings to give a green¬ 
ish tint to the flame ; those of zinc a blue 
color ; sulphuret of antimony to give a less 
greenish blue than zinc, but with much 
smoke; amber is used to produce a yellow 
fire, as well as colophony and common salt. 
Lamp black to produce a very red color 
with gunpowder, and a pink color with 
nitre in excess. 



SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 



English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Quadrant 

Quality- 

Quantity 

Quarantine 

Quartz 

Quassia wood 
Quay 

Quercitron 

Quick lime 
Quicksilver 

Quills 

Quinine 

Quintal 

Quire 

Quadrant 

Quality 

Quantity 

Quarantaine 

Quarz 

Bois de quassia 
Lieu de deehar- 
Quercitron [ger 
Chaux vive [cure 
Vif argent; mer- 
Plumes a ecrire 
Quinine; chinin 
Quintal 

Main 

Quadrant 

Qualitat 

Quantitat 

Quarantaine 

Quarz 

Quassia 

Abladeplatz 
Quercitron 
Ungeloschter Kalk 
Quecksilber 

Posen; Federkiele 
Quin in 

Zentner 

Buch. 

Quadrant 

Kwaliteit 

Hoeveelheid 

Quarantaine 

Quartz 

Kwassiahout 

Aflandingsplaats 

Quercitroen 

Onge bluschte 
Kwikzilver [kalk 
Schrijfpen 
Quinine 
Centenaar 

Boek 

Quadrante 

Quality 

Quantity 

Quarantena 

Quarz 

Legno di quassia 
Luogo di scarico 
Quercitron 

Calce colta 
Argento vivo 
Penne da scrivera 
Chinina 

Quintale 

Quademo 

Cuadrante de al- 
Calidad [tura 

Cantidad 
Cuarentena 

[tula 

Lefio de cafiafis- 
Plaza de descarga 
Quercitron 

Cal viva [rio 

Azoguemercu- 
Cafiones para es- 
Quinina [criber 
Quintal 

Mano 


Q 


Quack medicines, nostrums ad¬ 
vertised to the pub.hc as certain remedies 
for various diseases. 

Quadrani, an instrument for taking 
the altitude of the sun and stars ; used par¬ 
ticularly in navigation and also in astron¬ 
omy. 

Quality, articles relatively considered, 
as cloth or teas of good quality, or of poor 
quality. First , second , and third quality , 
and so on, are terms specifically applied 
to various kinds of merchandise ; which 
terms denote relative values, and deter¬ 
mine corresponding prices. 

Quality binding, a name in Scot¬ 
land for a worsted tape used for carpet 
binding; a twilled worsted binding in 
single colors, used for upholstery trim¬ 
mings. 

Quan, a commercial weight in Ann am 
of 688f lbs. 

Quailtar, the Egyptian quintal, or 
hundredweight, equal to 110 lbs., but 
varying with different commodities,—for 
cotton it is 120 lbs.; for coffee, 108 lbs. ; 
for gums, 150 lbs. ; for pepper or other 
spices, 102 lbs. 

Quantity, that which answers the 
question “ How much ? ” In merchandise 
used when referring to articles in bulk as 
a measure of amount. 

Quarantine, the time during which 
the crew, or the crew and passengers, or 


the cargo, or portions of the cargo of a 
ship or vessel coming from a port or place 
infected with disease, are required to re¬ 
main on board after their arrival, before 
they can be permitted to land. Anchor¬ 
age for vessels in quarantine is usually 
designated by the State authorities, gen¬ 
erally in the harbor, but at a distance 
from the city. The laws regulating quar¬ 
antine are State laws, and vessels belong¬ 
ing to the United States are required to 
conform to the laws in the same manner 
as merchant vessels. Every ship is fur¬ 
nished, by the sanitary authority at the 
last port where it touched, with a bill of 
health , which, when clea?i, generally ex¬ 
empts the passengers and goods from quar¬ 
antine ; but if suspected or foul , subjects 
them to it for periods, differing, according 
to circumstances, from about 5 to 40 days ; 
from which last period the term quaran¬ 
tine is derived. 

The whole subject of Quarantine is fully 
set forth and explained by the Laws of 
New York relative to Quarantine in the 
harbor of New York City. From these 
laws the general principles and essential 
provisions and regulations for other ports 
may readily be deduced. 

The quarantine stations in the harbor of 
New York consist of Island No. 1, situate 
on the eastern edge of what is known as 
West Bank, in the lower bay, about two 





















410 QUARANTINE. 


miles south of Fort Tompkins light-house; 
and Island No. 2, situate about one mile 
south of Fort Tompkins light-house. On 
Island No. 1, there are erected a number 
of hospitals for the sick, and appropriate 
buildings for the physicians and nurses. 
Island No. 2 is the boarding station, and 
is intended for those who have been ex¬ 
posed to sickness, but not sick. By the 
State Laws it is enacted :— 

1. The anchorage for vessels under 
quarantine shall be in the lower bay, dis¬ 
tant not less than two miles from the 
nearest shore, and within an area to be 
designated by buoys by the Quarantine 
commissioners and health officer. 

2. The boarding stations for vessels from 
any place where disease subject to quaran¬ 
tine existed at the time of their departure, 
or which shall have stopped at any such 
place on their voyage, or on board of 
which, during the voyage, any case of 
such disease shall have occurred, arriving 
between the first day of April and the first 
day of November, shall be in the lower 
bay below the Narrows; and said station 
shall be provided with all necessary ap¬ 
purtenances for personal cleanliness and 
the purification of personal baggage ; and 
all such vessels, immediately on their ar¬ 
rival, shall anchor near such boarding 
station, within the quarantine anchorage, 
and there remain, with all persons arriv 
ing thereon, subject to the provisions of 
this law. 

8. Vessels arriving at the port of New 
York shall be subject to quarantine as 
follows : 1st. All vessels from any place 
where disease, subject to quarantine, ex¬ 
isted at the time of their departure, or 
which shall have arrived at any such place, 
and proceeded thence to New York, or on 
board of which, during the voyage, any 
case of such disease shall have occurred, 
arriving between the first day of April and 
the first day of November, shall remain at 
quarantine for at least thirty days after 
their arrival, and at least twenty days 
after their cargo shall have been dis¬ 
charged, and shall perform such and fur¬ 
ther quarantine as the quarantine commis¬ 
sioners may prescribe, unless the health 
officer, with the approval of the quarantine 
commissioners, shall sooner grant a permit 
for said vessel or cargo, or both, to pro¬ 
ceed. 2d. From any place (including 
islands) in Asia, Africa, or the Mediter¬ 
ranean, or from any of the West Indies, 
Bahama, Bermuda, or Western Islands, or 
from any place in America, in the ordi¬ 


nary passage from which they pass south 
of Cape Henlopen, and all vessels on board 
of which, during the voyage, or while at 
the port of their departure, any person 
shall have been sick, arriving between 
the first day of April and the first day of 
November, and all vessels from a foreign 
port, not embraced in the first subdivision 
of this section, shall, on their arrival at 
the quarantine ground, be subject to visita¬ 
tion by the health officer, but shall not be 
detained beyond the time requisite for due 
examination and observation, unless they 
shall have had on board, during the voy¬ 
age, some case of quarantinable disease, in 
which case they shall be subject to such 
quarantine and regulations as the health 
officer and the quarantine commissioners 
may prescribe. 3d. All vessels embraced 
in the foregoing provisions, which are 
navigated by steam, shall be subject only 
to such length of quarantine and regula¬ 
tions as the health officer shall enjoin, un¬ 
less they shall have had on board during 
the voyage some case of quarantinable dis¬ 
ease, in which case they shall be subject 
to such quarantine as the health officer 
and quarantine commissioners shall pre¬ 
scribe. 

4. Persons with insufficient evidence of 
effective vaccination, and known to have 
been recently exposed to small-pox, shall 
be vaccinated as soon as practicable, and 
detained until the vaccinia shall have taken 
effect. No other well persons shall be 
detained in quarantine any longer than 
necessary to secure cleanliness. Such 
vaccination and disposal of persons vac¬ 
cinated shall be made under regulations 
to be fixed by the quarantine commission¬ 
ers and health officer. 

5. The only diseases against which quar¬ 
antine shall apply are, yellow fever, chol¬ 
era, typhus or ship fever, and small-pox, 
and any new disease not now known, of a 
contagious, infectious, or pestilential na¬ 
ture, at the discretion of the quarantine 
commissioners and health officer. 

6. For the purpose of sanitary measures, 
merchandise shall be arranged in three 
classes: 

Merchandise to be submitted to an obli¬ 
gatory quarantine and to purification. 

Merchandise subject to an optional quar¬ 
antine ; and 

Merchandise exempt from quarantine. 

The first class comprises clothing, per¬ 
sonal baggage and dunnage, rags, paper, 
hides, skins, feathers, hair, and all other 
remains of animals, cotton, hemp, and 



QUARANTINE. 


411 


woollens. The second class comprehends 
sugar, silks, and linen, and cattle. The 
third class comprehends all merchandise 
not enumerated in the other two classes. 

7. With existing quarantinable disease 
on board, or if there have been any such 
disease on board within the ten days last 
preceding, merchandise of the first class 
shall be landed at the quarantine ware¬ 
house. Merchandise of the second class 
may be admitted to pratique immediately, 
or transferred to the warehouses, accord¬ 
ing to circumstances, at the option of the 
health officer. Merchandise of the third 
class shall be declared free, and admitted 
without unnecessary delay. 

8. In all cases where there has been 
quarantinable disease on board during the 
voyage, letters and papers shall be sub¬ 
mitted to the usual purifications; but 
with such precautions as not to affect 
their legibility; articles of merchandise, 
or other things, not subject to purifying 
measures, in an envelope officially sealed, 
shall be immediately admitted to pra¬ 
tique, whatever may be the condition of 
the vessel; and if the envelope is of a sub¬ 
stance considered as optional, its admission 
shall be equally optional. 

9. If a vessel, though not having had 
during the voyage any case of quarantina¬ 
ble disease, yet be found in a condition 
which the health officer shall deem dan¬ 
gerous to the public health, the vessel and 
cargo shall be detained until the case shall 
have been considered; the decision of 
the health officer, however, in all such 
cases, shall be rendered within twenty- 
four hours. Vessels in an unhealthy state, 
whether there has been sickness on board 
or not, shall not be allowed pratique un¬ 
til they shall have been broken out, duly 
cleansed, and ventilated. 

10. If, in the judgment of the health 
officer, a vessel require it, he may order 
the following sanitary measures : Baths 
and other bodily care for the person; 
washing or other disinfecting means for 
clothing; displacement of merchandise on 
board, or complete breaking out; subjec¬ 
tion to high steam, incineration, or submer¬ 
sion at a distance below the surface of the 
water, for infected articles ; the destruc¬ 
tion of tainted or spoiled food or bever¬ 
ages ; the complete ejection of water; 
thorough cleansing of the hold, and the 
disinfection of the well. In short, the 
complete purification of the vessel in all 
her parts, by the use of steam, fumiga¬ 
tion, force-pumps, rubbing or scraping, 


and finally sending to quarantine anchor¬ 
age until disinfection be perfected. When¬ 
ever these diverse operations are necessa¬ 
ry, they shall always be executed before 
admission to pratique. 

11. Admission to pratique shall be pre¬ 
ceded by as many visits to the vessel as 
the health officer may judge necessary. 

12. No vessel shall be put in quarantine 
without a stated decision of the health 
officer, and the captain or master of the 
vessel shall be informed thereof imme¬ 
diately after his decision, and no vessel 
subject to quarantine shall depart there¬ 
from without the written permission of 
the health officer, and such permit shall 
be delivered by the master of the vessel 
to the Mayor of the city of New York, 
or the Mayor of the city of Brooklyn, ac¬ 
cording to the destination of such a ves¬ 
sel, within twenty-four hours after said 
permit shall be received by said master. 

13. A vessel shall have the right, before 
breaking bulk, of putting to sea in prefer¬ 
ence to being quarantined; in the exercise 
of this right, if the vessel have not arrived 
at her port of destination, the bill of health 
shall be returned; the health officer, how¬ 
ever, shall mention upon said bill the 
length and circumstances of the detention, 
and the condition of the vessel upon re¬ 
putting to sea ; but before the exercise of 
this right, the health officer must satisfy 
himself that the sick of such a vessel will 
be taken care of for the remainder of the 
voyage, and take care of such sick as pre¬ 
fer to remain. 

14. On arrival of infected vessels, all 
well persons shall have their freedom as 
soon as possible, consistently with the fore¬ 
going regulations; sick persons shall be 
immediately transferred to the floating 
hospital, or other hospitals appropriated 
for their reception, and the vessel unladen, 
purified, and admitted to pratique as soon 
as possible. All merchandise shall be 
placed in the warehouses, and there freely 
exposed to the air, and moved from time 
to time to insure its perfect ventilation. 
In no case shall persons sick with differ¬ 
ent diseases be put in the same hospital. 

15. Merchandise coming from different 
vessels and places, and at different times 
in quarantine, shall be kept separate, and 
placed as much as practicable in different 
warehouses. 

16. Merchandise, clothes, etc., shall be 
submitted to such measures of purification 
as the health officer shall judge necessary. 

17. A health officer for the port of New 



412 


QUARANTINE. 


York shall be nominated by the governor, 
and appointed by him, with the consent of 
the Senate, and shall hold his office for 
the term of two years and until a successor 
in such office shall be duly qualified. 

18. It shall be the duty of the health 
officer to reside at such convenient place 
for the boarding of vessels as the commis¬ 
sioners of quarantine may determine, and 
to have the general superintendence and 
control of the quarantine establishment, 
and the care and treatment of the sick, 
and to carry out all the provisions of this 
act. And he shall have power— 

To administer oaths and take affidavits 
in all examinations prescribed by this act, 
and in relation to any alleged violation of 
quarantine law or regulation ; such oaths 
to have the like validity and effect as oaths 
administered by a commissioner of deeds. 

To direct, in writing, any constable or 
other citizen to pursue and apprehend any 
person who shall violate any quarantine 
law or regulation, or who shall obstruct 
the health officer in the performance of his 
duty, and deliver him over to the said 
officer, to be detained at quarantine until 
discharged by such officer, but such con¬ 
finement shall in no case exceed ten days; 
and it shall be the duty of the constable or 
other citizen so directed, to obey such 
directions ; and every person violating the 
quarantine laws or regulations, or obstruct¬ 
ing the health officer, shall be considered 
guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by a 
fine of not less than one hundred, nor more 
than five hundred, dollars, or by imprison¬ 
ment not less than three months, nor more 
than six months. 

To select, and appoint, and dismiss at 
pleasure, as many nurses, boatmen, and 
other employees of the floating hospital 
and boarding station as may be found ne¬ 
cessary for the care and proper treatment 
of the inmates thereof; and also, and in 
conjunction with the quarantine commis¬ 
sioners, to license lightermen, stevedores, 
laborers, and other employees, as may be 
found necessary for the care and purifica¬ 
tion of vessels, merchandise, baggage, 
dunnage, etc., in quarantine. 

To select, appoint, and dismiss at pleas¬ 
ure, two assistant or deputy health offi¬ 
cers, for whose conduct he shall be respon¬ 
sible, and who may perform, subject to 
his direction, all the duties required of the 
health officer. 

19. It shall be the duty of the health 
officer, and his assistants and deputies— 

To board every vessel subject to quaran¬ 


tine or visitation by him, as soon as prac¬ 
ticable after her arrival, between sunrise 
and sunset; to inquire as to the health of 
all persons on board, and the condition of 
the vessel and cargo, by inspection of the 
bill of health, manifest, log book, or other¬ 
wise ; to examine, on oath, as many and 
such persons on board as he may judge 
expedient to enable him to determine the 
period of quarantine and the regulations 
to which such vessel and her cargo shall 
be made subject. 

To exercise dispatch in the disposal of 
persons arriving in infected vessels, to have 
the bodies of persons who have died of 
malignant diseases on board of infected 
vessels arriving, and such as shall have 
died in the quarantine hospitals, interred 
in the quarantine burying-ground near 
Seguine’s Point; and to proceed, without 
delay, in the purification of vessels, mer¬ 
chandise, baggage, dunnage, and other 
articles in quarantine ; and whenever he 
shall judge the same free from infection, 
to permit the removal thereof. No vessel 
or cargo, however, that has been in quar¬ 
antine, shall be permitted to proceed to 
New York or Brooklyn without the ap¬ 
proval of the Mayor or Board of Health of 
those cities respectively. 

To secure the effects of deceased persons 
in quarantine from waste and embezzle¬ 
ment, and make a true inventory thereof, 
and, when the rightful claimants of such 
effects do not appear within three months, 
to deliver the same, with such inventory, 
to the public administrator of the city of 
New York, unless the said property be of 
such description as ought not to be re¬ 
moved, or may be destroyed under the 
provisions of this act. 

To have all vessels warehouses, and 
merchandise in quarantine designated by 
a yellow flag; and to prohibit communica¬ 
tion with, or passage within range of, such 
vessels and places, except under such re¬ 
strictions as he may designate as being 
compatible with safety. 

20. Whenever the health officer, in the 
performance of his dutieSj shall order or 
direct the master, owner, or consignee of 
any vessel subject to quarantine to do any 
act or thing, or comply with any regula¬ 
tion relative to said vessel, or to any 
person or thing on board thereof, and said 
master, owner, or consignee shall neglect 
or refuse to comply with such order or 
direction, the said health officer shall have 
power to employ such persons and assist¬ 
ance as may be necessary to cany out and 





QUARANTINE. 


413 


enforce such order and direction, and the 
persons so employed shall have a lien on 
such vessel, her tackle, apparel, and furni¬ 
ture, for their services and expenses. 

21. The health officer, in the lighterage, 
stevedorage, and storage of vessels and 
merchandise in quarantine, may permit 
the captains and owners to employ lighter¬ 
age and men on their own account; all 
persons so employed, however, shall be 
subject to the same restrictions for the 
protection of the public health as those 
who may be licensed for the same services 
by the health officer and commissioners. 

22. Whenever any expense shall be in¬ 
curred by the health officer, or whenever 
any services shall be rendered by him or 
his employees in the discharge of the du¬ 
ties imposed upon him by law in relation 
to vessels, merchandise, baggage, dunnage, 
persons, or burials, under quarantine, such 
expenses and services shall be paid for, to 
the health officer, by the masters of the 
vessels for which sueh expenses shall have 
been incurred or the services shall have 
been rendered, or in which the merchan¬ 
dise, baggage, dunnage, and persons shall 
have arrived. Persons conveyed to or 
from the quarantine establishment in the 
steamboat hereinafter mentioned, shall 
pay the health officer for such transporta¬ 
tion individually, except in cases where 
they shall be conveyed for the master of 
a vessel, in which case the master shall 
pay for the same. The storage of all 
merchandise in the quarantine warehouses 
shall be paid for by the owners or con¬ 
signees to the quarantine commissioners 
on delivery, and the use of the wet docks 
for overhauling and repairing vessels shall 
be paid for to said commissioners by the 
captains or owners of the vessels using 
them. The charges for each and all of 
said services, in this section mentioned, 
and storage, and the use of said wet docks, 
shall be fixed and determined upon by 
said commissioners. 

23. The expenses, services, and charges 
specified in the last preceding section shall 
be a lien on the vessels, merchandise, or 
other property,in relation to which such ex¬ 
penses and charges shall have been made, or 
such services shall have been rendered; and 
it shall be the duty of the health officer to 
render an account, payable to the quaran¬ 
tine commissioners, to all masters, owners, 
or consignees liable to pay any charges to 
said commissioners, according to the pro¬ 
visions of said section, as soon as practica¬ 
ble after such liability shall have accrued ; 


and if such master, owner, or consignee 
shall omit to pay the same within three 
days after said account shall have been 
rendered, said commissioners may proceed 
to enforce said lien, or they may have and 
maintain an action against the master, 
owners, or consignees 6f such vessel, or 
the owners or consignees of such mer¬ 
chandise or property, and each and every 
one of them, to recover the amount of 
such expenses, services, and charges; and 
the health officer shall have the like reme¬ 
dy as is given to said commissioners to re¬ 
cover for any expenses or services which 
are made payable to him, according to the 
provisions of said section, in case the same 
shall remain unpaid for the period of three 
days after the payment thereof shall have 
been demanded by him. In the case of 
passengers, however, for whom expenses 
shall have been incurred under quarantine, 
the master of the vessel in which such 
passengers arrived may recover from them 
the amount of the expenses incurred on 
their account. And until all the expenses, 
services, and charges specified in said last 
preceding section, and for which a lien is 
created by this section, shall be paid, the 
vessel, cargo, and other property shall be 
held in quarantine; provided, however, 
that such a vessel, cargo, or other proper¬ 
ty shall not be held in quarantine for non¬ 
payment thereof, if the master, owner, or 
consignee thereof shall execute and de¬ 
liver to the said commissioners of quaran¬ 
tine a bond, with sufficient sureties, to be 
approved by them, conditioned for the pay¬ 
ment of such expenses, charges, and ser¬ 
vices within ten days thereafter. 

24. Every master of a vessel, subject to 
visitation by the health officer, who shall 
refuse or neglect either— 

To proceed with, and anchor his vessel 
at the place assigned at the time of his ar¬ 
rival ; or, 

To submit his vessel, cargo, crew, and 
passengers to the examination of the health 
officer, and to furnish all necessary infor¬ 
mation to enable that officer to determine 
to what measures they ought respectively 
to be subject; or, 

To remain with his vessel at quarantine 
during the period assigned by the health 
officer, and, while at quarantine, to com¬ 
ply with the directions and regulations 
prescribed by law, and with such as any of 
the officers of health, by virtue of the 
authority given to them by law, shall pre¬ 
scribe in relation to his vessel, his cargo, 
himself, his crew or passengers—shall be 



414 QUARANTINE. 


guilty of a misdemeanor, and be punished 
by a fine not exceeding two thousand dol¬ 
lars, or by imprisonment not exceeding 
twelve months, or both by such fine and 
imprisonment. 

25. Every master of a vessel, hailed by 
a pilot, who shall either— 

Give false information to such pilot, rel¬ 
ative to the condition of his vessel, crew, 
or passengers, or the health of the place 
or places from whence he came, or refuse 
to give such information as shall be law¬ 
fully required ; 

Or land any person from his vessel, or 
permit any person, except a pilot, to come 
on board of his vessel, or unlade or tran¬ 
ship any portion of his cargo before his 
vessel shall have been visited and exam¬ 
ined by the health officer; 

Or shall approach with his vessel nearer 
to the city of New York or Brooklyn than 
the place of boarding or anchorage to 
which he may be directed, shall be guilty 
of the like offence, and be subject to the 
like punishment; and any person who 
shall land from any vessel, or unlade or 
tranship any portion of her cargo, under 
like circumstances, shall be guilty of a 
like offence, and be subject to the like 
punishment. 

26. It shall be the duty of each branch and 
deputy pilot belonging to the port to use 
his utmost endeavors to hail every vessel 
he shall discover entering the port, and to 
interrogate the master of such vessel in 
reference to all matters necessary to en¬ 
able such pilot to determine whether, ac¬ 
cording to the provisions of the preceding 
sections, such vessel is subject to quaran¬ 
tine. 

27. If, from the answers obtained from 
such inquiries, it shall appear that such 
vessel came from a port where any quar- 
antinable disease existed at the time of 
her departure, or that any case of such 
disease shall have occurred on board of her 
during the passage, the pilot shall imme¬ 
diately direct the master of the vessel to 
proceed and anchor such vessel at the 
quarantine anchorage in the lower bay. 
In other cases, of vessels liable to quaran¬ 
tine, he shall direct the masters thereof to 
proceed and anchor such vessels at such 
point as shall be assigned by the quar¬ 
antine commissioners as an anchorage for 
such vessels ; provided, however, that the 
anchorage for such vessels shall be at least 
one half mile distant from the shore of 
Long Island and Staten Island. 

28. Any person, except a pilot, who 


shall go on board of, or have any com¬ 
munication or dealing with, any vessel 
hereinbefore declared subject to quaran¬ 
tine, before she shall be boarded and ex¬ 
amined by the health officer, or while she 
is being examined by him, or who shall 
violate any provision of this act, or shall 
neglect or refuse to comply with any direc¬ 
tion or regulation which the health officer or 
the commissioners of quarantine may pre¬ 
scribe, by virtue of this act, shall be guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and be punished by a 
fine of not less than one hundred dollars, 
nor more than five hundred dollars, or by 
imprisonment, not less than three nor 
more than six months, or by both such 
fine and imprisonment. And any person, 
except the master, owner, or consignee of 
said vessel, who shall go on board of any 
such vessel after she shall have received 
from the health officer his permit to pro¬ 
ceed from quarantine, and before such 
permit shall be delivered at the office of 
the Mayor of the city of New York or of 
the city of Brooklyn, shall be guilty of the 
like offence, and subject to the like pun¬ 
ishment. 

29. Any person aggrieved by any de¬ 
cision or direction of the health officer may 
appeal therefrom to the commissioners of 
quarantine, who shall constitute a board of 
appeal; the said board shall have power 
to affirm, reverse, or modify the decision, 
order, or direction appealed from, and the 
decision of said board thereon shall be final. 

30. An appeal to the board of appeal 
must be made by serving upon the health 
officer a written notice of such appeal, 
within twelve hours (Sundays excepted), 
or within such further time as shall be al¬ 
lowed by the commissioners of quarantine, 
after the appellant receives notice of the 
order, decision, or direction complained of. 
Within twelve hours after the health offi¬ 
cer receives such notice (Sundays except¬ 
ed), he shall make a return, in writing, 
including the facts on which his order, 
decision, or direction was founded, to the 
president of the board of commissioners of 
quarantine. Upon receipt of such return, 
or in case no return shall be made within 
the time aforesaid, he shall immediately 
call a meeting of the board of appeal; and 
said appeal shall be heard and decided 
within twenty-four hours thereafter (Sun¬ 
days excepted) ; and, until such decision 
be made, the order, decision, or direction 
complained of, except it refer to the de¬ 
tention of a vessel, her cargo, or passen¬ 
gers at quarantine, shall be suspended. 




QUARANTINE. 


415 


31. The commissioners of quarantine 
are hereby constituted, the custodians of 
the quarantine establishment of the harbor 
and port of New York, to be by them held 
in trust for the people of this State, for 
the purposes, and subject to the provi¬ 
sions, specified in this act; and they shall 
have power to make such rules and regu¬ 
lations, not inconsistent with the provisions 
of this act, as they shall deem necessary 
for the care and protection of each portion 
of the quarantine establishment, for the 
government of the employees therein, for 
the regulation of the conduct of all per¬ 
sons under quarantine, and for preventing 
communication or intercourse with any 
vessel under, or subject to, quarantine. 

32. The Board of Health, or the Mayor 
and commissioners of health of the city of 
New York, or the Board of Health of 
Brooklyn, whenever, in their or his judg¬ 
ment, the public health shall require, may 
order any vessel at the wharves of the 
city, or in their vicinity, to the quarantine 
ground, or some other place of safety, and 
may require all persons, articles, or things 
introduced into either city from such ves¬ 
sel to be seized, returned on board there¬ 
of, or removed to the quarantine or other 
place of safety. If the master, owner, or 
consignee of the vessel cannot be found, 
or shall neglect or refuse to obey the order 
of removal, the said Board of Health, or 
Mayor and commissioners of health, shall 
have power to employ such assistance as 
may be necessary to effect such removal, 
at the expense of such master, owner, or 
consignee ; and such vessel or person shall 
not return to the city without a written 
permission of the said Board of Health, 
or Mayor and commissioners of health. 
Whenever any person shall have been em¬ 
ployed as above provided, to remove any 
vessel, or to remove any article or thing 
introduced into the city from such vessel, 
and shall, in the pursuance of such em¬ 
ployment, effect such removal, he shall 
have a lien on such vessel, her tackle, ap¬ 
parel, and furniture, for his services and 
expenses in effecting such removal. 

33. All passengers being on board of 
vessels under quarantine shall be provided 
for by the master of the vessel in which 
they shall have arrived ; and if the master 
shall omit or refuse to provide for them, 
or they shall have been sent on shore by 
the health officer, they shall be maintained 
by the commissioners of quarantine, at 
the expense of such vessel, her owners, 
consignees, and each and every one of 


them; and the health officer shall not 
permit such vessel to leave quarantine 
until such expenses shall have been repaid 
or secured; and the said commissioners of 
quarantine shall have an action against 
such vessel, her owners, consignees, and 
each and every one of them, for such ex¬ 
penses, which shall be a lien on such ves¬ 
sel, and may be enforced as other liens on 
vessels are enforced, by said commission¬ 
ers of quarantine. 

34. The health officer, upon the appli¬ 
cation of the master of any vessel under 
quarantine, may confine in any suitable 
place on shore any person on board of such 
vessel charged with having committed an 
offence punishable by the laws of this 
State or of the United States, and who 
cannot be secured on board of such vessel, 
and such confinement may continue dur¬ 
ing the quarantine of such person, or until 
he shall be proceeded against in due 
course of law; and the expenses thereof 
shall be charged and collected as in the 
last preceding section. 

35. Exclusive jurisdiction of the offences 
specified in this act is hereby given to the 
Courts of General and Special Sessions of 
the peace of the city of New York, and 
General Sessions of the county of Kings ; 
and it shall be the duty of the district 
attorneys of the city and county of New 
York and the county of Kings respectively, 
to prosecute all persons guilty of such of¬ 
fences in preference to any indictment 
then in their offices; and it shall be the 
duty of either of the said Courts to hear 
and try the offences against this act in 
preference to all other cases pending 
before it; and whenever any person shall 
be convicted on a trial for such offence, 
the Court shall forthwith proceed to pro¬ 
nounce judgment upon him according to 
the terms prescribed in this act. 

36. The commissioners of emigration 
shall receive into their hospitals all alien 
passengers for whom bonds shall have 
been given or commutation paid, under 
the several acts of this State relating to 
alien passengers arriving at the port of 
New York, who shall be affected with any 
contagious or infectious disease, other 
than yellow fever, and sent to such hos¬ 
pital by the authority of the health officer. 

37. The health officer shall be entitled 
to receive the fees fixed by law for his 
services. He shall thereout pay all the 
salaries and wages of the deputy health 
officers, and such bargemen, nurses, and 
stewards as may be necessary for the per- 





416 


QUARANTINE. 


QU ARTIER. 


formance of the duties imposed upon him 
by this act for the carrying on of the qua¬ 
rantine establishment, except the salaries 
of the commissioners of quarantine ; and 
the said health officer shall pay the cur¬ 
rent expenses of running a steamboat for 
the transportation of persons to and from 
the establishment, and for visitations, and 
for burying the dead. But nothing in this 
section contained shall be construed or 
held to affect the liability of masters or 
owners of vessels, passengers, or other per¬ 
sons to pay for such services, labor, or 
work, as they are respectively required to 
pay or discharge by the terms of this act. 

38. Every person who shall oppose or 
obstruct the health officer or his deputies 
in performing the duties required of him 
by law, and every person who shall go on 
board of, or have any communication, 
intercourse or dealing with any vessel 
under quarantine, or with any of her crew 
or passengers, without the permission of 
the health officer, or who shall, without 
such permission, invade any portion of 
the quarantine establishment, shall be 
guilty of the like offence and subject to 
the like punishment prescribed by the pre¬ 
ceding ninth section of this act; and such 
offender shall be detained at quarantine 
so long as the health officer shall direct, 
not exceeding twenty days. In case such 
person shall be taken sick of any contagi¬ 
ous or infectious disease during such twen¬ 
ty days, he shall be detained at quarantine 
for such further time as the health officer 
shall direct. Exclusive jurisdiction of the 
offences specified in this section is hereby 
conferred upon the courts specified in the 
forty-ninth section of the act which is 
hereby amended, and all the provisions of 
said last-mentioned section shall apply to 
said offences. 

39. The several liens specified in this act 
and the act hereby amended, may be 
enforced in the same manner as other liens 
on vessels are enforced, by warrant of 
attachment in the mode prescribed in the 
act entitled “An act to provide for the 
collection of demands against ships and 
vessels, ” passed April twenty - fourth, 
eighteen hundred and sixty-two, all the 
provisions of which shall apply to the ser¬ 
vices, expenses, and charges hereinbefore 
and in said act specified; and the person 
or persons to whom said expenses and 
charges for which such liens are created 
shall be payable, shall be deemed creditors 
of the master, owners, or consignees of the 
vessel or merchandise respectively, and 


such person or persons may have and 
maintain an action against the master, 
owner, or consignee, and each of them, to 
recover the value of such services, charges, 
and expenses. 

40. The commissioners of emigration 
shall, by the order and direction of the 
health officer, receive and take charge of 
all passengers arriving at the port of New 
York, who shall have been exposed to the 
infection or contagion of small-pox or ship 
fever, to be kept elsewhere than on Staten 
Island; and the said commissioners of 
emigration, for the purpose of defraying 
the expenses therefor, shall be entitled to 
receive from the owners, masters, consign¬ 
ees, or agents of the vessels arriving at 
the port of New York, the sum of twenty- 
five cents for each passenger so arriving, 
to be collected in the same manner that 
commutation moneys are collected by said 
commissioners of emigration. 

The following quarantine fees are paid on 
entering a vessel at the Custom-House, viz.: 
Health Officer’s fees, each vessel.. $6 50 


U. S. Hospital fees, per head. 20 

State “ “ “ . 1 00 

Master’s “ “ “ . 1 50 


Quart, a liquid measure of i of a gal¬ 
lon ; and a dry measure of 0.03125 bushel. 
The imperial quart of England is equal to 
•$} of a gallon. 

Quarter, a grain measure of 8 bush¬ 
els ; in England, as a measure for wheat, 
it is equal to 8 imperial bushels;—the im¬ 
perial bushel of England is equal to 70 lbs., 
hence 1 quarter equals 500 lbs., and 4 
quarters equal 1 ton of 2,240 lbs. 

Quarter eask, a wine cask of Spain 
varying from 311 to 40 gals. 

Quarter day. The yearly rents for 
stores in New York are payable quarterly, 
to wit, on the 1st day of August, Novem¬ 
ber, February, and May, and these days 
are called quarter days. 

Quarter dollar, a silver coin of the 
United States of the value of 25 cents. 

Quarter eagle, a gold coin of the 
United States of the value of $2.50. 

Quartern, a four-pound loaf; as a 
measure the of a gallon. 

Quarters. In the dry-goods trade the 
term is applied to the width of the goods, 
as 4 quarters, meaning 1 yard; 6 quarters, 
H yds.; 8 quarters, 2 yds., etc. 

Quartes, a wine measure at Majorca, 
of lA gals ; 

QuarIter, a variable German wine 
measure, equal generally to a little less 
than a quart. 







QUARTO. 


Quarto, or 4to, a book of 4 leaves, 
or 8 pages to the sheet of medium-sized 
printing paper; as a measure for oil at 
Genoa, it is 4 ^ gals.; a dry measure at 
Yenice of of a bushel. 

Quas-quas, a fermented liquor used 
by the peasantry of Russia. 

Quassia, the wood of the root of the 
quassia excelsa , or other species of quassia, 
a tree which grows in Jamaica and the 
Caribbean Islands and there called the bit¬ 
ter ash. It is intensely bitter, and is much 
used in medicine, and also, it is said, by 
brewers, as a substitute for hops. It is 
imported in billets of various sizes, from 
an inch to near a foot in diameter, and 
several feet in length, and sold by the ton. 
Quassia was originally obtained in Suri¬ 
nam, and was first brought into notice at 
that place by a negro slave named Quassi, 
who first used it, with uncommon success, 
as a secret remedy for malignant fevers. 

Quay, a wharf or pier at which to load 
ships or discharge cargo—sometimes spell¬ 
ed key. 

Quassia bark, a bitter medicinal 
bark obtained from some species of quas¬ 
sia. 

Quebec lumber, the English trade 
name for pine, white oak, birch, and elm 
boards, and planks shipped from Quebec 
to London. Very nearly 1,000 vessels are 
annually cleared from Quebec with lum¬ 
ber for England and the West Indies. The 
shipments for two years were as follows ; 

1869. 1870. 

14,052,000 12,616,000 
1,779,000 


.ft. 


2,828,000 

2,205,000 

1,758,000 

274,000 

559,000 

261,000 
pcs. 344 


White pine 
Wavy ‘ 

Red ‘ 

Oak. 

Elm. 

Ash. 

Birch and maple “ 

Bass, butternut and 
tamarac.... feet. 

Masts and spars,... 

Staves. m. 5,542 

Queen’s metal, an alloy 
lead, antimony, and bismuth—a 
pewter. 

Queen’s root, the root of th estillin- 
gia sylvatica , used in medicine. 

Queen’s ware, glazed earthenware 
of a cream color ; a kind of ware origin¬ 
ally produced by the distinguished Eng¬ 
lish manufacturer, Josiah Wedgewood, 
and which, by the permission of Queen 
Charlotte, he was allowed to designate 
; ‘ queen’s ware; ”—the term is now applied 
to a common kind of cream-colored pottery. 


1,305,000 

1,917,000 

2,918,000 

2,019,000 

417,000 

377,000 

162,000 
101 
2,290 
of tin, 
kind of 


QUICKSILVER. 417 

Queen’s wood, a term applied tc 
some kinds of Brazil wood. 

Queen’s yellow, Turpeth mine¬ 
ral ; the yellow subsulphate of mercury. 

Quercitron, the commercial name 
for the bark of the black oak, quercus ni¬ 
gra, or quercus tinctoria . which by boiling 
in water yields a valuable brownish-yel¬ 
low coloring-matter, made brighter by 
acids and deepened by alkalies. The bark 
is largely employed in the United States 
as a dye, and very large quantities of it 
reduced to a coarse kind of powder are 
shipped to Europe, where it is chiefly used 
in calico printing, and for dyeing wool and 
silk. The bark is also used for tanning, 
but the yellow color it imparts to leather 
is objectionable. 

Querciti’iil,the yellow coloring-mat¬ 
ter obtained from quercitron bark. 

Quicklime, caustic or unslacked 
lime; lime recently burnt—the lime of 
commerce. 

Quick sales, a demand for commo¬ 
dities and ready sale; a common maxim 
“ low prices and quick sales.” 

Quicksilver, the usual trade or com¬ 
mercial name for mercury, a brilliant, sil¬ 
very-white fluid metal, which only be¬ 
comes solid at 40° below zero. It is ex¬ 
tracted from the ore called cinnabar, and 
the supplies of commerce are chiefly ob¬ 
tained from the mines of Almaden, near 
Cordova, in Spain ; of Idria, in Carniola, 
Austria; of Hungary and Transylvania; 
of Deux Points, in Bavaria ; Huancardi- 
ca, in Peru ; and the mines in Santa Clara 
County, in California. The ore is also 
found in China, the Philippine Islands, 
and Mexico. The quicksilver is obtain¬ 
ed by roasting the ores in suitable fur¬ 
naces and collecting the condensed me¬ 
tallic vapors; the quicksilver is then 
transferred into bottles of wrought iron, 
or into leather bags. The flasks from the 
Spanish mines, chiefly shipped from Ca¬ 
diz, are reckoned to hold 76£ lbs.; those 
from the California mines, 75 lbs. The 
Austrian product is shipped from Trieste, 
in bags formed of whole skins of white 
leather, which contain 31 lbs. Until the 
discovery and the working of the Califor¬ 
nia mines, the Almaden mines of Spain 
were by far the most important in the 
world. These mines have been worked 
for more than 2,000 years. The annual 
product is about 3,000,000 of lbs. The 
Spanish Government holds the title and 
derives a large revenue from them; the 
Rothschilds and other bankers of Europe 








418 


QUILATE. 


QUOTATIONS. 


leasing them upon such terms as can be 
agreed on. The California mines are 
much richer than those of Spain, and with 
less labor produce a larger annual yield. 
From these two last-named sources more 
than three-fourths of the supplies of the 
commerce of the world are obtained. 

Quicksilver is extensively employed in 
the treatment or extraction of gold and 
silver ores; alloyed with tin foil, it forms 
the reflecting surface of mirrors; it is 
used in the process of gilding and silver¬ 
ing copper and brass ; and is the basis of 
many very powerful medicines. 

Quilate, a weight for precious stones 
at Lisbon, of 3,176 grains; for diamonds 
at Rio Janeiro, of 3,075 grains. 

Quillai bark, soap bark, the bark 
of quillaia saponaria , used in South Ame¬ 
rica instead of soap, for washing woollens 
and silks. 

Quills, the hard and strong feathers 
from the wings of large birds, used for 
making into writing pens ; prepared goose 
quills are still much employed for this 
purpose, and have a regular sale with sta¬ 
tioners. Since the use of steel pens has 
become so general, the demand for Russia 
and other foreign quills, for pens, except 
only for those of very good quality, has 
entirely fallen off. 

Quill toothpicks. These are made 
from small quills or feathers, and are im¬ 
ported from Paris in small bundles, and 
sold by the 1,000. 

Quillings, narrow plaited or fluted 
trimmings of lace or thin muslins. 

Quilts, outer bed-coverings, as Mar¬ 
seilles quilts, counterpanes, etc. 

Quince seeds, the seeds of the 
common quince, or cyclonia vulgaris ; they 
abound in mucilage, are classed with 
drugs, and are in demand by druggists. 

Quinidiiie, an alkaloid obtained from 
the cinchona bark. 

Quinine, or sulphate of quinine, the 
most important of the alkaloids obtained 


from the cinchona barks. It is extensively 
manufactured in Paris and in Philadelphia, 
and as a specific for intermittent fever has 
been of incalculable service in the Western 
States. Owing to its very high price, it is 
often adulterated with various substances. 
When procured in the original packages or 
bottles from such chemical laboratories as 
those of Pelletiers, of Paris; Powers & 
Weightman, and Rosengarten & Son, of 
Philadelphia; and Doctor Squibb, of 
Brooklyn ; it may always be relied upon 
as commercially and chemically pure. 

Quino-quino balsam, balsam of 
Peru, which is obtained from the quino- 
quino tree of South America. 

Qlliiiquimi, Peruvian bark—cin¬ 
chona. 

Quio-quio, an inferior oil or butter 
obtained by pressing the boiled nuts of the 
palms which yield palm oil. 

Quintal, a gross weight which in gen¬ 
eral signifies 100 lbs.—in Brazil it is 130 
lbs.; in Bordeaux very nearly 110^ lbs. ; 
for codfish at Newburyport and other 
places it is 112 lbs., or 1 cwt. The quin¬ 
tal of France is 220,Vu lbs.; of Valencia 
and Aragon, 109f lbs.; of Cuba, lOlf lbs.; 
of Mauritius, 108 lbs.; of Portugal, 129£ 
lbs.; of Tuscany, 74| lbs. Sometimes 
written, and in the Eastern States almost 
always pronounced, l'cental. 

Quire, 24 sheets of paper with one 
fold—the - 2 \j of a ream. 

Quoddy, a name for smoked or salted 
herring in the province of New Brunswick; 
the fishermen of Passamaquoddy bay are 
called quoddy fishermen, hence the name 
of the fish. 

Quonfar, a commercial weight at 
Algiers of 203^ pounds. 

Quotations, the published current 
prices of bank, railroad, insurance, and 
other kinds of stocks sold in shares; of 
government, railroad, or other incorporated 
companies’ bonds; and of commercial com¬ 
modities, or articles of produce. 




SYNONYMS, OR 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT 


EQUIVALENTS 

COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

DUTCH. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Raft 

Radeau 

Floss 

Ylot 

Zattera 

Almadia 

Rags 

Chiffons 

Lumpen 

Lompen 

Cenci; straccj 

Trapos 

Railroad 

Chemin de fer 

Eisenbahn 

Spoorweg 

Stradaferrata 

Fen%> carril 

Railroad station 

Station 

Bahnhof 

Spoorwegstation 

Stazione 

Estacion 

Raisins 

Raisins secs 

Rosinen 

Rozijnen 

Uve passe 

Pasas 

Rape cake 

Tourteau de colza 

Rapskuchen 

Raapkoek 

Rapa focaccia 

Torta de colza 

Rape-seed 

Colza; navette 

Rapssaat 

Raapzaad 

Seme di rape 

Colsa en grano 

Rape-seed oil 

Huile de colza 

Riibbl 

Raapolie 

Olio de rape 

Aceite de colsa 

Rattans 

Rotins 

Rotang 

Rotting 

Cannette 

Cana de Indias 

Raw materials 

Matures crues 

Rohmaterial 

Ruwe materialen 

Materie crude 

Materias bruto 

Raw sugar 

Sucre vergeois 

Rohzucker 

Ruwe suiker 

Crudo zucchero 

Azucar bruto 

Ready money 

Argent comptant 

Baarschaft 

Kontante gelden 

Danaro contanti 

Dmero efectivo 

Ream 

Rame 

Ries 

Ricm 

Risma 

Resma 

Receipt 

Quittance 

Bescheinigung 

Kwitantie 

Quittanza 

Recibo 

Red lead 

Minium; mine 

Mennig 

Menie 

Minio 

Minio [zarron 

Red ochre 

Ocre rouge 

Bergroth 

Rood oker 

Ocria rossa 

Almagre; alma* 

Red Sea 

Mer Rouge 

Rothe Meer 

Roode Zee 

Mar Rosso 

Mar Bermejo 

Reed 

Roseau 

Rhor; Schilf 

Riet 

Canna 

Canas 

Refined silver 

Argent file 

Brandsilber 

Brand zilver 

Argento filato 

Plata hilada 

Registry office 

Bureau d’adresses 

Adresscomptoir 

Informatiekan 

Scrittojo d’infor- 

Oficina pablica 

Remittance 

Remise 

Baarsendung; Ri- 

Remise [toor 

Itimessa [mazione 

Remesa 

Remnants 

Restant 

Rest [messe 

Overblijfsel 

Resto 

Resto; Cabo 

Rennet 

Reinette 

Lab 

Renet 

Caglio 

Represalias 

Reprisals 

Represailles 

Repressalien 

Wederwraak 

Rappresaglie 

Reship 

Recharger 

Wiederverladen 

Overladen 

Ricaricare 

Reembarcar 

Resins 

Resines 

Harze 

Harsen 

Resini 

Resinas 

Retail 

Detail 

Detail 

Yerkoopen 

Minuto 

Menor [menudo 

Retail dealers 

Detailleur 

Detailhandler 

Kleinhandelaar 

Venditore al mi- 

Vendedor por 

Revenue 

Revenus 

Einkommen 

Inkomen 

Rendita [nuto 

Reditos 

Rhine 

Rhin 

Rhein 

Rijn 

Reno 

Rhin 

Rhubarb 

Rhubarbe 

Rhabarber 

Rabarber 

Rabarbaro 

Ruibarbo 

Ribbons 

Rubans 

Bander 

Lint 

Nastri 

Cintas 

Rice 

Riz 

Reis 

Rijst 

Riso 

Arroz 

Rigging 

Agrds 

Takelwerk 

Tuigage 

Sartiame [nia 

Aparejo 

Rixdollar 

6cu de l'empire 

Reichsthaler 

Rijksdaalder 

Scudo di Germa- 

Pesode Alemania 

Rome 

Rome 

Rome 

Rome 

Roma 

Roma 

Roots 

Racines 

Wurzeln 

Wortelen 

Radici 

Raiz 

Rope 

Cable; corde 

Tau 

Touw 

Canapo 

Cabo; cable 

Rosewood 

Palissandre 

Rosenholz 

Rosehout 


Palisandro 

Rouge 

Ruby 

Rouge de fard 
Rubis 

Schminke 

Rubin 

Roode verw 
Robijn 

Liscio 

Rubino 

Arrebol 

Rubi 

Rum 

Rhum 

Rum 

Rum 

Rum 

Rum; rom 

Rush 

Jonc 

Binsen 

Bies 

Giunco 

Junco 

Russia 

Russie 

Russland 

Rusland 

Russia 

Rusia , 

Russia leather 

Cuirs de Russie 

Juchtenleder 

Juchtleder 

Bulgari di Russia 

Cueros de Rusia 

Rye 

Seigle 

Roggen 

Rogge 

Segale 

Centeno 



















420 


RABBITS’ SKINS. 


RAILROADS. 


R. 


Rabbits’ skins, the skins of small 
rodent animals, resembling the hare,— 
they are largely imported from Germany, 
France, and England ; the fur is used by 
hatters, and the skins in making size and 
glue. They usually come in bales of 300 
to 400 dozen each. The annual sales in 
London are computed at 2,000,000; and 
it is said that the London furriers have de¬ 
vised means for so dressing these skins as 
to imitate ermine and other costly furs. 

RaCcUBOM, an Arabian substitute for 
chocolate ; a preparation of roasted and 
powdered acorns, -with sugar and aroma¬ 
tics. It is imported under the name of 
racahou des Arab, and is usually sold at 
drug-stores. 

Raccoon skins the skins of a spe¬ 
cies of animal allied to the bear, largely 
sold in the United States, and in England, 
and Russia for the fur, which is mostly 
used by hat-makers. The raccoon is found 
over the •United States as far north as 
CO 3 , but is most abundant in southern and 
southwestern States. 

Ralfaellc ware, a fine kind of 
majolica ware, a kind of pottery originally 
made in the city of Urbino, the designs for 
which were furnished by the scholars of 
Raffaelle. 

Raft§, floats formed of timber, logs, 
or boards, commonly bound or lashed toge¬ 
ther with hickory or birch withes, and thus 
floated with the current of a river ; a com¬ 
mon mode of transporting lumber or tim¬ 
ber to the markets on the Rhine, the Mis¬ 
sissippi, the Ohio, the St. Lawrence, and 
Susquehanna. 

Rug dealer, in England, one who 
deals in marine stores; in the United 
States, one who buys and sells rags. 

Rags, in commerce a general term for 
such linen and cotton rags as are used in 
the manufacture of paper, and known as 
paper-stock. They are composed princi¬ 
pally of worn out and cast off garments, 
and shreds or fragments of linen or cotton 
fabrics or ends and refuse of the yarns used 
in weaving ; also old gunny, and Kentucky 
bagging, ends of old ropes, etc. They are 
classified in the United States as domestic 
and foreign. The foreign are imported 
chiefly from Leghorn, but importations 
are also made from Trieste, Messina, 
Palermo, and Alexandria. They come in 
large bales, and are admitted free of duty. 
The importations, two-thirds of which are 


linen-rags, constitute about 10 per cent, of 
the consumption by papermakers in the 
United States. Woollen-rags are so called 
in trade, they are principally used for 
making into shoddy, and are dutiable. 
Where woollen and cotton rags are mixed, 
if the former bear only a very small pro¬ 
portion of the lot, and the whole is intend¬ 
ed for paper-stock, probably no notice 
would be taken of them, but on an impor¬ 
tation at the port of Rochester consisting 
of about 40 per cent, of woollen-rags, the 
Department decided that the proportion 
was too large to be admitted free of duty, 
and ordered that the importer should 
separate the free from the dutiable rags on 
entry. Decision Dee. 28, 1868. 

Rag-stones, a name for the whet¬ 
stones made from the ragstone or Dudley 
basalt, obtained near Dudley in England. 

Railroad cliairs, iron holdfasts, or 
heavy cast iron sockets used to fasten the 
ends of the rails to the cross-ties, now 
mostly superseded by what are called fish¬ 
plates. 

Railroad depot, a building at a 
station on the line of a railroad where 
goods are delivered, and received for trans¬ 
port. 

Railroad iron, the commercial 
name for the long bars of rolled iron or 
steel which are laid on the cross-ties of 
the road-bed, and on which the wheels of 
the locomotives and cars run. These bars, 
or rails, are usually from 18 to 30 feet in 
length, about 2 \ inches on the top or head, 
and weigh from 60 to 80 lbs. the yard. 
Manufactured largely in various parts of 
the United States and imported from 
England annually to the extent of from 
$4,000,000 to $0,000,000 in foreign value. 

Railroads, in England called rail¬ 
ways. By the use of railroads a complete 
revolution has been effected in the transit 
or conveyance of merchandise and produce 
from one part of the country to another. 
The tedious, and generally very expen¬ 
sive conveyance of goods, under the old 
system of four and six horse teams, and 
the heavy canvas-covered Conestoga wag¬ 
ons ; or the slow and frequently inter¬ 
rupted method of canal navigation, is 
now by railroads rendered cheap, certain, 
and expeditious. Merchants far in the 
interior are able to send the products of 
the country, or to receive their goods 
from the cities, by railroads, with a 




RAILROAD STATIONS. 


RAMI& 


421 


promptness and expedition, and at so rea¬ 
sonable a charge, that they are placed al¬ 
most on the same footing with the cities 
of the seaboard. Without railroads it is 
not easy to conjecture how our large com¬ 
mercial cities at the present time could be 
supplied with the daily necessaries of life. 
Thousands of gallons of milk are brought 
in every night and morning on railroads 
from distances which by any other convey¬ 
ances would be impracticable. So, too, 
with the supplies of butter, of eggs, of 
fresh meats, poultry, game, fruit, vege¬ 
tables, etc. 

Railroad stations, stopping places 
or points on the line of a railroad where pas¬ 
sengers or goods are set down or taken up. 

Railroad stock, the shares of the 
capital of a railroad corporation. 

Raise, to increase the price; to make 
a raise is to obtain money at a time when 
it is much needed. 

Raisins, the dried berries of the grape¬ 
vine ; the best are those which are dried 
on the vines and are known as “ sun-rai¬ 
sins.” They are produced from various 
species *of vines, deriving their names 
partly from the places where they grow, 
as Smyrnas, Valencias, etc., and partly 
from the species of grape of which they 
are made, as muscatels, blooms, sultanas, 
etc. The annual imports into the United 
States average upwards of 20,000,000 of 
lbs., chiefly from Spanish ports on the 
Mediterranean, those of Malaga, the mus¬ 
catels, being most esteemed. They are 
imported in casks, drums, boxes, half¬ 
boxes, quarter-boxes, and frails. The cask 
of Malaga is 112 lbs. ; of Turkey 280 lbs.; 
the drum is about 24 lbs. ; the box of 
Malaga 22 lbs. ; of Valencia 56 lbs. 

Raisin wine, a wine made from 
raisins ; a British home-made sweet wine. 

Raillie? a plant belonging to the hemp 
and nettle family, the bcchmeria tenadssima 
of Java, the fibre of which is claimed to 
be stronger than hemp, finer, whiter, and 
more durable than linen, and the plant 
more productive than cotton. It is propa¬ 
gated from the roots and ratoons, and the 
land being once stocked is good for some 
years. It yields about 600 lbs. to the acre, 
and gives two or three crops a year. The 
first lot of fibre sold in the Liverpool mar¬ 
ket brought 65 cts. per lb. How far the 
apparently extravagant views of the com¬ 
mercial importance of this plant may be 
realized will doubtless be determined by 
the experiments now making in its culture 
in different parts of our country. In the 


following account of the plant the writer 
(anonymous) has appropriated and claimed, 
alike in name and qualities, precisely that 
which belongs to an allied species, the 
boihmeria nivea , or the sida tilmfolia , from 
both of which the fine grass-cloths of 
China are manufactured. The ramie is 
probably not identical; if it be identical 
with the plant so long used in producing 
those fine fabrics of China known as grass- 
cloths, its utility is established, and the 
cost of its production is all that is re¬ 
quired to be demonstrated. 

‘ ‘ The China or sea-grass, better known 
in this country as the Ramie plant, bids 
fair to become one of our staples. It has 
already been successfully cultivated in 
Louisiana and Texas as a substitute for 
cotton planting, and efforts are now being 
made to introduce it on an extensive scale 
in California. The English manufacturers 
have taken it up and produced some new 
and particularly attractive goods by inter¬ 
weaving it with wool, the Ramie forming 
the chains. Orders have gone out for a 
large quantity of the seed for California, 
and an effort is making to induce the Cali¬ 
fornia farmers to cultivate it, because it is 
about to become a leading staple for goods 
of many new varieties in England. The 
chief difficulty in raising it is found in the 
intense heat of the South, which prevails 
between cutting time and the new growth 
—the plant being apt to dry up and wither 
under continued exposure to the sun. But 
this is a difficulty that can be obviated by 
artificial means. The following are said to 
be among the advantages connected with 
the cultivation of Ramie: The plant is 
hardy and free from insect ravages; its 
culture is cheaper than cotton, and it will 
pay better; it surpasses all textiles for 
human clothing in length of wear and in 
the great variety of combinations to which 
it is applicable ; it promises to be a cheap 
and popular substitute for linen. Manu¬ 
facturers say that it will, by rather rapid 
advances, effect great and radical changes 
in the styles of woollen and worsted com¬ 
binations known as stuff goods, where its 
permanent gloss and its great strength 
make it a substitute for silk, and that it 
will be very largely interwoven with silk 
itself, as is now done' in India and Japan, 
forming very desirable dress goods. The 
difficulty of procuring cotton of the best 
quality from India and Egypt, and of ob¬ 
taining it in sufficient quantities, so as to 
be sure of having the requisite stock 
always on hand, has been one reason why 



422 


RANCID. 


RATTANS. 


the English manufacturers have turned 
their attention to this China grass just 
now, and are drawing the attention of the 
world to it. The article itself is not new 
as a material for textile fabrics. Fifty 
years ago summer coats made of it were 
known under the name of sea-grass. 
Handkerchiefs, fine as cambric, are made 
of it in Manilla, and before crinoline came 
into fashion it was used for ladies’ skirts. 
For years past certain favorite styles of 
goods have been made in Europe by mix¬ 
ing China grass with wool and with silk, 
as they do now in China and Japan. There 
are several varieties of the Ramie. The 
plant has been in use for textile fabrics 
more than fifty years, and in Asia for hun¬ 
dreds of years. It is called in common 
parlance China-grass and sea-grass. The 
French call it Artie de la Chine. Its bo¬ 
tanical names are Urtica Ninea and Urtica 
Candieans , two distinct varieties of the 
same plant; and Bachmeria [bcehmeria ] ten- 
acissima , which last is the scientific name 
given to Ramie, on account of the tough¬ 
ness of its fibre, and is the species now 
cultivated in Texas. The name 11 Ramie ” 
is of Indian origin. It is said that it can¬ 
not be raised on plantations from seed, 
because the latter is too small and delicate 
for field culture, and requires finely-dressed 
garden beds for proper development. The 
plant must be raised on plantations from cut¬ 
tings and roots. The first crop serves for 
supplying cuttings and roots for the next, 
and certain soils will yield three crops of 
600 to 1,000 pounds weight per acre. 

R a lie id, applied to butter or oil that 
has become rank. 

Rangoon petroleum, this petro¬ 
leum, which is largely raised from wells at 
Rangoon, has a greenish-brown color, a 
peculiar, rather fragrant odor, and the 
consistence of goose fat. 

Rape eake, the adhering masses of 
the husks of rape seed, after the oil has 
been expressed. It is usually reduced to 
a powder, and is in demand by farmers as 
a valuable top dressing, but in some places 
it is used as food for cattle and pigs. 

Rape seed, the seeds of the brassica 
napus , a plant of the cabbage family, and 
another species of the same genus, which 
yields colza oil. The seeds are largely in 
demand as oil seed. The principal ex¬ 
ports are from the East Indies, Denmark, 
Germany, and Russia. The annual im¬ 
ports into England are five or six million 
bushels. Very little, if any, is imported 
into the United States. 


Rape seed oil, a valuable oil ob¬ 
tained from the seeds of the navette or 
brassiea napus , obtained by heating the 
seeds with hot water and pressing them. 
It is used for lamps, and in the manufac¬ 
ture of soap, and until the cheaper illum¬ 
inating oils obtained from petroleum came 
into use, this oil was imported into the 
United States in considerable quantities. 

Rape Wine, the name given to an 
inferior wine from the dregs of raisins. 

Rappadlira, a coarse kind of sugar 
made in Mexico. It is met with in long 
cylindrical pieces of about 1 lb. weight, 
each piece covered with flag leaves. 

Rappee snuff*, aname for those snuffs 
which are prepared by grinding a dark kind 
of tobacco to powder in a moist state. 

Rappen, a Swiss coin of the value of 
2 cents. 

Rasli, a salt measure of Bombay equal 
to 40 tons. 

Rn§o, an Italian measure; at Cagliari 
and Nice of about | of a yard. 

R at alia, the generic name in France 
and Spain of liqueurs compounded with al¬ 
cohol, sugar, and the odoriferous flavoring 
principles of vegetables. It is said to have 
signified originally, a liquid drank at the 
ratification of an agreement. 

Rate, the relative rank or position of; 
to value by a certain standard. A first rate 
article is one of the highest standard ; a 
second rate article is one of a lower grade 
in quality or value. 

Rattans, the long slender stems of the 
calamus rotang and other allied species 
of palm, which are among the most useful 
plants of the Malay peninsula, and the east¬ 
ern islands, whence they are largely ex¬ 
ported. For cane work those of a bright 
pale yellow color, well glazed, and of a 
small size, are the best. They are pur¬ 
chased in bundles of 100 each, the ends 
being bent together and tied in the middle. 
In China and Bengal they are sold by the 
picul, which contains from 9 to 12 bundles. 
They are admitted into the United States 
free of duty, and are employed for chair- 
bottoms, for walking-sticks, as a cheap 
substitute for whalebone, and various 
other purposes. The split rattans are im¬ 
ported from China. These are made in 
China by hand. The whole rattan is cut in¬ 
to threads of different sizes, first by run¬ 
ning a knife through it, and afterwards 
reducing the strips to threads by pulling 
them through holes in an iron plate. The 
labor of making them of uniform size is 
considerable, and is done mostly by women. 




RATTANAS. 

Mr. John Crawford, the British Resident 
at the court of the Sultan of Java, in his 
IIistory of the Indian Archipelago, gives 
the following account of the manner in 
which rattans are procured and prepared 
for market:— 

“ The rattan is the spontaneous product 
of all the forests of the archipelago, but 
exists in great perfection in those islands 
of Borneo, Sumatra, and of the Malayan 
peninsula. The finest are produced in the 
country of the Bataks of Sumatra. The 
wood-cutter who is inclined to deal in this 
article proceeds into the forest without any 
other instrument than his parang, or cleav¬ 
er, and cuts as much as he is able to carry 
away. The mode of performing the opera¬ 
tion is this : he makes a notch in the tree 
at the root of which the rattan is growing, 
and cutting the latter, strips off a small 
portion of the outer bark, and inserts the 
part that is peeled into the notch. The 
rattan now being pulled through, as long 
as it continues of an equal size, is by this 
operation neatly and readily freed from its 
epidermis. When the wood-cutter has ob¬ 
tained by this means from 300 to 400 rat¬ 
tans, being as many as an individual can 
conveniently carry in their moist and un¬ 
dried state, he sits down and ties them 
up in bundles of 100, each rattan being 
doubled before being thus tied up. After 
drying, they are fit for the market without 
further preparation. From this account 
of the small labor expended in bringing 
them to market, they can be sold at a 
very cheap rate. The Chinese junks obtain 
them in Borneo at the low rate of 5 Span¬ 
ish dollars per 100 bundles, or 5 cents for 
each 100 rattans. The natives always vend 
them by the tale ; but the European resi¬ 
dents and the Chinese sell them by weight, 
counting by piculs. According to their 
quality and the relative state of supply and 
demand, the European merchants dispose 
of them at from 14 to 24 dollars the picul. 
In China the price is usually about 3£ dol¬ 
lars per picul, or 75 per cent, above the 
average prime cost. In Bengal they are 
sold by tale, each bundle of about 100 rat¬ 
tans bringing about 40 cents.” 

The foreign value of the annual imports 
into the United States is about $200,000. 

a kind of coarse sacking- 
cloth made in Madagascar and the Mauri¬ 
tius, from some kind of a long, stout fibre. 

Rattan ware, rattan articles, such 
as table-mats made in sets, chairs, open 
and covered baskets of many shapes, and 
other small articles. 


RECEIPT. 423 

Ratteeil, a kind of thick twilled wool¬ 
len stuff. 

Ravensara nuts, a kind of spice 
nut found in Madagascar. 

Raven’s duck, a kind of canvas or 
sail cloth. 

Raw materials, a commercial name 
for articles in their rough or undressed 
state previous to manufacture; as cotton, 
india-rubber, hides, etc. 

Raw hides, a technical name for a 
kind of coarse riding-whip, made of un¬ 
tanned leather twisted. 

Raw silk, silk simply reeled from the 
cocoon, or, as among manufacturers, or- 
ganzine, train, and floss. 

Raw sugar, unrefined or muscovado 
sugar. 

Raziere, a measure for grain, at Ant¬ 
werp, of 2£ bushels. 

Ready made, not made to order, 
articles already manufactured. 

Ready-made clot king, as, coats, 
trowsers, and vests of whatever material, 
and men’s woollen shirts and drawers when 
made up from piece goods and sewed ; kept 
on hand and ready for sale to customers 
without having been previously ordered; 
slop-shop clothing. Knit undershirts, draw¬ 
ers, stockings, gloves, etc., are hosiery ar¬ 
ticles, and like hats, caps, shoes and boots, 
are not classed as ready-made clothing. 

Ready money, the cash in hand 
ready to pay over. 

Real, a Spanish coin ; the real plate of 
Spain is of the value of 10 cents; the real 
vellum or vellon of Spain is of the value of 
5 cents. 

Realgar rouge, an ore of arsenic; 
that only which is artificially prepared is 
known in trade ; it is used as a pigment, 
and for fire-works, often as a signal light. 

Ream, a package of paper containing 
20 quires of 24 sheets each. The ream of 
news printing-paper is usually 500 sheets, 
but in England the latter is 21 £ quires, or 
510 sheets. 

Rebate, a discount, or an allowance 
from the stipulated price, made in consid¬ 
eration of prompt payment, or for other 
reasons. 

Rebeb, a measure at Alexandria, for 
4Aur bushels. 

Receipt, an acknowledgment in writ¬ 
ing of having received a sum of money, 
or some other valuable consideration ; a 
voucher of an obligation or debt dis¬ 
charged, or of one incurred. A receipt 
for money is always open to explanation. 
It is only prima facie and strong evidence 




424 


RECEIPT BOOK. 


REFINED SUGAR. 


of payment, but not conclusive, and even 
if it be “ in full of all demands,” it is still 
open to explanation or denial by evidence. 

Receipt book, a book in which 
merchants take receipts for the payment 
of money. 

Reciprocity treaty, a commercial 
treaty between two nations securing 
mutual advantages to the same extent; as 
for example, the admission, mutually, of 
certain goods supposed to be practically 
equivalent to each other duty free, or at 
equal rates of duties on importation. 

Reclamation, a claim made against 
the seller of goods, where the goods bought 
prove deficient or defective. 

Rectification, a second distillation 
of alcoholic liquors, to free them from 
impurities; separating one liquid from 
another. 

Rectified spirit, a spirit twice dis¬ 
tilled ; alcohol with 16 per cent, of water ; 
the specific gravity is 0.838; also a com¬ 
mon name for raw spirit, or alcohol which 
has been redistilled and flavored. 

Red, one of the primitive colors ; in 
trade, red lead, Indian red, vermilion, 
carmine, and Venetian red, are called red 
colors. 

Red cedar, th ejuniperus virginiana , 
a fragrant red-colored wood, one of the 
commercial varieties of cedar. 

Red clialli, a mineral substance of 
a deep red color, about as hard as chalk, 
consisting of clay and oxide of iron. It is 
made into crayons and used in drawing, 
and also as a paint. 

Red cinchona bark, a valuable 
species of cinchona collected on the west¬ 
ern slopes of Chimborazo. 

Reddle, one of the ores of iron, more 
or less mixed with earthy matter, and 
known as red chalk, used for polishing 
optical glasses, for crayons, etc., and also 
for marking sheep. It is found in Cum¬ 
berland, England, but the best comes from 
Germany. 

Red Ink, an ink used in the counting- 
room for certain purposes; it may be 
made by infusing Brazil wood in alcohol, 
with alum and gum. 

Red lead, an oxide of lead, used in 
painting and in the arts. 

Red liquor, a mordant employed in 
calico printing ; the red liquor of com¬ 
merce is a crude acetate of alumina, pre¬ 
pared from pyroligneous acid. 

Red oclire, a soft and earthy variety 
of hematite of a reddish color ; an earthy 
oxide of iron. 


Red oil, the commercial name for a 
product incidental to the manufacture of 
adamantine candles; an impure oleic acid. 

Red pepper, the common name for 
Cayenne pepper. 

Red precipitate, a medicinal pre¬ 
paration of mercury. 

Red root, the ceanothus Americanus, 
the leaves of which are used as a substi¬ 
tute for tea, and hence also called New 
Jersey tea. 

Red sanders wood, same as San¬ 
ders wood, imported from Calcutta in logs 
and used as a dye-wood ; in England, also 
occasionally for turning. 

Red short, metal, as iron, which is 
brittle at a red heat, though often not so 
when cold. 

Red stuff, a name for a prepared 
powder of the oxide of iron. 

Red tape, common narrow red silk 
ribbon or red cotton tape, used in offices 
for tying up documents—now mostly 
superseded by India-rubber bands ; also 
a term denoting a very punctilious adher¬ 
ence to round-about official routine or 
formality. 

Red wines, wines derived from the 
must of black grapes fermented apart 
from their husks. 

Red wood, the name of a dye-wood 
obtained from pterocarpus santaUnus. The 
red wood of the Turks is the wood cornus 
mascula; that of the Bahamas comes 
from ceanothes colubrinus ; that of Jamai¬ 
ca from gordonm Jiamatoxybri ; and that 
of the timber trade from sequoia sempervi- 
rens. That, however, which is most com¬ 
mon and used as a dye-wood is obtained 
from the Siberian buckthorn, rhamnus 
arythroxylon. 

Reeds, tall grassy plants with hollow, 
jointed stems ; cultivated in the south of 
France and Italy, and in Spain and Por¬ 
tugal, forming an article of commerce; 
used for fishing-rods, mouth-pieces, musi¬ 
cal instruments, materials for looms, etc. 

Reel, a yam measure which for cotton 
or linen is 54 inches in circuit; a worsted 
reel 30 inches. 

Refercaaees, persons of whom inqui¬ 
ries can be made as to the pecuniary 
responsibility of the party who names the 
persons of whom such inquiries may be 
made. Communications thus made are 
confidential and should be given with 
entire frankness. 

Refilled silver, pure metallic silver. 

Refined sugar, the raw or musco¬ 
vado sugar as usually imported is not in 




REGALIA. 


REPS. 


425 


a state of sufficient purity for use, but is 
sent to the sugar-houses or sugar refineries, 
where the sand, clay, albuminous and 
other impurities are separated, and the 
pure cane sugar is made into “loaf,” 
“ crystals,” or “ crushed,” and called re¬ 
fined sugars. 

Regalia, this word is found in our 
tariff law, and articles included under the 
term are admitted free of duty. What 
those articles are has not been well set¬ 
tled, but by decisions of the Treasury 
Department and the practice of the United 
States appraisers, they would appear to 
be such articles of dress, insignia, or para¬ 
phernalia, as pertain to some officer or 
member of some order or association, and 
are restricted to such articles only as are 
worn on the person, or may be held in the 
hand while in the performance of some 
ceremony or official duty. 

Registry, in commercial navigation, 
the registration or enrollment of ships at 
the Custom-house. Registered vessels are 
those wholly owned by citizens of the 
United States, and usually employed in a 
foreign trade, and possessed of certificates 
of registry. 

Registry certificates, certificates 
granted by Collectors to ships or vessels. 
When granted to vessels belonging to ports 
within their respective districts they are 
permanent registers; those granted to 
ships or vessels not belonging to ports 
within their districts are temporary regis¬ 
ters. 

Rcgulus of antimony, antimony 
separated from the ore. 

Rcgulus of Briiiniitli, commercial¬ 
ly pure bismuth metal, that which is freed 
from impurities. 

Regains off copper, copper ore, 
regulus being “ the purer and finer portion 
of metallic ores, and brought to the last 
stage for reduction to the metallic state.” 
Dec. Sec. Treas,. Nov. 28, 1863. 

Rci, rea, a small money of account in 
Portugal and Brazil—the ToVnth part of a 
milrea—or about the tenth of a cent, an¬ 
swering to our mill. 

Reims, a name for strips of ox hides 
used for twisting into rope. 

Reindeer skins, the skins of the 
cervus tarandus and other species of rein¬ 
deer ; they occasionally find their way to 
the New York market from Norway, or 
through the agents of the Hudson’s Bay 
Company, but not in sufficient quantity to 
make them of any commercial importance. 

Reindeer’s tongues, the dried or 


pickled tongues of the reindeer; they are 
considered great delicacies by epicures, and 
are found in the markets of Norway, but 
not often imported. 

Reisuer, the name of a kind of work 
produced by inlaying wood, like parquetry 
or buhl. 

Rclbuin, the root of some kind of a 
plant which is used in Chili for dyeing 
woollens a crimson color. 

Remittance, money, or drafts for 
money, transmitted by mail or otherwise. 

Remnants, the ends of pieces of 
cloth, linen, ribbon, etc. 

Reilglie, a kind of gauze. 

Rennet, the prepared inner mem¬ 
brane of the calf’s stomach, used mostly in 
the manufacture of cheese. 

Rentes, a term used in France for 
capital invested in government funds, or 
for perpetual annuities in the government 
funds. 

Rensetty, an Italian stuff for sum¬ 
mer wear, figured or striped and of various 
colors. 

Repacking, the breaking up of 
packages of merchandise and packing the 
contents over again, either in the same or 
in different cases, casks, or envelopes. 
Mackerel imported in barrels, and entered 
in bond, cannot be repacked in kits for ex¬ 
portation. Repacking of merchandise, in 
bond, is permitted by law simply to secure 
the safety or preservation thereof, but a 
simple substitution of one package by 
another of a similar description, bearing 
the same marks and containing the entire 
contents of the former, is only contemplat¬ 
ed. The law does not authorize the subdi¬ 
vision of packages. Decision Feb. 18, 
1863. 

Repository, a depot; a name for 
some kinds of warehouses, as a carriage 
repository, etc. 

Repousse work, in artistic metal 
manufactures, is a kind of embossing. 
Sheet metal is hammered up at the back, 
so as to produce a raised device on the 
front surface, which is afterwards finished 
by chasing. 

Reprisals, the capture of property 
belonging to the subjects of a foreign 
power, in satisfaction of losses sustained 
by a citizen of the capturing state. Let¬ 
ters of reprisal are granted by the law of 
nations, where the subjects of one state 
have been oppressed or injured by the sub¬ 
jects of another, and where justice has 
been refused. 

Reps, the commercial name for a kind 




426 


RESHIPMENT. 


REVOLUTION. 


of heavy fabric of cotton and worsted, or 
of silk, woven with ribs and used as sofa 
and chair covering’s and for other uphols¬ 
tery purposes ; also lighter fabrics similar¬ 
ly manufactured of silk for ladies’ dresses. 

Rcsliipnient, to unload a vessel, 
railroad car, or other vehicle of convey¬ 
ance, and reload the same into some other 
vessel, car, or other vehicle ; the shipping 
for exportation that which has been im¬ 
ported. 

Resin kauri, or cowdee, a resin 
obtained in New Zealand, and imported 
in large blocks ; called also cowdee gum. 

Resins, there are several kinds of 
resins which enter into commerce, some 
of which are obtained by exudation from 
plants, and others by extracting by heat 
and alcohol. The one most in use is the 
common rosin , which is obtained by dis¬ 
tilling turpentine; the volatile oil passes 
over and the resin remains in the still. 
The other resins’ known or common in 
trade, are amber, anime, benzoin, copal, 
dammar, dragon’s blood, elemi, guaiac, 
lac, labdanum, mastic, sandarach, storax, 
takamahac, resin of jalap. They are all 
insoluble in water. Petroleum, bitumen, 
asphalte, amber, and other mineral hydro¬ 
carbons are called mineral resins. 

Resist, the name for a kind of paste 
used in calico-printing to keep portions 
white when the cloth is dipped into the dye. 

Respondentia, a loan of money on 
maritime interest on the security of the 
goods on board of a ship, and if the goods 
be lost in the course of the voyage, by or 
of the perils enumerated in the contract, 
the lender loses his money; if not, the bor¬ 
rower has to pay the sum borrowed, with 
interest agreed upon. It differs from bot¬ 
tomry in this : respondentia is a loan upon 
the goods,—bottomry is a loan on the ship. 

Retail, to sell in small quantities to 
the consumer. 

Retail dealers, persons engaged in 
any kind of business in which their sales 
are made at retail; that is, selling goods 
in such quantities and in such a manner as 
may be most suitable for all classes of con¬ 
sumers ; “ a business alike conducive to the 
conveniences of the masses of society and 
to the augmentation of national comforts. ’ ’ 

Retail store, a store where goods 
are sold at retail. 

Retilie, a hydrocarbon, similar to 
benzine, obtained by the distillation of 
resinous pine wood. 

Retinoic, a hydrocarbon obtained 
from the turpentine resins. 


Retire, to withdraw, as to take up 
one’s notes before they become due ; to 
withdraw one’s capital from the risks of 
business; to relinquish business. 

Rctti weights, the small scarlet 
and black seeds of wild liquorice, which 
are employed in India as weights. 

Returns, an English trade name for 
a kind of mild, light-colored tobacco. 

Revenue, an income; the revenue 
of the state or nation is the annual income 
from all sources. Different governments 
resort to different methods to raise the 
revenue required to defray their expenses. 
The United States government has raised 
the necessary amount, in times of peace, 
from the duties on imported merchandise 
and sales of public lands ; in times of 
war, in addition to these sources, from 
direct taxes, taxes on trade, on manufac¬ 
tures, on incomes, etc. 

Revenue cutters, small-sized sail¬ 
ing, or steam government vessels, employ¬ 
ed in aiding revenue officers in the collec¬ 
tion of duties on imported goods,—or 
rather to prevent smuggling. The officers 
of these cutters are deemed officers of the 
customs, and are subject to the orders of 
the Secretary of the Treasury and of 
the Collector or Surveyor at the ports 
where employed. The duties assigned to 
them are to sail along the coast, and look 
after ships or vessels going into any of 
the ports of the United States; to board 
them, and, if within four leagues of the 
coast, to examine their papers, and the 
manifest of the cargo; to put proper fast¬ 
enings upon -the hatches, and to place a 
man on board, who must remain with her 
until her arrival in port, when she is de¬ 
livered over to the charge of the proper 
custom-house officer. These vessels are 
well armed and well manned, and in case 
any ship or vessel shall not bring to upon 
request of the commanding officer of the 
cutter, he is authorized to fire into such 
vessel, after exhibiting his pendant and 
ensign, in order to compel her to submit 
to be boarded and examined. The main 
object in the employment of revenue cut¬ 
ters is to prevent vessels from smuggling 
goods on shore, or to prevent them from 
transporting goods to coasting vessels, 
after having neared the coast. 

Revenue offieers, government offi¬ 
cers employed in any branch of the cus¬ 
toms or excise service, and acting by 
authority and under the direction of the 
Secretary of the Treasury. 

Revolution, articles of the same 




RHATANY ROOT. 


RICE. 


427 


kind, but of different qualities, mingled 
together and packed in the same case ; 
lsts, 2ds, and 3ds cigars, when so packed, 
are said to be in revolution. 

Rbiitany root, a drug imported 
from Peru, being the roots of a species of 
krameria ; used in medicine, and in the 
form of a fine powder, as a dentifrice. 

Rhcbebe, a grain measure in Alex¬ 
andria equal to 4-, ± 0 li o- of a bushel. 

Rlieni§li wines, the wines pro¬ 
duced on both sides of the Rhine ; they 
include some of the most esteemed wines 
in the world, as the johannisberger, rudes- 
heimer, lieben frauenmilch, hockheimer, 
etc. ; as a general thing, however, the 
Rhenish wines imported into this country 
are cheap wines of low grades. 

Rhinoceros liidcs, the hides of 
this animal, as well as the horns, are 
greatly in demand in China, where they 
are employed in the preparation of tonic 
medicines. It is a prevalent belief among 
them that what comes from a strong ani¬ 
mal must give strength. 

Rhinoceros horns, the horns of 
these animals are shipped from Siam and 
Cochin-China to China, where they are 
always in great demand, some choice spe¬ 
cimens selling for as much as $300 apiece. 
Inferior ones from Southern Africa and 
Sumatra sell as low as $30. The Chinese 
carve the finest pieces into elegant cups 
and fancy articles, but the chief use of the 
horns is for medicine. 

Rhodium, a kind of metal so intense¬ 
ly hard and difficult to work that it is but 
little employed in the arts ; its chief use at 
present is for making the nibs of a fine 
kind of metallic pens. 

Rhubarb, an important drug obtain¬ 
ed from the root of one or more species of 
rheum. It is exported from China, Chi¬ 
nese Tartary, and Thibet, where it is cul¬ 
tivated for the drug market. The varie¬ 
ties known in commerce under the names 
of Russian, Turkey, and Indian are all 
derived from the same source, but the 
select pieces are sold under the name of 
Russian, or Turkey rhubarb, and those of 
somewhat inferior quality as East Indian. 
Rhubarb when good is heavy, of a mottled 
reddish or brownish red color ; that which 
is very pale or very dark, and either so 
soft as to be spongy, or hard and stony in 
texture, is bad ; or if, when chewed, it 
becomes mucilaginous, it is not good. By 
the Treasury Regulations, made under the 
authority of Congress, rhubarb, whether 
in root or in powder, affording less than 


40 per cent, of soluble matter, is rejected 
by the drug appraiser and must either be 
destroyed or exported; and only the 
articles known as “ East India, Turkey, or 
Russian rhubarb ” are admissible. 

Ribbons, narrow strips of woven 
satin, silk, or velvet, worn as ornaments, 
and for trimmings. They are made from 
i of an inch to 6 or even 10 inches in width, 
and even still wider, and the pieces vary 
in length from 84 to 12 yards, the latter 
being the standard length. Pieces of satin 
ribbons, however, are most usually longer. 
They are manufactured in France, Ger¬ 
many, and England; also, on a pretty 
large scale in New York, and some other 
places in the United States. 

Ribola, the name given to a kind of 
wine made in Zante. 

Ribs, massive timbers used in ship¬ 
building ; the whalebone, cane, or steel 
joints used for umbrellas, usually sold in 
sets of 8. 9, or 10. 

Rice, the name for a well-known spe¬ 
cies of grain, the oryza sativa. Owing to 
the extent of its culture and its universal 
use, especially in warm climates, as food 
for man, it is regarded as the grain next 
in importance to wheat. Cargoes are fre¬ 
quently imported from the East Indies, 
but the South Carolina rice is probably 
the best in the world; the other commer¬ 
cial varieties are Bengal, white and cargo, 
Patna, Rangoon, Java, and Moulmain. 

In our tariff laws, different rates of 
duty are designated for paddy, for rice 
cleaned, and for rice uncleaned. During 
the years of the war, when very large 
importations were made from the East 
Indies, the question as to what constituted 
cleaned tfr uncleaned rice was one of very 
great importance, both to the merchants 
and to the government. The difference in 
the rate of duty was one-half cent per lb., 
which on an entire cargo made a differ¬ 
ence of thousands of dollars ; and, in sev¬ 
eral instances, merchants in New York 
and Boston were compelled to pay the 
higher rate of duty on what they deemed 
to be uncleaned rice before they were per¬ 
mitted to land their cargoes. The attention 
of the appraiser-general having been called 
to the subject, he reported as follows: 

“ So much of the 8th section of the 
Tariff Act of July, 1862, as refers to the 
article of rice, designates three articles, 
and imposes on each a distinct and differ¬ 
ent rate of duty. 

“1. ‘On paddy, one cent and a half per 
pound.’ Paddy is a well-recognized article 




428 


RICE. 


RIDER. 


of commerce, and consists of rice, or rice 
grain in its calyx, or hull; in other words 
it is unhulled rice. 

“2. ‘ Rice cleaned, two and a half cents 
per pound.’ This I understand to be the 
rice of commerce, or simply Rice. It is 
paddy divested, 1st, of its hull or calyx ; 2d, 
of its inner cuticle, or that substance which 
adheres to the grain after the hull is dis¬ 
engaged ; and 3d, of the dust, or fine meal, 
which is found in the rice after this inner 
cuticle, by friction is disengaged from it. 
The process of turning paddy into rice, 
‘ cleaned rice,’ is simple. The paddy is 
run through hulling-stones, and then 
passed through a fanning-mill, by which 
process the paddy is cleared from its chaff. 
The grain is then thrown into a mortar, 
and subjected to friction and passed 
through other fanning and cleaning pro¬ 
cesses, and this second winnowing leaves 
the rice free from the dust or meal (or 
dowse, as it is technically termed at the 
rice mill), and presents a grain of pearly 
and polished appearance, and thus and 
then becomes the rice of commerce. 

‘‘ I may remark that if the first operation 
be performed by pounding the paddy, if 
it be thoroughly done, it is not necessary 
to have it thrown into the mortar a second 
time. The first winnowing, however, only 
separates the chaff, but leaves all the dust 
or meal mixed with the grain. The second 
winnowing is necessary to separate this 
meal from the grain, as it requires more 
power than is necessary to throw off the 
light chaff or hull. 

“3. ‘On uncleaned rice, two cents per 
pound.’ All the rice which comes to the 
United States directly from the East 
Indies, before it is shipped has undergone 
the first of the above described processes— 
it has either been run through stones or 
subjected to the action of the pestle and 
mortar, and the paddy has been (more or 
less perfectly) divested of its chaff or hull. 
But none of it is separated from its inner cu¬ 
ticle, part of it is still on the grain, and the 
rest of it, in the form of fine meal and dust, 
is mixed in with the rice. This is called 
‘ cargo rice,’ and this I understand to be 
‘ uncleaned rice,’ and the only kind of rice 
of which I have any knowledge to which 
this term used in the law can be ap¬ 
plied. 

“ This residuum of the paddy—this dust 
—forms a distinct article of trade, and is 
called at the rice cleaning mills rice-meal. 
In the Carolinas it is usually sold at about 
40 cents a bushel, and is used for food for 


cattle. In New York and Boston it is sold 
for similar purposes. 

“It has been stated that this meal, or 
dust, is a substance put into the rice to 
prevent the weevil from entering it. This 
is a mistake. There is no evidence of it— 
at least I have found none. No dealer in 
rice believes it. An analysis made in Bos¬ 
ton by a competent chemist proved it to 
be free from any foreign substance what¬ 
ever. If it be true, however, that a pois¬ 
onous substance is found in this East 
India rice, this, of itself, would afford 
ample reason for Congress designating it 
‘ uncleaned.’ 

“This cargo rice is clearly not paddy. 
Under the usual commercial designations 
of nc<s, and paddy , this would properly be 
called rice ; but when Congress establishes 
three distinct kinds, the third kind must 
be applied to this, or the law is inopera¬ 
tive. 

“ I have no doubt Congress intended this 
very article of East Indian rice as the 
uncleaned rice designated. I have given 
the subject such attention and examina¬ 
tion as I could bestow upon it consistently 
with other duties, and I can arrive at no 
other conclusion.’’* 

Rice flour, ground rice; an article 
in occasional domestic use, but of no ac¬ 
count commercially; its chief use, per¬ 
haps, is for making into paste. 

Rice ill Cell, a name at the rice mills 
for a refuse obtained in cleaning rice; it 
consists of dust and a fine kind of meal; 
used as food for cattle. 

Rice paper, a kind of Chinese paper, 
the produce of a low shrub, the trunk 
and branches resembling the elder, but 
with larger leaves. It grows wild and 
abundant in Formosa, and the pith dried, 
and rolled or hammered and cut into fine 
leaves, forms the paper. It is dyed of dif¬ 
ferent colors, and large sheets are obtained 
by pressing the smaller sheets together. 
It is usually sold in small squares of about 
4 inches made up into packets of 100 each. 
The name of rice paper is also given to the 
membrane of the bread-fruit tree. 

Rice Starch, fecula prepared from 
rice, for laundry use. 

Riddy, a Singhalese silver coin of 
about the value of 13 cents; it consists of 
a piece of silver wire bent in the form of 
a fish-hook. 

Rider, in storage, a second tier of 

* Letter from Thomas McElrath, TJ. S. General 
Appraiser, to the Hon. J. Z. Goodrich, Collector, 
Boston, Mass., dated July 23, 1863. 






ROCELLA. 


RIGGING. 

casks ; a term in England for commercial 
traveller. 

Rigging, a general term for the sys¬ 
tem of cordage by which the masts are 
supported, and the sails extended or taken 
in on shipboard. 

Richmond, a city, port of entry, 
and capital of the State of Virginia, situ¬ 
ate at the head of tide water on the James 
river, about 150 miles from its mouth. 
Vessels drawing 10 feet can ascend to 
within one mile of the city, and those of 
15 feet draught to a harbor three miles 
below. It is a city of considerable for¬ 
eign commerce, as well as of a large do¬ 
mestic trade. It is the chief mart for 
tobacco, and large shipments are made of 
this product of Virginia, direct from Rich¬ 
mond to European ports; thus, as in the 
shipments of cotton from New Orleans 
and Mobile, swelling the foreign exports 
vastly out of proportion to the imports. 
The brand of the City Flour Mills has ac¬ 
quired great celebrity in all our northern 
cities, and the production of paper, wool¬ 
len and cotton goods, and other manufac¬ 
tures gives to Richmond the character 
both of a manufacturing and a commercial 
city. Its canals, its numerous railroad 
connections, its immense water power, 
and its natural advantages for securing 
the trade of a very extensive interior, 
must secure for it a permanent and con¬ 
stantly increasing commerce. 

Rilld, the peel or rind of oranges, 
lemons, and some other fruits, all of which 
are articles of commerce. 

Riniiiaii’s green, a pigment com¬ 
posed of oxide of cobalt and oxide of zinc. 

Rio de Janeiro, the chief com¬ 
mercial city and capital of Brazil, on the 
Atlantic ocean, with a safe, capacious, 
and magnificent harbor. The trade of 
the city is extensive. The exports con¬ 
sist of coffee, hides, sugar, horns, rice, 
rum, rosewood, ipecacuanha, tobacco, ta¬ 
pioca, cotton, horse-hair, diamonds, etc. 
It is the greatest mart for coffee in the 
world, the annual shipments amounting 
to between 400,000,000 and 500,000,000 
of pounds. Our direct trade with Brazil 
is large. We export lumber, furniture, 
spirits of turpentine, starch, sewing ma¬ 
chines, lard, butter, gunpowder, shot and 
shell, provisions, petroleum, coal, matches, 
lamps, cutlery, edge-tools, nails, hay, cot¬ 
ton manufactures, drugs, clocks, railroad 
cars, carriages, candles, wheat flour, bread 
and biscuit, ready-made clothing, agricul¬ 
tural implements, and various other man- 


429 

ufactures, to the amount, annually, of 5 
or $000,000,000. Our imports, consisting 
of dye-woods, horse-hair, cabinet woods, 
coffee (to the extent of $18,000,000 in 
1870), nuts, hides, india-rubber, brown 
sugar, wool, etc., amount annually to 
about 25 or $20,000,000. Our excess of 
imports over the-exports, is paid for by 
bills on London. 

Moneys , Weights , and Measures. —Payments art 
made in paper money, which in consequence of over¬ 
issues is very much depreciated. The moneys are 
1,000 reis = 1 milreis. The value of the milreis is 
about 2(i%d. sterling, or 52 cents; the value of the 
paper milreis fluctuates between 1.3d. and 16d. ster¬ 
ling, or, say 25 and 31 cents. The weights and meas¬ 
ures are— 

100 arretels, or lbs. = 101 lbs. avoirdupois. 

1 arroba of 32 lbs. = 32.38 lbs. “ 

100 covados = 74.14 yards. 

100 varas = 119.83 yards. 

100 medidas = 72.82 gals. 

100 alquieres = 113.51 bushels. 

The mark is 8 ounces. 

1,000 marks = 7,378% oz. troy. 

River craft, small vessels or boats, 
not sea-going vessels, such as may be em¬ 
ployed in conveying goods on the rivers. 

River navigation, such naviga¬ 
tion as is obtained on rivers by the use of 
steamboats, and sailing-vessels, of light 
draught. 

Rix dollar, a money of account; 
also a silver coin common on the continent, 
and of different values in different coun¬ 
tries. The rix dollar of Prussia and the 
northern States of Germany is G9 cents; of 
Bremen, 78f cents; of Gottenburg, 27£ 
cents ; of Bavaria, 75 cents ; the banco rix 
dollar of Sweden and Norway is 39£ cents; 
of Denmark, 53 cents. 

R, R. S., the abbreviation for royal 
mail steamers. 

Roadstead, an anchorage for vessels 
at some distance from the shore,—a good 
roadstead is one protected from the prevail¬ 
ing winds and from ocean swells; an open 
roadstead, one without such protection. 

Roan, a kind of leather, or sumach- 
tanned sheep-skins, used chiefly for book¬ 
binding. 

Rob, a name for the thin extracts or 
inspissated juices of fruits. 

Rob bill, a package in which pepper 
and other goods are sometimes exported 
from Ceylon. The robbin of rice in Mala¬ 
bar weighs about 84 lbs. 

Rol>e§, a term applied to dressed buf¬ 
falo skins, or the skins of other large ani¬ 
mals dressed with the hair on ; loose wrap¬ 
pers ; the French word for ladies’ dresses. 

Rocella, the orchella weed, a genus 
of lichens. 




430 ROCHELLE SALTS. 


ROSE MALVES. 


Ro ell die salts, the tartrate of soda 
and potash, an ingredient in Seidlitz pow¬ 
ders. 

Rock candy, a common name for 
sugar candy. 

Rock crystal, the common name 
for the transparent crystal of quartz. It 
is employed for ornamental purposes, and 
when perfectly clear and colorless is 
made into lenses for spectacles, which are 
sold under the name of pebbles. When 
cut for jewelry it is called white stone. 

Rock oil, petroleum, or mineral 
oil. 

Rock salt, crude or native salt as 
found in mines ; common salt or chloride 
of sodium. 

Rock soap, a mineral found in the 
Isle of Skye, in Bohemia, Poland, and 
some other localities. It is used for wash¬ 
ing cloth, and for artists’ crayons. 

Rock wood, the name of a kind of 
asbestos found at Stersing in the Tyrol. 

Rod Iron, small bars or rods of iron 
for making into wrought nails, etc. 

Rodoniel, the juice of roses mixed 
with honey. 

Rogues’ yarn, a yam of a different 
twist and color from the rest, and inserted 
in cordage to identify it in case of theft. 

Rollun l>ark, the bark of the soy- 
mida febrifuga , a drug. 

Roll, any fabric rolled or folded up ; 
5 doz. skins ; a twist of tobacco. 

Roman cement, hydraulic cement. 
The name is given to different kinds of 
cement, some of which were entirely un¬ 
known to the Romans. 

Roman oclire, a deep, orange-yel¬ 
low color, used both raw and burnt by ar¬ 
tists. 

Roman vitriol, sulphate of copper, 
or blue vitriol. 

Roofing felt, a kind of asphalt felt 
cloth, imported from England. It is im¬ 
ported in rolls, and is much used in the 
construction of frame buildings and for 
roofing purposes. 

Roots, the roots of trees and plants, 
numbers of which enter into commerce 
as food, and various kinds are prepared as 
dyes, and as drugs. 

Rope. A certain proportion of fibres 
of hemp twisted together form a yam, 
and a number of yarns form a strand; 
three strands twisted together form a 
rope. The size of the rope depends on 
the number of yarns contained in it. 
Rope is either white or tarred, the latter 
being the best if liable to exposure to 


wet, the former if not exposed. The 
strength of tarred rope is only about 
three-fourths that of white rope. Rope 
is designated by its circumference ex¬ 
pressed in inches, and is issued in coils 
of 113 fathoms each. Other materials 
besides hemp are used in the manufacture 
of rope, but to a smaller extent. Coir 
rope is made from the fibrous husk of the 
cocoa-nut,—Manilla rope from the fibres 
of a species of wild banana,—Brazil rope 
from the piassava fibre, etc. Wire rope, 
both iron and steel, is also employed. 
Ropes over three inches in diameter are 
called cables,—under one inch cordage. 
According to some authorities, “all the 
different kinds, from a fishing-line or 
whip-cord to the cable of a first-rate ship 
of war, go by the general name of cord¬ 
age.” This is true only in a very general 
sense; as, for example, a cordage factory 
may mean a place where cables and fish¬ 
ing lines are made as well as ropes ; hemp 
may be made into cordage, that is, into 
cables or cords, etc.; but a merchant 
who is understood to keep cordage for 
sale, is not a dealer in cables, and is not 
supposed to keep fishing-lines and whip¬ 
cords. The strength of a white hempen 
rope may be approximately calculated by 
the following rule :—Square the circum¬ 
ference, and divide by five for the number 
of tons dead weight that the rope will bear. 
But the strain caused by a sharp jerk 
upon a rope is very much greater than 
that of a dead weight. The strain upon 
a rope loaded with a weight of 196 lbs., 
and suddenly checked after a fall of eight 
feet, is nearly equal to that which is 
caused by a dead weight of two tons. 

Rope, a measure of length in Eng¬ 
land, of 6J yards. 

Rose leaves, the leaves, fresh and 
dried, of the common red rose, largely 
cultivated in our gardens. For pharma¬ 
ceutical purposes, the employment in 
which gives them a commercial character, 
the petals should be gathered before the 
flower has fully opened, dried in a warm 
sun or by the fire, and placed in well- 
closed opaque bottles or canisters. 

Rosemary oil, the oil distilled from 
the flowering tops of rosmarinus officina¬ 
lis. It has the odor of rosemary, and an 
aromatic taste. 

Rose hi a Ives, a scented, gummous 
oil of the consistence of tar, obtained by 
pressure from some kind of beans. It is 
imported into Bombay (there called guo- 
mala), from Persia and Upper India, and 



ROSE QUARTZ. 


RUCHE. 


431 


exported to China, where it is much used 
in making plasters, and as a drug. 

Rose quart/, the transparent, or 
nearly transparent, and beautiful variety 
of quartz, of a rose-red or pink color, em¬ 
ployed in jewelry; obtained in Ceylon, 
Bavaria, and the Shetland Isles. 

Rosetta, wood, the name of a 
handsomely veined East Indian wood of 
hard texture and orange-red color ; used 
for inlaying and cabinet work. 

Rosewood, a valuable ornamental 
timber, much used as a cabinet wood. 
There are several varieties known in 
trade. It is exported from the East In¬ 
dies, Africa, British Honduras, and Brazil. 
That which comes from Brazil is brought 
in logs or half trunks about 10 feet long, 
and is sold by the ton. 

Rosin, the commercial name for one 
of the most important and useful of the 
resins, the residue, after the distillation of 
the volatile oil, from the turpentine of 
different species of pines. The manufac¬ 
ture is largely carried on in North Carolina, 
and to some extent in other Southern 
States. It is an ingredient in varnishes, 
and is united with tallow in the prepara¬ 
tion of cheap candles; and, when united 
with glycerine, is used as a substitute for 
fat in the manufacture of yellow soap. It 
is also used in perfumery, and for calking 
the seams of ships. In general commerce 
it is classed with naval stores. It is packed 
in barrels and sold by the lb., and is large¬ 
ly exported from the United States, prin¬ 
cipally to Great Britain. 

Rosin oil, a product of the destruc¬ 
tive distillation of rosin. 

Rottel, a weight at Constantinople of 
l/o lbs. 

Rotten stoaoe, a soft and earthy kind 
of stone ; when scraped to a powder it is 
used for polishing brass, silver, Britannia 
metal, glass, etc. It is found in Derby¬ 
shire and South Wales, England, and near 
Albany in the State of New York. The 
best is said to come from South Wales. 

Rottolo, or rotolis, a weight, for 
spices, at Algiers, of 1^ lb.; at Cairo, a 
weight of v\nr of a lb. ; at Alexandria, for 
feathers, 2-V lbs.; in Persia, for silks, 4f 
lbs. ; at Naples, 1-jVo lb. 

Roiibbie, a gold coin of Turkey, 
equal to a piaster. 

Rouble, a Russian silver coin, the 
value of which in the U. S. as fixed by 
law is 75 cents; the U. S. mint value is 
79 cents 4 mills. The value of the gold 
coin of 5 roubles is $3.95.7. 


Rouge, a scarlet powder made from 
colcothar, and used for polishing gold or 
silver; a coloring substance, a species of 
lake, prepared from the dried flowers of 
safflower and talc,—used by females for 
painting their faces. 

Rough suet, animal fat in its natural 
form, before being rendered or separated 
from its cellular tissue and other foreign 
matter. 

Round trade, a term on the river 
Gaboon for a kind of barter, comprising a 
large assortment of miscellaneous articles. 

Roves, rolls of wool partially prepared 
for being spun into yarn. 

Rowett’s dressing, an oily light- 
yellow preparation for keeping the canvas 
sails of vessels soft and flexible. 

Royal blue, a fine deep blue pre¬ 
pared from cobalt, and used for enamel 
and porcelain painting ; also the name for 
a fine aniline blue. 

Ruay weights, the name for certain 
weights in India consisting of seeds. 

Rubace, a variety of rock crystal, 
used by lapidaries and jewelers. 

Rubbio, a variable Italian weight, at 
Naples, of 18f lbs. ; a wine measure at 
Turin about 2$ gals. 

Rubiaciue, a yellow coloring-matter 
contained in madder. 

Rubicelle, the name given to yellow 
or orange-red varieties of spinel. 

Rubsen cake, a kind of oil cake 
made in Germany from the seeds of a 
species of brassica. 

Rubies.—There are several distinct 
kinds of stones sold as rubies, which in 
trade are distinguished chiefly by their 
colors. Thus, when of a full carmine red, 
it is called spinel ruby; when the tinge 
verges upon rather pale rose-red, it is 
bakiis or balas ruby; when the red has a 
decided shade of orange, it is called ver¬ 
meil or vermeille ; when of a yellowish-red 
it is called rubicelle. The more closely the 
ruby approaches the color of pigeons’ 
blood, the more it is valued. The true 
ruby is what is known as the oriental 
ruby, a red variety of sapphire. When 
perfect in color and transparency, these 
are less common than diamonds, and when 
of 3 or 4 carats, they* are more valuable. 
Very small bits of ruby are much used in 
jewelling watches. The finest; stones are 
found in the sand of rivers in Ceylon and 
in the southern provinces of Burmah. 

Ruby wood, a name for red San¬ 
ders wood. 

RueliC, quilled trimmings, of ribbons, 





432 


RUDDLE. 


RUSSIA LEATHER. 


lace, silk, or cambric ribbons, for ladies’ 
dresses, caps, etc. 

Ruddle, red ochre; a kind of red 
earth. 

Rue, a medicinal herb, the ruta gra- 
veolens; a yellow coloring-matter is also 
obtained from it. 

Rue oil, the oil distilled from the 
fresh rue herb. 

Rug giaig, a coarse wrapping or blan¬ 
ket cloth. 

RugS a name for soft woollen wrap¬ 
pers used in travelling; hearth rugs are 
ornamental bordered oblong pieces of car¬ 
peting. In China, the skins of the dog, 
deer, and goat are cured with the hair on, 
and afterwards sewed into rugs of many 
pretty patterns, which are frequently made 
to serve as substitutes for carpets. The 
size is usually about 2 by 4 feet. 

Ruler, a straight-edged instrument of 
wood or metal, either flat or round, used 
by accountants and bookkeepers, to draw 
straight lines with a pen. 

Rum, a spirituous liquor, obtained by 
distilling the prepared and fermented 
skimmings and washings of the vessels in 
which cane-juice is clarified and concen¬ 
trated ; or a diluted molasses; or a mix¬ 
ture of both, and sometimes with the 
addition of fresh juice of the sugar cane. 
The importations into the U. S. are chiefly 
from Jamaica and Santa Cruce. That 
which is made in the United States, and 
called New England rum, is distilled from 
molasses. 

Rumbled, metal manufactures, such 
as chains, needles, pins, buttons, shot, etc., 
polished by being passed through a rotat¬ 
ing cylinder called a rumbler. 

Ruin swizzle, the name given to a 
kind of water-proof cloth made in Dublin 
from undyed wool. 

Run, a bank when pressed by its de¬ 
positors for payment, or when its bills are 
pressed for redemption, is said to have a 
run upon it. 

Runlet, a small cask of uncertain 
capacity, but usually of the capacity of 
14| gals. 

Rupee, the principal coin circulating 
in British India. The sicca rupee is of the 
value of 46f cents, and the Company’s 
rupee worth about 44! cents, and the 
Bengal rupee is valued at 55! cents. The 
gold rupee of Bombay and Madras is of 
the value of about $7. 

Rush, a common plant, native of all 
parts of the world, extensively employed 
in the manufacture of mats, baskets, 


chair-bottoms, etc. The Dutch rush, a 
species of horse-tail, is generally sold 
under the commercial name of polishing 
rush; the pith of some kinds forms wicks 
for candles. 

Rush baskets, baskets made from a 
species of rush. 

Rush lights, tallow candles with 
rush-pith wicks. 

Rush mats, mats made from the 
leaves of many different species of rush. 

Russet offal, a name for half curried 
leather. 

Russia ashes, a kind of impure pot¬ 
ash, exported from Russia to England. 

Russia Company, an English trad¬ 
ing company chartered in the reign of 
Philip and Mary, and afterwards incorpo¬ 
rated as a perpetual body. The company 
long since abandoned the Russian trade 
and all other commercial pursuits, but still 
retains its organization, and meets socially 
once a year. 

Russia duek, a fine white linen can¬ 
vas. 

Russia goods. Under this head are 
included diapers, sheetings, sail-duck, bolt- 
rope, cordage, ravens, cotton-duck, sail- 
twine, Russia bar iron, sheet iron, etc., 
etc. 

Russia iron, iron made in Russia. 
The bar iron of Russia, made with charcoal 
for fuel, ranks with the very best iron 
which is produced ; and the sheet iron, 
which in this country is generally simply 
denominated Russia iron, for strength, 
polish, and beauty of manufacture, has 
not been equalled anywhere in Europe or 
America. The process of making it is not, 
as many suppose, a secret, but its excel¬ 
lence is due to. the high character and 
purity of the iron employed in the manu¬ 
facture, and its toughness and flexibility, 
to the skillful manipulations of refining and 
annealing. The bright glossy surface is 
said to be produced by passing the hot 
sheets, moistened with a solution of wood- 
ashes, through polished steel roolers. 

Russia leather, the tanned hides of 
oxen or cattle, in Russia denominated juffs. 
Tanning is carried on in most of the towns 
throughout the empire, and the manufac¬ 
ture of leather is one in which the Rus¬ 
sians greatly excel, the distinguishing pe¬ 
culiarities being great softness, a fine 
lustre, a well-defined grain, and a peculiar 
odor. The leather acquires its powerful 
odor from an empyreumatic oil used in its 
manufacture, obtained from the bark of 
the birch tree. The color of the leather. 




RUSSIAN MATS. 


RYE FLOUR. 


433 


which they mostly use at home for their 
boots and shoes, is black; that which is so 
largely exported to this and other countries, 
and chiefly used by bookbinders, is a kind 
of red. The mode of manufacture is no 
secret, but the attempts to make the same 
kind of leather in other countries have 
never been successful. 

Rus§Iail mat*, a kind of matting 
manufactured in Russia from the inner 
bark of the linden tree. These mats are 
used in packing, and also as a protecting 
material in gardens, and the bast of which 
they are formed is used for tying up plants. 
See Mats. 

Russia quills, goose-quills put up in 
bundles of 100 and 1000, and packed in 
bast bales containing from 20,000 to 30,000 
each, formerly very largely imported in 
New York and Boston, but since the gen¬ 
eral use of steel pens the trade has entirely 
ceased. 

Russia rope, a general name for the 
hempen rope and cordage imported from 
Russia ; and, also, the name by which the 
rope and cordage made in this country of 
Russia hemp, are frequently designated. 

Ruta l>aga, the Swedish turnip. 

Ruthenium, the name of a refrac¬ 
tory kind of metal. 

Rutlie, a German measure of length, 


varying from about 3 to 6 yards. There 
are 46 distinct lengths in as many different 
cities for this one denomination of meas¬ 
ure. 

Ruttee, an East Indian weight, for 
pearls at Bombay, 3 grs.; for precious 
stones at Delhi, 11 grs.; for gold at differ¬ 
ent places about 21 grains. 

Rutile, a substance used in painting 
porcelain, and to give the requisite tint 
to artificial teeth. It is a native oxide of 
titanium, found in various parts of the 
world. 

Rllttoil root, the name of an Indian 
dye root. 

Rye, one of the important cereals of 
the world, forming the bread-corn of Ger¬ 
many and Russia, used in the Netherlands 
for distilling into hollands, and largely 
raised in the United States, where the 
grain is a standard commercial commodity, 
and is made into flour, into horse-feed, 
and also used for manufacturing into whis¬ 
key. The weight of a bushel of rye is 
56 lbs. 

Rye flour, next to wheat the most 
common article of breadstuff in the North¬ 
ern and Eastern States. The quotations 
of superfine rye flour are usually about 
from $2 to $2 50 a barrel less than the 
common brands of wheat flour. 



SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Bables-skins 

Peaux de zibeline 

Zobelfelle 

Sabelvellen 

Pelli di zibellino 

Pieles de cebelli- 
nas 

Sables 

Sabres 

Sabres 

Siibel 

Sabels 

Sciabole 

Sack 

Sac 

Sack 

Zak [werk 

Sacco 

Saco 

Saddlery 

Sellerie 

Sattlerarbeit 

Zadelmakers- 

Lavoro di sella jo 

Silleria 

Saddles 

Selles 

Siittel 

Zadels 

Selle 

Sillas 

Safflower 

Safranon 

Saffler 

Saffloers 

Zaffrone 

Azafron 

Saffron 

Safran 

Safran 

Saffraan 

Zafferano 

Azafran 

Sage 

Sauge 

Salbei 

Salie 

Salvia 

Salvia 

Sago 

Sagou 

Sago 

Sago 

Sagu 

Sago 

Sail cloth 

Toile a voiles 

Segeltuch 

Zeildoek 

Tela da vele 

Lona 

Sailing vessel 

Navire a voiles 

SegelschifE 

Zeilschip 

Vascello a vele 

Velero 

Sailors 

Matelot 

Matrose; seemann 

Zeiler 

Marina jo 

Marinero 

Sails 

Voiles 

Segeln 

Zeilen 

VCli 

Velas 

Salable 

Vendable [aque 
Sel d'ammoni- 

Verkiiuflich [niak 

Verkoopbaar 

.Vendibile 

Vendible 

Salammoniac 

Salzsaure Ammo- 

Ammoniac zout 

Sale ammoniaco 

Sal ammoniaco 

Sale 

Debit; vente 

Abgang 

Veiling; verkoop 

Vendita 

Venta 

Salmon 

Saumon 

Lachs 

Zalm 

Salmone 

Salmon 

Salt 

Sel 

Salz 

Zout 

Sale 

Sal 

Saltpetre 

Salpetre 

Salpeter 

Salpeter 

Salnitro 

Salitre 

Salvage 

Sauvetage 

Rettung 

Bergloon 

Salvezza 

Salvamento 

Sample 

fich antilion 

Probe; muster 

Staal; patroon 

Esemplare 

Muestra 

Sand 

Sable 

Sand 

Zand 

Arena 

Arena 

Sandalwood 

Bois de santal 

Sandelholz 

Sandelhout 

Legnodi sandalo 

Sandalo 

Sandarac 

Sandaraque 

Sandarach 

Sandarack 

Sandaraca 

Sandaraca 

Sandpaper 

Papier de sable 

Sandpapier 

Zandpapier 

Carta de arena 

Papel de arena 

Sandstone 

Gr6s 

Sandstein 

Zandsteen 

Pietra arenaria 

Piedra de arena 

Sapphire 

Saphir 

Saphir 

Saffler 

Zaffiro 

Zafiro 

Sardines 

Sardines 

Sardellen 

Sardijnen 

Sardelle 

Sardinas 

Sardinia 

Sardaigne 

Sardinien 

Sardinia 

Sardegna 

Cerdena 

Sarsaparilla 

Salsepareille 

Sarsaparille 

Sarsaparil 

Salsapariglia 

Zarzaparrilla 

Satin 

Satin 

Atlas 

Atlas; satijn 
Satijnhout 

Raso 

Raso 

Satinwood 

Bois satin e 

Atlasholz 

Legno di raso 

Madera de raso 

Sawdust 

Sciure 


Zaagsel [bank 

Segatura 

Aserraduras 

Savings bank 

Caisse d’epargne 

Sparkasse 

Spaarkas; spaar- 

Cassa de risparmj 

Caja de ahorro 

Saxony 

Saxe 

Sachsen 

Saksen 

Sassonia 

Sajonia 

Scales 

Balances 

Schalen 

Schaal 

Bilancia 

Balanza 

Scammony 

§cammon6e 

Scammonium 

Scammonium 

Scamonea 

Escamonea 

Scarfs 

Echarpes 

Schiirpen 

Sjerp 

Ciarpi 

Chalinas 

Scarlet 

Ecarlate 

Scharlach 

Scharlaken 

Scarlatto [beri 

Escarlata 

Schooner 

Goelette 

Schooner 

Schooner 

Vascello a due al- 

Goleta 

Scotland 

Ecosse 

Schottland 

Schotland 

Scozia 

Escocia 

Screw steamers 

Bateau a vapeur 
a helice 

Schrauben dampf- 
schiff 

Schroefstoom- 

boot 

Vapore a elice 

Navio a helice 

Screws 

Vis 

Schrauben 

Schroeven 

Viti 

Tornillos 

Scrip 

Cedule 

Zettel 

Zak; briefje [en 

Cedola 

C6dula 

Sculpture 

Sculpture 

Bildhauerarbeiten 

Beeldhouwwerk- 

Sculture 

Esculturas 

Scythes 

Faux 

Sensen 

Zeissens; seis 

Falci 

Guadanas 

Seamen 

Marin 

Seemann 

Zeeman 

Marinajo 

Marinero 

Seaport 

Port de mer 

Seehafen 

Zeehaven 

Porto di mare 

Puerto de mar 

Seaweed 

Varec [maritime 

Tang 

Zeegras 

Fuca; alga 

Alga 

Seaworthy 

Qualification 

Seetuchtigkeit 

Zeewaardigheid 

Qualificazione 

marittima 

Capacidad ate- 
nar la mar 

Sealing wax 

Cire a cacheter 

Siegellack 

Lak 

Ceralacca 

Lacre 

Seal skins 

Peaux de chiens 
marins 

Seehundsfelle 

Robbenvellen 

Pelli di cane ma- 
rino 

Pieles de perre 
marino 

Seed lac 

Gomme laque 

Gummilack 

Gomlack 

Gomma lacca 

Goma laca 

Seeds 

Semailles 

Saaten 

Zaden 

Seminati 

Simiente 


















COMMERCIAL SYNONYMS 


435 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Seine 

Seine 

Seine 

Seine 

Senna 

Sena 

Sell 

Yendre 

Verkaufen 

Verkoopen 

Vendere 

Vender 

Seller 

Vendeur 

Verkaufer 

Verkooper 

Venditore 

Yendedor 

Seneca root 

Racine de s6n6ka 

Senegawurzel 

Klapperschlang- 

enwurzel 

Poligala Yirgin- 
iana 

Raiz de seneca 

Senna leaves 

Feuilles de s6ne 

Sennesbliitter 

Zenebladen 

Foglie di sena 

Hojas de sena 

Serge 

Seroon 

Serge 

Suron 

Sersche 

Serone 

Sergie 

Rascia; saja 

Saga 

Zurron 

Sesame 

Sesame 

Sesam 

Sesam 

Sesamo 

Sesamo 

Sewing silk 

Soie a coudre 

Nahseide 

Naaizijde 

Seta de cucire 

Seda para coser 

Shagreen 

Chagrin 

Chagrin 

Zegrijn 

Zigrino 

Zapa 

Shammy 

Chamois6es 

Samisch 

Zeemleer 

Camoscio 

Gamuza 

Shares 

Action 

Actien 

Aandeel 

Azione 

Accion 

Shark oil 

Huile de requin 

Haithran 

Haaijentraan 

Olio di scarzone 

Aceite de tiburon 

Shawls 

Chales 

Shawls 

Shawls; sjaals 
Schaapenvellen 

Scialli 

Chales 

Sheep skins 

Peaux de brebis 

Schaffelle 

Pelle di pecora 

Pieles de camero 

Sheet iron 

Fer en feuilles 

Eisenblech 

Plaatijzer 

Piastra di ferro 

Hoja de lata [ma 
Sabana de la ca- 

Sheeting 

Toile de lit 

Bettlinnen 

Beddelinnen 

Lino da lenzuola 

Shells 

Shellac 

Coquilles 

Laque en ecailles 

Schalen 

Schellack 

Scheillen 

Scaglia; conca 

Conchas 

Laca en hojuelas 

Shingles 

Bardeaux 

Schindeln 

Dekspanan 

Scandoli 

Ripias 

Ship 

Batiment 

Schiff 

Schip 

Naviglio [inari 

Buque; Navio 

Ship biscuit 

Biscuit de mer 

Schiffszwieback 

Scheepsbeschuit 

Biscotto da mar- 

Galleta 

Ship broker 

Courtier de na- 
vires 

Schiffsmakler 

Kargadoor 

Sensale di naviglj 

Corredor mariti- 
mo 

Shipper 

Chargeur 

Yerlader 

Bevrachter 

Caricatore 

Cargador 

Shipping 

Embarquement 

Einladung 

Scheping 

Imbarco 

Embarque 

Shipwreck 

Naufrage 

Schiffbruch 

Schipbreulc 

Naufragio 

Naufragio 

Tela pera camises 

Shirting 

Toile 

Schirting 

Hemdenlinnen 

Tela per camice 

Shirts 

Chemises 

Hemden 

Hemden 

Camice 

Camisas [ta 

Shoddy 

Laine refaite 

Kunstwolle 

Kunstwol 

Lana rifatta 

Lana recompues- 

Shoes 

Souliers 

Schuhen 

Schoen 

Scarpi 

Zapatos 

Shopkeeper 

Boutiquier 

Kramer 

Winkelier 

Bottejago 

Mercero 

Shot 

Plomb de chasse 

Schrot 

Schot 

Palli 

Perdigon 

Sicily 

Sicile 

Sicilien 

Sicilie 

Sicilia 

Sicilia 

Signature 

Signature 

Unterschrift 

Onderteekening 

Segnatura 

Signatura 

Silesia 

Silesie 

Schlesien 

Silezie 

Silesia 

Silesia 

Silesias 

Plattiles ecrues 

Cholets 

Kanefas 

Platiglie crude 

Coletas 

Silk 

Soie 

Seide 

Zijde 

Seta 

Seda 

Silver 

Argent 

Silber 

Zilver 

Argento 

Plata 

Skates 

Patins 

Schlittschuhe 

Schaatsen 

Pattini 

Patines 

Skein 

Echeveau 

Gebind 

Streng 

Matassa 

Mazo; madeja 

Skins 

Peaux 

Felle 

Vellen 

Pelli 

Pieles 

Slate 

Ardoise [doise 

Schiefer 

Lei; leisteen 

Ardesia 

Pizarra 

Slate pencils 

Crayons d’ar- 

Griffel 

Griffels 

Penne di pietra 

Lapiz de pizarra 

Slippers 

Pantoufles 

Pantoffeln 

Pantoffels 

Pantufole 

Chinelas 

Sloop 

Sloop [fum6s 

Boot; Jacht 

Sloep 

Scaluppa 

Chalupa; sloop 

Smoked herrings 

Harengs en- 

Bucklinge 

Bokkingen 

Aringhe affu- 

mate 

Arenques ahu- 
mados 

Smuggler 

Contrebandier 

Schwarzer 

Smokkelaar 

Contrabbandiere 

Contrabandista 

Smyrna 

Smyrne 

Smyrna 

Smyrna 

Smirna 

Esmirna 

Snake root 

Serpentaire 

Schlangenwurzel 

Slangekruid 

[vere 

Serpentaria 

Snuff 

Tabac en poudre 

Schnupftaback 

Snuif 

Tabacco in pol- 

Tabaco de polvo 

Soap 

Savon 

Seife 

Zeep 

Sapone 

Jabon 

Soda 

Soude 

Barille; soda 

Soda 

Soda 

Sosa 

Solder 

Soudure 

Loth 

Soldeersel 

Saldatura 

Soldadura 

Sole leather 

Cuir a semelle 

Sohlleder 

Zoolleder 

Cuojo da suole 

Costados de suela 

South America 

Amerique meri¬ 
dional 

Sud-Amerika 

Zuid Amerika 

America merid- 
ionale 

America merid- 
ionale 

Spain 

Espagne 

Spanien 

Spanje [gen 

Spagnas 

Espana 

Spanish flies 

Cantharides 

panische Fliegen 

Spaansche vlie- 

Conterelli 

Cantaridas 

Spars 

Spaths 

Spath 

Spaath 

Sbarri 

Espatos 

Specimen 

Specimen 

Formalar; Probe 

Staaltje [geld 

Esempio; mostra 

Especimen [raria 

Specie 

Especes 

Geld 

Specie ; gemunt 

Danaro contante 

Metalico; nume- 

Speculate 

i- peculer 

Speculiren 

Speculeren 

Speculare 

Especular 

Speculation 

Speculation 

Speculation 

Speculatie 

Speculazione 

Especulacion 

Speculator 

Speculateur 

Speculant 

Speculateur 

Speculatore 

Especulador 

Spelt 

fepeautre [aine 

Dinkel 

Spelt 

Spelta 

Espelta 

Spermaceti 

Sperme de bal- 

Walrath 

Walschot 

Spermaceti 

Espermaceti 

Spices 

Espiceries 

Specereien 

Specerijen 

Spezierie 

Especias 

Spikes 

Chevillettes 

Spiker 

Spijl 

Spiga 

Espigon 


















436 


COMMERCIAL SYNONYMS 


English. 

French. 

German. 

DUTCH. 

Italian. 

SPANISH. 

Sponges 

Eponges 

Schwiimme 

Sponsen 

Spugne 

Esponjas 

Square timber 

Frusses 

Brussen 

Regte spanten 

Travi quadrate 

Madero caudrado 

Squills 

Scille 

Meerzwiebel 

Zeeajuin 

Squilli 

Cebolla al'bar- 
rana -j 

Stamps 

Timbres 

Stampsen 

Stempel 

Stampi 

Bello 

Standard 

Titre 

Standarte 

Standaard 

Stendardo [nave 

•Ley 

Starboard 

Tribord 

Steuerbord 

Stuurboord 

Lato destra della 

Estribor 

Starch 

Amidon 

Starke 

Stijf 

Amido 

Almidon 

Staves 

Douvains 

Faszdauben 

Duigen 

Doge 

Duelas 

Steel 

Acier 

Stahl 

Staal 

Acciajo 

Acero 

Steerage 

Entrepont 

Steuerung 

Sturing 

Timone 

Entrepuentes 

Stipulation 

Bedingung 

Verdrag 

Stipulazione 

Acuerdo 

Stock 

Stock 

Stock 

Stam; paal 
Stokvisch 

Tronco; stelo 

Surtido 

Stock-fish 

Stockfish; morue 

Bakalau 

Stoccofisso 

Bar cal ao 

Stockholm 

Stockolm 

Stockholm 

Stokholm 

Stocolma 

Estocolmo 

Stockings 

Bas 

Strumpfe 

Kousen [fecten 

Caizette 

Medias 

Stock-jobber 

Agioteur 

Effectenhandler 

Handelaar in ef- 


Agiotista 

Stoneware 

Gresserie faience 

Steingut 

Steengoed 


Pedernal 

Storage 

Magasinage 

Lagern 

Pakhuis 

* 

Almacanage 

Storax 

Storax; styrax 

Storax 

Storax 

Storace 

Estoraque 

Store 

Magasin 

Lager; vorath 
Lagerhaus 

Overvloed [huis 


Tienda 

Storehouse 

Entrepot 

Entrepot; pak- 

Magazzino 

Almacen 

Stowage 

Arrimage 

Packen; stauen 
Straszburg 

Stuwazje 

Magazzinaggio 

Estiva 

Strasburg 

Strassbourg 

Straasburg 

Strasburgo 

Estrasburgo 

Straw 

Paille 

Stroh 

Stroo 

Paglia 

Paja 

Strychnine 

Strychnine 

Strychnin 

Strychnin 


Estricnina 

Stuff 

Etoffe 

Stoff 

Stof 

Stoffa 

Tela; tegido, 

Suet 

Suif 

Unschlitt 

Niervet; talk 

Sevo; sego 

Sebo 

Sugar 

Sucre 

Zucker 

Suiker 

Zucchero 

Azucar 

Sulphur 
Sulphuric acid 

Soufre 

Schwefel 

Zwavel 

Zolfo; solfo 

Azufre 

Acide sulfurique 

Schwefelsiiure 

Zwavelzuur 

Acido solforico 

Acido sulfurico 

Sumac 

Sumac 

Sumach 

Sumak 

Sommaco 

Zumaque 

Supercargo 

Subrecargue 

Supercargo 

Supercargo 

Sopraccarico 

Sobrecargo 

Surety 

Caution 

Burgschaft 

Borgstelling 

Garanzia 

Garantia| 

Surveyor 

Inspecteur 

Aufseher 

Opzigter 

Ispettore 

Visitador 

Suspenders 

Bretelles 

Hosentrager 

Draagbanden 

Usolieri 

Tirantes 

Swansdown 

Duvet de cygne 

Raube barchent 

Zwanendons 


Plumo de cisn» 

Syria 

Syrie 

Syrien 

Syrie 

Soria; Siria 

Siria 

Syrups 

Sirops 

Syrupe 

Siroopen 

Siroppi 

Sirope 


S. The letter S. stands for south, and 
s. is the abbreviation for shilling. 

Saa, or salia, a dry measure at Al¬ 
giers, of a little more than bushel. 

Sabicil, the name of a kind of ship¬ 
building timber found on the island of 
Cuba,—sometimes called savico-wood. 

Sable>skin§, the fur-skins of a small 
animal of the weasel tribe, which for their 
fine quality and rich color command high¬ 
er prices than the skins of any other of 
the fur-bearing animals. The animal is a 
native of the northern regions of Asia, and 
is almost exclusively hunted and killed for 
the Russian market. To injure the skin 
as little as possible in taking the animal, 
where a gun is employed, the hunter uses 
only a single ball, or a blunt arrow ; and 
numbers of them are taken with traps. 
Single skins of the darker color, though 
not more than 4 inches long, are sold in 


St. Petersburg, London, and New York, aa 
high as $75 each. A nearly allied animal 
inhabits North America, and is similarly 
sought after for its fur. The skins are 
known as Hudson’s Bay sables, and though 
not as valuable as those of the Siberian 
deserts, nevertheless command very high 
prices, selling in the New York market 
sometimes as high as from $20 to 30 each, 
and very fine ones at still higher prices. 

Sabot§, the common and trade name 
for the heavy wooden shoes worn by the 
lower classes in France, and other parts of 
Europe. 

Sal>rcs, long, heavy cavalry swords. 

Saeatillos, an inferior kind of cochi¬ 
neal. 

Sac, a measure at Brussels of G-^r 
bushels; at Geneva 2± bushels ; for wheat 
and flour at Paris, G bushels. 
Saccliarometer, an instrument for 































SACK. 


SAGERETIA TEA. 437 


testing the quantity of real sugar in sac¬ 
charine solutions; also for determining the 
specific gravity of brewers’ and distillers’ 
wort. 

Sack, a general name for a large can¬ 
vas bag, serving as a measure for grain or 
other commodity, but of varying capacity 
according to the article and country. The 
American sack of salt is 215 lbs.; the mil¬ 
ler’s sack of wheat in the United States 
is 2 bushels. A sack of wool in England 
is 364 lbs.; of flour, corn, or meal, 280 lbs.; 
but sacks of flour, except in England, 
are very irregular in size, varying from 
140 to 200 lbs. The sack of coals is 2 cwt. ; 
a sack, as a dry measure, is 3 bushels of 
heaped up, or 4 bushels strike measure; 
at Liverpool 8 sacks go to the ton. 

Sackings, the general name for a 
coarse kind of hempen fabric used for bag¬ 
ging—made in Dundee and in the north of 
Ireland, and in Massachusetts. 

Saddlers’ liair, the hair of deer, 
hogs, or other animals used by saddlers for 
stuffing horse-collars and saddles. 

Saddlers’ Hair skins, the name 
given in the trade to very heavy seal-skins, 
such as may be used by saddlers. 

Saddlers’ hardware, the metal 
work, such as buckles, rings, bridle-bits, 
etc., required by saddle and harness mak¬ 
ers. The sale of this class of goods is a 
large and distinct business in the city of 
New York. 

Saddlery, a collective name for the 
various manufactures of the saddler— 
embracing saddles, bridles, harness, whips, 
etc. 

Saddles, seats adapted to the back of 
the horse, for horseback riders. The city 
of Newark, N. J., is the great centre of 
manufactures of this article. 

Safe, a wought-iron fire-proof chest, 
or arched masonry closet, with double iron 
doors for the safe keeping of the account- 
books and valuable papers of the counting- 
room. The correctness of the decision of 
the Secretary of the Treasury, that an iron 
safe is not to be considered as part of an 
immigrant’s household effects may be ques¬ 
tioned. The purpose and use of these 
safes, in many if not in most instances, 
constitute the household effects within 
reasonable construction of the statute. 
Iron safes, with many families, now con¬ 
stitute important and indispensable addi¬ 
tions to their furniture, as depositories for 
their plate, jewelry, papers, and securities 
of value. 

Safe-conduct, a passport; an in¬ 


strument given to the captain of a neutral 
ship to proceed on a particular voyage; 
or the instrument which authorizes certain 
persons, as enemies, to go into places 
where they could not go without danger, 
unless thus authorized by government. 

Safety fuses, woven cylinders con¬ 
taining gunpowder, or other explosive and 
expanding substances employed in blast¬ 
ing. 

Safflower, the flowers of carthamus 
tinctorius , or bastard saffron, largely im¬ 
ported from Mediterranean ports, and cul¬ 
tivated to some extent in the United 
States; mostly used as a dye-stuff, but 
also in the preparation of the pigment 
called rouge, and as a substitute or adul¬ 
teration for saffron in medicine. • 

Safflower seeds, the seeds of the 
safflower. They yield a valuable fixed oil, 
for which purpose they are imported in 
considerable quantities into London. 

Saffron, the dried stigma, jmd part of 
the style, of crocus sativus , a valuable drug 
imported from Spain and Italy. The 
Spanish is considered the best. It is 
stated that 4,320 flowers are required to 
produce an ounce of saffron. On account 
of its high price it is subject to frequent 
adulterations with safflower, marigold, or 
petals of other plants. Besides its use as 
a medicine, it is employed in cookery, and 
is also used to impart a yellow color to 
confectionery articles, liqueurs, varnishes, 
etc. The drug is imported from Gibraltar 
packed in canisters, and is also brought 
from Trieste and other ports on the Medi¬ 
terranean. 

SagapciiBiBH, a fetid, concrete gum 
resin, somewhat resembling assafoetida, 
brought from Persia and Alexandria, and 
is used only in medicine. The name of the 
plant from which it is procured is not 
known. In order to pass the custom¬ 
house on importation, it is required to af¬ 
ford 50 per cent, of resin, 30 per cent, of 
gum, and 3 per cent, of volatile oil. 

Sagathy, the name for a kind of 
woven fabric of silk and cotton. 

Sage, an aromatic garden herb, used 
as a condiment and in medicine. 

Sage cheese, a kind of cheese col¬ 
ored by a decoction of sage leaves added 
to the milk. 

Sageretia tea, the leaves of a plant 
found in the Philippine Islands, Penang, 
and Southern China, which are used by 
the poorer classes of the Chinese as a sub¬ 
stitute for true tea. The leaves of a sim¬ 
ilar kind of plant, the sageretia theezans , 




438 


SAGO. 


SALEP. 


are collected in some parts of South Amer¬ 
ica, and used there also as a beverage in 
place of China tea. 

Sago, a species of granulated starch, 
also called pearl sago, used as an article of 
diet. It is extracted from the pith of the 
sago palm, a tree which grows in the Mo¬ 
luccas and the Philippines, attaining a 
height of 30 feet, and from 18 to 22 inches 
in diameter. It comes also in the form of 
meal. Besides its use as a wholesome fa¬ 
rinaceous food, it is used to adulterate 
arrow-root. A fictitious sago is prepared 
in France and Germany with potato starch. 

Saic, a Turkish or Grecian vessel com¬ 
mon in the Levant, with two masts, rig¬ 
ged with sails, like the main and mizzen¬ 
mast of a ship, but with no top-gallant nor 
mizzen-topsail. 

Sail, to embark and leave port on a 
voyage; to set sail; a sailing vessel—as, 
20 sail of vessels. 

Sall-clotll, a strong, narrow, fabric 
made of hemp, flax, jute, or cotton, or 
combinations or mixtures of them, the 
best quality being those of flax alone ; in 
manufactures a medium in quality between 
linen and canvas. It is used for making 
into sails for vessels; manufactured largely 
in Scotland and Russia. The Scotch sail¬ 
cloth is put up in bolts, numbered from No. 
1, which is the strongest, and is used for 
storm-sails, to No. 8, which is used for the 
smallest sails. Sail-cloth is woven nar¬ 
row, so that many widths are required for 
even very small sails, and they vary from 
44 lbs. per bolt of 38 yards, and 24 inches 
wide, down to under 20 lbs. per bolt. 

Sail-duck, the trade name for a kind 
of sail-cloth, usually 24 inches wide. 

Sailing day, the day on which a ves¬ 
sel is advertised to leave port on a voyage. 

Sailing vessels, sloops, schooners, 
brigs, ships, or other vessels, propelled at 
sea, or on the lakes or rivers, by the action 
of wind on canvas sails. 

Sailors, seamen; persons employed on 
a sea vessel to adjust the rigging and the 
sails, and generally to perform any service 
required on board the vessel which by the 
orders of the captain or mate may be 
deemed necessary during the voyage.— See 
Seamen. 

Sails, the canvas stretched from the 
mast, yard, or stay of a vessel, by the ac¬ 
tion of the wind on which, the vessel is 
propelled. 

St. John’s bread, an artificial gum 
obtained from the seeds of the carob tree. 
The leguminous pods of this tree are sup¬ 


posed to be the locusts which, with honey, 
were the food of St. John in the wilder¬ 
ness.—See Carobs. 

Saint Lucia bark, a spurious cin¬ 
chona bark, called by the French quinquina 
piton. 

Silk a, a furniture wood of Demerara—• 
the purple heart. 

Salable, that which may readily be 
disposed of for money. 

Salabreda gum, a bitter, mucila¬ 
ginous gum obtained from acacia albida , 
and sold as an inferior Senegal gum. 

Salad oil, the best qualities of olive 
oil; imported from Italy and France in 
casks and in bottles. Poppy and various 
other kinds of cheap oils are frequently 
sold as salad oils. The finest salad oils are 
said to be produced in Tuscany, the flavor 
of the olive being better and longer re¬ 
tained. 

Salaeratns, a preparation of carbon¬ 
ate of soda and salt; also the name given 
to a chemical preparation of a salt or pow¬ 
der between a carbonate and bicarbonate 
of potash, formerly much used in making 
bread. 

Sal-amuaoniac, muriate of ammo¬ 
nia, crude and refined. The crude is 
mostly imported from Calcutta in chests 
containing 350 to 400 lbs., and is used in 
dyeing and by coppersmiths, and in other 
metallurgical operations. The refined is 
used in medicine. It is found native near 
volcanoes, and in the vicinity of ignited 
beds of coal, and in very small quantity, in 
certain mineral and sea waters. 

Salasn stone, a variety of sapphire. 

Sale, a disposal of goods for money. 
The word is used in commerce in a variety 
of ways, as—auction sale , private sale , 
sham sale , sale in good faith, sale for cash, 
sale on credit, etc. 

Sale and return, goods sent to a 
retail trader without order, with the under¬ 
standing that what he may choose to take 
he shall have as on a contract of sale, and 
what he does not take he will retain as a 
consignee of the owner. 

Sale note, a memorandum given by a 
broker to a seller or buyer of goods, stating 
that certain goods have been sold by him 
on account of a person called the seller, to 
another person called the buyer. 

Salep, a meal or powder prepared from 
the dried roots of the orchis mascula , a 
plant which grows in Persia and Asia Mi¬ 
nor, from which countries it is imported. 
It is employed for the same purposes as 
tapioca, and is said to be light and nutri 





SALT PORK. 


SALES. 

tious, but it is but little known in this 
country. 

Sales, this term is much used to in¬ 
dicate the extent of business transacted 
for a given period, or to indicate relatively 
the general business transactions of a com¬ 
mercial house :—as, the sales of C. M. & 
Co. amounted to $10,000,000 during the 
year; or, their sales were heavy ; or, the 
spring or fall sales in the city were light; 
or, sales fell off, or sales were brisk, etc. 
In statements by the accountant or book¬ 
keeper, “ account sales ” is used, and “ sales 
on account,” etc. 

Salesmaei, one who takes the custom¬ 
er in hand—exhibits the goods, declares the 
prices, takes the orders, etc. He may be 
either a partner in the house, or an em¬ 
ploye. In some concerns salesmen who 
have extensive acquaintances and are able 
to bring in customers receive a commission 
or percentage on the goods which they sell, 
in lieu of a salary. 

Sale work, articles cheaply manu¬ 
factured for the purpose of being kept on 
hand ready for sale. 

Sal-gemmae, frequently in commerce 
called sal-gem—native rock-salt; common 
salt found in nature, and mined in, blocks or 
masses in the solid state. 

Salicine, a crystalline substance ex¬ 
tracted from the bark of some species of 
the willow—used as a substitute for sul¬ 
phate of quinine; also called salacin. 

Salma, a measure of capacity, for 
wine, in Sicily, 22 gallons; for oil, at Na¬ 
ples, 42 jV gallons; as a dry measure, at 
Malta, of 8y\fo bushels. 

Salaiioil, a fish which, for its delicious 
flavor when fresh, and valuable properties 
for salting and preserving, has no rival in 
the United States; but of less commercial 
importance than the cod, the herring, or 
the mackerel. The fresh salmon known 
in trade are mostly shipped from St. Johns, 
New Brunswick, in small boxes, say two or 
three in a box well packed in ice, and sent 
by steamers to Boston and New York, and 
to cities still further south. The salted 
salmon are packed in barrels, half-barrels, 
and kits. 

Sal-prillielfla, fused nitre ; saltpetre 
heated, and cast into small balls or cakes. 

Sal-§oda, a name for impure carbo¬ 
nate of soda. 

Sal-volatile, a common name for 
carbonate of ammonia. 

Salt. The salt of commerce by chemists 
is called chloride of sodium, and also muri¬ 
ate of soda. It is obtained from mines 


439 

and springs in Poland, Hungary, Russia, 
Germany, England, Spain, Nevada, the 
Bahama Islands, and in some parts of 
South America; and from salt-springs and 
wells in New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, 
Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Mis¬ 
souri. The commercial varieties are char¬ 
acterized by the size and compactness of 
the grains. The principal imports are 
from England and Turk’s Island, and the 
most extensive salt-works in the United 
States are in New York, Virginia, Penn¬ 
sylvania, Michigan, and Ohio. The whole 
annual product of salt in the United States 
is something over 21,000,000 of bushels, 
and the total annual imports are something 
less than the amount we produce. u For¬ 
eign salt used without the limits of the 
United States in curing fish of American 
catch is not liable to duty.”— Letter Sec. 
Treas. to Collector at Boston , Jan. 22,1869. 

Salt-cake, a name for sulphate of 
soda made at alkali works, and used by 
the manufacturers of crown glass and soap. 

Salter, a dealer in salt, a dry-salter. 

Salt lisli, fish put down in salt and 
packed in barrels, half-barrels, and kits, 
as mackerel, salmon, herrings, etc. 

Salt junky hard, dry-cured beef. 

Salt of lemon§, an article produced 
from citric and oxalic acids, and used for 
the removal of iron moulds and other stains 
from linen; the term is also applied, er¬ 
roneously, to oxalic acid. 

Saltpetre, the nitrate of potash; nitre. 
It is both a natural and an artificial pro¬ 
duct. In its natural state it is found most 
abundant in India, and is also found in 
Europe and Egypt, and in various parts of 
the United States, particularly in caverns 
of limestone rocks in Kentucky and Ten¬ 
nessee, and in sandstone rock in Bradford 
County, Pennsylvania. It is largely im¬ 
ported from Calcutta packed in grass-cloth 
bags, containing each from 150 to 175 lbs. 
That which is called crude is in dirty yel¬ 
low crystals, while w r hat is called refined 
comes in clear crystals approaching to 
white. Its principal use is in the manu¬ 
facture of gunpowder. An article called 
South American saltpetre , found plentifully 
in Chili and Peru, is imported in bags con¬ 
taining about 270 lbs., but this is a nitrate 
of soda, and is used in the manufacture of 
nitric and sulphuric acids, but cannot be 
employed in the manufacture of gunpow¬ 
der. Saltpetre is formed artificially from 
old plaster rubbish, and from animal and 
vegetable remains. 

Salt pork, the merchantable parts of 





440 


SALT OF SATURN. 


SANDAL-WOOD. 


hogs’ flesh put down or preserved in salt. 
—See Pork . 

Salt of Saturn, another name for 
sugar of lead. 

Salt of sorrel, a name frequently 
used in commerce for oxalic acid. 

Salt provisions, the meat of beeves 
and hogs, and of various kinds of fish, 
preserved in salt. 

Salts, the common term for Epsom, or 
for Glauber’s salts. 

Salts, combinations of acids with alka¬ 
line or salifiable bases. Table salt is chloride 
of sodium; Epsom salt, sulphate of mag¬ 
nesia ; Glauber’s salt, sulphate of soda; 
Glazer salt, sulphate of potash; sal-vol¬ 
atile, carbonate of ammonia ; salt of amber, 
succinic acid ; salt of Saturn, acetate of 
lead ; salt of lemery, sulphate of potash ; 
salt of vitriol, sulphate of zinc ; sal-mar¬ 
ine, common salt; sal-martis, protosul¬ 
phate of iron. 

Sal up, a weight at Sumatra, of exactly 
2 lbs. avoirdupois. 

Salvage, a reward or compensation 
made to those by whose means ships or 
goods have been saved from the effects of 
shipwreck, or other dangers of the seas, as 
by enemies in time of war, by pirates, 
fires, etc. In fixing the rates of salvage 
upon losses by perils of the sea, regard is 
usually had not only to the labor and 
peril incurred by the salvors, but also to 
the situation in which they may happen to 
stand in respect of the property saved, to 
the promptitude and alacrity manifested 
by them, and to the value of the ship and 
cargo, as well as the degree of danger from 
which they were rescued. In some cases 
as much as half of the property saved has 
been allowed as salvage, and in others 
not more than a tenth part. It generally 
fluctuates between one-half and one-fourth 
of the net proceeds of the. property saved. 
The crew of a ship are not entitled to sal¬ 
vage, nor are passengers entitled to claim 
any for ordinary assistance ; but if a pas¬ 
senger perform any extraordinary service, 
he is entitled to a proportional recompense ; 
and extraordinary exertions and hazard in 
time of extreme peril have been held suf¬ 
ficient to entitle the pilot to salvage. In 
the distribution of salvage the owner of 
the salvor ship is generally allowed one- 
third of the salvage. 

Saiiibucu§ wine, elderberry wine. 

Samian stone, a species of bole 
used by goldsmiths as a polishing stone,— 
brought from the island of Samos. 

Samphire, the sea crithmum , a plant 


inhabiting rocky cliffs of the sea-coasts, 
used as a pot herb and pickle, and as a 
favorite ingredient in salads. 

Sample, a part of anything presented 
as a specimen for inspection, and as evi¬ 
dence of the quality of the whole; thus a 
small quantity, a handful or so, of cotton 
taken from the different bales of a lot, con¬ 
stitute samples on which the value of the 
whole lot is based by the purchaser. Many 
articles of merchandise are bought and sold 
almost exclusively by sample ; and if an ar¬ 
ticle be not of an average equal to the sam¬ 
ple by which it is sold, the buyer may cancel 
the contract. “ Small pieces of silk, cot¬ 
ton, or other fabric ; small quantities of 
raw material, and, generally, articles of 
any description having little or no intrinsic 
value as merchandise, in regard to which 
the proper officers of the customs are to 
exersise a reasonable discretion, are admit¬ 
ted from abroad free of duty.” “ But 
samples imported in quantities and pack¬ 
ages suitable for sale, are dutiable.” 

Sampler, one who selects samples 
from bales, casks, or packages, or from the 
mass or bulk. 

Sampling?, taking from the mass, or 
lot of goods, fair specimens from which the 
commercial character and value of the 
whole may be judged. 

Samslioo, a spirituous liquor, some¬ 
what like the Indian arrack, distilled from 
rice by the Chinese. 

Sand, particles of silica, several varie¬ 
ties of which have a commercial demand. 
That which consists of particles of pure 
quartz is used in the manufacture of fine 
glass ; impure sand answers for bottles 
and inferior glass; sharp sand, the parti¬ 
cles of which are angular, is used for va¬ 
rious mechanical purposes, such as grinding 
glass and marble; that which possesses a 
somewhat argillaceous character, suffi¬ 
cient to render it moderately cohesive 
when wet, so that it may retain its shape, 
is used for foundry moulds ; and that which 
is sharp and free from deliquescent mate¬ 
rials is used as a building material in 
making mortar. 

Caudal-wood, or red Sanders-wood, 
is the wood of the pterocarpus santaUnus , 
a tree which grows in Ceylon and on the 
coast of Coromandel. The wood furnishes 
a valuable red dye, and is the source of 
the coloring substance known as santaline. 
The name sandal-wood is given to various 
odoriferous woods obtained from the genus 
santalam ; sometimes they are also called 
Sanders-wood , but they all differ from the 



SANDAL-WOOD OIL. 


SAN FRANCISCO. 441 


real Sandal or red Sanders. The white 
or scented sandal-wood is obtained from 
the santalum album of the East Indies; 
the yellow from santalum freycinctianum 
of the Sandwich Islands ; and still another 
kind, the santalum latifolium , from West¬ 
ern Australia. In China the best pieces of 
sandal-wood are carved into fancy articles, 
as fans, card-cases, glove-boxes, etc. The 
fragments are distilled into oil, or used in 
making incense. 

Sainlit i-wood oil, a thick, essen¬ 
tial oil smelling something like rose-leaves, 
distilled from sandal-wood. 

Saildaracli, a pale yellow, aromatic, 
transparent, brittle, resinous substance, 
the product of the thuga articidata, a small 
tree which grows in the northern parts of 
Africa. It is used as pounce powder, as 
incense, and in varnishes, and is imported 
from Magadore. 

Sanders-wood, a red dye-wood ; 
another name for sanclal-wood. 

San diver, the impurities or scum 
which collect upon glass during its fusion, 
used by metallurgists,—also called glass 
gall. 

Sand-paper, paper covered on one 
side with a hard gritty substance, as 
emery or glass; used for smoothing and 
polishing wood and metals. 

Sandstone, also called freestone, a 
valuable kind of stone in demand for build¬ 
ing purposes; it is of various colors and 
different degrees of hardness, but is gen¬ 
erally soft enough to be easily wrought by 
the chisel. The quarries on the Connecti¬ 
cut and the Passaic rivers furnish the prin¬ 
cipal supplies for the city of New York; 
the old portion of the Capitol at Washing¬ 
ton is of the freestone of the Potomac. 

San Francisco, a seaport city, and 
the commercial metropolis of the State of 
California, situate on a narrow point of 
land between the bay of the same name 
and the Pacific Ocean. It is the commer¬ 
cial emporium of the United States terri¬ 
tory on the Pacific, and its position gives 
to the city not only conspicuous promi¬ 
nence, but clearly marks it as the future 
New York on the western side of the Con¬ 
tinent of America. Its comparative prox¬ 
imity to the Sandwich Islands, to Japan, 
China, the Indian Archipelago, and Aus¬ 
tralia has already opened up and secured 
to it a trade with these countries, which 
in the future promises to be almost illimit¬ 
able. Besides its advantageous situation 
for the trade of the Coast, of the Islands 
of the Pacific, and of the East, its con¬ 


nection with New York by steamships, via, 
Panama Railroad, and with the Atlantic 
States across the continent by a continuous 
railroad, makes it the great transhipping 
point for such merchandise from Japan 
and China as the merchants of the Atlantic 
cities, and even of Europe, may find it 
more convenient or economical to have 
transported by this route. In addition to 
this, it has also a direct trade with England, 
France, Mexico, Cuba, and other foreign 
countries. Its exports consist of gold, 
wheat, barley, flour, ores, quicksilver, 
fruits, and other products, and amount 
to near $40,000,000 per annum; its im¬ 
ports from foreign countries, to about 
$25,000,000. The domestic trade of the 
city is also very large. In addition to near 
$1,000,000 of gold which it sends weekly 
to New York, it ships via the Isthmus of 
Panama, and by the Central Pacific Rail¬ 
road to the Eastern States of the Union, 
merchandise to the amount of $5,000,000 
annually, and receives from New York 
alone, by the same routes, merchandise to 
the amount of $20,000,000. When it is 
considered that the city is only about a 
quarter of a century old, and that its com¬ 
mercial facilities are only beginning to be 
developed, it is only perhaps slightly in 
advance to say of it that it is one of the 
chief commercial centres of the world. 

To the discovery of the gold deposits in 
the State of California the city of San 
Francisco is undoubtedly indebted for its 
early and wonderfully rapid growth ; but it 
is a mistake to suppose that its continued 
prosperity is dependent upon the produc¬ 
tion of gold in the future. The advanta¬ 
ges of its situation, the remarkable fer¬ 
tility of the adjacent country, and the di¬ 
versity of its products are such, that the 
exhaustion of gold, though it might check, 
would not permanently arrest the growth 
of the city, or sensibly repress the extension 
of its trade. 

The merchants of San Francisco under¬ 
stand the important advantages of their 
city, and seem to comprehend their inter¬ 
ests and their duties, in adopting measures 
to secure and to extend their trade. The 
President of the Chamber of Commerce, 
in his report of May, 1871, says, that actu¬ 
ated by a laudable desire to lessen the 
burdens and the enormous expenses to 
which shipping has been subjected in San 
Francisco, which for many years has been 
a drawback to the prosperity and growth 
of that branch of mercantile enterprise, 
the rates of dockage on vessels was reduced 






m 


SAN FRANCISCO. 


during the year to the extent of more than 
20 per cent., and at the same time lower 
rates of tolls were established. “And 
although this reduction,” says the Presi¬ 
dent, ‘ ‘ may cause a large decrease of the 
wharf revenue, and retard water-front 
improvements, it is entirely consistent with 
the 'policy heretofore pursued by this Cham¬ 
ber , of recommending that the burdens upon 
shipping be lessened as far as possible, and 
that every encouragement be offered to at¬ 
tract hither vessels in search of freight .” 

RATES OF COMMISSIONS AND BROKERAGE, 

As Revised and Adopted by the Chamber of Com¬ 
merce of San Francisco , May 9 th, 1871. 


Commission on purchase of stocks, bonds, 
and all kinds of securities, including 
the drawing of bills for payment of 
same. 1 per ct. 

On sale of stocks, bonds, and all kinds of 
securities, with guarantee of sale, and 
remittance in bill. 1 per ct. 


(But in this and all other cases where no 
charge is made for guarantee of Bill of 
Exchange, the party shall remit in first- 
class paper, without guarantee, unless 
the Bill be endorsed by him.) 

On purchase or sale of specie, gold dust 
or bullion, on amounts not exceeding 


$20,000. 1 per ct. 

On purchase or sale of specie, gold dust 
or bullion, on any excess over $20,000. X per'ct. 

For drawing or endorsing bills of exchange IX per ct. 

On sale of bills of exchange, without en¬ 
dorsement. 1 per ct. 

On sale of merchandise from domestic 
Atlantic ports, with guarantee... 5 per ct. 

On sale of merchandise from foreign ports, 
with guarantee. IX per ct. 


On goods received on consignment, and 

afterwards withdrawn, on invoice cost. 2X P er ct. 

(The receipt of the Bill of Lading to be 
considered equivalent to receipt of the 
goods.) 

On purchase and shipment of merchan¬ 
dise, with funds in hand, on cost and 


charges when not exceeding $2,500.... 5 per ct. 

On purchase and shipment of merchan¬ 
dise, with funds in hand, on excess 
over $2,500. 3X per ct. 

On purchase and shipment of merchan¬ 
dise without funds in hands, on cost 
and charges. 5 per ct. 

For collecting and remitting delayed or 

litigated accounts. 10 per ct. 

For collecting general claims. 2X per ct. 

For collecting and paying or remitting 
money from which no other commission 
is derived. 1 per ct. 

For collecting freight by vessels from do¬ 
mestic Atlantic ports, on amount of 
freight .list or charter party. 2X per ct. 

For collecting freight by vessels from for¬ 
eign ports on amount collected. Z>X per ct. 

For attending to general average matters 
and collecting contributions, on the 
first $10,000, or any smaller amount... 5 per ct. 

on any excess over $10,000 to $30,000.. 2X per ct. 
on any excess over $30,000. \ per ct. 


(A deposit to cover probable amount of 
contribution, or security to the satis¬ 
faction cf .the merchant attending to 


the matter, to be furnished by the 
claimant of goods.) 

For landing and re-shipping goods at this 
port from vessels in distress, on market 
value. \X P er c *» 

(The merchant entitled to such commis¬ 
sion being held in all cases to have as¬ 
sumed the responsibility of the safe 
keeping of the Cargo, except as to dam¬ 
age resulting from natural accidents.) 

For accepting and paying a bottomry or 


respondencia bond. 2X per ct. 

(Interest to be also allowed for the time 
used.) 

On purchase or sale of vessels. 2X per ct. 

For entering, clearing, and transacting 
ships’ business on vessels with cargo or 
passengers, on vessels under 500 tons 

register. $100 

on vessels of from 500 to 1,000 tons 

register. $150 

on vessels over 1,000 tons register..... $200 


(If the vessel be entered and cleared by 
different consignees, the commission 
not to exceed one-half of the above 
rates to each.) 

For disbursements of vessels by consign¬ 


ees, with funds in hands. 2X per ct. 

For disbursement of vessels by consignees, 
without funds in hand. 5 per ct. 

For procuring freight or passengers. 5 per ct. 

For chartering vessels, on amount of 
freight actual or estimated, to be con¬ 
sidered as due when the charter is ef¬ 
fected. 5 per ct. 


(But no charter to be considered as effect¬ 
ed or binding until a memorandum, or 
one of the copies of the charter party, 
has been signed.) 

On giving bonds for vessels under attach¬ 
ment in litigated cases, on amount of 


liability.. 2X per ct 

For receiving and transhipping or other¬ 
wise forwarding goods, on invoice 
amount, on the first $3,000, or any 
smaller amount. 2X per ct. 

For receiving and transhipping or other¬ 
wise forwarding goods, on invoice 
amount, on any excess over $3,000_ 1 per ct. 

For effecting marine insurance, when no 
commission for sale or purchase is 
charged, on amount of premium. 5 per ct. 

The foregoing commissions to be exclu¬ 
sive of brokerages and every charge 
actually incurred. 

Brokerages, on purchase or on sale of 
merchandise. 1 per ct. 


Rates of Storage on Merchandise. 

Measurement goods, per month, one dollar per ton 
of forty cubic feet; heavy ditto, one dollar per ton 
of 2,000 lbs.; or in either case the amount actually 
paid. The consignees to have the option of charg¬ 
ing by weight or measurement. A fraction of a 
month to be charged as a month. 

Regulations. 

When no express stipulation exists per bill of lad¬ 
ing, goods are to be considered as deliverable on 
shore. 

Freight on all goods to be paid, or secured to the 
satisfaction of the captain or consignee of the vessel, 
prior to the delivery of goods. 

After the delivery to the purchaser of merchandise 
sold, no claims for damage, deficiency % or other cause 
shall be admissible, unless made within 3 days, and 
no such claims shall be admissible after goods sold 
and delivered have once le’ \ the city. 
































SANS RECOURS. 

When foreign bills of lading do not expressly stip¬ 
ulate the payment of freight in a specific coin, for¬ 
eign currency shall be reckoned according to the 
United States value thereof, and payment may be 
made in any legal tender of the United States. 

Where foreign bills of lading expressly stipulate 
that the freight shall be paid in a specific coin, then 
the same must be procured, if required, or its equiv¬ 
alent given—the rate to be determined by the cur¬ 
rent value at the time in San Francisco. 

For tare on China Sugar, four pounds is to be al¬ 
lowed for each mat containing four pockets of about 
25 pounds each. 

All other rates of tare are to be allowed as by cus¬ 
tom in New York, except when otherwise provided. 

Port Charges. 

Pilotage (half to be paid if no pilot be employed): 
vessels under 500 tons, $0 per foot draught; vessels 
over 500 tons, $7 per foot: harbor dues 4 cents per 
ton. Wharf tolls, vehicles drawn by one or more 
horses, and carrying out over 2 tons, 25 cents per 
load; for each additional ton beyond 2 tons, 12% 
cents per ton ; for merchandise laden into vessels at 
a wharf from lighters, or vice versd. 10 cents per ton. 
The port warden’s charge, $ 15 for each survey; but 
the total charge on each vessel must not exceed $75. 

Dockage. 


tons. to7is. per dag. 


Vessels from 

100 to 

150 

per register 

$7.50. 

Do. 

44 

150 “ 

200 

4k 

14 

10.00. 

Do. 

44 

250 “ 

300 

44 

44 

15.00. 

Do. 

44 

300 “ 

400 

44 

44 

17.00. 

Do. 

44 

400 “ 

500 

44 

44 

20.00. 

Do. 

44 

500 “ 

600 

4 i 

44 

22.00. 

Do. 

44 

600 “ 

700 

44 

44 

24.00. 

Do. 

44 

700 “ 

800 

4*4 

44 

26.00. 

Do. 

i 4 

800 “ 

1,000 

44 

44 

28.00. 

Do. 

44 

1,000 “ 

1,250 

44 

44 

34.00. 

Do. 

44 

1,250 “ 

1,500 

44 

44 

41.00. 

Do. 

44 

1,500 “ 

1,750 

44 

44 

49.00. 

Do. 

44 

1,750 “ 

2,000 

44 

44 

56.00. 

Do. 

44 

2,000 “ 

2,500 

44 

44 

60.00. 


Sans recours, without recourse. 
These French words are still sometimes 
put on a bill of exchange or note before 
the payee indorses, so that the bill may be 
transferred without responsibility to the 
indorser, but the more common practice 
is to use the English words. 

Santaline, a red resin, or the color¬ 
ing substance obtained from sandal-wood. 

Santonin, a medicinal substance ob¬ 
tained from the flowers of artemisia scin- 
tonica. 

Saourari wood, a valuable ship- 
timber obtained from the caryocar tomen- 
tosum. 

Saourari nuts, the edible nuts, or 
fruit of the saourari tree. 

Sapa, a confection of grapes. 

Sapau-wood, a dye-wood produced 
by ccemlpina sappan , resembling Brazil 
wood in its color and properties, but is 
inferior to it for dyeing. It is also called 
buckum-wood. It is found in Siam, Pegu, 
and the Philippine islands. 

Sap green, the inspissated juice of 
the berries of the buckthorn, used by 


SARDINES. 443 

water-color painters as a green pigment; 
the same as bladder green. 

Sapodilla-wood, a West India fur¬ 
niture wood. 

Sapollo, the trade name for a kind of 
polishing soap. 

Sappadllla, a name for the fruit of 

the anona muriatica (sour-sop), or custard 
apple. 

Sappllir d’eau, the jewellers’ name 
for a transparant variety of precious stone 
(iolite), of an intense blue color, which 
they usually cut in the form of a brilliant. 
It is found in Ceylon. 

Sapplllre, a very highly esteemed pre¬ 
cious stone,—colors blue, red, gray, white, 
green, and yellow, and includes the ruby, 
oriental amethyst, oriental emerald, and 
oriental topaz, gems next in value and 
hardness to diamond. The red variety, 
the ruby, is most valuable ; a perfect ruby 
above carats being more valuable than 
a diamond of the same weight. Sapphire 
is brought from Ceylon and Pegu, the best 
from Pegu. It is also found in Bohemia, 
and in New South Wales. 

Sapsago cheese, a dark green, or 
“ herb cheese,” imported in small loaves 
of about i lb. each, in barrels or cases. 

Sapucaia nuts, the name for a 
kind of nuts at Para, somewhat resembling, 
but more highly esteemed than Brazil nuts. 

Saratoga waters, a general name 
for the mineral waters obtained from the 
different springs at Saratoga, in the State 
of New York. The annual shipments are 
from 150,000 to 200,000 dozen bottles. 

Sareool, a gum somewhat resembling 
gum arabic—obtained in the northern 
parts of Africa. 

Sarcocolla, a medicinal drug; a pro¬ 
duct which exudes spontaneously from 
several species of small shrubs growing 
at the Cape of Good Hope, in Ethiopia, 
and Arabia. 

Sarcenet, a thin kind of silk used for 
linings, etc. 

Sard, a variety of chalcedony, a pre¬ 
cious stone of a dark reddish-brown color, 
and resembling camelian, with which it is 
sometimes difficult to draw the line of 
distinction. Sard, however, is rarer and 
much more valuable, especially when of 
a very dark tint. 

Sardines, small fish of the herring 
family, caught in large quantities in the 
Mediterranean, and preserved in salt and 
olive oil. From 1,000 to 1,200 fishing 
smacks are engaged in catching these fish 
on the coast of Brittany, in France, from 







444 


SARDONYX. 


SAD SAGES. 


June till October. They are put up in tin 
boxes hermetically sealed, and shipped 
from Bordeaux and Brest to all parts of 
the world. On account of their esteemed 
flavor they command high prices, and are 
regarded as a luxury. 

Sardonyx, the most beautiful and 
rarest variety of onyx, composed of alter¬ 
nate layers of sard and white chalcedony. 

Sarong, a kind of woven and printed 
cotton fabric, common in the eastern arch¬ 
ipelago. 

Sarplar, a name given to a large bale 
or package of wool, containing a ton in 
weight. 

Sarra§in, a name in some parts of 
the European continent for buckwheat. 

Sarsaparilla, the root of several 
species of smilax, imported in bales, as a 
drug, from Yera Cruz, Tampico, Guate¬ 
mala, Honduras, Jamaica, La Guayra, 
Brazil, and from the Pacific coast. 

Sash line, a kind of cordage used for 
the pulleys of window-sashes. 

Sassafras leaves, the dried mucila¬ 
ginous leaves of the sassafras tree, used in 
England as a culinary condiment in soups. 

Sassafras lints, the pichurim beans, 
the seeds of the nectandra puckury , a 
South American tree. 

Sassafras oil, a volatile oil obtained 
from the roots of the sassafras tree, and 
used in pharmacy. 

Sassafras root, the bark of the roots 
of the sassafras tree, sold as a drug. 

Sassafras wood, the timber of the 
well-known sassafras tree, laurus sassafras, 
which grows in all parts of the United 
States. It is highly aromatic in smell and 
taste, and is exported to England in the 
form of billets, from which, with the roots, 
an essential oil is obtained. 

Sassolill, native boracic acid, used in 
the manufacture of borax. The supplies 
of commerce are chiefly obtained in Tus¬ 
cany. 

Sassy bark, the name for the poison¬ 
ous bark obtained from a species of eryth- 
ropldeum , used by the natives of the West 
African coast for the discovery of witch¬ 
craft, by compelling the suspected party 
to swallow it,—an ordeal which, it is said, 
most generally establishes the guilt of the 
accused. 

Satin, a silk fabric first produced in 
China, distinguished by its smooth, pol¬ 
ished, and glossy surface, given to it by 
rendering a great number of the threads 
of the woof visible in the process of weav¬ 
ing, and by rolling it on heated cylinders. 


Satin de Cliinc, a worsted material, 
or fabric twilled with a slight gloss like 
satin jean. Usually comes 50 inches wide, 
and in patterns of palms, begonia leaves, 
etc. 

Satiu-de-laiue, a black cassimere 
manufactured in Silesia from wool. 

Sal iliet. In England a fine mixed fa¬ 
bric woven to imitate satin is known by 
this name, but in the United States the 
term is applied to a cheap article composed 
of cotton and wool, and used principally 
for trousers stuff. The warp is cotton, 
and the filling is mostly short, inferior, or 
waste wool, which is mixed with enough 
long wool to enable it to be spun, and is 
woven in such a way as to bring the wool 
to the face of the cloth; it is then felted, 
and the cotton is entirely concealed by the 
wool. 

Satiuctte, the name for a kind of 
silky fabric, somewhat resembling satin, 
but more durable, and the lustre on which 
is produced in the process of manufacture, 
without dressing or cylindering. 

Satin jean, a cotton fabric woven 
with a satin face, used for corsets, etc. 

Satin spar, a variety of carbonate of 
lime, which has a lustre resembling that 
of satin. 

Satin stone, a kind of gypsum used 
by lapidaries and made into beads and 
other ornaments. 

Satin-turk, a trade name for a supe¬ 
rior quality of satinette. 

Satin-wood, a valuable wood for 
veneering purposes, obtained from chlorox- 
ylon swietenia , in India. 

Sauces, condiments or relishes for the 
table. 

Sa u n d cr s-w o o d , another name for 
sandal-wood. 

Saul timber, a valuable ship timber 
of the East Indies, the produce of the 
shorea robusta. This timber is one of the 
sources of damar. 

Sail ill, a variable liquid measure used 
in Switzerland, in some cantons about 38 
gals.; at Basle, 40£ gals.; at Berne, 44-i J - 0 4 ir 
gals. ; at Lucerne, 45-, a 0 5 0 - gals. As a weight 
at Vienna it is 339£ lbs.; for steel, 3083- 
lbs. 

Sauerkraut, a salted preparation of 
cabbage, which acquires a commercial im¬ 
portance from its anti-scorbutic properties, 
rendering it a necessary part of a ship’s 
stores on long voyages. 

Sausage**, chopped meats highly sea¬ 
soned, and usually inclosed in the cleansed 
intestines of some animals. The Bologna 





SAUTERNE. 

sausages of Italy, and also similar and 
other kinds of sausages from France and 
Germany, are imported and sold at pro¬ 
vision or grocery stores. At Arles, a large 
city of France, with a chamber of com¬ 
merce and a flourishing trade, “the chief 
manufactiires are hats and sausages.” 

San I erne, the name of an agreeable 
light French wine of rather low grade. 

Savanna Si, a port of entry, and chief 
commercial city of the State of Georgia, 
situate on the Savannah river, 18 miles 
from its mouth, and about 90 miles dis¬ 
tant from Charleston, with which city it is 
connected by railroad and by a daily line 
of steamboats. The harbor is one of the 
best on the southern coast; vessels of 14 
feet draught can come up to the wharves, 
and those of larger size can come within 
three miles of the city. The foreign com¬ 
merce consists chiefly in the export of Sea 
Island and short-stapled cotton, rice, and 
naval stores, amounting annually to over 
$80,000,000. The direct foreign imports 
are very light, scarcely exceeding $1,000,- 
000 or $2,000,000. The city is advan¬ 
tageously located for a large domestic com¬ 
merce. The river is navigable for steam¬ 
boats more than 200 miles above the city; 
and, as the centre of a very extensive sys¬ 
tem of railroads, Savannah controls the 
trade of a larg earea of a very rich and 
productive country. By steamships and 
sailing vessels it has direct communication 
with Portland, Boston, New York, Phila¬ 
delphia, and Baltimore, with each of which 
cities it conducts a large and flourishing 
trade; and with New Orleans and Havana 
its trade is also very considerable. 

Save Boy, the trade name for a kind 
of dried sausage. 

Savine, a drug obtained from the tops 
of the juhiperus sabina , common in the 
south of Europe. The tops of the com¬ 
mon red cedar of this country very much 
resemble and are sometimes sold as savine. 

Savine oil, a volatile oil obtained 
from the tops of the savine plant. 

Savonine, the trade name for a kind 
of laundry soap. 

Sawdust, mahogany sawdust is used 
by furriers in cleaning furs, and is also 
used to adulterate ground dye-woods; 
other kinds are sold as a stuffing material 
for dolls, for filling the arenas of amphi¬ 
theatres, riding-schools, etc., and for pack¬ 
ing some kinds of glass-ware and other 
kinds of merchandise. In New York it is 
usually brought from the saw-mills in bulk 
in very large wagons, and transferred to 


SCAMMONY. 445 

hogsheads at the stores where it is used 
for packing. 

Saw-logs, the name for timber logs 
which have undergone no other prepara¬ 
tion after the tree has been cut down than 
being cut into suitable lengths for sawing 
in the mill. The saw-logs which are 
squared are called square timber. 

Saw-wort, the serratula tinctoria , 
the herbage of which yields a yellow dye. 

Saxon blue, a coloring substance ob¬ 
tained from indigo, by the use of sulphuric 
acid ; much used as a dye-stuff ; so named 
because it was discovered by a chemist in 
Saxony. The peculiar shade of this blue 
is also described by the name of Saxon 
blue. 

Saxony beryl, a name given by lapi¬ 
daries to a variety of apatite. 

Saxony wool, the fine wool of the 
Spanish merino sheep introduced into his 
dominions by the King of Saxony; the 
wool having greatly improved in quality 
over that which was produced from the 
same animals while in Spain. 

Sayette, a kind of fabric of silk and 
cotton ; same as sagathy. 

Seagliola, a species of stucco, a com¬ 
position of gypsum, calcined and reduced 
to a fine powder, which, with water and 
cement, Flanders glue, and a mixture of 
colors, produces an article in imitation of 
marble, and is used for pedestals, columns, 
etc.; also, a kind of inlaid work composed 
of the same materials spread on a tablet 
for the ground of a picture. Cavities of 
the form intended in the design are then 
made in it with an engraving tool, w r hich 
are successively filled up with portions of 
plaster of different colors, so managed as 
to produce the effect of painting. The 
surface is finely polished by rubbing it with 
different powders, and where the ground 
is white, with rushes. 

Scales*, an apparatus or instrument 
for weighing commodities,—used in the 
plural form to denote a single machine. 

Scaiil 111 on y, the gum resin of the 
convolvulus scammonia , imported as a drug 
from Smyrna, in drums of about 100 lbs. 
It is almost always adulterated with chalk 
or meal. Besides the difficulty of procur¬ 
ing the pure drug, even when directly im¬ 
ported from Smyrna or Aleppo, there is a 
fictitious scammony manufactured in the 
south of France, and sold as the genuine 
article. It is not permitted to pass through 
the appraiser’s hands on importation unless 
it affords 70 per cent, of pure scammony 
resin. 




446 


SCANTLING. 


SCOTCH GRANITE. 


Scantling, sawed timber of any 
length, and of 4 or 5 inches, or there¬ 
abouts, square, used in carpentry. 

Scarfs, silk or worsted wrappers for 
the neck; light, long, narrow shawls, or 
silk shoulder belts. “ Scarfs of silk or 
other material are wearing apparel — 
Treasury Regulations. 

Scarlet, a bright-red color of various 
tints and shades. 

Seliaf, a grain measure in some parts 
of Bavaria, equal to 29^ bushels. 

Schappcs, the trade name in Switzer¬ 
land for spun silk made from silk waste. 

SchecleN green, a green pigment 
obtained from arsenic and copperas, used 
in calico printing and in the manufacture 
of paper-hangings. Its poisonous proper¬ 
ties render its use objectionable for any 
purpose connected with the household, or 
furniture of apartments. 

Sclieererite, a mineral resin found 
in Denmark and in Switzerland. 

ScliefTel, the German bushel, a dry 
measure varying all fche way from 1 to 8 
bushels. In Bavaria, legal, 6-/Vo bushels; 
used for oats, T-AV bushels; at Bremen, 
2 A bushels; at Dresden, 2V,V bushels; at 
Hamburg, 2- [ a 0 ft 0 - bushels; for oats and barley, 
4-Aur bushels; and in various other places 
varying in the same manner. In statisti¬ 
cal statements of wheat or other cereal 
products of Germany, the scheffel of Ham¬ 
burg, equal to 3 bushels, may be adopted 
as about the proper standard. 

Schepel, the Dutch name for the Hol¬ 
land bushel, equal to a little more than 1 
peck, or, more accurately, -,W of a bushel. 

Sclieveinfnrth green, a beauti¬ 
ful, velvety, arsenical pigment. Like 
Scheele’s green, it is a rank poison. 

Schiedam, a name for Holland gin. 

Schiftiast, a Berlin weight of 4,124 
lbs. 

Scllitfpftiml, a weight at Berlin, of 
34(fy lbs. ; at Bremen, 318f lbs. ; at Ham¬ 
burg and Lubec, 299 lbs. 

Sell illing, a small German coin worth 
about 1| cent. 

Scllinek,a grain measure of Hungary, 
about 3 bushels. 

Scliippond, a weight at Amsterdam, 
of 326J lbs. ; at Antwerp, 311 lbs. 

Sellmelze, a kind of glass prepared 
in Bohemia, chiefly for the purpose of re¬ 
ceiving the red color imparted by the oxide 
of gold. 

Schnapps, a name in the United 
States for Holland gin, in Germany a name 
for drams of strong spirit. 


Scliock, a German term for GO pieces. 

School-books, elementary books for 
the use of scholars and students in schools 
and colleges. 

School-slates, slates framed and 
used in schools, by pupils in arithmetic. 

Schooners, sailing vessels with twc 
masts, with small topmasts, and fore and 
aft sails, both mainsail and foresail being 
suspended by gaffs and stretched out below 
by booms. Three-masted schooners are 
not uncommon. Fewer sailors are re¬ 
quired to man such a vessel than if rigged 
with square sails like a brig or ship. The 
term schooner is said to have originated 
thus:—The first vessel of the kind now 
called schooner was built in Gloucester, 
Mass. When the vessel went off the 
stocks into the water, a bystander cried 
out, “See how she schoons /” The own¬ 
er and builder cried out, “A schooner let 
her be ! ” and from that time, 1713, vessels 
thus masted and rigged have gone by this 
name. The word schoon is used in some 
parts of New England to denote the act of 
making stones skip along the surface of 
water. 

Sctlliyt, a kind of vessel varying from 
100 to 200 tons, employed by the Russians 
on the Caspian Sea. 

Sci§§el, clippings of metals; the slips 
or plates of metal out of which circular 
blanks have been cut for coinage. 

Scobs, a trade name for raspings of 
metals, ivory, horn, or other hard sub¬ 
stances; dross of metals; in England the 
term is also used by retailers, for saw¬ 
dust. 

Score, to mark or reckon ; twenty of 
anything. The term is rarely used in 
commerce, but it has a local use in some 
kinds of trade for 20. 

Scorzonera, viper’s grass, valuable 
for its roots, which somewhat resemble the 
salsify, and considered one of the most 
healthful and agreeable table vegetables. 

Scorzo, an Italian grain measure, a. 
little more than f of a bushel. 

Scot, a tax or reckoning—hence to 
“go scot free” is to be exempt from pay¬ 
ing a tax or reckoning. 

Seoteli bonnets a name for cham¬ 
pignons ; also for a variety of capsicum, 
Seoteli cambric, a cotton fabric 
made in imitation of French cambric. 

Scotch ginghams, a fine quality 
of heavy ginghams, the colors of which are 
usually fast or durable. 

Scotch granite, granite obtained 
from the quarries of Aberdeen, Argyle- 




SCOTCH PEBBLES. 

shire, and other parts of Scotland. Con¬ 
siderable amounts of the red Scotch granite 
are imported into this country for fine 
architectural columns, and for cemetery 
monuments. 

Scotch pebbles, agates found near 
Perth, in Scotland. 

Scotch plaids, tartan or Highland 
plaids, fabrics of worsted, cotton, or silk, 
either of the patterns peculiar to a Scotch 
clan, or family plaids for general use. 

.Scotch snuff, a light-colored dry 
snuff, made from the stalks or ribs of the 
tobacco leaf. 

Scotch whiskey, a spirit distilled in 
Scotland from rye, having the smoky 
flavor of burnt peat. 

Scottish marble, a name given in 
Scotland to the serpentine of Portsoy. 

Scouring drops, the essential oils 
of lemon and bergamot, used for removing 
grease stains from silk dresses. 

Scouring rush, the horsetail, a plant 
with slender annual stems from 18 inches 
to 3 feet in height, which from their sili- 
cious character are used in scouring; the 
whole plant is also used in pharmacy. 

Scramble, a term used in the African 
slave trade. Two or three hundred slaves 
are shut up in a court-yard, and all sold 
at the same price to different purchasers. 
The gates are then thrown open, and the 
purchasers rush in and scramble for their 
pick, and secure them by fastening tags 
round their necks. 

Scrap iroai, clippings from bar, 
boiler, or other kinds of refined iron, and 
old iron in pieces, or otherwise suitable 
only for remanufacture. Pieces of cast iron 
are not commercially known as scrap iron, 
but are sold as cast-iron scraps. 

Scrap lead, small pieces, clippings, 
and shavings of old or new lead, fit only 
for remanufacturing. 

Screw nails, the name given in 
Scotland to what we term wood screws. 

Screw steamer, a steam vessel pro¬ 
pelled by the blades, or wheel, at the 
stem of the vessel, working on a screw, 
in contradistinction to a side-wheel steam¬ 
er. 

Screws, small iron or brass cylinders 
with spiral grooves or threads. They are 
sold at hardware stores, put up in papers. 
What are called wood screws are made of 
iron, or other metal, but used for holding 
manufactures of wood. 

Scribiiag iron, an iron-pointed in¬ 
strument for marking casks. 

Scrip, certificates for partially paid-up 


SEA-COWS’ HIDE. 447 

stock in an incorporated or joint-stock 
company. 

Serivelloes, the commercial name 
for tusks of the elephant weighing under 
20 lbs. 

Scrivener, a copyist; a term in com¬ 
mon use in Philadelphia and other parts of 
Pennsylvania, for one who copies deeds or 
legal papers ; in New York the term is not 
in use. In former years, in London, the 
term was applied to money-brokers. 

Seropolo, a weight at Florence, of 
GiV grains; an apothecaries’ weight at 
Rome, of very nearly 18 grains. 

Scrows, small clippings or curriers’ 
cuttings from skins, used by glue and size 
makers. 

Scruple, a weight used by apotheca¬ 
ries, equal to 20 grains. 

Scifldo, an Italian silver coin and money 
of account; the mint value of the scudo of 
Rome in the United States is $1.05.8. 

Sculls, short oars, two of which are 
used by one rower, one on each side of the 
boat. 

Sculptures, carvings of figures in 
wood, stone, metal, or other material, ex¬ 
ecuted by sculptors. In its most general 
sense, resemblances of visible forms pro¬ 
duced out of solid materials. 

Seupperiiong, the name of a very 
fine wine made in North Carolina from the 
scuppernong grape, a native and very de¬ 
licious grape of that State. 

Scuttle-butt, a cask having a square 
piece cut out of its bilge, and lashed upon 
the deck of a ship ; its use is to hold fresh 
water. 

Scythes, agricultural instruments for 
cutting grain, grass, etc. 

Scy til e sto lies, whetstones for sharp¬ 
ening scythes. 

Seaboard, bordering upon the sea. 

Seaboard cities, cities on the 
shores of the sea, or on the banks of a river 
or bay near the sea. 

Sea-boat, a vessel adapted to sea 
service; a term applied (with the epithet 
good or bad), to a vessel, as respects her 
qualities in bad weather. 

Sea-cabbage, an article of food in 
Japan called kambou ; sea-kale, or kind of 
cabbage. 

Sea-calf, a common name for the seal. 

Sea-captaill, the commander or cap¬ 
tain of an ocean vessel. 

Sea-cows’ hide, the English trade 
name for the hides or skins of the hippo¬ 
potamus, brought from the west coast of 
Africa. 




448 


SEA-GRASS. 


SEA-OTTER KOHL. 


Sea-grass, sea-weed, some kinds of 
which afford a valuable fibre which is used 
for wrapping- goods. 

Sea-liorse hides, a name sometimes 
given to the hides of the river-horse or 
hippopotamus. 

Sea green, a color resembling the 
emerald green of the sea. 

Sea-holly, a plant found on the shores 
of the Mediterranean, the roots of which, 
in a candied form, are kept in the shops 
and sold as a drug. 

Sea Island eotton, a kind of cot¬ 
ton raised on the sea-coasts and islands of 
South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, and 
celebrated for the fineness and length of 
its fibre. See Cotton. 

Sea-letter, a certificate of national 
character which a neutral merchant-ship 
is bound to carry, specifying the nature 
and quantity of the cargo, the place from 
whence it comes, and its destination. 

Sealed tea, a coarse China tea, so 
called from being sold in sealed packages 
of about 3 lbs. each. It is sometimes so 
firmly compacted together that it requires 
a hammer and chisel to break it up. The 
leaves are old and tough, and in order to 
make the tea cohere, some kind of a 
fatty substance is mixed in with it. It is 
imported from China into Kiachta, and 
used by the Siberians. 

Sealers, the name given to officers in 
the New England States who test and 
stamp or seal weights and measures, and 
who inspect and stamp or seal leather. 

Sealiilg-wax, a wax used for sealing 
letters and instruments of writing, and for 
hermetically sealing bottles which contain 
liquids, etc. The principal ingredients in 
the composition are shell lac and Venetian 
turpentine, colored with some pigment. 

Seal oil, oil obtained from different 
kinds of seals, a genus of marine carnivo¬ 
rous quadrupeds, of which there are several 
varieties, mostly taken in the seas round 
Spitzbergen, and on the coasts of Labra¬ 
dor and Newfoundland, where they are 
found in great numbers. A full-grown 
seal will yield from 0 to 10 gals, of oil. 
The seal fisheries of Newfoundland employ 
some 400 vessels. The seals are generally 
taken on the ice. It is said that it is a good 
day’s work for the crew of a well-arranged 
ship to kill 500 old seals and 2,000 young 
ones. Only the skins and blubber are 
taken. The Newfoundland seal fishermen 
some years take half a million or more, and 
the aggregate number taken each year is 
almost incredible. A Scotch steamer in 


the year 1868 caught 22,500 during a short 
season. 

Seal-skill, the name given to the soft 
fur skins of the fur-seal when dressed with 
the fur on. 

Seal-skins. This phrase in commerce 
is understood to refer to the skins of the 
common seal, pifwca vitulina. The skins, 
after being separated from the fat of the 
animal, are dry-salted in bulk for about a 
month, and are then ready for market. 
When tanned they are employed in the 
making of shoes; when dressed with the 
hair on, for the covering of trunks. 

Seam, a weight in England, for glass, 
of 120 lbs. ; of timber, 336 lbs.; a measure 
for barley of 8 bushels. 

Seamen, sailors, persons engaged in 
navigating ships or vessels upon the high 
seas; men capable of adjusting the sails 
of a vessel at sea, and of performing and 
executing all necessaiy orders of the com¬ 
mander of a vessel on the ocean. An able 
seaman is one who can perform all the 
duties; an ordinary seaman is one less 
competent; and a landsman , or ordinary 
seaman of the second class, is one fresh 
from shore and without experience or skill. 
The term seaman is also applied to the 
officers of a vessel, as ‘ ‘ the captain is 
a good seaman.' 1 ' 1 Collectors of the cus¬ 
toms are required to keep a book in which 
to enter, at his request, the name of any 
seaman, being a citizen of the United 
States, who shall produce proof of his 
citizenship duly authenticated, and grant 
him a certificate in the following form, 
preserving on file the proof of citizenship 
so produced, and once every three months 
transmitting to the Secretary of State a 
list of American seamen so registered by 
them respectively : 

“ I, Moses H. Grinnell , Collector of the 
District of New York, do hereby certify that 
James Watson, an American seaman, aged 
thirty-eight years, or thereabouts, of the 
height of 5 feet 10 % inches , with light hair 
and blue eyes, has this day produced to me 
proof in the manner directed in the act 
entitled “ An Act for the Relief and Protec¬ 
tion of American Seamen; ” and pursuant 
to said Act, I do hereby certify that the said 
James Watson is a citizen of the United 
States of America. In witness whereof, I 
have hereunto set my hand and seal of office 
this 12th day of January, 1871.” 

Sea-otter fur, a valuable fur of an 
animal of the genus lutrine carnivora. 

Sea-otter kolil, the name given by 
the Russians to a valuable sea-weed, the 
fucus lutheanus , used extensively for fish¬ 
ing-lines in the Aleutian Islands. 




SEAPORT. 


SEED GRAIN. 


449 


Seaport, a harbor on or near the 
ocean ; a port on the sea-shore, or on a 
bay or river contiguous to the sea, and 
accessible to sea-going vessels. 

Seaport city, a city situate contigu¬ 
ous to, or communicating with the sea by 
a river or bay, and accessible by sea- going 
vessels. 

Sea salt, salt (chloride of sodium) 
obtained by evaporation of sea-water. 

Sea-slsore, the land on the border of 
the sea between high and low water mark. 

Seaside balsam, a balsamic juice 
which exudes from the wounded branches 
of a species of elutheria , growing in the 
Bahamas. 

Sea-stores, the necessary stores for 
a vessel during a voyage, including only 
such provisions, groceries, liquors, cigars, 
and other articles, as in quality and am¬ 
ount would be consistent with the kind 
of vessel, the passengers, the crew, and 
the voyage, and truly intended for the 
use exclusively of said vessel, and not 
intended for sale, transportation, or pri¬ 
vate use. 

Sea-Weed, sea-weed of various kinds, 
and for a great variety of uses, enters into 
the commerce of different countries. In 
the populous islands of Japan, the natives 
derive part of their sustenance from various 
kinds; the Ceylon sea-weed is an article 
of large trade, and is used for making into 
jellies; the Chinese make isinglass from 
it, and hundreds of tons are imported 
into China from Japan and the Soo-loo 
Islands ; in Ireland and Scotland a kind of 
sea-weed is used for food ; various kinds are 
used in medicine and pharmacy, in the 
manufacture of kelp, for a size, for clari¬ 
fying beer, and in scores of other ways this 
product is utilized. As a manure, all along 
our sea-coast it is held in deservedly high 
estimation. 

Seaworthy, a ship or vessel in all 
respects fit for sea and for the intended 
voyage—that is, that she shall be tight, 
stanch, and strong, properly manned, and 
provided with all necessary stores. 

Sea-wrack, the sea-weed thrown up 
by the tide and collected for manure. It 
belongs to the owner of the land adjoining 
the sea-shore. 

Seak, a preparation of soap used by 
cloth finishers. 

Seaming lace, a lace used by coach- 
makers to cover seams. 

Searcher, an instrument resembling 
an auger, used to draw butter from the cask 
or firkin, in order to ascertain its quality. 

29 


Seasoned lumber, planks, boards, 
or other lumber rendered dry and hard by 
being penetrated with other substances, or 
divested of their natural juices or sap, 
either by artificial heat or by long exposure 
to the sun and air. 

Seating, leather, horse-hair fabric, or 
other material for covering the cushions 
of chairs, sofas, etc. 

Second-hand, articles that have 
been used. The principal articles in com¬ 
mon trade, sold under this name, are fur¬ 
niture and clothes. 

Second mate, an officer on board a 
merchant ship, ranking next to the first 
officer. 

Second quality, merchandise of 
less commercial value than the best kind 
of the same article. 

Seconds, a quality designation for 
cigars,—those made from the same lot of 
tobacco before being packed in boxes, are 
sorted and separated, according to their 
external appearance, into firsts, seconds, 
and thirds, the seconds being less valuable 
in trade than firsts, and more valuable 
than the thirds. 

Secretary of the Treasury. 

The Congress of the United States, on the 
2d day of September, 1789, passed an Act 
to establish a “ Department of the Trea¬ 
sury,” of which department the “ Secre¬ 
tary of the Treasury ” was to “be deemed 
the head. ” His duties, as defined by this 
Act, were to digest and prepare plans for 
the improvement and management of the 
revenue, and for the support of public 
credit; to superintend the collection of 
the revenue, ********* 
and generally to perform all such ser¬ 
vices relative to the Finances as Congress 
might direct. The general powers confer¬ 
red by this Act were subsequently, and 
from time to time enlarged, and more par¬ 
ticularly defined ; the substance of which 
are comprised in the general fact that he 
is constituted the high financial officer of 
the government; and, with large discre¬ 
tionary, and almost plenary powers, the 
chief executive functionary of all laws re¬ 
lating to the commerce of the country. 
From the formation of the government to 
the present time the office has only been 
filled by men of eminent worth and distin¬ 
guished ability. 

Seed grain, wheat, barley, rye, oats, 
corn, or other cereal, clean, and carefully 
selected for seed, for which a higher price 
is usually obtained than for ordinary mer¬ 
chantable grain. 




450 


SEED-LAC. 


SEPECK. 


Seed-la**, fragments broken from the 
twigs of stick lac, from which the coloring 
matter has been partially removed or ex¬ 
hausted by water. 

Seeds, the seeds which enter most 
largely into commerce are those from 
which oils are expressed, as flax, rape, 
sesamum, etc. ; many other kinds are in 
demand for the essential oils obtained 
from them ; some kinds, as clover seed, 
timothy seed, etc., for agricultural pur¬ 
poses ; and others are used in pharmacy. 

Segars, a common way of spelling 
cigars. 

Seidlitz powders, a kind of pow¬ 
ders sold at drug stores, contained in a tin 
box, put up in two different colored papers, 
one containing a preparation of soda and 
the other of tartaric acid, and the two 
powders when dissolved and mixed, effer¬ 
vesce and appear somewhat similar to the 
mineral water of Seidlitz, a village of 
Bohemia. 

Seized goods, merchandise taken 
by government revenue officials in cases 
where a fraud has been perpetrated in the 
importation, as in the case of smuggled 
goods, or under-valuation, also for viola¬ 
tions of the internal revenue laws. 

Sell, to transfer to another for an equiv¬ 
alent in money. The word has various 
uses colloquially, among merchants, as to 
sell at very low prices, to unders^ his 
neighbors, to sell at a loss, to sell only for 
cash, corn sells very high, etc. 

Seller, a vender ; one who disposes of 
a thing in consideration of money. He is 
bound to deliver the thing sold at the time 
and place appointed, and to take care of it 
until delivery, and he has a right to stop 
the thing in transitu when the buyer has 
failed, and the price has not been paid. 

Seller’s option, a sale which gives 
to the seller the option of delivering the 
article sold at any time within the period 
agreed upon, the buyer paying interest up 
to delivery. The term is mostly confined to 
sales of stocks, but is not uncommon in spec¬ 
ulative transactions among grain dealers. 

Selling out, disposing of the stock 
on hand without making new purchases to 
keep up the supply or assortment. The 
phrase usually implies an intention to close 
up and abandon the business. 

Sellers or Sellzer water, a min¬ 
eral water from Seltzer, about 10 miles 
from Frankfort-on-the-Main. It is im¬ 
ported to a considerable extent, usually in 
stone quart bottles, and is artificially man¬ 
ufactured in our principal cities. 


Selvedge, the edge of cloth woven ii: 
such a manner as to prevent ravelling ; a 
piece of very flexible rope composed of 
yarns not twisted together, but laid paral¬ 
lel, and confined externally by marline. 

Seiliencine, a medicinal drug ob¬ 
tained from some species of artemisia, im¬ 
ported from the Levant and from Barbary. 

Seinolilio, the commercial name for a 
granular preparation of wheat extensively 
prepared in Italy. The wheat, instead of 
being ground, is rounded by attrition. 

Seiuoio, an Italian name for bran. 
This term is frequently, though of course 
erroneously, used by grocers and others 
for semolino. 

Scinomlc, the large, hard grains of 
wheat flour retained in the bolting ma¬ 
chine after the fine flour has been passed 
through its meshes. The fine white Pa¬ 
risian bread called gvuau, is made from 
semoule. 

Sendai, a name given to a thin kind 
of silk. 

Seneca oil, a name for petroleum, 
so named after the Seneca Indians, who 
discovered the oil in Pennsylvania, the 
sale of which for nearly a century after its 
discovery was confined to drug stores and 
apothecary shops. 

Senegal gain, a variety of gum ara- 
bic obtained from Senegal, on the coast of 
West Africa; imported into the United 
States chiefly from Bordeaux. 

Seneka root, a drug frequently 
called seneka snake root. It grows wild 
in the Southern and Eastern States, and is 
sent to market in bales of from 50 to 400 
lbs. 

Senna, the leaflets of several species 
of cassia , a valuable drug. Four kinds 
are known in commerce—the Alexandria, 
the Tripoli, the India, and the Mecca; to 
which may be added the American senna, 
also a species of cassia, which is known as 
wild senna. It grows in all parts of the 
United States, and resembles the imported 
drug in its essential properties. The im¬ 
portation of the foreign kind is prohibited 
unless it be of sufficient puritj r to afford 
28 per cent, of soluble matter. 

Sennit, a name for rope yams; plaited 
straw or palm leaves of which grass hats 
are made. 

Sepeck, a current zinc coin of Cochin 
China, about the size of one of our nickel 
cents. They are pierced with a square 
hole in the centre, by which they are 
strung together. Sixty sepecks are of the 
value of about 5 cents. 




SEPIA. 

Sepia., a lemon color or pigment ob¬ 
tained from a black juice secreted by cer¬ 
tain glands of the sepia or cuttle-fish; 
also the name given to a species of drawing 
produced or colored with sepia or India 
ink. 

Sepoy, a messenger or runner in Bom¬ 
bay. 

Septaria, a kind of stone found in 
the neighborhood of Weymouth, in Eng¬ 
land, which, from its resemblance to the 
shell of a tortoise, is called turtle-stone. 
The stones are cut and polished, and made 
into table tops. Septaria is also burned 
and ground, and affords one of the best 
kinds of Roman cement. 

September, the ninth month of the 
year, abbreviated in commercial correspon¬ 
dence Sept. 

Sequin, an Italian gold coin worth 
$2.30; Turkish money worth about $1.82. 

Sera tin a, a name for a sort of swan¬ 
skin used for waistcoats. 

Serge, a woven fabric, the warp of 
which is worsted and the weft woollen; 
also a twilled silk fabric. 

Sergette, a thin kind of serge. 

Seroon, a package of goods done up 
with a hide covering ; a ceroon. The word 
is also sometimes used to express a quan¬ 
tity or weight, but in this use has no defi¬ 
nite signification; a seroon of raisins at 
Malaga is understood to mean 88yV lbs. 

Serpentary root, a name for Vir¬ 
ginia snake-root, a drug collected in west¬ 
ern Pennsylvania, and in the Western 
States. It usually reaches the market in 
bales of about 100 lbs. 

Serpentine, a soft but beautiful or¬ 
namental stone which takes a good polish, 
and is used for vases, columns, and other 
ornamental articles. 

Sesame, the sesamum orientale , a 
plant cultivated in the East Indies for the 
oil expressed from its seeds. The seeds 
are also known in commerce as gingelle, 
teel, til, sesamum, and oil seeds. Madras 
is the chief market, whence more than 3 
million lbs. are annually exported. 

Sesame, or sesainuni oil, the oil 
expressed from the seeds of the sesamum 
orientale and sesamum indicum; the latter 
variety of seed is obtained from a plant cul¬ 
tivated in the Southern States and known 
as the bene plant. The former kind is fre¬ 
quently imported, and comes in barrels. 

Set, a number of things which, as a set 
of chairs, may all be of the same kind—or 
a number of things which may be different, 
but all of which are required at the same 


SHADDOCK. 451 

time when used, as a set of chessmen, c 
set of china. 

Set-off, one demand placed against an¬ 
other. ( 

Settlement, the arranging- or closing 
mercantile transactions. 

Sevres ware, fine pottery or porce¬ 
lain ware made at the French national 
manufactory of Sevres. The biscuit of the 
porcelain is composed of a kaolin clay and 
of decomposed felspar rock, both of which 
materials are obtained near Limoges. 
The careful preparation of the materials 
results in a mass of dough or paste which is 
less plastic than English stone-ware paste, 
and is much more difficult to fashion into 
the various articles, and hence one cause 
of the higher price of the porcelain. A 
good workman at Sevres is only able to 
make from 15 to 20 plates in a day, where¬ 
as an English potter, with two boys, will 
make from 1,000 to 1,200 plates of stone¬ 
ware in the same time. The prices ob¬ 
tained for this ware are almost fabulous, 
but the government controlling the entire 
product, there are no fixed prices either to 
the trade or for the consumer. 

Sewing cotton, threads made from 
cotton yam and spooled. The spools are 
supposed to contain 100, 200, or 500 yards, 
and are numbered from the coarsest to the 
finest. The threads are made single in 3 
cord, and in 4 and 6 cord cabled, the latter 
of which are the best qualities. When 
the thread is sold in hanks or skeins, it is 
numbered from the yam from which it is 
made, say from 21 yarn, up to 200 yam. 
The principal manufactures of sewing 
cotton are at Paisley, in Scotland, and at 
Newark, N. J. 

Sewing silk, doubled silk threads, 
or compound threads of silk specially pre¬ 
pared to use for sewing with the needle. 
For the convenience of consumers it is put 
up in small skeins or on small spools. It 
is one of the branches of silk manufacture 
which has been successfully carried on in 
this country for many years ; the American 
sewing silks equalling in quality those of 
any other country. 

Sliad, a highly esteemed fish caught 
in the bays and in the large rivers of the 
Atlantic States, and though valuable as a 
salt fish, is not generally quoted as among 
the fish of commerce. 

Shaddock, a West Indian fruit 
with a thick rind, and resembling a very 
large orange—the citrus decumana. It is 
sold in some places as the “ forbidden 
fruit.” It derives its name from the per- 




452 


SHADES. 


SHARP. 


son who carried it from the East to the 
West Indies. 

Shades, the glass covers for inclosing 
ornaments; the glass globes for gas-lights 
or lamps. 

Sliajsr, the commercial name for a kind 
of prepared tobacco; a term for the nap 
or pile of cloth. 

Shagreen, leather prepared from the 
skins of horses, asses, mules, camels, and 
sharks, with the grain or hair side covered 
over with small, rough, round specks or 
granulations, produced by imbedding in it 
while soft the seeds of a species of chena- 
; podium , or the goose-foot. It derives its 
name from having been originally prepared 
from the skin of the shagree , a species of 
the whale. It is extensively manufactured 
at Astrakhan, in Russia, and is much used 
for scabbards. 

Shakdo, an alloy of copper and gold, 
the latter varying from 1 to 10 per cent. 
The articles made from this metal, chiefly 
sword-scabbards, buckles, ornaments, etc., 
have a very beautiful bluish-black surface. 

Shakers’ herbs, dried culinary and 
medicinal herbs and plants, gathered and 
prepared for market by the communities 
of Shakers in the States of New York, 
Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. 

. Shall!, a twilled cloth made from the 
hair of the Angora goat. 

Shalloon, a worsted stuff manufac¬ 
tured at Halifax, in England, for the Turk¬ 
ish market. 

Shallop, a kind of two-mast schooner- 
rigged sailing vessel. 

Shallot, a species of onion, with the 
flavor of, but less pungent than garlic, used 
for seasoning food. 

Shammy, or Shamoy, the tanned 
or tawed skin of the chamois goat; any 
light-colored, soft, pliable leather. See 
Chamois. 

Shanghai oil, an oil obtained in 
China from a species of brarnica. 

Shanghai, a city and port of China, 
situate on the Woosung river, about 40 
miles by water from the sea. It is the 
most northerly of the five Chinese ports 
which were opened to the trade of foreign¬ 
ers by the treaty of 1812, and it is also the 
most important. The river, which may be 
navigated by ships of 450 or 500 tons for a 
considerable distance above the town, 
crosses the Grand Canal, so that Shanghai 
is an entrepot for all the vast and fertile 
countries traversed by the canal and by 
the great rivers, including the Yang-tse- 
Kiang and the Hoang-Ho, with which it is 


connected. Hence the present importance 
of the emporium, and hence, also, the in¬ 
definite extension to which its foreign 
trade may probably attain. Its inland and 
coasting trades are both veiy extensive. 
It is said to be annually visited by from 
5,000 to 6,000 canal and river boats, some 
from very great distances, and by 1,500 or 
1,600 coasting junks. The province of 
Kiang-su, in which Shanghai is situated, 
produces great quantities of silk; and 
besides supplying most part of the north¬ 
ern provinces of the empire, the shipments 
of silk to foreign parts are much greater 
from this than from any other port. It is 
also well situated for the trade in black 
and green teas, and in their export, as 
well as in that of silk it has gone far ahead 
of Canton and the other emporiums. 
Among the other exports are oil and oil¬ 
cake, cotton, drugs, porcelain, copper, and 
copper-ware, nankeens, gold thread, alum, 
fans, hams, dried fish, etc. Of the im¬ 
ports, opium is by far the greatest.— Mc¬ 
Culloch. The annual exports of tea from 
Shanghai to England average nearly 60,- 
000,000 of lbs.; to the United States, 
something under 20,000,000 of lbs. The 
exports of silk, chiefly to France and 
England, are between 30,000 and 40,000 
bales. The imports of opium, chiefly 
from the British East Indies, are about 
40,000 chests, of the value of about $35,- 
000,000. 

Shareholder, one who owns shares 
in an incorporated bank, insurance, rail¬ 
way, or other joint-stock company. 

Shares, the parts or divisions of the 
capital stock of a joint-stock company. 

Shark liver oil, the oil obtained 
from the common shark, and classed among 
the fish oils. 

Sharks’ fins, the dried fins of the 
squalus maximus or shark; they are largely 
sent to China, where they are esteemed as 
an article of food. These fins are sought 
for from the Indian Ocean to the Sandwich 
Islands, but the chief supply is from 
Bombay and the Persian Gulf. About 
500 fins are contained in a picul, and the 
price varies from $6 to $60 per picul, ac¬ 
cording to the quality and the supplies. 
They are as regularly quoted in the Canton 
price currents as tea or opium. 

Sharks’ skills, the skins of several 
species of sharks. They are dressed and 
made into a kind of leather, and sold under 
the name of shagreen; those of some spe¬ 
cies are used for polishing purposes. 

Sharp, close and exact in dealing. 




SHARPS. 


SHEET GLASS. 


453 


This word, when applied to mercantile 
transactions, usually carries with it the 
idea of trickery, or shrewdness beyond the 
limits of fair dealing-. 

Sharps, another name used by millers 
for middlings; a term applied to sewing 
needles in contradistinction to blunts. 

Shave, to discount a note at an ex¬ 
orbitant rate of interest. 

Shaver, one who buys commercial 
paper at rates beyond the legal interest. 

Shawl borders, fancy woollen bor¬ 
ders made for the best kind of shawls, and 
imported separately from the shawls. 

Shawls, loose coverings for the neck 
and shoulders, worn mostly by women. 
They are made of different kinds of mate¬ 
rials and of a great variety of patterns and 
sizes, and vary in price from $1 or $2 up 
to $1,000, $2,000, or $3,000. Camel’s hair 
shawls, and cashmere shawls from India, 
made from the fine, silky wool of the Thi¬ 
bet goat, are the most valuable. Shawls 
similar in design and appearance are made 
in France (broche shawls) and at Paisley, in 
Scotland. The varieties of shawls pro¬ 
duced are grouped as follows: Woven 
shawls of India, or of Indian style made 
in Europe; barege shawls, made of wool; 
lama shawls, made of lama wool; silk 
lace shawls; crape shawls, made of silk, 
in imitation of Chinese fabrics ; grenadine 
shawls, made of silk of peculiar twist simi¬ 
lar to sewing silk ; chenille shawls, a novel 
application of silk combined with cotton ; 
woven shawls of wool or cotton, the latter 
plain or printed; tgrtan plaids, made ex¬ 
clusively of wool, colored in the yam be¬ 
fore weaving. The American woollen 
shawls, such as the Bay State and Water¬ 
loo shawls, are also all wool and colored in 
the yarn. The French imitations of the 
cashmere shawls are more perfect and 
costly than those of Paisley. A Scotch 
shawl of the highest quality will employ a 
skilful weaver a month or more to make 
it, and then the weaving represents more 
than half the selling price of the shawl. 
England is said to import from 10,000 to 
15,000 real cashmere shawls annually of 
an average value of $100 each. The im¬ 
portations into the United States are 
probably less than half that number. 

silea blitter, a dirty white or red¬ 
dish fat, the product of a tree growing in 
Africa, and known in trade, also, as galam 
butter and vegetable tallow. It is used 
by soap-makers, and is said to be quite 
as valuable material for that purpose as 
palm oil, and has the advantage of not 


requiring to be bleached. The tree which 
produces it, the bassia parkii, is a scrubby 
growing tree indigenous to the interior of 
the west coast of Africa. The amount 
shipped from the coast probably does not 
exceed 50 or GO tons per annum. 

Shear steel, a kind of steel prepared 
specially for being manufactured into 
scythes, shears, or other cutting instru¬ 
ments. 

Sheathing, the material used for 
covering a ship’s bottom, as copper or yel¬ 
low metal. The most approved material 
is said to be a mixture of copper and zinc 
in the proportion of about 60 per cent, of 
copper to 40 per cent, of zinc, in sheets of 
14x48 inches, weighing from 14 to 34 oz. 
per square foot. 

Sheathing paper, a heavy paper 
saturated with tar, used as a lining for the 
metal sheathing. 

Sheep, a domestic animal of different 
species or varieties, largely bred for their 
wool, for pelts, and for their flesh. More 
than 1,000,000 are sold annually in New 
York for the last-named purpose. 

Sheep pelts, the skins of sheep, 
fresh or salted. 

Sheep-skin, the trade name for the 
leather prepared from sheep-skins for the 
use of book-binders. A book bound with 
sheep-skin leather is said to be bound in 

sheep . 

Sheep-skins, the skins of sheep with 
the wool on; also, untanned skins of sheep 
in any form, either in brine or otherwise. 
It was decided by the Supreme Court of the 
United States, 13 Howard , that ‘‘sheep¬ 
skins with the wool on them ” were not em¬ 
braced in the section of the tariff act which 
provided for “ skins of all kinds, not other¬ 
wise provided for,” but that they were sub¬ 
ject to a “duty as unenumerated articles.” 

Sheer, very thin, clear or transparent 
cotton or linen fabrics. 

Sheet, a thin plate or expanded sur¬ 
face of any kind, as a sheet of copper, of 
tin, of paper, etc. 

Sheet anchor, the main anchor of a 
ship. 

Sheet hrass, brass plates from 4 in. 
to 24 in. in width, and from 12 to 48 in. in 
length, and of varying thickness. 

Sheet glass, a plate of glass run or 
cast in a solid frame. This is rather a 
manufacturers’ -than a commercial term. 
The same kind of glass is also called cylin¬ 
der, broad, spread, and German. The last 
name is derived from this kind of glass 
being first made in Germany. 




454 


SHEETING. 


SHELLAC. 


Sheeting, heavy linen, cotton, or 
hempen cloth for bed sheets, varying from 
1 to 3 yards in width, and either bleached 
or unbleached. 

Sheet iron, a name given in common 
to iron formed into sheets, or very thin 
plates, of a variety of sorts. Sheet irons 
are generally produced by passing bars or 
slabs between polished rollers, under pres¬ 
sure, and with reheating as may be neces¬ 
sary, until brought to the thinness re¬ 
quired. The usual size of the sheets is 
from 22 to 72 in. sq.; tagger iron, a vari¬ 
ety 8 to 12 in. and 12 to 20 in., and of dif¬ 
ferent thicknesses. For the best sheet 
iron, gray pig of the first quality and free 
from sulphur is requisite. The Russian is 
the finest description of sheet iron pro¬ 
duced, and that which best resists oxida¬ 
tion and the action of the atmosphere. It 
has a smooth, black, and glossy surface, 
and is very tenacious. The mode of man¬ 
ufacture, though probably no secret, is 
only known to the Russians. It is said 
that the iron is throughout smelted and 
worked with charcoal, and that after the 
rolling of the plates they are piled in pack¬ 
ets with charcoal dust between, and so 
hammered, after which the plates are as¬ 
sorted. This iron is made in the Ural 
mountains, and is sent down the river for 
hundreds of miles on rafts and boats to 
St. Petersburg. Belgian sheets are a pe¬ 
culiarly made sort, with a fine, smooth, 
bluish-black surface, apparently due to a 
firmly adhering coat of oxide, and which 
must have been produced before the final 
rolling. Canada plates are Welsh or other 
sheet irons, cut like tin plates to small 
sizes, and boxed, for the making of stove¬ 
pipe. 

An Englishman by the name of Barry, 
who was employed in Russia in iron works, 
gives the following description of the 
method of manufacturing the sheet iron of 
Russia: “The refined iron is hammered 
under the tilt-hammer into narrow slabs, 
calculated to produce a sheet of finished 
iron, 53 in. by 28 in., weighing when fin¬ 
ished from 8 to 12 pounds. These are put 
into the reheating furnaces, heated to a 
red heat, and rolled down in three opera¬ 
tions to something like a sheet, the rolls 
being screwed tighter as the surface gets 
thinner. A number of these sheets being 
again heated to a red heat, have charcoal, 
pounded to as impalpable a powder as pos¬ 
sible, shaken between them through the 
bottom of a linen bag. The pile, then re¬ 
ceiving a covering and a bottom in the 


shape of a sheet of thicker iron, is placed 
under a heavy hammer; the bundle, 
grasped with tongs by two men, is poked 
forward and backward by the gang, so 
that every part may be well hammered. 
So soon as the redness goes off they are 
finished so far as this part of the operation 
goes. So far they have received some of 
the glance, or necessary polish. They are 
again heated, and treated differently in 
this respect: that instead of having the 
powdered charcoal strewn between them, 
each two red-hot sheets have a cold fin¬ 
ished sheet put between them; they are 
then again hammered, and after this pro¬ 
cess are finished, as far as thickness and 
glance goes. Thrown down separately to 
cool, they are taken to the shears, placed 
on a frame of regulation size, and trimmed. 
Each sheet is then weighed, and after be¬ 
ing thus assorted in weights, they are fi¬ 
nally assorted in firsts, seconds, and thirds, 
according to their glance and freedom from 
flaws and spots. A first-class sheet must 
be like a mirror, without a spot upon it. 
One hundred poods of balvanky make sev¬ 
enty poods of finished sheets, but this al¬ 
lowance for waste is far too large, and 
might easily be reduced. Four heats are 
required to finish.” 

Sheet lead, lead manufactured in 
sheets 6 and 12 feet square to 18 feet, ac¬ 
cording to thickness. The numbers by 
which it is generally designated, from 5 to 
9, indicate the number of pounds in a 
square foot. 

Sheet rubber, vulcanized india rub¬ 
ber in rolls of various widths and lengths, 
usually about two feet wide. 

Sheet zinc, zinc rolled into plates or 
sheets of the following sizes: 16x32 in., 
20 x 40, 24 x 48, 30 x 60, 36 x 72, and per¬ 
haps other sizes. 

Sheffield ware, fine cutlery, and 
plated and other metal articles of which 
Sheffield in England is the chief seat of 
manufacture. 

Shells, the shells of the tortoise and 
mother-of-pearl are in demand for manu¬ 
facturing purposes; and various kinds of 
marine shells for ornaments and for or¬ 
namental work; and some, also, as cowrie 
shells, are used in some parts of Africa and 
India as money. 

Shellac, crude lac resin, or seed lac 
melted and formed into thin cakes or 
plates. It is prepared by melting the stick 
lac or seed lac, previously deprived of its 
soluble coloring matter, straining it, and 
pouring it upon a flat, smooth surface tc 



SHIPPING. 


SHELL COMBS. 

harden. It is much used by hatters as a 
varnish. 

Shell combs, hair or toilet combs 
made of tortoise shell. 

Shell flowers, ornaments made of 
small colored shells. 

Shell lime, lime burned from oyster 
shells. 

Shell work, ornamental articles 
made of shells—in the arts more particu¬ 
larly applicable to articles made from the 
shells of the tortoise. It includes full 
sets of jewelry, brooches, sleeve-buttons, 
ear-rings, necklaces, chains, watch-guards, 
fans, etc. The manufactures of shell 
work in Providence and New York are 
"laid to excel those of the Italian cities. 

Sherbet, a decoction of barley meal 
and sugar, perfumed with roses, orange 
flowers, or violets; a beverage or liquor 
made with honey or other ingredients, or 
from fruit syrups. 

Sherry, a common term for sherry 
wine. 

Sherry wine, the commercial name 
for the white wine produced in the vicinity 
of Xeres in Spain, Cadiz being the seat of 
the great wine-cellars, and the city from 
whence it is exported to Europe and Amer¬ 
ica. This wine is usually of a deep amber 
color, and the best grades of a dry aro¬ 
matic flavor and fragrancy, with very little 
acidity. It is imported in casks of various 
capacities, ranging from 40 to 160 gallons, 
and sold at Cadiz at prices varying from 
40 cents to $3 per gallon. 

Shik-lsong, a Chinese weight of 160 
lbs. 

Shilling, a silver coin and money of 
account of Great Britain, of the value of 
of a pound sterling, or 24.1- cents. In 
current transactions other than exchange 
or custom-house dues, it passes in the 
United States for 24 cents, for 10 silver 
groschens in Prussia, for 85 kreutzers in 
Frankfort, for 58 cents in Holland, and 
11- francs in France. The Canadian shil¬ 
ling only passes for 20 cents. The use 
of the term shilling, as any part of an 
American dollar, or other American coin, or 
currency, is an absurd vulgarism, and 
should be discountenanced by all mer¬ 
chants. 

Shingles* split or sawed oblong thin 
pieces of wood used for roofing purposes, 
classed with building materials. They are 
made chiefly of pine, though chestnut is 
often used, but those of cedar command a 
higher price. They are usually made from 
16 to 30 inches long, and 4 to 6 or 8 inches 


455 

broad, and at one end from f to £ inch 
thick, and at the other end reduced to 
of an inch. They are put up in packages 
of 1,000 each, and bound together by pieces 
of keyed timber. 

§liin, to run round among business 
acquaintances to borrow money to meet 
the maturing obligations of the day. 

Shinning, borrowing or trying to bor¬ 
row money to pay what was borrowed the 
day before, or to meet other obligations 
due on the same day or day following. 

Shill-plasters, a name or cant term 
for irredeemable or depreciated bank notes, 
—or for paper money issued by individuals 
without legal authority; more particularly 
applied to bills of a less denomination than 
one dollar. 

Ship, in its most enlarged sense, a ves¬ 
sel employed in ocean navigation—a ship¬ 
wreck, or ship’s husband, or ship’s papers 
applying equally to brigs, schooners, sloops, 
etc. In a more restricted sense a ship is 
a square-rigged, three-masted sea vessel, 
with a bowsprit, topmast, and top-gallant 
mast. 

Ship-biscilit, a hard, dry kind of 
wheaten biscuit or cracker for use on ship¬ 
board; also called ship-bread. 

Ship-board, on board a sea vessel. 

Ship-broker, one who transacts 
business between the owners of vessels, 
and merchants who charter vessels. 

Ship canal, a canal large enough for 
the passage of ordinary sized merchant 
ships. 

Ship captain, the master or com¬ 
mander of a sea-going vessel. 

Ship chandler, a dealer in ship’s 
stores, cordage, canvas, and other furni¬ 
ture for ships, steamboats, or other vessels. 

Ship letter, a letter transmitted by a 
private sailing vessel or steamer other than 
the authorized mail steamer. 

Ship load, the cargo, or the capacity 
of a ship. 

Ship owner, one who owns a ship 
or ships, or who owns shares or interests in 
ships. 

Shipped, goods actually delivered to 
be forwarded to their destination by vessel, 
or by railroad, or by canal-boat, or by any 
other method through the medium of com¬ 
mon carriers. 

Shipper, one who consigns or forwards 
goods; one who puts goods on board of a 
vessel to be carried to another place; the 
party to whom the captain or transporta¬ 
tion agent receipts for the merchandise. 

Shipping, a term used to express tho 



456 SHIPPING ARTICLES. 


SHODDY. 


collection or aggregate number of vessels 
of all kinds—as the shipping in port, mean¬ 
ing all the vessels in the port at the time. 

Shipping articles, an agreement in 
writing between the master of a vessel and 
every seaman on board, declaring the voy¬ 
age or voyages, term of time for which 
each seaman shall be shipped, and the 
wages. 

Shipping clerk, the person in a 
store who attends to the shipping of goods, 
filling out the bills of lading, shipping 
receipts, etc. 

Sliippisig receipts, receipts given 
by transportation agents for the goods 
delivered to be forwarded. 

Sliip-rigged, square-rigged, as a ship 
with spreading yards. 

Ship’s crew, the seamen or sailors 
employed on a vessel at sea. 

Ship’s BiUSband, an agent appointed 
by the owner or owners of a vessel to at¬ 
tend to the management, equipment, and 
other concerns of the ship, and to direct all 
proper repairs and outfits; to hire the offi¬ 
cers and crew, to contract for freight or 
charter, and to do all other acts necessary 
to prepare and despatch her for a voyage ; 
and, usually, to act as the general agent of 
the owners in relation to the ship in her 
home port. 

Ship’s knees, heavy crotched or bent 
timbers used in ship-building. 1 ‘ Ship 
knees from two sides of which the sur¬ 
plus wood had been removed by Dan¬ 
iel’s Planer,” were held to be dutiable 
as partially manufactured articles, non- 
enumerated, under the reciprocity act 
with Canada, which provided for the free 
entry of wood or timber where the saw 
only had been used in its preparation. 
Decision Sept. 22, 1868. 

Ship’s papers, certain documents 
required by the laws of the nation to which 
the ship belongs, and others required on 
board of neutral vessels as evidence of 
their neutrality. These are the passports, 
sea-letter, muster-roll, charter-party, bill of 
lading, manifest, log-book, bill of health, 
register, and papers containing proof of 
property. The want of any of these 
papers renders the character of the vessel 
suspicious. 

Ship-stores. In its general use this 
word applies only to the table supplies of 
food, and drink, and utensils, which are 
taken on board a vessel for the use of its 
officers, passengers, and seamen. The au¬ 
thority for this restricted use may be in 
the various acts of Congress, which speak 


of the “crew, tackle, apparel, furniture, 
provisions, or stoi'es. In England it seems 
to embrace rigging, extra spars, etc. Bee 
Sea-stores. 

Ship timber, white oak, live-oak, 
yellow and white pine, hackmatack, cedar, 
locust, etc., in various lengths and sizes, 
suitable for the construction of vessels. 
The live-oak is found in Florida, the other 
timber in the Northern States. In Liver¬ 
pool, under the head of ship timber, in 
addition to most of the above, are included 
teak and green-heart, and some others. 

Shipwreck, the loss or stranding of 
a vessel at sea, or on the coast. 

Shirt buttons, perforated buttons 
with 2, 3, or 4 holes, made of bone, ivory, 
mother-of-pearl, and porcelain, and the 
sizes designated by lines , as of 12, 14, or 16 
lines size. The porcelain buttons may be of 
various colors, and are sold as agate but¬ 
tons, the larger sizes being used for dresses, 
coats, etc. They are principally made at 
Brienne, in France, and Freiberg, in Ger¬ 
many. 

Shirtings, yard-wide linen or cotton 
fabrics, adapted to and more especially 
used for making into shirts. 

Shirts, men’s under-garments, made 
up from piece-linen or muslin, or knit or 
woven in frames from woollen, or worsted, 
or cotton yams, or from spun silk. 

Shoddy, the waste raw material of a 
woollen factory, pieces of woollen or wors¬ 
ted cloth, tailors’ clippings, old stockings, 
and old woollen rags of every kind, torn up 
by machinery, fibre by fibre, and trans¬ 
formed into wool, and respun into yam, 
with the addition of a small portion of 
new wool. It is made into pilot-cloths, 
druggets, coarse carpeting, and various 
other kinds of thick, heavy cloths. The 
following extract, from a report on the Pa¬ 
ris Universal Exposition, gives an interest¬ 
ing account of this product, and seems also 
to establish an important fact connected 
with Commerce and Quarantine. 

“Under the name of shoddy, an enor¬ 
mous weight of material is used, which, 
until recently, was waste. Shoddy was 
first introduced into use about the year 
1813, at Batley, near Dewesbury. It is the 
produce of soft woollen rags, such as old 
or worn-out carpets, flannels, Guernseys, 
old stockings, and similar fabrics. These 
woollen rags are collected, packed in bales, 
and are imported from Russia, Egypt, Tur¬ 
key, the entire area of Europe, India, Chi¬ 
na. and, in fact, from all parts of the world 
where woollen garments are worn, and rags 




SHODDY. 

produced and can be collected. They come 
to Yorkshire from districts where plague, fe¬ 
ver, small-pox, and loathsome skin-diseases 
extensively prevail. The bales are opened 
and the rags are sorted by human fingers 
before being placed in machines, which 
break up, tear, separate, and cleanse the 
fibre for manufacturing uses. According 
to the evidence we obtained, no disease has 
ever broken out among the persons who so 
manipulate these old woollen rags, although 
in many of the countries in which they are 
collected they are believed to be peculiarly 
plague-bearing materials. The lapse of 
time in collecting, storing, and transmit¬ 
ting these rags, as also the possible de¬ 
struction of any special poisons by fric¬ 
tion or otherwise, must be taken into ac¬ 
count. The whole of the facts deserve, 
however, the serious attention of those 
persons who insist that the power of com¬ 
municating disease is contained in a dan¬ 
gerous manner by woollen goods which 
have been worn by persons suffering from 
contagious diseases. The experience ob¬ 
tained by the manipulation of shoddy, for 
upwards of fifty years, proves that old 
woollen rags are not in any degree danger¬ 
ous to the health of those who work among 
them. 

“ The shoddy trade, as now carried on in 
the West Riding, is a remarkable instance 
of the utilization of waste material. The 
term ‘ * shoddy ” was, in the first instance, 
one of reproach, but this has ceased to be. 
Shoddy now enters into honorable compan- 
ionehip in official returns with British and 
foreign wools, mohair, silk, and cotton, 
and is used by manufacturers throughout 
the woollen and worsted districts. By re¬ 
cent returns (18G6) the total weight of 
wool and goats’ hair—of home and foreign 
growth—used, was about three hundred 
and ten millions of pounds; the total 
weight of shoddy and extracts for the same 
period was about seventy-four and one- 
half millions of pounds, or some thirty- 
three and three-quarter thousand tons; so 
that shoddy now forms near one-fifth, by 
weight, of the woollen and worsted manu¬ 
facture of the district. The woollen trade 
of Great Britain could not be carried on to 
its present extent without shoddy. 

‘ ‘ Shoddy is mixed with wool in propor¬ 
tions from one-third to two-thirds shoddy 
or mungo, and is used in the manufacture 
of cheap broadcloths, fine cloths for ladies’ 
capes and mantles, pilots, witneys, flush¬ 
ings, friezes, petershams, duffels, houleys, 
paddings, linings, cloths used for rough 


SHOE THREAD. 457 

and loose great-coats, office-coats and 
trousers, pea-jackets, and blankets. 

“ The manufacture of shoddy and mungo 
need not produce any special pollution. 
The rags are torn into fibre by machines 
specially prepared, and the dirt, dust, and 
fine particles of wool are blown out in such 
manner that this refuse can be collected 
and sold for manure. About one-seventh, 
by weight, of shoddy is so cleaned out as 
waste in preparing it. The price obtained 
for it as manure varies from lOs. to 20.9. 
per ton. Some of the richer sort of waste 
shoddy is sent into Kent as a dressing for 
hop-growing.” 

Shoe and leather trade, under 
this head, leather of all kinds, including 
morocco, and boots of all kinds as well as 
all kinds of shoes, are embraced. 

Shoe binding, silk, worsted, or cot¬ 
ton tape, usually half an inch in width, used 
for binding the upper edge of shoes. 

Shoe butts, stout sole leather, suita¬ 
ble for soles of shoes. 

Shoe knives, a peculiar sort of 
knives made expressly for the use of shoe¬ 
makers. 

Shoe pegs, small wooden pegs used for 
fastening the soles of shoes to the uppers. 
They are largely manufactured in the East¬ 
ern States by machinery, put up in pack¬ 
ages of 1,000 each, and packed in casks. 

Shoes, leather shoes form a large arti¬ 
cle of commerce. The most noted place 
of manufacture is Lynn, in Massachusetts, 
but they are largely produced, both hand¬ 
made and by machine work, in various 
other parts of New England and in New 
York, Newark, N. J., and in Philadelphia. 
They are packed in cases containing 60 
dozen; or, of children’s shoes, 120 dozen 
pairs. The great shoe mart of this coun¬ 
try, perhaps of the world, is Boston, where 
as many as 40,000,000 of pairs are some¬ 
times shipped in a single year. The de¬ 
cision of the Treasury Department of Oct. 
21, 1864, calls shoes “wearing apparel.” 

Shoe Slones, the name for the sharp¬ 
ening or setting stones used by workers in 
leather for sharpening their cutting tools. 

Shoe thread, a strong linen thread 
yarn, made for the special use of shoe¬ 
makers. This thread is spun with what 
spinners call a very long reach, full 22 
inches, and without going through water. 
The only damp imparted to it is from a 
roller it passes over, which is kept moist 
with cold water. This thread yarn receives 
no twisting by machinery; the shoemakers 
do this for themselves by hand. 




458 


SHOOK. 


SIDINGS. 


Sliook, a term in use in some ports on 
tlie Baltic, signifying a lot of 60 pieces. 

Sliooks, the board headings and staves 
for sugar-boxes, and sugar and molasses 
hogsheads, prepared and all ready to be 
put up. They are largely exported from 
Bangor, Portland, Boston, and New York. 
Shooks for sugar-boxes are all the parts of 
a sugar-box ready to be put together, and 
the boards compactly secured by one or 
more nails, so as to keep each set sepa¬ 
rate. For convenience of shipping, wine- 
casks are put up as shooks and headings, 
and thus shipped to Spain. 

Shop, a common name in England for 
a retail store ; in the United States for a 
place where articles of one class of goods 
are sold—as a candy-shop, or where arti¬ 
cles are manufactured and sold, as a tin- 
shop, etc. The term shop is always used 
in England for places which we invariably 
call stores. 

Shop-keeper, a retail dealer or store¬ 
keeper. 

Shop-lifters, persons who pick up 
articles in a store, and conceal them in 
their garments and carry them away. 

Shop-wilidow, the display window 
of a shop ; in the United States more usu¬ 
ally called sZwzfl-window of a store. 

Short, deficient in ready cash; a term 
used by merchants when unprovided with 
the necessary amount to meet their pay¬ 
ments of the day ; a common and conveni¬ 
ent answer, by way of refusal, when ap¬ 
plied to for a loan of money ; also, a term 
used by stock-brokers, grain merchants, 
etc., when they sell stocks or grain with¬ 
out owning them, trusting to their ability 
to buy in time for the delivery,—they sell 
short. 

Short rash, when the cash on hand 
is less, after deducting the payments, than 
the amount shown on the cash-book. 

Short crop, less than the average 
annual yield. 

Short-heads, in the whaling trade a 
term for whales under one year old. 

Sliort measure, less number of 
yards or inches than called for or ex¬ 
pressed- By the laws of the State of New 
York every piece or package of drygoods 
sold at public auction or otherwise, which 
on measurement shall be found not to con¬ 
tain as many yards as are marked thereon, 
the vender shall forfeit to the vendee an 
amount in value equal to the quantity 
short by fair measurement in addition to 
the deficiency. 

Short price, a technical term with 


merchants, where the buyer takes goods 
subject to the payment of the import or 
export duties. 

Short-shipped, articles charged in 
the bill of items or invoice, and accident¬ 
ally or otherwise omitted to be packed, or, 
when packed, omitted to be shipped. 

Shorts, in the feed trade a term for 
coarse flour; bran. 

Short ton, a ton of 2,000 lbs., the 
long ton being 2,240 lbs. 

Short weight, a weight less than 
the amount called for. 

Shot, small globules or round masses 
of lead for fowling-pieces. There are 
about 15 regular sizes known in trade, 
varying from \ to 37 , of an inch in di¬ 
ameter. They are put up in strong can¬ 
vas bags containing 25 lbs. each. The 
large sizes are known as mould shot, the 
smaller sizes as drop shot. The common 
trade designations are drop and buck. 

Shot pepper, the heaviest grains of 
the Sumatra white pepper. 

Shoulders, a term in the leather 
trade for certain kinds of tanned hides ; in 
the provision trade for a part of the fore¬ 
leg of the hog. 

Show-ease, a glass case in which fine 
goods are displayed in retail stores. 

Show-room, a room for the display 
of goods or samples. 

Show-window, a window in which 
goods are so placed for display that they 
may be seen or examined from outside of 
the building. 

Shrinkage, a reduction in the bulk 
or measurement. An allowance of per 
cent, upon the quantity called for by the 
export bond is allowed for shrinkage and 
for waste in handling and measuring grain, 
during the voyage of exportation. —Decision 
Treas. Dept., Feb. 25, 1868. 

Shruh, a kind of liquor consisting of 
acid fruits, sugar, and various substances 
to give flavor, prepared in rum or brandy. 

Siiude, husks of rice and other refuse 
of rice-mills, used for adulterating linseed 
cake. 

Sicca rupee, the name for an East 
Indian silver coin, the value of which is 
something under 50 cents—not circulated 
since the year 1835; also, a weight in 
Hindostan, of about 180 troy grains, used 
for gold and silver. 

Sicle-aran*, weapons of war or de¬ 
fence, as swords, pistols, bayonets, or 
dirks, which may be carried on the side. 

Sidings, a term in the lumber trad® 
for boards used for sides of houses. 




SIENNA. 


SILK. 


459 


Sienna, a pigment of a yellowish 
brown color; when burnt it assumes a 
reddish brown color, and is then called 
burnt sienna. The best comes from Italy, 
an inferior article from England. 

Siester, a silver coin of Bavaria, of the 
value of 16 cents. 

Sight, the term •“ in sight ” is used in 
the grain trade for grain in store at St. 
Louis, Chicago, Milwaukee, Buffalo, and 
other lake cities, or in New York, or in 
transit from the lake cities to tide-water. 

Sight drafts, orders or bills of ex¬ 
change drawn payable at sight. In the 
State of New York, and generally else¬ 
where, such drafts are deemed due and 
payable on presentation, without any days 
of grace. 

Sign, a board placed over the door or 
space on the front of the building, on 
which is painted in large or conspicuous 
letters the names of the persons occupy¬ 
ing the premises; and, usually, also the 
kind of business conducted in the build- 
ing. ^ 

Signals, a system of symbols ad¬ 
dressed to the eye, as flags, colored lights, 
etc., for communicating intelligence at 
sea, at distances too great for the human 
voice. 

signature, the name of the person 
in his own proper handwriting; or of the 
firm, made by one authorized to subscribe 
the firm-name. It is not an unusual prac¬ 
tice for one person to sign the name of 
another to a document or paper, with the 
consent of the latter; but such practice 
is altogether wrong. The Secretary of the 
Treasury , in a letter to the Collector at 
Augusta, Maine, directs that “ Collectors 
must not allow any other parties to sign 
their names in their official transactions. 
If it is necessary for a deputy to sign for 
a collector, it shoulfl be with his proper 
signature as deputy, for the collector.” 
This order is only in accordance with the 
general principle which should govern in 
all cases. 

SHe§ias, twilled or tweeled cotton 
fabrics, imported in all colors and used for 
the lining or trimming of all kinds of 
clothing; also made in many of the cot¬ 
ton-mills of the New England States for 
the same purpose, usually 36 and 39 inches 
wide, and wound in rolls instead of being 
folded. 

Silk, the fine glossy thread or filament 
produced by various species of caterpil¬ 
lars known and called silk-worms. The 
threads, as spun by the worm and wound 


up in its cocoon, are all double or twins, in 
consequence of the double orifice in the 
nose of the insect through which they are 
projected. These two threads are glued 
together by a kind of varnish which en¬ 
velops them, constituting nearly 25 per 
cent, of their weight. Each filament is 
about 2 Imtu of an inch in fine silk, and the 
pair of course —(foir of an inch in thick¬ 
ness. Several of these filaments, when 
slightly twisted and agglutinated to form 
one thread, are called singles. Silk is the 
strongest of all textile fibres, a thread of 
it of a certain diameter being nearly three 
times stronger than a thread of flax. 
Some varieties of raw silk are white, but 
the general color in the native state is 
a golden yellow. Raw silk is produced 
by the operation of winding off, at the 
same time, several of the balls or cocoons 
on a common reel, thereby forming one 
smooth, even thread. Organzine, shute or 
tram, and floss, are terms applied to raw 
silk advanced beyond singles. Organzine 
contains from 3 to 30 twin filaments, and 
possesses a double twist, the component 
filaments being first twisted in one direc¬ 
tion, and the compound thread in the op¬ 
posite. Organzine or thrown silk serves 
for the warp of the best silk stuffs. Tram 
is made usually from inferior silk, and is 
very slightly twisted. The quantity of 
raw silk depends very much upon the care 
and skill observed in winding it from the 
cocoon. Floss consists of the shorter 
broken silk, which is carded and spun like 
cotton. The quality of raw silk is deter¬ 
mined by winding off 400 ells of it, equal 
to 475 metres, round a drum one ell in 
circumference, and then weighing that 
length. The weight is expressed in grains, 
24 of which constitute one denier; 24 de- 
niers constitute one ounce, and 16 ounces 
make one pound. This is the Lyons rule 
for valuing silk. The weight of a thread 
of raw silk 400 ells long is two grains and 
a half when five filaments have been reeled 
and associated together. Raw silk easily 
absorbs moisture, and its weight may be 
increased as much as 10 per cent, by this 
means. The filatures require to be regu¬ 
larly wound upon bobbins, doubled, twist¬ 
ed, and reeled in silk-mills. These pro¬ 
cesses are called throwing. The commer¬ 
cial varieties of silk (unmanufactured) 
are singles, organzine, tram, twist or 
yam of silk, twist or yam of waste silk ; 
to which also may be added knubs and 
husks, a name for the offal or waste silk 
produced in winding off from the cocoon* 




46a 


SILK. 


SILK RIBBONS. 


It is imported into England and the Uni¬ 
ted States in hanks from Japan, China, 
France, and Italy. 

According to the report on silk made at 
the Paris Universal Exposition, by E. C.- 
Cowdin, Esq., United States Commission¬ 
er, the value of raw silk produced annu¬ 
ally in the various countries of the earth, 
as near as can be ascertained, is as fol¬ 


lows : — 

Chinese Empire.$81,200,000 

Japanese Empire. 17,000,000 

Persia. 5,000,000 

Asia Minor. 5,200,000 

Syria. 1,800,000 

Turkistan (in China). 400,000 

Turkistan (Independent) in 

Asia. 1,400,000 

Corean Archipelago. 100,000 

France. 25,600,000 

Italy... 39,200,000 

Turkey in Europe. 7,000,000 

Spain and Portugal. 3,200,000 

Pontifical States. 1,300,000 

Greece, Ionian Islands. 840,000 

Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Med¬ 
iterranean Coast. 300,000 

Basin of the Danube, Aus¬ 
tria, Bavaria, Servia, Hun¬ 
gary. 1,280,000 

India. 24,000,000 

America. 80,000 


Total.$214,000,000 


The relative commercial values of the 
raw silk of different countries, as indica¬ 
ted by the London Price Currents, are as 
follows :— 


Italian Organzine. 

S. ( 

1. 

Milan and Bergam. 

. per lb. 49 

0 

Piedmont. 

. 52 

0 

Milan Tram. 

. 44 

0 

Italian, Raw Novi White. 

. 54 

0 

' Fossombrone... 

. 50 

6 

Bologna. 

. 48 

0 

Naples. 

. 45 

0 

Trent. 

. 45 

0 

Lombardy. 

. 43 

0 

Sicilian. 

. 45 

0 

Brutia, Italian Reel. 

. 52 

0 

Persian. 

. 16 

0 

China, Taysaam. 

. 20 

0 

' Tsatlee. 

. 25 

0 

Canton Superior. 

. 17 

0 

Yuenfaa. 

. 21 

0 

Bengal Bauleah. 

.'15 

0 

COMERCOLLY. 

. 16 

0 

Cossimbuzar. 

. 17 

0 

Gonatea. 

. 16 

0 

Mibash... 


0 


Silk button clotli, a silk fabria 
made specially for covering buttons. 

Silk bullous, buttons made or cov¬ 
ered with silk on a wooden mold. 

Silk cocoons, the nest of the silk¬ 
worm. formed when changing from the 
worm to the chrysalis, by a viscid secretion, 
in the form of twin filaments from its 
nose, and wound round itself. These fila¬ 
ments from the cocoon, when reeled off, 
and in several advanced stages beyond 
reeling, form the different kinds of the raw 
silk of commerce. Cocoons are admitted 
free of duty into the United States. The 
silk obtained from a cocoon is from 750 to 
1,150 feet long, and about 250 average¬ 
sized cocoons weigh a pound. 

Silk cottou, a name for the down 
or silky fibre of certain kinds of plants ; 
also for the cottony substance enveloping 
the seeds of the silk-cotton-tree of the 
Indies. 

Silk damask, a heavy silk fabric 
produced by the Jacquard loom and used 
for upholstery purposes. 

Silk grass, a name for the fibres of 

the agave viripera. 

Silk bats, hats covered with silk plush 
instead of fur felt. 

Silk illusioas, fine lace made of fine 
silk, used for evening dresses and veils, and 
also for trimming bonnets and similar pur¬ 
poses. 

Silk manufactures, under this 
generic designation are included a great va¬ 
riety of kinds of goods, which in technical 
commerce are classified under different 
names and denominations,—as, silk in the 
piece, which includes silk fabrics of all 
colors, plain, figured or striped; silk vel¬ 
vets ; satins, crapes, silk shawls and hand¬ 
kerchiefs ; silk and satin ribbons; silk 
plush, hosiery, lace, fringes, trimmings; 
sewing silk, silk webbing, veils, gauze, 
net, etc. In India and China they include 
pongees and pongee handkerchiefs, crape 
shawls and scarfs, and crape in the piece, 
damask, corahs, bandanas, etc., in their 
catalogue of silk manufactures. 

Si Ik-ill! II, the factory where silk is 
wound on bobbins, doubled, twisted, and 
reeled. The building where the fine silk 
is thrown, and where also waste silk is 
spun. 

Silk plush, a silk fabric, having a 
long nap on one side, used for dresses, 
for trimmings, and for hats. See Plush. 

Silk ribbon§, a narrow strip of wo¬ 
ven silk from £ inch to 6 inches wide, and 
even wider; sometimes woven in tartan 













































■SILK THROWING. 


SILK-WORMS’ EGGS. 


461 


plaid, sometimes entirely plain of one color, 
sometimes jacquarded or embroidered; 
used in various ways for the ornamentation 
of the clothing- of women and children. 

Silk, throwing, advancing silk from 
the filament by winding, reeling, doubling, 
twisting, etc., into singles, o.r organzine, 
or tram, twist, yarn, etc. 

Silk twist, a kind of strong double- 
twisted sewing-silk, used by tailors, sad¬ 
dlers, milliners, and others. 

Siik veils, a peculiar fabric of silk, 
worn by women, which conceals their 
faces, but at the same time allows them to 
perceive the objects passing around them. 

Silk velvet, a kind of velvet made 
entirely of silk, the soft pile of which is 
produced during the process of weaving, 
by inserting short pieces of thread doubled 
under the weft, and in such a way as to 
conceal the interlacings of the warp, and 
by further peculiar and expensive treat¬ 
ment. The cost of labor for weaving one 
yard of silk velvet is about five times as 
much as for a yard of silk. 

Silk waste, the knubs or husks of 
the cocoon produced in winding the fila¬ 
ments, also the refuse of silk in the silk- 
mills. It is carded and spun in the same 
manner as cotton. 

Sil k webbiiag, an elastic fabric, made 
of silk and india-rubber, used in the manu¬ 
facture of shoes. Chief manufacture at 
Leicester, England, from which place most 
of what is used in the United States is ob¬ 
tained. 

Silk-weed, a species of asclepias , 
common in the United States, affording a 
kind of thistle-like down, used principally 
for stuffing bedding. 

Silk weight and measure, the 
size or substance of a silk thread is esti¬ 
mated by deniers. The ounce troy and the 
ounce pois de marc of Lyons, by the latter 
of which silk is tested in France and Italy, 
are equal in weight, but are differently 
subdivided. The ounce troy is divided 
into 20 pennyweights x 24 = 480 grains; 
the ounce of Lyons, pois de marc into 24 
drams x 24 = 576 deniers. The denier is 
therefore l-6th less than the grain troy. 
The English silk reel is 818 bouts of 44 
inches = 1,000 yards. The French, 400 
ells, or 475 metres = 520 yards. The 
standard of silk measure is about 400 
yards; that length of a single filament 
from China cocoons will weigh 2 deniers, 
and from French and Italian, 2}. A 10- 
denier silk will then be the combined 
thread of 4 or 5 cocoons. 


Silk-w r «rins. There are several spe¬ 
cies of this moth, or caterpillar, which are 
reared for their valuable filament, that of 
the bombyx mori , being the species com¬ 
mon to Europe, its food being the leaves 
of the mulberry-tree. The silk-worms of 
India are of different species. The worms 
produced from one oz. of eggs require for 
their due development about sixteen hun¬ 
dred lbs. of mulberry leaves. 

Silk-worms’ eggs, the eggs of the 
silk-worm, also called grains. They are 
enveloped in a liquid which causes them to 
adhere to the piece of cloth or paper on 
which the female lays them, and in this 
state they are easily transported. There 
are frequent importations of these eggs 
into San Francisco. In India, China, 
Japan, Italy, and France, they are bought 
and sold as merchandise. One ounce of 
the eggs is worth in France usually about 
50 cents, and this amount of eggs will pro¬ 
duce from 80 to 100 lbs. of cocoons, and 
these cocoons will yield about 7 or 8 lbs. of 
reeled raw-silk. “ At present the princi¬ 
pal business doing here is in sea-weed and 
silk-worms’ eggs; the latter to the value 
of over $100,000 will be exported from 
this port during the present season.”— 
Letter from correspondent at Hakodadi , 
Japan. An importation of silk-worms’ 
eggs into San Francisco in 1862 was the 
occasion of the following letter : * 

“ There can be no doubt that in the 
adjustment of the Tariff Act of March, 
1860, Congress designed to give protection 
and encouragement to certain kinds of 
American manufactures; and this inten¬ 
tion is perhaps as apparent in the article 
of silk as in that of any branch of home 
industry. Thus, while the various manu¬ 
factures of silk show a gradual advance in 
the rate of duty, according to the degrees 
of manipulation, or to the increase of the 
value of the article by the amount of the 
labor bestowed upon it, reel silk, and silk 
waste, as well as raw silk and silk cocoons, 
are admitted free. 

“ The whole course of legislation on this 
subject clearly indicates the intention to 
reduce the rate of duty as you recede from 
the highest point of manufacture, until you 
get down to a certain stage in the process 
where the duty entirely ceases, and all 


* Letter from Thomas McElbath, United States 
Appraiser-General, dated New York, March 10, 1862, 
in reply to one from Hiram Barney, Collector, “ac¬ 
companied by one from the Secretary of the Treasu¬ 
ry, requesting the views of the General Appraiser on 
the dutiable character of silk-worms’ eggs.” 






462 SILK-WORM GUT. 


SIMPLE INTEREST. 


products of silk below that point are ad¬ 
mitted free. 

“ It is fair to presume that all the reasons 
which influenced Congress in exempting 
cocoons and unmanufactured silk from 
duty would apply with equal force to the 
eggs of the silk-worm. But the eggs are 
not specified. How, then, are they to be 
classified, and under what rate of duty may 
they be admitted ? 

“ The importer at San Francisco claims 
to enter them free of duty as 4 animals, liv¬ 
ing, of all kinds,’ and the Collector of the 
Port appears to have acquiesced in this 
view, as the article was admitted free of 
duty. 

“ The subject of embryology has latterly 
attracted a good deal of attention, and as 
a branch of science its limits have been 
largely extended ; but I am not aware that 
even Prof. Agassiz himself has gone so far 
as to call eggs animals, or to class the eggs 
from which oviparous insects are developed 
with the insects themselves. 

‘‘ W ith more propriety, I am inclined to 
think, would the article in question come 
under the paragraph in the same section of 
the Act which provides for ‘ all other seeds 
for agricultural , horticultural, medicinal, 
and manufacturing purposes.’ Authority 
for this classification might be urged from 
the agricultural phraseology used by silk 
culturists in the business of cultivating 
cocoons. Thus, for instance, 1 last year 
from 1£ ounce of Piedmontese eggs, I had 
8 £ bushels cocoons;’ ‘my first crop of co¬ 
coons did well; 4 ‘second crop a failure,’ 
etc. (See proceedings, Silk Culturists’ Con¬ 
vention, in published volumes Transactions 
of the American Institute.) 

“ Without pursuing the subject any fur¬ 
ther, however, I conclude that the article 
in question falls under the provisions of 
the first clause of the 24th Sec. of the 
Act of March, 1801, as a non-enumerated 
unmanufactured article, and is subject to 
a duty of 10 per cent, ad valorem.” Now, 
under act of 1870, admitted free of duty. 

Silk-worm gut, the product of the 
silk vessel contained in the body of the silk¬ 
worm, which by immersion in vinegar be¬ 
comes flexible and can be drawn out to 
the length of from 121- to 18 inches ; being 
dried, it becomes perfectly translucent and 
of great strength ; it is used to attach fish¬ 
ing-hooks to fishing-lines in the capture of 
salmon and trout. 

Silver, one of the precious metals; 
coin made of silver; wares made of silver. 
Silver is one of the principal metals used 


as a medium of exchange in the shape of 
stamped coin or money, and in England, 
and in some other countries, it forms the 
only legal tender. In the United States 
either silver or gold is a legal tender. In 
the form of bullion it is an article of com¬ 
merce ; and the uses of the metal in the 
arts and manufactures are very extensive, 
as next to gold it is the most valued 
among metals for purposes of ornament. 

Silver balBi, a valuable timber of 
Demerara, used for masts and for plank¬ 
ing vessels. 

Silver coin, a .mass of silver, coined 
and issued by authority of a government, 
by which a guarantee is given of its fine¬ 
ness and weight. For the purpose of giv¬ 
ing it hardness and durability, it is always 
alloyed with a certain per centum of cop¬ 
per ; the standard for silver coins of the 
United States is, that of one thousand 
parts by weight, nine hundred shall be of 
pure metal, and one hundred of copper. 
See Coins. The silver coins of England 
consist of 11 oz. 2 dwts. of silver, and 18 
dwts. of copper. 

Silvered, covered, plated, or coated 
with thin films of silver. 

Silver glance, an ore of silver. 

Silver lace, fine silk thread coated 
with silver and woven into lace. 

Silver leaf, silver beaten into thin 
leaves. 

Silver money, the current silver 
coin of any country. 

Silver ore, ore which is mined or 
taken from the earth for the silver which 
may be obtained from it. If the ore con¬ 
tain other metals, such as copper, lead, 
etc., and the silver predominate in quan¬ 
tity or value, it is silver ore ; if lead or 
copper predominate, it is not silver ore. 

Silver paper, a very delicate paper 
washed on one side with a metallic solution 
resembling silver. 

Silver plate, bowls, pots, dishes, and 
other table articles made of silver. 

Simartiba bark, the bark of a tree 
growing in the West Indies, allied to the 
quassia. It is imported as a drug. 

Similar, an alloy of copper and zinc, 
of a yellow golden color. 

Si aimer, a variable grain measure of 
Germany, in some places less than a 
bushel, and in others over 9 bushels, and 
in one place 1G^ bushels. Every little 
principality in Germany seems to use the 
same word to express a measure of differ¬ 
ent capacity. 

Simple interest, legal interest on 






SIM-SIM SEED. 


SINGLES. 


463 


the principal of the debt only, not interest 
on the interest. 

Sim-sim seed, another name for 
sesame or sesamum seed. 

Smellll, the name for a kind of metal¬ 
lic alloy ; a kind of brass. 

Singapore, an island at the south¬ 
eastern extremity of the Straits of Malac¬ 
ca, a colonial dependency of Great Britain. 
It is only about 30 miles distant from the 
most southerly point of the Asiatic conti¬ 
nent. The city or trading town is a free 
port, open to the flags of every nation, 
without either import or export duties on 
goods, the only impost being a trivial 
charge on ships, towards the maintenence 
of the light-houses. To this circumstance, 
combined with the manifold advantages of 
its position, and the absence of all trouble¬ 
some regulations, the settlement is indebt¬ 
ed for its rapid rise to a commercial pros¬ 
perity which is without example iu the 
eastern seas, and has caused its progress 
to be likened rather to that of an Ameri¬ 
can than an Asiatic settlement. It has 
thus become an entrepot in which are 
brought together and exchanged the pro¬ 
ducts and manufactures of the western 
world, of India, Cochin China, Siam, the 
Malayan peninsula, and of the whole wide 
region of the Eastern Archipelago, from 
its western limits in Sumatra to the me¬ 
ridian of New Guinea and the Phillip- 
pines. The commercial part of the town 
occupies a site on the western bank of a 
river, and on its southern side faces the 
sea, the creek being navigable for a con¬ 
siderable distance from its entrance, so as 
to admit of lighters discharging their car¬ 
goes on the quay in front of the ware¬ 
houses. 

The principal merchants are composed 
of English and Americans, of Germans and 
French. There is also a considerable num¬ 
ber of respectable and opulent Chinese 
and Arab merchants, and important mer¬ 
cantile establishments conducted by Jews, 
Parsees, and others. The shop-keepers 
are mostly Chinese and Klings, the former 
predominating, and also including the most 
valuable portion of the laboring popula¬ 
tion. 

The number of square-rigged vessels, 
including the flags of every European mari¬ 
time nation, as well as Arabia, China, 
Cambodia, Siam, and Chili [and the Uni¬ 
ted States], amount yearly to nearly 2,000. 
The city is chiefly an "entrepot, having 
very few commodities of its own for ex¬ 
portation. Pearl sago is manufactured on 


the spot from the raw material imported 
from the north coast of Sumatra ; gambief 
and catechu are grown and manufactured 
on the island. Large quantities of teak 
from the neighboring forests are disposed 
of here. The chief exports are ratans, 
caoutchouc, coffee, pepper, gutta-percha, 
cutch, gums, hides, sago, gambier, tin, 
teak, rice, tapioca, nutmegs, etc. The 
chief imports are cotton piece goods, cot¬ 
ton yarn, copper wrought and unwrought, 
woollens, linens, hardware, and cutlery, 
iron wrought and unwrought, ready-made 
clothing, and haberdashery, etc., etc. 

English weights and measures are fre¬ 
quently used in reference to European 
commodities. The mode of transacting 
business among the European merchants 
is simple. Instead of trusting their affairs 
to native agents, as in other parts of India, 
they transact them in person, with the 
occasional assistance of a Chinese creole 
as an interpreter and broker. The Euro¬ 
pean merchants transact business on their 
own account, but a great deal of their em¬ 
ployment consists in acting as agents for 
houses in London, Liverpool, Glasgow, 
Amsterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, Calcutta, 
Bombay, Madras, Canton, and Batavia. 
The language of commercial intercourse, 
where any of the natives of the East are 
concerned, is universally Malay, a simple 
and easy dialect, of which all the resident 
merchants have a sufficient acquaintance 
to enable them to transact ordinary busi¬ 
ness. —Me CuUoch. 

Accounts are kept in Indian currency and Spanish 
dollars, as follows: — 

10 pice make 1 copang. 

10 copangs make 1 Spanish dollar. 

The measures for grain, oil, etc., are— 

4 chopas make 1 ganton. 

10 gantons make 1 parah. 

20 gantons of rice make 1 bag=l pecul. 

40 peculs or bags make 1 coyang=2 tons of 7 
cwt. [5,323 lbs. in a coyang of rice.] 

The weights are— 

16 taels make 1 catty. 

100 catties make 1 pecul. 

20 peculs make 1 coyang of 5.323 lbs. 

The large pecul, by whioh tin and pepper are sold, 
weighs 142% lbs. A catty of gold is heavier than the 
common catty in the proportion of 105 to 78. 

Singara nuts, a trade name for the 
fruit of the trapa Ucornis , the kernel of 
which is cooked like a potato and used as 
food in China. It is said to form the prin¬ 
cipal food of the inhabitants of Cashmere, 
and yields a large revenue to the govern¬ 
ment. Another species, the trapa natans , 
yields nuts which are sold in Venice under 
the name of Jesuit’s nuts. 

Singles, the reeled filaments of raw 



464 


SINK. 


SKINS. 


silk, several of which are slightly twisted 
and agglutinated to form one thread. 

Sink, to reduce in value or amount— 
as, to sink his capital, or sink money. 

Sinking concern, a commercial 
establishment whose business is continu¬ 
ously conducted at a loss. 

Silinet, spun yarn ; plaited straw for 
hats. 

Sisal grass, a valuable fibre prepared 
from the American aloe, largely imported 
in bales from Sisal, a port in Yucatan, and 
used in the manufacture of cordage. 

Sixpence, an English current silver 
coin, the half of an English shilling. In 
the State of New York the word is still 
much in use in petty dealings, and means 
G£ cents; the term, however, is rapidly 
going out of use. There never was any 
American coin of that denomination. 

Sixpenny 8>ooks, a common term 
in New York for small toy-books, which 
are sold at retail for 64 cents. 

Sixpenny nails, a commercial de¬ 
scription for nails of a particular size. 
See nails. 

Size, a kind of weak glue, made by 
boiling down in water the clippings of 
parchment, glove-leather, and other kinds 
of skins. It is used by bookbinders, paper- 
hangers, and others. 

Ska Ipn nd, the pound weight of 
Sweden, being about 15 ounces. 

Skate-liver oil, a fish-oil obtained 
from the skate, a large fish. 

Skates, steel runners fastened into 
some kind of frame, to be placed or 
secured on the boot or shoe, for running 
on ice ; a kind of sporting shoe for amuse¬ 
ment on ice. These were formerly im¬ 
ported largely from Germany; but the im¬ 
proved styles and superior make and finish 
of the manufactories of New England and 
New York now pretty nearly monopolize 
the trade. 

Skein, a small hank of thread or silk; 
a quantity of woollen or cotton yarn after 
it has been taken off the reel. The English 
skein of flax contains 80 threads of 54 
inches. 

Skelp, the rolled metal or welding of 
wrought iron from which a gnu-barrel is 
made. 

Skids, timbers u$ed as a support in 
transferring heavy merchandise from the 
cart or dray into the store or cellar. 

Skilling, a money of account in Swe¬ 
den, Norway, and Denmark, of the value 
of about one cent. 

Skins, the hides of the smaller animals, 


as the calf, sheep, kid, goat, deer, etc. 
The term is used as well for the tanned 
and dressed as for the raw and undressed. 
Skins of different kinds of animals are 
largely imported for morocco-dressers, 
glove-makers, and other manufacturers. 
For glove-makers most of the skins, except 
deer, used in this country, are imported. 
Even deer-skins are brought from South 
and Central America in large numbers, and 
some of them are dressed to resemble kid, 
so are sheep-skins from that country and 
Africa. Large quantities of goat-skins are 
imported from South America, from Africa, 
the Sandwich Islands, India, Mexico, and 
West Indies. There is also a kind of hog- 
skin that comes from South America,which 
is in vogue for very heavy men’s gloves. 
There is also a kind of skin imported from 
India, under the name of kip-skin, that is 
used to some extent for the same purpose. 
English sheep-skins are considered better 
than the American skins, the fibre being 
finer and stronger. The African sheep¬ 
skins are still stronger. It is said that rat- 
skins are largely used in Paris, and that 
when properly dressed they are tough and 
elastic. Dog-skins, colt, calf, seal, and 
other kinds are also used. Most of the 
imported skins come salted in casks, and 
are dressed mostly in New York and Bos¬ 
ton or vicinity. The best French calf-skin 
leather is made from the skins of calves 
five or six months old. The calf-skins of 
this country are the skins of calves which 
do not average more than about four 
weeks old. The skins of horses are tanned 
and prepared principally in a split form, 
for enamelled leather; and also when pre¬ 
pared with alum, make a tawed or white 
leather, used as aprons for mechanics, and 
also as thongs for whips, and for sewing 
harness and belts. The skins of the ass, 
mule, and camel are used for shagreen. 
Goat-skins are used for making into moroc¬ 
co leather. Hog-skins make a light, tough 
leather, used for seats of saddles; dressed 
with the hair on they are used for covering 
trunks. Seal-skins produce a good leather 
used for shoes and boots. Sheep-skins, 
besides their use by glove-makers, are 
made into leather and used for bookbind¬ 
ing, cheap slippers, aprons, etc., and they 
are also tanned and dyed to imitate mo¬ 
rocco. Lamb-skins, from animals not over 
a month old, furnish a delicate leather 
employed as a substitute for kid-skins. 
Swan-skins are used for dress trimmings, 
and the skins of various kinds of animals 
I are used for robes and other purposes. 







SKIN WOOL. 


SMACK. 


465 


§kln wool, wool pulled from the 
dead skin of sheep, also known as ‘ * pulled 
wool.” 

Skipper, a captain of a small sailing 
vessel. 

Skiver, an inferior kind of leather 
made of sheep-skins split in two—used 
by bookbinders, pocket-book makers, etc. 
The split skins are imported from England, 
both tanned and pickled. 

Skunk eaklmge, a medicinal plant 
growing in the Middle and Southern States, 
the root of which is sold as a drug. 

Skunks’ skins, the fur-skins of the 
skunk, an American animal of the weasel 
family. The animal is abundant in the 
Northern, Middle, and Western States, 
and many thousand skins are annually ex¬ 
ported to Europe, where they are sold 
under various names and disguises. The 
fur is not fine, but is put to various uses 
by furriers. 

Slabs, a term applied to the two outer, 
or bark and sap planks, sawed from the 
two sides of a log of timber; planes or 
tables of marble; or of plates of metal, as 
of tin. 

Slack, the fine broken coal which 
passes through the screen, or that which 
is too small and dusty to be considered 
merchantable coal. In some places coal 
under the size of an egg is so termed, but 
it is not generally so understood. 

Slacked lame, quick-lime which, 
having been exposed to the action of the 
weather or water, passes into fine powder. 
In chemistry called slaked lime. 

Slate, a hard kind of rock which has 
the property of readily splitting into thin 
plates or slabs. Valuable varieties are 
found in abundance in Vermont, Penn¬ 
sylvania, New Jersey, and other States, 
which are worked up into mantels, table- 
tops, and for many other purposes as sub¬ 
stitute for marble; also for roofing pur¬ 
poses, and in the manufacture of slates for 
the use of schools and business offices. 

Slate pencils, round pieces of slate 
or of soapstone, somewhat thinner, but 
about the length of ordinary lead pencils, 
used for writing on slates. They are usu¬ 
ally put up in packages of 100. 

Slates, the slates of commerce are 
mainly the roofing slates and school slates. 
The former are made into a variety of 
sizes and shapes, and are sold by what is 
jermed in the trade “squares,” a square 
meaning 10 square feet. The annual con¬ 
sumption of roofing slate in the country is 
about 300,000 squares. The slates used 


in schools are of various sizes, as 4 x 8 
inches, or 8x12. They are framed with 
wooden frames (those of the oval form or 
with rounded comers are the best), and 
manufactured on a very large scale in Penn¬ 
sylvania and Vermont. Good ones are im¬ 
ported from England, an inferior kind 
from Germany. 

Slate-spar, a variety of carbonate of 
lime, of a reddish white color. 

Sleazy, a very thin and loosely woven 
fabric; a fabric so thin and loosely woven 
as not to be recognized as merchantable 
goods. 

Sleeping; partner, one who fur¬ 
nishes capital, or in some other way has 
an interest in the profits, but without 
letting his name appear, and without tak¬ 
ing any part in the business. 

Slen<langs, the name for a kind of 
woven and printed textile fabric. 

Sliding; scale, a phrase used where 
the price of a commodity is regulated by 
varying the rate of import duties in pro¬ 
portion to the price at which a home pro¬ 
duce of the same or a similar kind is offered 
for sale. 

Slings, combinations of rope or tackle 
used for hoisting or lowering casks or 
packages. 

Slinks, the skins of lambs or calves pre¬ 
maturely dropped, used by glove-makers. 

Slip, a common name for a narrow 
dock for vessels; a particular quantity of 
yarn. 

Slipeoat, the trade-name for avariety 
of Yorkshire cheese. 

Slippers, a kind of light easy shoe 
worn in the house. 

Slit deal, the trade-name in England 
for %-inch deal boards; an inch and a 
quarter plank sawed into two boards. 

Sloe, the fruit of the sloe tree, a spe¬ 
cies of wild plum, the prunus spinosa; the 
juice is used as an astringent in France, as 
a substitute for catechu. 

Sloke, the common name for a certain 
kind of edible sea-weed. 

Sloop, a sailing vessel with a single 
mast. 

Slop-sliop, a store where are kept 
for sale various kinds of cheap ready-made 
clothes. 

Slop-shop work, clothing made up 
cheaply; inferior workmanship. 

Slush, a name for the grease skim- 
mings of pork or beef; soap fat. 

Smack, a small decked or half-decked 
sailing-vessel or boat, used principally in 
I the fishing trade. 




466 


SMALL ARMS. 


SMYRNA. 


Small arms, hand fire-arms—mus¬ 
kets, rifles, carbines, pistols ; also swords, 
lances, cutlasses, &c. 

SiiiaBS bills, bank notes under the 
denomination of five dollars; one, two, 
and three dollar bills. 

Small clian^e, fractional parts of a 
dollar, either in coin or currency. 

Small eoiii, silver coins under the 
value of a quarter of a dollar. 

Small craft, small sea-going sailing 
vessels under 100 tons. 

Saiall wares, a general name for 
various articles usually kept for sale at 
‘ ‘ thread and needle ” stores, such as tapes, 
braids, fringes, bindings, trimmings, but¬ 
tons, linings, etc. 

Saialt, a kind of blue glass ground 
into a powder and used as a fine blue color 
in painting and printing upon earthenware, 
and also applied to other purposes in the 
arts. It is obtained chiefly from cobalt 
glance, an ore of cobalt found in Cornwall, 
England, and Wehna, in Sweden; the mines 
of the latter place are the most productive. 

Sill cl 8 Hi as c, an ore of cobalt, used in 
the manufacture of the smalts of com¬ 
merce. 

Smelts, small, delicate fishes, caught 
in great abundance along the coasts of 
Massachusetts and Maine, and in the win¬ 
ter season largely sold fresh in the Boston 
and New York markets. 

Smokc-black, another name for 
lamp-black. 

Smokers’ articles, tobacco pouch¬ 
es, cigar cases, and stands, cigar holders, 
pipe stems, and pipe mouth-pieces, and 
such like articles, are all embraced under 
this general head in the tariff laws of the 
United States. Pipes are not included, as 
they are specifically provided for. 

Smoking tobacco, tobacco cut 
and prepared for smoking in pipes. See 
Tobacco. 

Smoky quartz, a variety of quartz 
having a smoke-colored tint. 

Smuggler, one who privately and 
fraudulently introduces or imports goods 
into the country, and avoids the payment 
of the legal customs duties thereon, 
whereby he commits at once a fraud on 
the national revenue, and a wrong on the 
honest dealer. The party guilty of the 
fraud is liable to fine and imprisonment. 
A vessel engaged in this kind of illicit 
trade is also termed a smuggler. 

Smuggling, secretly introducing into 
the country foreign dutiable merchandise, 
with intent to avoid the payment of the 


duties thereon imposed by law. The goods 
thus imported in violation of law are sub¬ 
ject to forfeiture ; and any person "who 
receives, conceals, buys, sells, or in any 
manner facilitates the transportation, con¬ 
cealment, or sale of such goods, after their 
importation, knowing the same to have 
been imported contrary to law, is liable to 
be punished therefor by a fine not exceed¬ 
ing $5,000, and to imprisonment for a 
period not exceeding two years. 

Smy rna, a large city and seaport of 
Asiatic Turkey, on the western side of 
Asia Minor, and at the head of the Gulf of 
Smyrna. It is the chief commercial em¬ 
porium of West Asia, and by far the most 
important centre of trade in the Levant, 
the trade having for centuries been carried 
on both by shipping and by the caravans 
of Asia Minor, Syria, Bagdad, and Persia. 

It is now the great steam centre for the 
eastern coasts of the Mediterranean. The 
caravans from Persia are chiefly composed 
of Armenians. They arrive and depart at 
fixed periods, which are nearly identical 
with those of the arrival and departure of 
most of the foreign ships frequenting the 
port. Bargains are principally effected by 
Jew brokers, many of whom have amassed 
considerable fortunes. The principle ar¬ 
ticles of import consist of furs, iron, but¬ 
ter, &c., from Odessa and Taganrog; and 
of cotton stuffs and twist, silk and woollen 
goods, coffee, sugar, cochineal, and dye- 
woods, iron, coal, tin and tin plates, rum, 
brandy, paper, cheese, glass, wine, &c., 
from Great Britain, France, Italy, the 
United States, &c. The exports consist 
principally of cotton, which is the most 
valuable article, madder, dried fruits, va- 
lonia, opium, sponges, carpets, silk, wool, 
box-wood, emery-stone, drugs, yellow-ber¬ 
ries, galls, wax, copper, hare-skins, goats’- 
wool, &c. 

The business of exporting and importing 
goods to and from Europe is becoming 
more and more monopolized by the Greek 
merchants. It is in a great measure their 
local knowledge and connections, which 
enable them to compete with merchants of 
other nations at so great an advantage in 
this particular branch of business. There 
are many instances to be pointed out in 
Smyrna, of Greek merchants who have 
raised themselves by their own exertions 
and industry from a very poor condition to 
one of opulence, while on the other hand 
it is said that their very wealthiest mer¬ 
chants are in the habit of furthering their 
own interests by methods which, though 




SMYRNA. 


467 


not positively dishonest, are yet such as 
none but the pettiest tradesmen of another 
race would condescend to employ. 

But this natural result of the tyranny 
under which they have so long groaned is 
now rapidly wearing away; and at the 
present time there are many Greek mer¬ 
chants who are not more distinguished by 
their intelligence and enterprise than by 
their straightforwardness and integrity. 

Sales are effected by a merchant’s bro¬ 
ker and what is termed a street or out¬ 
door broker, the former receiving his 
instructions from the seller, and the latter 
acting on behalf of the buyer. When the 
terms are mutually agreed upon, the real 
buyer and seller personally meet; and a 
bond or obligatory note stating the terms 
and amount of the transaction is drawn 
out and signed by the buyer; and when 
not much approved of, one or more signa¬ 
tures are required to the bond, who indi¬ 
vidually and collectively become respon¬ 
sible for the fulfilment of it. 

Purchases are similarly made, except 
that the purchaser or agent himself, in the 
first instance, and his brokers, inspect the 
goods he is about to treat for ; cash down 
is generally expected, and it is but seldom 
that a short credit of one or two couriers 
is obtained; it not unfrequently happens, 
also, that one-quarter or even one-half of 
the purchase amount is advanced to the 
seller, when an insufficient quantity of the 
article wanted by the buyer is in the place, 
and which must then be procured from 
the interior, or place of growth. The 
money advanced (which is to be returned 
if the quality does not suit) is sent by a 
confidential person on the part of the pur¬ 
chaser, accompanied either by the seller in 
person, or by some one representing him. 

Imports .—Coffee is one of the most cur¬ 
rent articles. It is sent from England, 
France, Holland, Trieste, Marseilles, Leg¬ 
horn, Genoa, and America ; but first, and 
principally of late years, from the latter 
country. France follows, but on a less 
extensive scale; and Austria, Holland, 
and the small ports in the south of Eu¬ 
rope, do not together export more than 
four different qualities of coffee in the 
market, namely, Mocha, St. Domingo, 
Havana, and Brazil; the first is sent from 
Alexandria, and by American vessels, and 
but seldom from Europe ; the consump¬ 
tion is, however, limited, and does not 
exceed 60,000 okes annually. At Constan¬ 
tinople the consumption is much greater. 
An Asiatic cannot do without his coffee; 


and it is well known that in Smyrna alone 
not less than perhaps 400,000 cups of it 
are daily drunk, which, computed at the 
cost price of two paras each, amount to 
20,000 piasters. St. Domingo and Havana 
coffees are preferred to the Brazil, al¬ 
though when the latter is of a fair round 
quality, there is not more than five per 
cent, difference in price. Sugar is the 
next in consequence. This article is sup¬ 
plied from the same sources as coffee, and 
is attended in its disposal with similar re¬ 
sults. White crushed, white Havana, 
brown do., white East India, refined in 
small loaves of four lbs., and in large of 
eight lbs. each; the two latter are mostly 
shipped from England and America. The 
brown and ordinary sorts are not so cur¬ 
rent. Indigo always meets a ready sale, 
and not unfrequently a profitable one ; it 
is attended likewise with all the advan¬ 
tages and facilities attached to coffee and 
sugar, and is furnished by Europe and 
America, but principally by England. The 
qualities received consist of East India 
purple and copper, do. common, and Guate¬ 
mala. White or unprinted cotton goods 
are most in demand during the warm 
weather, and the colored or printed stuffs 
during winter, although a considerable 
quantity of all sorts is regularly and large¬ 
ly sold throughout the whole year. East 
India manufactures are supplied by Ameri¬ 
ca and England exclusively ; the latter 
country also sends fair imitations of the 
East Indian loom, in long cloths, seer¬ 
suckers, &c. The native consumers are 
exceedingly fastidious in their choice of 
designs and colors, which ought very fre¬ 
quently to be altered, in order to meet 
their capricious taste. Manufactured 
goods are always sold at long credit. Cot¬ 
ton twist forms no inconsiderable article 
in this trade, and is supplied exclusively 
from England. This article is often given 
in barter, but mostly sold at rather long 
credits, and hardly ever for cash. Iron, 
machinery, and coal, are all largely im¬ 
ported. Rum and Brandy,—Leeward 
Island, and Jamaica, are furnished by 
America and England; the former, par¬ 
ticularly in the lower qualities, of which 
we have a full market at low prices. The 
better kind and brandy are supplied from 
England. Spices are all salable in small 
parcels at a time, particularly pepper and 
pimento ; the latter of which, in small 
round berries, is demanded at good prices. 
Nutmegs are very abundant, and offering 
very low without purchasers. France, 




4GS 


SMYRNA. 


England, and America supply spices, but 
France more cloves than any other kinds; 
and it may be remarked that the quali¬ 
ties received from England are preferred. 
Credit on selling is generally short. Cochi¬ 
neal is a fair article now and then in small 
quantities, and when in demand, at times 
fetches good prices, occasionally a cash 
sale, and always one of the shortest cred¬ 
its. Annual consumption, 4,500 okes. 

Exports .—Figs are exported in larger 
quantity for America than for England, 
but those intended for the English market 
are of a finer quality. A considerable 
quantity of the figs intended for America 
are shipped on board the Liverpool line of 
steamers for England, and are subsequently 
transshipped from that port. The certainty 
and expedition of this route to America 
have begun to cause a diminution in the 
number of clippers employed in the fruit 
trade between America and Asia Minor. 
Carpets.—England takes more than two- 
thirds of the carpets manufactured in 
Anatolia. These carpets are made in the 
interior, and by the aid of very simple 
machinery, manual labor entering largely 
into the means employed. Orders are 
given by an agent, and it is generally 
necessary for him, on account of the 
poverty of the workers, to advance a con¬ 
siderable sum of money to enable them to 
purchase materials. As much as two- 
thirds of the entire value of the carpet is 
thus advanced, sometimes previously to 
their completion. As regards the dyeing 
of the carpet, the red color in the Turkey 
carpet is generally, and ought to be always, 
produced by madder. Logwood is also 
employed, and cochineal; but where the 
latter is made use of, the color of the car¬ 
pet is apt to fade. Blue comes from in¬ 
digo, and yellow from the yellow Persian 
berries. Silk.—Much of the silk exported 
from Smyrna is brought from Brusa and 
other places in the interior; but within 
the last few years a good deal has been pre¬ 
pared in Smyrna. Drugs and Gums form 
a principal branch of commerce, and are 
almost entirely in the hands of the Jews. 
It is only when gum arabic and mastic are 
scarce, or the demand for exportation very 
brisk, that much variation exists in the 
price of drugs. Trieste, and occasionally 
America, consume a considerable portion 
of gums, but the largest quantities go to 
the English markets. Barters are often 
effected through this medium. It is im¬ 
possible to ascertain the quantities of drugs 
received in Smyrna, and equally so to know 


the quantity remaining, as they are dis¬ 
persed all over the city, and consumed so 
irregularly in Europe as bids defiance to 
all regular calculation. Opium.—Th6 
produce in 1867 was about 4,200 chests, 
and of good quality, and exported princi¬ 
pally to China, Europe, and America. 
Sponges are an article of considerable 
moment, particularly for the English mar¬ 
kets, and are found among the islands in 
the Grecian archipelago, brought here, and 
cleaned for exportation. They vary in 
price from 6 to 90 piasters per oke, accord¬ 
ing to fineness and quality; the better 
sorts alone answer for speculation, and 
they are, from the considerable quantity 
sent to London, turned to good account. 
The produce depends so entirely on chance, 
that no correct estimate of the yearly 
quantity can be formed. The malpracti¬ 
ces of the sponge agents at Smyrna, in 
loading them with black sand and gum- 
water, lead to much litigation. Galls are 
shipped in considerable quantities for the 
English, German, and French markets; 
the two former, however, being the largest 
consumers; for England, the blue galls 
are those principally sent. Annual pro¬ 
duce of all sorts, 5,500 quintals. Yalonia 
employs more British shipping for full 
cargoes of only one article than any other 
species of produce, if we except perhaps 
fruit. It can be had to any extent and at 
all periods. The crop of 1867 produced 
32,000 tons, half of which was exported to 
Europe. Fruit.—This is an article which 
occupies the attention of all Smyrna more 
or less, and produces, during the season, 
great interest and activity. Figs come to 
market early in September, and raisins are 
ready for shipping early in October; the 
former are procurable only at Smyrna, 
where the latter in all their qualities may 
be procured; but the shipments are gen¬ 
erally made at Cesne, Youria, Carabouma, 
Usbeck, etc. Large sums are frequently 
gained in fruit speculations. The busi¬ 
ness, however, is attended with risk. The 
fruit must be shipped dry, and in a very 
fast, sound vessel, as much depends upon 
a first, or at least an early arrival, the 
prices for the early being in general much 
higher than for the later arrivals. The 
quantity produced is always uncertain. 
Austrian, French, and English line steam¬ 
ers call regularly at Smyrna. Most of the 
merchant steamers carrying thither theAus- 
trian or the French flag belong either to the 
Austrian Lloyd, or the Messageries Imperi- 
ales Company. Both these companies are 





SMYRNA CLOTH. 


SOAP." 


m 


richly endowed by their respective govern* 
ments. Though these steam companies 
aim especially at securing passenger traffic, 
they neverless offer considerable facilities 
for shipping cargo, and goods of all kinds 
are weekly exported and imported by their 
agency. There are also several lines of 
steamships between Smyrna and Liver¬ 
pool.— Condensed chiefly from McCulloch . 

Accounts are kept in piasters, composed of 40 paras 
and 80ths, the exchange on London varying, say, 
from 108 to 110% piasters per £ sterling. Weights .— 
1 oke, or 400 drams=2% lbs.; 1 cantar, or 44 okes 
=1 cwt. 8 lbs. ; 1 tchoki=2 cwt. 13% lbs. 

The port regulations permit masters to anchor their 
vessels in the port at discretion, a fee of 6d (or 12 
cents) being payable for anchorage for every vessel. 
For obtaining pratique, 

vessels not exceeding 75 tons, pay 4Jd. 

“ “ “ 200 “ “ 11 d. 

“ “ “ 250 “ “ Is. 10 d. 

over 250 “ “ 3s. 8 d. 

Hospital dues 3d. sterling per ton ; and before clear¬ 
ing, for light dues each vessel pays Id. per ton for en¬ 
tering, and Id. per ton for clearing. The Quarantine 
expenses are— 

For 2 guards cn board, per day, each. $1 05 

Besides, on every vessel not exceeding 25 tons. 36 

“ “ “ “ “ 75 “ 44 

and about the same proportion for vessels of larger 
size, one of 300 tons being $1.50. Goods required to 
be landed at the Lazeretto, and pay— 

For 1 bale not weighing over 110 lbs. 5 cents. 

“ 1 “ “ “ “ 220 “.10 cents. 

“ 1 “ “ “ “ 330 “.15 cents. 

above these weights. 18 cents. 

The ship pilotage for entrance is $10 ; for leaving 
the port, $5. 

SinyrBia clotk, a fabric of raw silk, 
woven like fine crash, usually in arabesque 
figures, in strong, dark colors, and used in 
upholstery. 

a kind of mollusks ; in France 
and Switzerland they form a considera¬ 
ble article of commerce, and are used as 
food. 

Snake-root, under this general name 
are sold several kinds of medicinal roots or 
drugs, viz. : the Virginia, the Seneka, the 
black, the button, and the Canada snake- 
root. 

Snake-stone, a name for the Ayr- 
stone whetstone of Scotland. 

§ until, scythe-handle—an agricul¬ 
tural implement usually kept for sale at 
country stores. It is also called sned. 

Siaaii. tobacco dried and ground into 
powder. It is made from the stems or 
ribs of the leaf only, or from the leaves 
alone, or from a mixture of both stems 
and leaves. In this way, and by mixing 
these qualities in varying proportions, and 
by the finer or coarser grinding, and by 
the use of perfumes or scents, the many 
different kinds of snuff are produced. It 
is generally packed in earthen jars or in 


bladders, and sold by the lb. The use of 
snuff is by no means so common in the 
United States as it was 50 years ago. In 
China they have a peculiar way of using 
it. The Chinese are very fastidious about 
its use, and take it medicinally, frequently 
paying most extravagant prices for some 
foreign kinds. They carry it in a bottle, 
and a snuff-bottle is part of a respectable 
Chinaman’s dress ; it holds about a table¬ 
spoonful, which, when taken, a small 
quantity is placed on the thumb-nail with 
the ladle attached to the stopper. Some 
of the bottles are carved from agate, opal, 
or jade, and are among the most beautiful 
specimens of Chinese skill. 

All snuff manufactured for sale in the 
United States is required to be put up in 
packages containing one, two, four, six, 
eight, and sixteen ounces ; or in bladders 
containing not exceeding ten pounds each ; 
or in jars containing not exceeding twenty 
pounds. — Act of Congress of July 20, 
1868. Snuff is frequently adulterated by 
pearl-ashes, which renders it pungent, and 
increases its weight by the absorption of 
moisture. In England refuse leaves and 
roots, such as senna, rhubarb, and the like, 
after their medicinal properties have been 
extracted in the manufacture of infusions, 
extracts and tinctures by the druggists, are 
ground, colored with burnt sienna or yel¬ 
low ochre, made pungent with ammonia, 
and then sold in large quantities to the 
snuff-makers. 

§ miff flour, the dry unmixed ground 
stems or leaves of tobacco—partially man¬ 
ufactured snuff. 

Soap, there are a great many kinds 
of soaps known in commerce, but they 
are all embraced in the terms hard soap 
and soft soap, the fancy and toilet soaps 
being simply varieties of hard soap. The 
hard soaps are produced from fat acids 
and soda; the soft from fat acids and 
potash. Both are used for laundry pur¬ 
poses and in some kinds of manufactures. 
The fancy soaps are mostly confined to 
the toilet, and are usually perfumed. 
The hard laundry soaps are in bars, and 
put up in boxes of about 100 lbs. ; the soft 
soaps are sold by the barrel, toilet soaps 
by the dozen cakes. There are many 
fraudulent or adulterated soaps which, 
under high or popular sounding names, 
acquire large but temporary sales. The 
adulterations are water, sand, sulphate of 
barytes, plaster of Paris, clay, chalk, and 
lime. The roots and barks of some plants 
are used as soap, and the fleshy pods of 











470 


SOAP-BERRIES. 


SORTED. 


the soap-bean tree are largely used as 
soap in all parts of China. 

Soap-berrie§, the fruit of an ever¬ 
green tropical tree, the sapindus sapona- 
ria , the skin or pulp of which is sapona¬ 
ceous, and is used as a substitute for 
soap. 

Soap fat, the refuse of kitchens— 
known also as kitchen stuff—used in mak¬ 
ing soap. 

Soap stock, a term used in the tariff 
law for any kind of grease or fat used in 
the manufacture of soap, which is not 
otherwise provided for. The term “ soap 
stuff ” is also similarly used. 

Soapstone, a variety of talc, with 
a smooth, greasy feel like that of soap. 
It is used as a lining for stoves and fur¬ 
naces, being infusible in ordinary furnace 
heat. It is also made into various culi¬ 
nary vessels. In Turkey and Russia the 
soapstone of Mylos is an important arti¬ 
cle of commerce, where it is used instead 
of soap. See Talc. 

Soap-wort, the generic name for the 
root, sap, and leaves of several kinds of 
plants which are used as soap. The soap- 
wort of the Levant, gypsopkila , is employ¬ 
ed for washing and cleaning silks and 
shawls. 

Soda, the soda of commerce, carbo¬ 
nate of soda, is made from sea salt, and 
is extensively used in glass, soap, and 
other manufactures. It occurs in various 
states, either crystallized, in lumps, or in 
a crude powder called soda-ash. Of the 
carbonate of soda, including sal-soda and 
soda-ash, we import 150,000,000 of lbs. 
annually. 

S oda-asli, the alkali obtained by the 
decomposition of sea salt, which is first 
converted into sulphate of soda, and then 
into the diy white powder called soda- 
ash. It is used for soap-making, in glass¬ 
making, and in other processes. 

§o<Sa, caustic, a refined carbonate 
of soda, largely used for manufacturing 
purposes, and imported into the United 
States to the extent of 20,000,000 lbs. an¬ 
nually. 

Soda powders, these powders are 
usually put up in boxes containing 12 
blue and 12 white papers, each paper of 
one color containing 30 grains of bicar¬ 
bonate of soda, and each paper of the 
other color containing 25 grains of tartaric 
acid. 

Sodium, a silver-white metal, which 
at ordinary temperatures is so soft that it 
may be cut with a knife, or pressed be¬ 


tween the finger and thumb. Its prin¬ 
cipal use is in the manufacture of alu¬ 
minium. 

Sof, a kind of cloth made at Angora, 
from goats’ hair. 

Soft soUfler, an alloy of 1 part of 
bismuth, 2 tin, and 1 lead. 

Sol a nine, a poisonous medicinal pre¬ 
paration obtained from plants of the so- 
lanum. 

Solazzi juice, the name of a fine 
kind of Spanish liquorice. 

Solders, metal alloys employed by 
coppersmiths, tinsmiths, etc., in joining 
metals ; a kind of metallic cement. It is 
either soft or hard solder, accordingly as 
its fusing point is low or high. 

Soldo, an Italian money of account, 
equal to about 24 cents. 

Sold out, the entire lot or stock dis¬ 
posed of. 

Sole, a kind of flat fish caught in im¬ 
mense quantities off the British coasts, not 
less than 12,000 tons being sold annually 
in the London markets. 

Sole leal User, the tanned hides of 
the ox, or other thick strong leather used 
for the sole3 of boots and shoes. It is sold 
by the pound. 

Soluble garnet, a kind of dye pre¬ 
pared in part from picric acid. It com¬ 
bines with other pigments, and imparts to 
wool all shades from garnet to chestnut 
brown. 

Soluble glass, the name given to a 
sort of water-glass employed as a kind of 
paint, or as a sort of varnish. It is made by 
a process of fusing sand with potash. 

Solvent, property and assets sufficient 
in amount to pay all debts. 

Solvents, chemical liquids employed 
in dissolving substances. 

Sorghum molasses, the boiled 
juice or syrup expressed from the stalks of 
the sorghum cane plant, or sugar grass, a 
species of millet, largely produced in the 
Southern and Western States. 

Sorghum sugar, sugar obtained 
from the juice of the sorghum cane. The 
sugar grass known as sorghum, or Chinese 
sorgo , was first introduced into the United 
States in 1857, and a year or two later the 
African variety of the same plant, known 
as imphee , was also introduced. The stalks 
of these plants abound in saccharine juice, 
which is expressed by mills, wrought either 
by steam, water, or horse power. 

Sorted, classed; the different quali¬ 
ties or sizes divided off and put into sepa¬ 
rate parcels. 




sou. 


SPANISH MOSS. 


471 


Soil, a French copper coin of the value 
of five centimes, or about one cent. 

Sound, a narrow strait of navigable 
water, where vessels may anchor ; a shal¬ 
low sea, such as may be sounded or fath¬ 
omed. 

Soundings, parts of the ocean where 
a sounding line will reach the bottom ; the 
ascertained depth of water. 

Sounds, the air-bladders of fish. Large 
qu mtities are salted and sold as food, and 
others furnish isinglass. 

Sour, a term used to denote a mercan¬ 
tile damage to various kinds of merchan¬ 
dise, as sour molasses , sour flour, etc. 

Sour-krout, cut cabbage fermented, 
usually packed in barrels ; also called 
sauer-kraut,—which see. 

Sour-sop, the fruit of the anona mu- 
ricata , a tropical tree. 

Soutache, a narrow worsted or silk 
braid. 

Southdown wool, the fleece or 
wool of the breed of sheep peculiar to the 
South Downs of England. 

Southern customers, buyers of 
goods from the South or Southern States. 

Southern flour, wheat flour from 
Maryland, Virginia, or other of the South¬ 
ern States. 

Southern market, a market for 
goods in the Southern States, usually un¬ 
derstood of States south of Maryland. 

Southern trade, trade with the 
merchants of the Southern States. 

Sovereign, an English gold coin of 
the value of 20 shillings sterling, or $4.84. 

Sow, an ingot or mass of iron. 

Sowens, an article of food used in 
Scotland. It is obtained by some process 
from the husks and meal of oats, and, as 
sold, has the appearance of a kind of 
starch. In England it is called flummery. 

Soy, a liquid condiment or sauce pre¬ 
pared in China and Japan from the soja 
hispida , or dolichos bean, together with 
barley, flour, salt, and water. Japan soy 
is considered better than the Chinese, but 
both are made of different qualities, and are 
probably made of different materials. It 
is pretty largely exported from Canton, 
and in Europe and in the United States is 
probably used as the basis of other sauces 
and condiments. 

Spanish Mack, a -soft black pig¬ 
ment obtained by charring cork-wood in 
the manner of Frankfort and ivory blacks. 

Spanish broom, the esparto of 
Spain and other parts of the south of Eu¬ 
rope. 


Spanish brown, a kind of ochrey 
earth of a dark reddish-brown color, used 
as a pigment. 

Spanish chalk, a kind of soapstone 
obtained from Aragon, in Spain. 

Spanish cigars, Havana cigars, or 
cigars made at Havana from Cuba tobacco. 

Spanish coins, gold and silver coins 
of Spain. The pieces of silver coin known 
as the quarter, eighth and sixteenth of the 
Spanish pillar dollar are receivable at the 
Treasury of the United States at the fol¬ 
lowing rates : the fourth of a dollar at 20 
cents ; the eighth of a dollar at 10 cents ; 
and the sixteenth of a dollar at five cents. 

Spanish dollars, silver coin of 
Spain, and the most universally known 
of any coin. Its actual legal weight is 17 
dwt. 8 gr., but dollars of 16 dwt. 17 grains 
are considered standard. Its actual mint 
value is the same as the American silver 
dollar, but owing to the favor in which it 
is held in China, it generally commands, as 
an article of merchandise for shipment to 
that country, a large premium—varying 
from 20 to 50 per cent. 

Spanish flies, another name for can- 
tharides, a valuable drug. The insect 
abounds in Spain, Italy, the south of 
France, Hungary, and Russia. They usu¬ 
ally make their appearance in swarms upon 
the trees in May and June, when they are 
collected. Persons with their faces and 
hands protected shake the trees, and the 
insects are received as they fall upon linen 
cloths. They are then plunged into weak 
vinegar until deprived of life, and then 
dried and packed in boxes or casks lined 
with paper, and are ready for shipment. 
The Russian flies are distinguished for 
their greater size. 

Spanish tildes, the dry hides of bul¬ 
locks and cows which come from South 
America. 

Spanish leather, the Cordovan lea¬ 
ther made in Spain from goat-skin. The 
Mogadore goat-skins produce a black mo¬ 
rocco known as black or Spanish leather, 
so called because originally brought from 
Spain, where the Moors carried its manu¬ 
facture to great perfection. 

Spanish liquorice, rolls of liquor¬ 
ice from 5 to 6 inches long and 1 inch 
thick, dried in the air and wrapped in lau¬ 
rel leaves, from the north of Spain, espe¬ 
cially from Catalonia. 

Spanish mahogany, a name fre¬ 
quently given to Honduras mahogany. 

Spanish moss, known also as New 
Orleans moss; the long fibres obtained 






472 


SPANISH OLIVES. 


SPIKES. 


from a species of tillandsia , a pendulous 
plant with thread-like stems, tough, black, 
and elastic, like horse hair. The moss is 
carefully gathered, put up in bales, and is 
used by saddlers and coachmakers for 
stuffing cushions, and by upholsterers for 
filling mattresses, etc. 

Spanish olives, the variety of the 
olive known as the latifolia, which is most¬ 
ly cultivated in Spain. The fruit is much 
larger than the French olive, but produces 
an inferior oil. 

Spanish red, an ochrous red re¬ 
sembling Venetian red; also the name 
sometimes given to safflower. 

Spanish soap, a name for both 
white and marbled Castile soap. 

Spanish stripes, a kind of woollen 
fabric. 

Spanish walnut oil, the commer¬ 
cial name in Jamaica for kekune oil. 

Spanish white, a white powder 
prepared from chalk. 

Sparables, small iron shoe-brads, or 
nails used by shoemakers. 

Spars, a general term for the round 
pieces of timber used for masts, yards, 
booms, etc., for vessels; also, a name for 
some kinds of minerals. 

Spar timber, spruce or other logs 
sufficiently long and straight, and other¬ 
wise suitable for masts or spars for sailing 
vessels. 

Sparterie, a general name for the 
articles manufactured from esparto. 

Spearmint, an aromatic herb—the 

mentha vindis. 

Spearmint oil, an essential oil ob¬ 
tained from spearmint. 

Speeiinen, a part or small portion of 
anything or number of things intended to 
exhibit the kind and quality of the whole, 
or of what is not exhibited. 

Specie, metallic money issued by 
authority. The term is used for gold and 
silver coin, in contradistinction to paper 
money. It is admitted free of duty, but, 
like other free goods, entry has to be made 
at the custom-house, before a permit will 
be granted to land it. 

Speculate, to make a purchase or pur¬ 
chases out of or beyond the ordinary line in 
view of a contingent rise in the price of the 
article, and a consequent sale at a profit. 

Spcculatioai, buying goods, not for 
the purpose of supplying regular customers 
or maintaining a regular stock or assort¬ 
ment, but in anticipation of a rise in the 
price, and of selling at an advance beyond 
the ordinary profits. 


Speculator, one who buys goods with 
intent to hold them for an advance in price 
before he sells ; an irregular dealer in one 
or several articles; one who is ready to 
embark in any lawful kind of enterprise in 
which he thinks he can realize a profit com¬ 
mensurate with his risks. 

Speiss, or speise, an ore of nickel 
and antimony. 

Spelt, an inferior kind of wheat grown 
in France and Flanders, the triiicum speltci. 

Spelter, the zinc of commerce as run 
into plates or moulds on its reduction from 
the ores. The principal smelting works 
for the production of the metallic zinc, 
called spelter in Europe, are in England, 
Belgium, Spain, Hungary, and Silesia; and 
in the United States in New Jersey (New¬ 
ark), Pennsylvania (Bethlehem), Missou¬ 
ri, and Wisconsin. The annual importa¬ 
tions of spelter amount to about 2,500,000 
lbs. 

Spelt straw, the strong straw of 
spelt, valuable for making into hats. 

Spermaceti, a white, pearly, con¬ 
crete substance obtained from oily liquor 
contained in the head of the spermaceti 
whale. 

Spermaceti candles, fine, trans¬ 
parent candles made from spermaceti. In 
cleanliness, brilliancy of light, and beauty 
of appearance, they are only second to 
those of wax. For ornamental purposes 
they are sometimes colored by triturating 
a minute quantity of the pigment with 
oil, and incorporating it with the melted 
sperm. 

Spermaceti soap, a very fine emol¬ 
lient toilet soap. 

Sperm oil, oil obtained by melting 
and pressing the fatty substance or head 
matter of the sperm whale and other 
species. It is found in commerce bleached 
and unbleached. The winter sperm oil is 
the first expression of the crude sperma¬ 
ceti ; the summer sperm oil is the second 
melting. 

S pete lies, a name for the parings of 
skins, hides, pelt, etc.; used in the manu¬ 
facture of glue. 

Spices, under this general name are in¬ 
cluded allspice, nutmegs, mace,cloves, pep¬ 
per, ginger, cinnamon, cassia, and other 
fragrant, pungent, aromatic berries or 
vegetable productions used for flavoring 
food, or as condiments. 

Spiegel, a kind of iron ore. 

Spikes, very large nails. They are 
used in various kinds of carpentry, and ex- 
I tensively for the purpose of fastening the 



SPINDLE. 

iron rails to the ties on railroad tracks. Iron 
spikes are usually sold in casks of 150 lbs. 
Spikes are also made of copper and compo¬ 
sition metal, and are both wrought and 
cast. 

Spindle, a yam measure—in cotton 
yarn a spindle of 18 hanks is 15,120 
yards; in linen yarn a spindle of 24 heers 
is 14,400 yards. 

Spindle-tree wood, the name for 
a fine-grained wood used for spindles. 

Spiral spikes, spikes with a spiral 
thread like a screw, but differing from 
screws in that they can be driven with 
sledge and hammer. 

Spirit of wine, alcohol of the speci¬ 
fic gravity of 0.835. 

Spirits, in commerce all inflammable 
liquors obtained by distillation, as brandy, 
rum, gin, whiskey, etc. By the laws of 
the State of New York, all domestic distilled 
spirits, the specific gravity of which is 
.9331, is deemed first proof, and every per¬ 
son w r ho shall adulterate any distilled 
spirit or spirits in a state of distillation 
with any poisonous or unhealthy substance, 
and every person who shall sell such spirits, 
knowing them to be so adulterated, is 
guilty of a misdemeanor, and liable to fine 
and imprisonment. By the regulations of 
the Treasury Department, in pursuance of 
the laws of the United States, the alcoho¬ 
lic strength of spirits is ascertained and 
expressed by degrees according to the scale 
of Tralle’s alcoholometer. When the li¬ 
quid is at a temperature of 60° F., and 
the alcoholometer shows 50°, the weight 
of spirits and of water are equal and the 
spirits are deemed proof. 

By reason of different methods employed 
in ascertaining the proofs, and assigning 
the duties on spirits, the Secretary of the 
Treasury, on the 2Gth of November, 1861, 
directed the General Appraiser of New 
York, Philadelphia, and Boston to report 
some plan, in conformity with law, which 
would ensure greater uniformity. The duty 
of preparing a report, and submitting a 
plan in compliance with this order, was 
assigned to the Author of this work. His 
Report was adopted by the Department, 
and the method prepared by him of ascer¬ 
taining the strength and assessing the 
duties on spirits was immediately adopted 
by the department, and continues in prac¬ 
tice in all the Custom Houses in the 
United States. This Report explains the 
commercial system of arriving at the alco¬ 
holic strength of liquors, and shows by 
what authority the changes were made 


spirits. 473 

from proofs to degrees. The Report * was 
as follows:— 

“ Sir : —In compliance with your letter 
of 26th ult., requesting the General Ap¬ 
praisers at the ports of New York, Boston, 
and Philadelphia to agree and report upon 
some uniform plan of assessing duties on 
spirits, the undersigned respectfully sub¬ 
mits the following Report. 

“ The 6th Sect, of the Tariff Act of 
March, 1861, provides that ‘ the duty 
upon brandy, spirits, and all other spiritu¬ 
ous beverages therein enumerated, shall 
be collected upon the basis of first proof 
and so on in proportion for any greater 
strength than the strength of first proof. ’ 

‘ ‘ To ascertain the true mode of assessing, 
and the proper manner of computing the 
amount of duty to be collected on impor¬ 
tations under this act, it is necessary to 
establish the following points : 

“1. What constitutes first proof ? 

“ 2. The starting point, first proof, being 
ascertained, in what manner are the pro¬ 
portions for any greater strength to be 
expressed and assessed ? 

‘ ‘ 3. What duty is to be assessed on spirits 
below the standard of first proof ? 

11 1. Avoiding technical and scientific f oi 
mula, and the nice variations in carefully 
conducted chemical and mathematical 
tests, I find proof spirits to consist of 
about equal parts, by weight, of pure 
alcohol and water; specific gravity 0,92, 
the temperature being 60° Fahrenheit. 

“ This is the recognized proof of Germany 
and France. Professor Tralle’s hydrometer, 
together with the tables prepared by Pro¬ 
fessor Bache to accompany the instru¬ 
ment, will, at any temperature, show or 
indicate the precise equivalent by volume 
to what is there established by weight. 

“ If first proof have any meaning in com¬ 
merce, or in law, I have no doubt it is 
properly expressed by this degree of alco¬ 
holic strength. 

‘ ‘ I therefore dispose of the first branch 
of the investigation, and recommend for 
adoption, by the Department, the following 
rule: 

“ Proof of spirits, under the provisions of 
the 6th section of the act of March 2, 1861, 
and of the amendments thereto contained 
in the 6th section of the act of August 
5th, 1861, shall be ascertained by the use 
of Traile’s hydrometer, and the indication 

* Report of Thomas McElrAth, Appraiser-Gen¬ 
eral, addressed to the Hon. S. P. Chase, Secretary, 
of the Treasury, dated December 12, 1861. 





474 


SPIRITS. 


of 50° with the temperature of 60° Fahr¬ 
enheit is to he regarded as 1st proof. 

“ II. What practical construction shall 
be given to so much of the act in question 
as is embraced in the words, ‘ and so in 
proportion for any greater strength than 
the strength of first proof ’ ? 

“ Two modes for expressing these in¬ 
creased proportions have been adopted. One 
proportionally to their actual per cent, of 
contained alcohol; the other, by degrees, 
termed proofs ; second, third, fourth, fifth, 
sixth, and so on. The first method is natu¬ 
ral and accurate, the second is artificial and 
arbitrary. 

“ The system of classification by proofs 
was established by act of Congress, March 
3, 1791, and an instrument of foreign in¬ 
vention was introduced into the country, 
which, more or less accurately, indicated 
their several degrees or proofs. This in¬ 
strument and this system continued in 
use for a long period, whereby the term 
‘ proofs ’ became familiar in legislation 
and in commerce, without, however, hav¬ 
ing any very distinct or defined meaning. 

“ For some reason Congress became dis¬ 
satisfied, or suspicious of the instrument 
adopted and then in use, for testing spir¬ 
its, and by the ‘ act of 12th January, 
1825, authorized the Secretary of the 
Treasury to adopt such instrument or hy¬ 
drometer as he might deem best calcu¬ 
lated to promote the public interest, in lieu 
of the one then in use. ’ 

“ So early as the year 1810 or 1811, the 
Prussian government requested the Acad¬ 
emy of Arts and Sciences of Berlin to have 
such investigations made as might be found 
■necessary to establish a convenient and 
accurate mode of ascertaining the rela¬ 
tive duties to be paid by spirituous liquors. 
Professor Tralles, the secretary of the 
Academy, was entrusted with the requi¬ 
site experiments, the results of which fur¬ 
nished the basis of the simple method 
which was carried out at that time by the 
Prussian government, and which has since 
been adopted by France, Sweden, Austria, 
Belgium, and partially, at least, by the 
United States. 

“In the year 1845 Professor Bache and 
Professor McCulloch, under the direction 
of the Secretary of the Treasury of the 
United States, made a careful examina¬ 
tion of the various instruments in use, 
not only in different custom-houses in the 
United States, but also of the whole sub¬ 
ject of hydrometers, and the modes of 


testing the strength of spirits, and in a very 
learned report on the subject they most 
unqualifiedly condemn the classification by 
proofs, and strongly recommend that— 

“ ‘ In future legislation all reference to 
these arbitrary classifications should be 
dispensed with, and the duties to be levied 
should be proportional to the volume per 
cent, of alcohol in any liquor, except in 
cases for which the value depends rather 
upon some adventitious circumstance or 
peculiar flavor.’ 

‘ ‘ They also recommended the adoption 
of the centesimal hydrometer or alcoholo¬ 
meter of Professor Tralle. 

‘ ‘ The adoption of the centesimal hydro¬ 
meter by the Treasury Department, was so 
far, carrying out the recommendation of 
Professor Bache. I do not now pass upon 
the question whether or not that change 
in the instrument made a change in the 
proof system, as previously fixed by the 
act of 1791, and by subsequent legislation, 
down to the year 1842. 

“ Whatever may have been the views of 
the Department in reference to any change 
in the system appears no further than in 
the substitution of the centesimal hydro¬ 
meter in place of the one used under the 
act of 1791. 

“I have deemed it necessary to glance 
slightly at the legislative and revenue ac¬ 
tion on this subject, merely for the pur¬ 
pose of arriving at some conclusion as to 
the probable intention of Congress in using 
the words ‘greater strength ,’ instead of 
‘ proofs,’ in the act of 1861. 

“If it were intended that the revenue 
should in future be collected on the various 
‘proofs,’ the phraseology of the act of 
1791 would naturally have suggested itself, 
and would at least have had the advantage 
of being explicit. 

“The entire avoidance of these terms— 
second, third, fourth proofs, and upwards, 
and the use of the word ‘ strength,’ now 
for the first time found in the law in place 
of proof, seems, in connection with the 
action of the government in adopting the 
centesimal hydrometer, as conclusive 
against the construction of the proof sys¬ 
tem. Indeed, the proportions of strength 
can only be ascertained by the percentum 
of alcohol. The degrees between the va¬ 
rious proofs under the measurement by 
the proof system are not only uncertain, 
but in many cases result adversely to the 
interest of the government, while in others 
manifest injustice is done to the importers. 

“ The term ‘ and so in proportion for any 




SPIRITS. 475 


greater strength ’ must be accepted in its 
ordinary and broadest signification, unless 
confined to a limited one by express terms, 
or by phraseology or special constructions 
fairly inferring it. Following this rule of 
construction we are left to determine the 
‘strength’ or ‘degrees of strength,’ by 
the ordinary means in use, either scientific 
or commercial. For all practical purposes 
the means now in commercial use and re¬ 
commended also by the department (viz., 
that of Tralle’s hydrometer), which de¬ 
notes the degrees of percentum, is suffi¬ 
ciently exact for the assessment of duty. 

“If the department shall come to the 
conclusion that the true interpretation of 
the words ‘ and so in proportion for any 
greater strength than the strength of first 
proof ’ requires the duty to be collected on 
every proportion above 50 J as indicated by 
Trade’s hydrometer,* I recommend the 
adoption of the following rule for assessing 
the duties under the acts of March and 
August. The act of 5th August increases 
the duty on spirits distilled from grain 
from 40 to 50 cts. per gallon, and on bran¬ 
dies from $1 to $1.25 per gallon for ‘first 
proofs. ’ 

Spirits. Brandies. 


(50 cts. for 50°=1 cent for ($1.25 for 50°=2)4 cents 



each degree.) 


for each degree.) 

50° 

or under, 50 cts. 

50 c 

’ or under, $1 25 

50 

50 

50 

1 25 

51 

51 

51 

1 27jtf 

52 

52 

52 

1 30 

53 

53 

53 

1 32X 

54 

54 

54 

1 35 

55 

55 

55 

1 37X 

56 

56 

56 

1 40 

57 

57 

57 

1 42)6 

58 

58 

58 

1 45 

59 

59 

59 

1 47 X 

60 

60 

60 

1 50 

61 

61 

61 

1 52)6 

62 

62 

62 

1 57 

63 

63 

63 

1 57)6 

64 

64 

64 

1 60 

65 

65 

65 

1 62)6 

G6 

66 

66 

1 65 

67 

67 

67 

1 67)6 

68 

68 

68 

1 70 

69 

69 

69 

1 72)6 

70 

70 

70 

1 75 


“Note. —This table is only prepared for 
the August act. There can be but little 
practice hereafter under the March act, 
and the principle being established, there 
will be no difficulty in assessing the true 
rate of duty. 

“ HI. What duty under the Act of March 

* I am informed that a different hydrometer, by 
order of the Secretary of the Treasury, has recently 
been substituted for that of Professor Tralle’s, the 
principle of which, however, is precisely similar.^ 


2, 1861, is to be assessed on Spirits bdoiA 
first proof ? 

‘ ‘ No fairer or more equitable mode could 
be adopted than the one recommended 
for spirits of greater strength than first 
proof—that is, to assess the duty on the 
actual per centum of contained alcohol. 
But it is not clear that this is the inten¬ 
tion of the law. 

“ Taking first proof as the basis, Congress 
made no provision, in terms at least, for 
anything below that standard. 

“If it were intended that the minimum 
rate of duty should be the proof duty, it 
was unnecessary to say anything about any 
lower grade. This construction is given 
to the law by the act of August, which 
appears to be merely declaratory ; and 
that this was the intention of Congress is 
more probable from the fact that spirit¬ 
uous liquors, until the passage of the act 
of March, were, with slightly immaterial 
exceptions, always imported at the stand¬ 
ard of proof or upwards. 

“ ‘ First proof ’ is not a commercial term, 
nor is it a manufacturing term. What is 
called ‘ first proof ’ in the Statute Books 
of the United States in other countries is 
known as ‘ proof.’ Gin, Rum, and Bran¬ 
dy are not commercial liquors below that 
standard. One hundred gallons of either 
of these liquors imply and mean one hun¬ 
dred gallons respectively of standard proof 
or upwards. It was sufficient, therefore, 
for Congress to fix the starting point at 
precisely the strength which forms the re¬ 
spective liquors of trade. As there were 
no commercial liquors below, but various 
proportions above, the act made provision 
for greater strength than proof, and in¬ 
tended that proof should be the minimum 
as a standard for the assessment of duty. 

“It is true that there is a standard in 
Holland known as ‘ Dutch Proof,’ which 
is about 48 of alcohol to 52 of water, but 
the importations of gin of this proof form 
but a very inconsiderable portion of the 
imports of this article. 

“ Very old liquors will be found to have 
lost a small per centum of alcoholic 
strength, and will fall below the standard ; 
but these liquors are nevertheless com¬ 
mercially regarded as proof. But if it be 
contended that in point of fact liquors are 
imported at a reduced strength, and be¬ 
low the proof point of commerce, which is 
the first proof of the Tariff Act, it is not 
inconsistent with the provisions of the act 
under consideration still to assess the 
duty on the basis of proof. One hundred 





476 SPIRITS OF TURPENTINE. 


SPLIT PEAS. 


gallons of spirits of 25 per cent, of alco¬ 
hol and 75 per cent, of water would not 
he one hundred gallons of commercial 
spirits, but only 50 gallons, and may be 
expressed in the invoice thus : 

100 gallons Rum, strength 25 3 = 50 galls. 

14 Here, then, would be no difficulty in 
assessing the duty according to the basis 
of first proof under the act in question. 
Whatever is equivalent to the number of 
gallons of proof would be the dutiable 
measure. 

44 By computing duty on spirits below 
proof, a door is opened for extensive 
frauds upon the revenue. By the addition 
to proof spirits of a very small amount 
of sugar, it reduces the standard below 
proof, without in any way reducing the 
strength. 

4 4 If the Department be of opinion that 
the law of March admits of the construc¬ 
tion given it by the declaratory act of 
August, then the words of the August Act 
form the best rule for the action of the 
custom-houses :— 4 No lower rate of duty 
shall be levied, collected, and paid on 
brandy, spirits, and all other spirituous 
beverages than that now fixed by law for 
the description of first proof.’ But if the 
Department be of the opinion that the 
foregoing is not the proper construction, 
then I propose for the rule of practice 
the following: — 

4 4 4 The rate of duty upon brandy, spir¬ 
its, and all other spirituous beverages 
under first proof, shall be collected upon 
the basis of first proof, according to the 
exact proportions of contained alcohol in 
the liquor, and that 50 per cent., as indi¬ 
cated by Trade’s Hydrometer at a tem¬ 
perature of G0° Fahrenheit, be taken as 
first proof. ’ ” 

Spirits of turpentine, a volatile 
oil distilled from the common turpentine 
which is obtained from the pine tree. It 
is largely used in the arts and manufac¬ 
tures, is distilled on an extensive scale in 
North Carolina, and forms a large article 
of export from the United States. It is 
put up for shipment in strong barrels, and 
is sold by the gallon. The manner of 
obtaining or producing it, and some of its 
specific uses are thus described: “It is 
obtained from the crude turpentine, that 
runs from incisions made in the trunks of 
the longdeat' pine of the Southern States 
(pinus palustris). To tap the tree the 
workman makes a cavity at the base of the 
tree, in a prominent root, that will hold 
from a pint to a quart; above this he cuts 


through the bark with a curved knife, so 
directing his cut that it will lead the tur¬ 
pentine, as it flows, into the box at the 
base. As the wound becomes dry a new 
cut is made on the upper edge of the pre¬ 
vious cut, and so on until the bark and 
part of the sapwood is removed to a point as 
high as the man can reach. This may 
require many years. As the cup at the 
bottom of the tree becomes full, the tur¬ 
pentine is gathered in barrels and removed 
to the still. The stills are of immense size, 
made of copper. The turpentine is placed 
in them, with a small quantity of water, 
and heat applied. The water evaporates, 
and the oil distills over. After passing 
through a long worm immersed in cold 
water, it enters a barrel, in which it is 
transported to market. This spirits of 
turpentine contains more or less rosin, 
which does not injure it for mixing paints 
or making varnish ; but if pure spirits is 
required, it must be carefully redistilled 
with water, when it forms camphene, or, 
as it has been sometimes called, terebene. 

4 4 The most important uses of spirits of 
turpentine are its mixing with drying oils 
in painting and in making varnishes. By 
a mixture of 1 part of camphene and 3 of 
alcohol, burning fluid is produced, giving 
a splendid light. It dissolves India rubber, 
and an India rubber cement is made by a 
solution in turpentine. It has many appli¬ 
cations in the house-hold with which all 
are acquainted. It will make cloth water¬ 
proof by taking 1 gallon spirits of turpen¬ 
tine and 2 A- lbs. of beeswax, and boiling 
them together, and dipping the cloth in 
the hot solution. 

Spirituous liquors, distilled li¬ 
quors of any kind which are used as a 
drink or beverage. Brandy, and other 
spirituous liquors, can only be imported 
into the United States in casks of a capa¬ 
city not less than 30 gallons. 

Spirit varnish, a varnish produced 
by dissolving the resin in alcohol. 

Splits, tanned, or salted sheep or other 
skins, split so as to make two skins from 
one. The splitting is done by machinery. 
The tanned split skins are called skivers. 

Split peas, peas which are divided or 
split,—so prepared for the convenience of 
cooking. It was decided by the Treasury 
Department that being so split they must 
be 44 considered as a manufactured ar¬ 
ticle,” and not within the provisions of the 
reciprocity treaty admitting all ‘ 4 descrip¬ 
tions of grain and vegetables to free en¬ 
try.” Art. 935, Treasury Reg. And on 





SPONGES. 


STAMPS. 


477 


an importation at Toledo the same objec¬ 
tion was made by the Department, and 
the Collector was instructed to u classify 
them with berries, vegetables, and flowers 
not otherwise provided for .”—Howell Cobb 
to Collector at Toledo , May 24, 1859. 

Sponges, soft, light, porous marine 
productions. The sponges of commerce 
are chiefly obtained from the Mediter¬ 
ranean, Smyrna being the principal port. 
The inhabitants of the Grecian archipela¬ 
go are trained from infancy to dive for 
them. There are a great many qualities, 
and their commercial value depends upon 
form, size, color, and the quantity of sand 
contained in them. The very finest and best 
are usually sold by the piece, but the com¬ 
mon method is to sell by the lb. Most of the 
Turkish and Grecian sponges find their 
way to London, which is the great dis¬ 
tributing market; the annual sales in that 
city averaging more than half a million of 
lbs. The sponges from Florida and the Ba¬ 
hamas are coarser, but from their cheapness 
are extensively used for various purposes. 

Sponge paper, a kind of paper 
made in France by adding finely divided 
sponge to ordinary pulp, as in common 
paper-making, and running off the sheets 
into different thicknesses. It is princi¬ 
pally used in surgery. 

Spongie pilmc, a felted prepara¬ 
tion of sponge and wool, used in domestic 
surgery, and imported and for sale at drug 
stores. 

Spool cotton, sewing cotton wound 
on a cylinder of wood with a ridge at each 
end, and sold by the dozen spools. The 
spools usually contain 200, 800, or 500 
yards of thread of the various numbers 
ranging from No. 8 to No. 200—the higher 
numbers being the finest. The principal 
places of manufacture are Paisley in Scot¬ 
land, and Newark in New Jersey. 

Spot goods, merchandise in the port, 
and capable of being delivered on the spot, 
in contradistinction to goods “ to arrive,” 
or “afloat.” 

Sprigs, nails without heads; a branch 
of an artificial or embroidered flower. 

Spruce oclire, a dark-colored yel¬ 
low ochre. 

Spruce timber, spar and dock tim¬ 
ber, of several varieties of spruce firs. 

Spunk, a name for amadou, touch- 
wood, or German tinder; the product of 
different species of a genus of mushrooms 
denominated boletus, which when steeped 
in a solution of nitre becomes very inflam¬ 
mable, and is employed as tinder. * 


Spun silk, the yam obtained from 
the shox-t, broken, or imperfect filaments 
in the process of reeling and throwing silk, 
which instead of being reeled off in long 
continuous threads is carded and spun; 
floss silk; silk fabrics woven from spun 
silk, and sometimes called raw silk. 

Spurge root, the roots of a species 
of euphorbia, a drug. 

Square-rigged, vessels which have 
the yards and sails across the masts. 

Square timber, heavy timber or 
saw-logs squared with the axe. In this 
form most of the long and heavy timber 
for ship-carpenters’ use, and for the saw¬ 
mills of the sea-board cities, is prepared. 

Squills, the sliced and dried bulb of 
urginea scilla , a drug obtained from the 
Levant. 

Squirrel skills. The skins of several 
varieties of these small rodents have a 
commercial value for their furs. The 
black, gray, and red squirrels are common 
in the United States ; and in Russia it is 
estimated that as many as fifteen millions 
are killed annually. Upwards of two mil¬ 
lions of the skins are yearly sold in Lon¬ 
don. The skins of a kind which abounds 
in California are in demand by glove-mak¬ 
ers. The fur is coarse and only used for 
linings, trimmings, etc. The skins are 
also known in trade as Calabar skins. 

Stails, a name under which wooden 
handles for mops and brooms are sold in 
England. 

Stained glass, glass colored with 
certain metallic pigments, the colors being 
fused into the surface of the glass by heat. 
This kind of glass is employed for church 
windows and in ornamenting private and 
public buildings. Glass simply painted on 
the surface is sometimes called stained 
glass, but improperly. 

Stained fabrics, cotton goods tinged 
with a color combining with the fabric. 

Stair-carpeting, carpeting for cov¬ 
ering stairs, usually 27 or 8(3 inches wide, 
and of a variety of kinds, and of various 
materials. 

Stair-rods, brass or plated rods or 
bars used to secure and keep in place stair 
carpets when laid on the steps. 

Stajo, a variable grain measure of 
Italy. In Leghorn and Florence equal to 
about of a bushel; at Corsica 4£ bush¬ 
els ; at Milan a little more than \ a bush¬ 
el ; at Rome -fe of a bushel. 

Stall, a small open or partially closed 
shop for the sale of articles. 

Stamps, adhesive printed devices 




478 


STAMP TAX. 


STATUARY. 


issued by the government, and required by 
law to be affixed to certain papers and 
manufactures, as evidence that the inter¬ 
nal revenue, postage, or other government 
dues are paid. 

Stamp tax, the government charge 
for the stamps required by law to be placed 
on certain legal documents, on various arti¬ 
cles of domestic manufacture, and on the 
boxes of imported cigars. These are called 
internal revenue stamps, and are issued for 
revenue purposes. 

Stand, a stall in a market; a place or 
location for business—as, a good stand for 
business. 

Standard, that which is established 
as a rule by custom or general consent; a 
measure for fir planks or deals. 

Standard mark. This in England 
is a very important manufacturing and 
commercial phrase. Iu the United States 
it has no special technical meaning. The 
w'ord standard in England is used to desig¬ 
nate the purity and weight of coins as 
established by act of Parliament. The 
standard mark is the legal assay mark for 
gold of 22 carats fine, and for silver of 11 
oz. 2 dwts to the lb. troy of 12 ounces. Ar¬ 
ticles of gold or silver manufacture, of all 
standards, capable of bearing a stamp, are 
marked also with the initials of the mak¬ 
er’s name, the arms or mark of the Assay 
office, and a letter for the date of the year. 
The alphabet was begun in 1856. It runs 
on to 20 letters, J being omitted. A fresh 
alphabet is then commenced. The alpha¬ 
bet having commenced in 1856, would, 
therefore, for the year 1871, give the letter 
Q. In the manufactures of the United 
States, if the gold is 22 carats fine, it is 
stamped “ 22 ; ” if of 18 carats, it is stamp¬ 
ed “ 18 ; ” if the silver is of sterling stand¬ 
ard, it is stamped “ 925,” if of American 
standard, if stamped at all, it is stamped 
“ 900,” which respectively means, 925 and 
900 parts of pure silver, in 1000 parts of 
the metal used in the manufacture. 

Standard measure, the legal or 
commercially established measure for ca¬ 
pacity, quantity, length, or size of any 
article. 

Standard weight, a weight which 
conforms to the fixed standard ascertained 
and authorized by the law of the land. 

Standing, commercial position, or 
repute ; as a merchant in good standing. 

Stannate of soda, a salt obtained 
from tin; used by calico-printers. 

Staple, relating to the fibre of textiles, 
as the long or short staple of cotton or wool. 


Staple artieles, goods which are in 
regular or uniform demand; established 
commercial commodities. At one time in 
England the king’s staple was established 
in certain sea-ports or cities, and certain 
goods could not be exported without being 
first brought to those ports to be rated and 
charged with the duties payable to the 
crown, hence the word staple articles, or 
staple commodities, came in time to signify 
the principal commodities produced by a 
country for exportation or use. 

Star ani§e, the star-shaped capsules 
of a species of illiciurn , an evergreen tree 
growing in China and Japan. A valua¬ 
ble aromatic oil is distilled from the seeds, 
and sold as oil of anise. 

Starboard, the right-hand side of a 
ship or vessel, looking forward. 

Stare Is . The starch of commerce is pro¬ 
cured chiefly from wheat, or corn, or pota¬ 
toes. It is manufactured on a large scale 
in England; also at Glen Cove on Long 
Island, in the city of New York, at Oswe¬ 
go, N. Y., and at other places. It is sold 
by the pound in various sized boxes, for 
laundry uses, and by the cwt. in casks, for 
use in manufacturing establishments. 

StarelEo, an Italian grain measure; 
at Cagliari very nearly 1| bushel; in Rome 
something over a half bushel; at Milan 
a little over 8 quarts. 

Star stone, a variety of sapphire, 
which, when properly cut by the lapidary, 
presents the appearance of a star with six 
rays, from which, when held in the sun¬ 
shine, a very bright, yellowish-white light 
streams forth, in beautiful contrast to the 
rich purplish-blue of the other parts of 
the stone. 

Statement off account, an ac¬ 
count current, which may be either in de¬ 
tail, on both the credit and debtor sides, 
or merely the balances, on the day the 
statement is made up. 

Stationer, one who sells paper, ink, 
pens, blank books, rulers, sealing-wax, and 
other articles pertaining to the use of the 
desk in the counting-room. 

Stationery, articles dealt in by sta¬ 
tioners, such as writing papers, pens, inks, 
and the general contents of a stationer’s 
store. The term stationery is derived 
from the business of booksellers, having 
been anciently carried on entirely in stalls, 
or stations. 

Statuary, statues considered collect¬ 
ively. The Treasury Department defined 
statuary, as used iu the tariff law, as 
“ confined in its application to figures re- 



STATUARY MARBLE. 


STEEL NAILS. 


479 


presenting living or deceased creatures of 
whatever species, real or imaginary, in full 
relievo , insulated in every part, and which 
may be formed of marble, plaster, bronze, 
galvanized zinc, or other material appro¬ 
priate to the composition of articles of 
taste.” And, again, bisque statuettes, 
articles of the composition known in com¬ 
merce as “ bisque' 1 ' 1 or “ biscuit ” statuary, 
are to be considered as “ statuary,” with¬ 
in the meaning of the law. (Letter of 
Howell Cobb to Collector Schell, dated Oc¬ 
tober 29, 1857.) But Secretary McCulloch 
(Letter to Simeon Draper, dated April 14, 
1865, on an importation by Ball, Black & 
Co., of bronze statuettes) refused to con¬ 
sider them as statuary, as “ being articles 
of merchandise, and not professional pro¬ 
ductions in the ordinary sense.” 

statuary marble, a fine, pure white 
marble, chiefly obtained from the quarries 
at Carrara, in Italy ; a fine article is also 
obtained near Rutland, in Vermont. 

Statues, carved or sculptured images 
or representatives of real persons or things 
executed by an artist. The general use of 
the term implies that the figures are in 
marble, but they may be in metal as well 
as stone. * 

Statuettes, small, or under-size stat¬ 
ues ; in trade language, small figures of 
metal, porcelain, parian, or other material. 

Staves, narrow-shaped lengths of wood 
for making into casks ; chiefly of oak and 
ash, and an inferior kind for dry fish is 
made of birch. They are made of the pro¬ 
per lengths for barrels, hogsheads, or oth¬ 
er kind of casks, and are now mostly pro¬ 
duced by machinery. The product of the 
country for domestic use amounts to 
many millions, and we export them also 
to France, Spain, Italy, Cuba, and other 
West India islands. 

Steamboats, vessels propelled by 
steam on rivers. 

Steam-packet, a steam vessel run¬ 
ning on stated fixed days between certain 
ports, and usually employed to carry the 
mails. 

Steamships, ocean vessels propelled 
by steam. 

Stearin, the solid constituents of fat¬ 
ty substances, as the pressed cake left in 
the process of extracting the oil from lard 
—a valuable soap material. For transpor¬ 
tation it is packed in hogsheads or tierces. 

Stearic acid, one of the fatty acids, 

.—a white, crystallized solid obtained by 
distillation from stearin, and largely used 
in the manufacture of candles. 


Stearic acid candles, adamantine 
or other candles made of pure stearic acid 
or other solid fat acids. 

steatite, a variety of talc or soap¬ 
stone of various tints of white, gray, yel¬ 
low, green, and red. In Germany it is 
made into gas-burners; the Arabs use it in 
their baths instead of soap ; the calcined 
white varieties are employed in the manu¬ 
facture of porcelain ; in China it is used 
for ornamental carvings. It is found in 
almost every part of the world, and very 
good varieties exist in New Jersey, Penn¬ 
sylvania, Vermont, Massachusetts, New 
Hampshire, and other parts of the United 
States. 

Steekkan, a liquid measure of Am¬ 
sterdam equal to 5^ gallons. It is used at 
Bremen for whale oil only, and is there 
called stechkanne. 

Steel, a product composed chiefly of 
iron and carbon, about one per cent, of car¬ 
bon being the proportion in good steel. In 
commerce the usual classification is Da¬ 
mascus steel, blistered or blister steel (to 
which latter class shear steel belongs), Ger¬ 
man steel, cast steel, and Bessemer steel. 
The commercial qualities are usually desig¬ 
nated by some trade name, as best cast, 
extra cast, 3d quality cast, best double 
shear, single shear, blister 2d quality, Ger¬ 
man best, German eagle, sheet cast, 1st, 
2d, or 3d qualities, shovel best and com¬ 
mon, spring steel, best and 2d and 3d qual¬ 
ities, file, saw, clock spring, die, cutlery, 
and other kinds. The kind designated 
“German” is merely a trade designation 
of a particular kind of steel—it is made 
both in England and in the United States. 
Steel is produced by working pig iron, 
which contains 3, 4, or 5 per cent, of car¬ 
bon, in a suitable furnace until such car¬ 
bon is reduced to that quantity required 
for constituting steel, say about 1 per cent. 
Another process is to heat iron bars in con¬ 
tact with charcoal until they have absorbed 
that quantity of carbon which may be re¬ 
quired. The principal seats of manufac¬ 
ture is Sheffield in England, and Pittsburg 
in Pennsylvania. Various other processes 
are now employed in its production ; and at 
various other places, both in England and 
in the United States, it is now manufac¬ 
tured on a large scale. 

Steel engravings, a term frequent¬ 
ly used for the impressions on paper print¬ 
ed from engraved steel plates. 

Steel nails, nails made of steel, one 
kind of which are largely used by shoema¬ 
kers. 





4S0 


STEEL PENS. 


ST. LOUIS. 


Steel peiss. The best general substi¬ 
tute for quills for writing-pens is steel, and 
these pens are now manufactured to an 
extent so enormous and at a cost so small 
as hardly to be credible. The steel sheets 
from which they are made are manufac¬ 
tured in Sheffield. Birmingham, in Eng¬ 
land, and Philadelphia in the United States, 
are the chief seats of the manufacture. 

Steel plates plates of steel for the 
use of engravers ; engravings printed from 
steel plates; a book which contains steel 
engravings is said to be illustrated by steel 
plates. 

Steel rails bars steel rolled for 
railroad tracks. 

Steel wine, a medicinal wine pre¬ 
pared with steel-filings. 

Steel wire, wire drawn from prepared 
steel bars; ropes formed from which, as 
compared with those made from ordinary 
charcoal iron, are computed to show a dif¬ 
ference in the strength of strain of 125 per 
cent, in favor of the steel. 

Steel-yard, a sort of lever balance for 
weighing commodities. 

Steeil, a weight at Amsterdam of 8-^- 
lbs. 

Steerage passengers, a class of 
passengers on a ship or vessel occupying 
the between-decks forward of the main 
cabin. 

Stein, a variable weight on the conti¬ 
nent,—for flax, at Bremen, 22 lbs.; for 
wool or feathers, at Altona, 10 f- 0 lbs. ; at 
Antwerp, something over 8^ lbs. ; at Ber¬ 
lin, very nearly 22 fa lbs. 

Stein berger, a kind of Rhine wine. 
That from the Prince Mettemich’s estate 
at Johannisberg is the most valuable and 
the most highly esteemed. 

SteilCii-plate, a thin plate of metal, 
leather, or paper, used in marking or ad¬ 
dressing cases or packages of merchandise; 
the address is cut in the plate, and then 
laid flat on the surface to be marked, and 
the letters produced by inking or painting 
over the plate with a brush. 

sten, a Swedish weight of 30 lbs. 

Sterc, the unit of the French solid 
measure—equal to 35.32 cubic feet; used 
in measuring wood, stone, etc. 

Stereotype plates, metal plates 
composed generally of type metal, in which 
the impressions of regular types are taken, 
and the plates, which are usually separate 
pages of some book or form, become per¬ 
manent metallic plates of fixed types. 

Sterling, the current standard money 
o£ Great Britain. The probable deriva¬ 


tion of the term is from Easterlings , once 
the popular name of German or Baltic 
traders in England, who visited London in 
the middle ages, and whose money was of 
the purest quality. They were so-called 
from their living eastward. 

Sterro-metal, another name for 
Aich’s metal. 

Stil>nitC, an ore of antimony. 

Stick in g-p I sisters, adhesive plas¬ 
ters,—sold by druggists. 

Stick lac, the resin or lac as taken 
from the tree, still incrusting the small 
twigs around which it originally concreted. 
In this form it is largely imported. See 
Lac. 

Stick rhubarb, cylindrical pieces 
of the roots of English rhubarb, usually 5 
or 6 inches long by an inch or less in thick¬ 
ness. 

Sticks, small shoots of a shrub or 
branches of a tree cut off,—as walking- 
sticks , umbrella-sticks; also sticks of seal¬ 
ing-wax. 

St. Ignatius’ beans, the seeds of a 
pea-shaped fruit of a tree growing in the 
Philippine Islands, the medicinal proper¬ 
ties of which being discovered by the 
Jesuits, they were honored by being named 
after the founder of the order. 

StiiSingia butter, a white, dry Chi¬ 
nese vegetable butter obtained by pressure 
from the fruit of the stillingia sebiftra , a 
tree growing in the lowlands of China. 

Stilton cheese, a favorite English 
cheese made in Leicestershire. 

St. ILouis, a city and port of entry of 
Missouri, and the commercial metropolis 
of the central Mississippi valley, situate 
on the bank of the river Mississippi, 20 
miles below the entrance of the Missouri, 
and about 1,200 miles above the city of 
New Orleans. u The natural advantages 
which St. Louis enjoys as a commercial 
emporium are probably not surpassed by 
those of any inland port in the world. 
Situated midway between the oceans, and 
near the geographical centre of the finest 
agricultural region on the globe, almost at 
the very focus towards which converge 
the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Ohio, and 
the Illinois rivers, there can be no doubt 
that she is destined, at no distant period, 
to become the great receiving and distrib¬ 
uting depot of most of the vast region 
drained by these streams.” Nor must it 
be overlooked that the trade of the East 
Indies and of China, now centring at San 
Francisco, must, in good part at least, find 
its way to this city for its ultimate distri- 






ST. LOUIS. 


481 


^ration,—at least so far as the products of 
those far-off countries are destined for 
consumption by the people of our extreme 
Western States. The manufactures of St. 
Louis, which are constantly extending, 
tend also to constantly augment her 
domestic commerce. The trade of a single 
year shows a production of nearly 1,500,- 
000 barrels of flour, valued at over $9,000,- 
000 ; a shipment of beef, pork, and hams, 
to the value of over $10,000,000 ; of iron 
and iron manufactures, a product of the 
value of more than $10,000,000. Her 
sugar refineries manufacture most of the 
sugar consumed in the Mississippi valley; 
the fur trade is very extensive; linseed 
and castor oils are also among her noted 
productions ; bale-rope, bagging, whiskey, 
and tobacco are also manufactured large¬ 
ly ; while other manufactures, varied and 
extensive, give to the city a distinguished 
prominence as a mart for the sale of raw 
materials, and for the purchase of wares 
or articles ready for use. The system of 
railroads which connects the city with all 
parts of the country, from the Atlantic to 
the Pacific, gives a market in either direc¬ 
tion for her products; while the inland 
navigation by water gives her a trade 
which extends from the Missouri and Up¬ 
per Mississippi, the Illinois, the Ohio, and 
Tennessee rivers down to New Orleans. 
This trade on the rivers, or rather this 
commerce of the port, requires a large 
number of steamers, and the tonnage of 
St. Louis exceeds that of any other west¬ 
ern city. Foreign merchandise may be 
imported into St. Louis via New Orleans 
in the same manner in which imports 
may be made into Cincinnati, Louisville, 
Natchez, and some other cities on the 
Mississippi and Ohio. 

TARIFF OF CHARGES. 

Being the minimum rates , as established by the Union 
Merchants'' Exchange of St. Louis. 

Commissions. pEE CENT . 

On all sales of hay. 2X 

produce, on any amount. 2X 

coffee, sugar, molasses, and high wines.... 2X 
cotton, yarn, nails, window-glass, and other 
Pittsburgh, Eastern, or Southern manu¬ 
factured articles. 5 

liquors. 5 

lead. 1X 

produce or merchandise, in any other mar¬ 
ket, on which no advances have been 

charged, upon net sales. 2X 

For purchasing and shipping merchandise or 
produce, with funds in hand, on the aggre¬ 
gate costs. 2X 

For purchasing and shipping lead. 1 

For guaranteeing sales on any time.... 2X 

31 


For cash advances in all cases, with bills of lad¬ 
ing or produce in hand, with legal interest 

from date. 2X 

For accepting drafts, endorsing notes or bills of 
exchange without funds, bills of lading or 

produce in hand. 2X 

For negotiating drafts or notes as drawer or 

endorser. 2X 

On sales or purchase of stocks. X 

On sales or purchase of boats (without guaran¬ 
tee) . 2X 

For collecting delayed or litigated accounts or 

notes.2X@5 

For collecting dividends on stocks. 1 

For adjusting and collecting insurance 

losses. 2X 

For effecting marine insurance on amount of 

premium...return premium 

For effecting fire insurance on produce or 
merchandise out of the city on $5,000 of 

premium paid. 1-10 

For effecting fire insurance upon produce or 
merchandise out of the city on over $5,000 

premium paid. 1-20 

On the withdrawal of consignments, on 

amount of expenses incurred. 2X 

On amount of invoice.I. IX 

The above commissions to be exclusive of storage 
and any other charge actually incurred. 

The risk of loss by fire (unless written orders to 
insure), and of robbery, theft, and other unavoida¬ 
ble occurrences, if the usual care is taken to secure 
the property, is, in all cases, to be borne by the pro¬ 
prietors of the goods. 

Legal interest to be charged on all running ac¬ 
counts, or debts, after maturity, until paid. 

All property received on commission may be cov¬ 
ered by insurance at the expense of the owners, un¬ 
less otherwise ordered. 

Inspection of Flour. 

That the fees for inspection be at one and a half 
cents per barrel on the Levee and at the Mills, and 
two cents per barrel at warehouse, when not properly 
brought to the light and arranged for inspection with¬ 
out delay. Inspection fees to be paid by the seller. 

That the Flour Inspectors be directed to refuse 
their brand to any flour branded St. Louis manufac¬ 
ture, not made in St. Louis, and to report to the Sec¬ 
retary of the Exchange every case of deception or 
fraudulent branding, who shall report the same to 
the Board of Directors for their action. 

Rates of Storage. 

Tobacco, per hhd.$0 50 

Sugar, “ . 

Molasses, “ . 

Bacon, “ . 

Liquors “ or pipe. 

Oil “ . 

Oil, per tierce. 

Flaxseed, or rice, per tierce.... 

Salt, per barrel. 

Oil, molasses, or foreign liquors, per 

barrel. 

Whiskey and cider, per barrel. 12X 

Sugar, lard, fish, pork or beef, per 

barrel. 

Flour, apples, bread, beans, and po¬ 
tatoes .. 

Lard, in tierces.. 

u kegs. 

Soap and candles, in boxes.. 

Wine, in boxes or baskets. 

Raisins and figs, in boxes and drums, 

Window glass, boxes. 

“ half boxes.. 


One 

Succeed- 

Month. 

ing. 

$0 50 

$0 50 

50 

50 

35 

30 

25 

20 

50 

40 

50 

40 

20 

15 

20 

20 

5 

4 

15 

12X 

12X 

10 

8 

8 

5 

4 

10 

10 

2X 

2X 

2 

2 

5 

5 

2 

2 

3 

3 

2 

2 














































482 


ST. LOUIS, 


Bale rope, per coil.$0 3 

Bagging, per piece. 5 

“ half piece. 3 

Cordage, tarred or white, per 100 lbs. 4 

Salted hides, per 100 lbs. 5 

Dried hides, each. 2 

Crate of Queensware or cask, small 

size. 25 

Crate of Queensw r are or cask, large 

size. 35 

Coffee, pepper and pimento, per bag. 5 
Iron, sheet lead, and shot, per 100 

lbs... 3 

Turpentine, per barrel. 25 

Gunny bags, per bale. 12% 

Manufactured tobacco, per box. 3 

Dry goods or other merchandise, in 

assorted lots, per 100 lbs. 10 

Salt, G. A. and L. B., per sack. 4 

Salt, T. I., per sack. 3 

White lead, per keg (25 lbs.). 2 

Nails, per keg. 3 

Dyewood, per ton. 1 00 

Hamper of bottles. 20 

Beam of writing or wrapping paper. 2 

Cheese, per cask (100 boxes). 2 

Tea, per half chest. 8 

Grain, in bulk.2c. per bush. 

first 10 days, %c. each ten days. 

Grain, in sacks, 2 and 2 % bushel 

sacks. 3 

Grain, in sacks, 3 and over bushel 

sacks. 4 

Domestic, per bale. 12% 

Pig lead, per pig. 2 % 

Bran, per sack. 4 

Hay, per bale . 15 

Hemp, per ton. 1 00 

Tow, per ton. 1 00 

Cotton, per bale. 35 

Bread, per barrel. 5 

“ 100 lb. boxes. 4 

“ 50 “ . 3 


$0 3 

•j 


2 

4 

5 
2 


25 


35 

4 


3 
25 
10 

4 

10 

3 

3 

2 

2 

1 00 
15 
2 
2 
6 


3 

4 

10 

8 


12 # 

00 

00 

35 

5 

4 

3 


These rates are for one month. Merchandise re¬ 
maining in store one day over the time will be sub¬ 
ject to thirty days’ additional storage. AVeighing, 
ganging, or inspecting articles in store constitutes 
delivery, and merchandise remaining in store after is 
subject to an additional month’s storage. 


Bates of Steamboat Agencies. p er ^ 
New Orleans boats, carrying 600 tons or under. $ 15 00 


“ “ over 600 tons. 20 00 

Ohio river boats. 8 00 

Missouri, Illinois, and Mississippi boats. 7 00 


In addition to the above, 1 per cent, to be charged 
for collecting bills, and 2% per cent, for adjusting 
losses. 


Bates for Receiving and Forwarding Goods , exclu¬ 
sive of charges actually and necessarily incurred. 


Sugar, per hhd. 

Tobacco, “ . 

Pork, beef, whiskey, molasses, lard, and tallow, 

under 100 bbls. 

Pork, beef, whiskey, molasses, lard, and tallow. 

over 100 bbls. 

Flour, under 100 bbls. 

“ over “ . 

Corn, oats, wheat, salt, barley, and flaxseed, 

under 100 sacks. . 

Over “ . 

Lead, per pig. 

Nails and lard, per keg, under 50 kegs. 

“ “ “ over “ . 

Wool and hemp, per bale. 

Bacon, in hogsheads, per hhd. 

“ in bulk, per 100 lbs.. . 


#0 20 
1 00 

5 

3 

4 
3 

2 

2 

1 

3 

2 

20 

25 

3 


Bagging, per roll. 

Bale-rope, per coil. 

Coffee, per sack. 

Hides, each. 

Gunpowder, per keg. 

Carriages or wagons, each. 

Gigs or carts, each. 

Merchandise, assorted, under 5,000 lbs., per 

100 lbs. 

Merchandise, assorted, over 5,000 lbs., per 100 

lbs. 

Lumber, per M. feet. 

Shingles and laths, per M.... 

Stoves, per 100 lbs. 

Other articles in proportion. 


5 

4 

5 
2 

25 

00 

00 


3 

50 

8 

10 


Tares. 


Wheat, when sold without the sack— 
in seamless sacks and bur¬ 
laps . 1 lb. per sack. 

in gunny cloth. U lb. per sack. 

in barrels. actual tare. 

Bye, corn, oats, barley, etc.same tare as above. 


When sold with sacks no tare allowed. 


Lard, in kegs.. 20 per cent. 

“ half barrels. 20 “ 

“ barrels. 18 “ 

“ tierces. 17 

“ tierces, full bound. 18 “ 

Bacon, in casks. actual tare. 

Butter, in barrels. 18 per cent. 

“ in kegs. 20 “ 

Tallow, in barrels. 18 “ 

“ tierces. 17 “ 

“ hhds. 10 “ 

Sugar, New Orleans, hhds. 10 “ 

“ Cuba and Porto Bico. 12 “ 

Bice, in tierces. 10 “ 

Tobacco, leaf or strip, in hhds. actual tare. 

“ “ in boxes. actual tare. 

Soap, candles, starch, etc. actual tare. 

Indigo, in ceroons.10 per cent. 

“ incases. 10 per cent. 

Almonds and nuts of all descriptions... actual tare. 

Dates, in frails and mats. 5 per cent. 

Cheese, in boxes. 10 per cent. 

Cassia, in mats. 8 per cent. 

Coffee, allspice, pepper, in bags.no tare allowed. 


Tare or Saltage to be allowed on Bulk Meats when 
not otherwise agreed upon. The Weighmaster shall 
weigh up fifty pieces of each kind of the meat (as near 
the average as he can get) from the pile, and that 
shall be sent to the pork-house and washed, and then 
re-weighed, and the difference in weight shall be the 
average of balance as to saltage to be allowed. One 
per cent, to be allowed for drainage on pickled hams 
and shoulders. 


Weights of Produce per Bushel , as established by 
law or custom at St. Louis. 


Wheat.. 

Corn. 

Com in Ear.... 

Corn Meal. 

Bye.. 

Oats. 

Barley.. 

Irish Potatoes.. 
Sweet Potatoes., 

Beans. 

Castor Beans... 

Bran. 

Clover Seed_ 

Timothy Seed.. 
Hungarian Seed 

Hemp Seed. 

Flax Seed. 

Millet Seed. 


60 

56 

70 

50 

56 

32 

48 

60 

50 

60 

46 

20 

60 

45 

48 

44 

56 

BO 




















































































































ST. LOUIS. 


483 


Red-top Seed, or Herd’s Grass. 14 

Osage Orange Seed.33 

Sorghum Seed. 42 

Kentucky Blue Grass Seed. 14 

Orchard Grass.14 

Buckwheat.52 

Onions. 57 

Top Onion Sets.28 

Peas.60 

Split Peas. 60 

Dried Apples.24 

Dried Peaches.33 

Malt (Barley).34 

Salt. 50 

Coal. 80 

Turnips.57 

Rates of Weighing as established by City Or dinance. 

Bran, per 100 lbs. 2 cents. 

All kinds grain, per 100 lbs. 1)4 cents. 

Lead, per pig. 1 cent. 

Hemp, per 100 lbs. 2 cents. 

Tobacco, per hhd. 40 cents. 

Cotton,' per bale.15 cents. 

Bulk Meat, per 100 lbs. 3 cents. 

Sugar, per hhd. 20 cents. 

Diy Hides. 2 cents. 

Pig Iron, per ton.40 cents. 

Lard, per tierce. 5 cents. 

Lard, per bbl. 4 cents. 

Dried Fruit, per 100 lbs. 2)4 cents. 

Coffee, per sack per 100 lbs. 3)4 cents. 

Rags per 100 lbs. 4 cents. 

Wool, per bale or bag.10 cents. 

Coil Rope, per coil. 3 cents. 

Assorting Grains, per sack. 1 cent. 

Rice, per tierce.1 2)4 cents. 

Hay, per 100 lbs. 2 cents. 

Tobacco at City Warehouse. —Outage and In¬ 
spection, per hhd. (one-half to be paid by the 

buyer, and one-half by the seller). $3 50 

Outage and Inspection, per box or cask (one- 
half to be paid by the buyer, and one-half by 

the seller).... 1 50 

Storage, per hogshead, per month or part of a 

month. 50 

Storage, per cask or box, per month or part of 
a month... 25 


Note. —Government Tax on amount of sales, 1-10 
of 1 per cent. Fifteen days’ storage before, and 
thirty days’ storage after sale, free of charge. 

When the hogshead of tobacco weighs 950 lbs net, 
the buyer pays $1.75 of the outage. Otherwise, the 
seller pays the entire outage. 

In all cases the purchaser of boxes pays half the 
charges, both of outage and inspection. 

(dp* The following- regulations concern¬ 
ing the packing and preparation of pork 
and beef for market, are inserted for their 
important general commercial information, 
as well as to show the standard rules of the 
trade of St. Louis. 

Standards of Provisions Established by the Pork 

Packers' Association and adopted by the Union 

Merchants' Exchange. 

Standard Mess Pork —Shall be cut and packed from 
sides of well corn-fatted hogs, in strips, and not 
back-strapped. One hundred and ninety-six pounds 
of green meat, numbering not over sixteen pieces, 
including the regular proportion of flank and shoulder 
cuts, must be packed with not less than one-half 
bushel (struck measure) of good foreign or Louisiana 
coarse salt, and filled up full of clear brine, as strong 
as salt will make it. Pork to be cut as near uniform 
in width as possible. The number of pieces in each 
barrel must be branded on the head. 


Extra Clear Standard Pork —Shall be cut from 
sides of extra heavy, well corn-fatted hogs, cut* 
selected, and packed in the same manner as mess 
pork, with all the bone taken out. 

Standard Mess Ordinary, or thin Mess —Shall be 
cut from hogs reasonably well fatted, too light for 
mess pork, cut, selected, and packed in the same man¬ 
ner as mess, and the same requirement as to weight, 
etc.; not to exceed twenty-two pieces to the barrel. 

Standard Prime Pork —Shall be packed with a 
header of side cuts the regular width, three half 
heads; it may have three rumps and the balance 
• shoulder cuts. The shoulders to be cut into three 
pieces each; the foot to be cut off above the knee, 
and the shank cracked near the shoulder; head to be 
split through the brain and tongue, and snout and 
ears to be cut off, and brains removed. Each barrel 
to contain two himdred pounds of green meat, and to 
be packed with the same quantity and quality of 
salt as mess pork. Heads to be soaked before being 
packed. 

Standard Extra Prime Pork —Shall be made from 
heavy untrimmed shoulders, cut into three pieces, the 
leg to be cut off close to the breast. Two hundred 
pounds of green meat to be packed into each barrel, 
with the same quantity and quality of salt as mess pork. 

Standard Prime Mess Pork —Shall be made of tho 
shoulders and sides of nice, smooth, fat hogs, weigh¬ 
ing from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and 
sixty pounds each, net, regularly cut into square pieces 
as near four pounds each as possible; the shank to be 
cut off close to the breast. Each barrel to contain 
two hundred pounds of green meat, in proportion of 
twenty pieces of shoulder and thirty pieces of side 
cuts, and to be packed with thirty pounds of good 
foreign or Louisiana salt, with the addition of four 
ounces of saltpetre. The prime pieces should be cut 
clear of the blade bone; the shoulder pieces not to 
exceed ninety pounds in each barrel. All this descrip¬ 
tion of pork to be leached at least twenty-four hours 
before packing. 

Rumps.— Rumps should be trimmed with only 
enough taken off to make them neat and smooth; 
the tails cut off close. Each barrel to contain two 
hundred pounds of green meat, packed with the same 
quantity and quality of salt as mess pork. 

Pickled Hams. —The number of pieces, date of 
packing, and green weights, must be branded on the 
head of each tierce, and the hams cut short, well 
rounded at the butt, properly faced, shank cut above 
the joint. 

Rough Sides —Must be made by splitting the hogs 
through the back-bone. Ends to be reasonably 
square, or, if split on one side of the back-bone, an 
equal proportion of hard and soft sides (as they are 
termed) must be delivered on sales to make them 
“standard.” 

Standard Clear Sides. —Back-bone and ribs all 
taken out. and hip-bone sawed down smooth and even 
with the face of the side; feather of blade bone not 
to be taken out; edges to be left smooth ; sides not to 
be back-strapped or flanked; ends to be reasonably 
square. 

Short , or Clear Rib Sides. —Back-bone taken out, 
and hip-bone sawed down even with the face of the 
side; feather of blade-bone not to be taken out; edges 
to be left smooth; sides not to be back-strapped or 
flanked; ends to be reasonably square. 

Cumberland Middles. —A part of the neck, and all 
the shoulder and side left together in one piece; leg 
cut off at knee joint; two shoulder ribs and neck 
bone taken out; blood vein lifted and cut out; back¬ 
bone taken out, and henoh-bone sawed down even 
with face of side; edges to be left smooth; not to bo 
back-strapped or flanked; both ends to be properly 
trimmed and reasonably square. 

Shoulders —Shall be cut as near through between 
third and fourth rib, and close as possible to the back 
part of the forearm joint, butted off square on top; 













































484 


ST. LOUIS. 


STOCK. 


neck bone and short ribs taken out; blood vein lifted 
and taken out; breast flap to be trimmed off, and foot 
to be cut off at or above the knee joint. 

standard Bacon to be of the above-described cuts, 
and well cured, smoked, and thoroughly cool before 
packing. 

Qualities. —Hams, sides, and shoulders to be “stand¬ 
ard” must be made from good com-fatted hogs. No 
soft, thin, boar, or stag meat to be considered mer¬ 
chantable. 

Meats cured from hogs that have been “frozen” 
shall not be classed as “standard.” 

Pork products packed between the first of Novem¬ 
ber and the first of March shall alone be classed as 
“ standard.” 

All provisions sent to this market for sale, which, 
upon examination, shall be found to have been manu¬ 
factured, handled, or packed in all respects in conform¬ 
ity with these rules, shall be classed as “standard.” 

Qualities of Lard.—Choice lard, either steam or ket¬ 
tle rendered, shall be white, sweet, and of good flavor. 

Prime shall be of good color, and sweet. 

No. 1 shall be of darker color, but sound and sweet. 

Standard Weights of Mess Pork.— The standard 
weight of mess pork shall be as follows: 


For months of Nov., Dec., and Jan. 200 lbs. net. 

“ “ February. 205 “ 

“ “ March and April. 910 “ 

“ “ May. 205 “ 

“ “ June. 203 “ 

After June . 200 “ 


The weight of “ Standard Mess Ordinary.” during 
the months of March and April, shall be 208 lbs.; all 
other months the same as mess pork. 

Packing and Inspection of Beef. 

Mess Beef— Shall be packed from well-fatted cat¬ 
tle, weighing five hundred pounds and upwards, net, 
and cut as near ten pound pieces as practicable, ex¬ 
cluding the leg and leg rand of the hind quarter, 
shin, and shoulder clod, and eight poimds of the 
neck, from the fore quarter; and shall be packed in 
regular provision packages, with at least twenty 
pounds of Turk’s Island or Louisiana salt, with at 
least four ounces of saltpetre, and pickle as strong as 
salt will make it. Two hundred pounds green meat 
to be packed into each barrel. 

Extra Mess Beef —From well-fatted cattle, shall be 
cut and packed the same as mess beef, from cattle 
weighing five hundred and fifty pounds and upwards, 
net. Same quantity and quality of salt as in mess 
beef. 

Qualities , Specifications , and Requirements of Beef 
for England .— 

No. lbs. 

1. Tierce “India” Beef contains 42 81b. pieces=336 

2. “ “India Mess” “ 38 “ 304 

3. “ “Prime Mess” “ 38 “ 304 

4. Barrel “ Mess ” Beef “ 25 “ 200 

5. “ “Navy Mess” “ 26 “ 20S 

No. 1 should contain at least thirty-two pieces of 

prime, viz.: Bump, edge-bone, sirloins, short and 
long ribs, plates, briskets, flank and buttock pieces 
without bone : the rest to be shoulder pieces, not cut 
too high, cases, necks or neck pieces, bone out, but 
no paxff of the legs. Shin pieces are admissible. 
Should be made from cattle six hundred and seventy- 
five to nine hundred pounds, net. 

No. 2. Very similar to the above—thirty pieces to 
be prime. 

No. 3. Meat of not so prime quality, from cattle of 
good kinds, 550 lbs. to 650 lbs, net. Ten coarse 
pieces are allowed. There must be no leg bones or shins. 

Cooperage.—Barrels shall be made of well-seasoned 
white oak timber, free from objectionable sap; staves 
five-eighths of an inch thick and thirty inches long; 
heads eighteen inches—one inch thick' in centre and 
three-eighths at bevel; with hickory hoops—barrels 
not less than two-thirds covered. 


Tierces for hams, beef, or lard should have the staves 
chamfered at the head; quality of staves and hoops 
same as baiTels; staves three-quarters of an inch thick; 
heads same as in barrels; hooped two-thirds. 

Rules of Sale. —All provisions offered for sale aa 
“standard” in this market, must be cut, selected, and 
packed in all respects as to quality and condition equal 
to the foregoing classification, and the seller shall be 
bound to fulfil his sale by the delivery of the quality 
called for by such sale, which, on examination by the 
authorized Inspector, has been certified by him to 
have been packed according to the above classification, 
and is at the time of delivery in good merchantable 
condition in every respect, and has sufficient salt in 
each ban-el to preserve the meat for a reasonable time. 
Provisions from which any surplus gain has been re¬ 
moved, cannot afterwards be classed as “standard.” 

In sales of a particular packer’s brand or cut, where 
the property does not pass examination, the buyer 
shall elect either to take the lot named at contract 
price, or to require that some other brand or cut be 
substituted that will pass inspection; but the buyer 
shall receive either the one or the other. 

In all cases of sales of provisions as “standard,” 
the Inspector shall examine and inspect, when called 
upon, and shall decide if the property be up to the 
requirements; and if it be so he shall issixe a certifi¬ 
cate simply for so many barrels of product (naming 
it), or so many pieces of meat (naming the kinds). 

Parties selling “fully cured” meats, or “to be fully 
cured ” and delivered at any specified time, rnxxst de¬ 
liver in good faith what they sell, the Inspector to be 
the judge, who should always be informed of the con¬ 
ditions of the contract before px-oceeding to inspect. 

On sales of provisions for future delivery, “at buy¬ 
er’s option,” if buyer calls before expiration of con¬ 
tract, the seller, if he so elect, shall have at least 
three working days to prepare property for delivery 
in the case of barrelled and bulk meats. 

Buyers of provisions on time contracts, shall have 
the right to inspect before the day of delivery, pro¬ 
vided they send an inspector in time to allow the in¬ 
spection to be completed before the expiration of the 
contract; but failing to do so, the seller shall have the 
privilege of having the property inspected, the cost 
to be paid by the buyer. 

On sales of provisions by sample, the propei-ty de¬ 
livered on such sale must be equal to sample. 

Purchasers of provisions shall have three days fi-ee 
of storage to remove property when in store. 

Tare on Lard. —Package to be weighed gross; lard 
taken out and empty package to be subjected to dry 
heat to extract all the remaining lard. Empty pack¬ 
age to be then weighed, and weight of empty package 
to be deducted from gross weight. The difference in 
weight of the full and empty packages shall be the 
net weight of the lard. 

Tare on Bulk Meat shall be ascertained by washed 
tare, unless otherwise agreed upon. 

One per cent, to be allowed for drainage on pickled 
hams and shoulders. 

St. Lucia t>ark, a spurious kind of 
Cinchona or Peruvian bark. 

Stipulate, to bargain, to contract, or 
to make an agreement. 

Stipulation, that which is definitely 
arranged or agreed upon. 

Stiver, a small Dutch copper coin and 
money of account, equal to about two 
cents. 

Stock, material used in manufacture, 
as rags and pulp for paper; coal and ore 
for iron; hides and bark for leather; tal¬ 
low and oil for candles, etc. Domestic 









STOCK. 


STONE. 


485 


animals, either on the farm or on the mar¬ 
ket, are denominated live stock. 

Stock, capital employed by a firm or 
individual in business, including his mer¬ 
chandise, money, and credits ; the capital 
of a banking, insurance, or manufactur¬ 
ing, or other incorporated company, usu¬ 
ally in the form of shares, certificates of 
which are given to the owners, and on the 
surrender of which the shares or interest 
of the party may be transferred. 

Stock account, that account on a 
merchant’s ledger, one side of which shows 
the original capital, or stock, and the ac¬ 
cumulations or contributions thereto ; and 
the other side of which shows the amounts 
withdrawn therefrom. 

Stock account, an inventory of the 
merchandise on hand and unsold with the 
present net value thereof, made once a 
year or oftener, in order to enable a mer¬ 
chant to adjust his profit and loss account. 

Stock-book, a book which exhibits 
the several kinds and amounts of stock on 
hand, with the actual cost thereof. 

Stock-broker, a broker who buys 
and sells bank, insurance, railroad, and 
other kinds of shares in stock companies 
or institutions, and the bonds of incorpo¬ 
rated associations, government bonds, etc., 
for other parties for a commission. 

Stock Exchange, the place in a 
city where brokers and bankers meet daily, 
at stated hours, to buy and sell stooks, 
bonds, and other securities. 

Stock-fish, a trade name for unsalt¬ 
ed dried codfish—fish dried or cured in the 
sun without being salted. 

Stockholder, one who holds shares, 
or is a proprietor in the capital stock of a 
commercial, banking, manufacturing, or 
other joint-stock association. 

Stockings, woollen, worsted, cotton, 
or silk coverings for the feet or legs, sold 
under the general name of hosiery ; im¬ 
ported largely from Germany and Eng¬ 
land, and extensively manufactured in the 
United States. 

Stock ill trade, the assets and ef¬ 
fects of a merchant which are actually 
employed in his business ; the goods kept 
on hand for sale. The term “ stock in 
trade,” when used in a policy of insurance 
in reference to the business of a mechanic, 
as a baker, includes not only the materials 
used by him, but the tools, fixtures, and 
implements necessary for the carrying on 
of his business, and the term in question 
was held to have a broader application to 
the business of mechanics than to that of 


merchants. But in a case where a certain 
sum was insured on the “ stock of watch¬ 
es, watch trimmings, &c.,” contained in a 
certain store, and also another sum on the 
“ furniture and fixtures ” in said store, it 
was held that the word stock was used in 
opposition to furniture and fixtures , and 
was intended to cover the stock usually 
contained in such a store, such as silver 
ware, plated ware, fine hardware, clocks, 
watch tools, britannia ware, and fancy 
goods, as well as watches and watch trim¬ 
mings.— Parsons' Mercantile Law. Note. 

Stock-jobber, one who speculates 
in stocks. This term implies more than 
simply a stock-broker—that is, one who 
simply buys and sells stocks for other 
parties on commission; or more than a 
dealer in stocks, as one who buys stocks 
for investment. In England as well as in 
this country the occupation of a stock¬ 
jobber “was always looked upon with 
disfavor by the general public and the 
stricter men of business; ” while it is con¬ 
tended, not without reason, that a “pub¬ 
lic benefit is actually derived from nego¬ 
tiations on the stock exchange, even when 
of a speculative character. That the ea¬ 
gerness with which a stock-jobber watches 
the market tends to equalize prices, and 
his speculations obviate excessive fluctu¬ 
ations ; and were it not for these agencies, 
a slight distrust felt about any stock might 
induce a panic, or irrational confidence, 
an undue exaltation in the price. The 
stock-broker buying when the former case 
is likely to occur on insufficient grounds 
arrests the fall; and by selling when the 
latter motive is operative, checks the 
rise.” It is not improbable that in the 
vast amount of railroad, banking, and 
government securities issued and on the 
market, the variations in their value 
would be much greater, and the effects of 
confidence and panic more disastrous, if it 
were not for the stock-jobbers or specula¬ 
tors in stocks. 

Stock market, the state of demand 
for government and other stocks and secu¬ 
rities—as the stock market is dull or live¬ 
ly ; the stock market is buoyant, in conse¬ 
quence of the tenor of the news from 
Washington, etc. 

Stock on band, the unsold mer¬ 
chandise on hand. 

Stocks, shares in the capital stock of 
banking, insurance, railroad, and other in¬ 
corporated or joint-stock companies. 

Stone, a commercial weight of Eng¬ 
land of 14 lbs. ; a stone of glass is 5 lbs. ; 



480 


STONE-BLUE. 


STORE GOODS. 


of meat and fish 8 lbs., of hemp 32 lbs. 
At Tours it is equal to 12 lbs. As a 
weight, the stone is never used in the 
United States. 

Stone-1)1 ue, a blue coloring substance 
which consists of indigo reduced by starch. 

Stone cameos, cameos cut from 
stones; varieties of agate, carnelian, onyx, 
etc., are made use of for this purpose. 

Stone coal, a common name for an¬ 
thracite coal. 

Stone coral, coral in masses, in dis¬ 
tinction from that which is in branches. 

Stone marten fur, the fur of a 
species of marten found in stony or moun¬ 
tainous regions. 

Stone oil, another name for petrole¬ 
um ; an oil obtained from a kind of bitu¬ 
men ; the name is also sometimes applied to 
petroleum, but is a term not used in trade. 

Stones. As building material various 
kinds of stones have a commercial impor¬ 
tance and value, as the Caen stone of Nor¬ 
mandy in France, the Prince Albert stone 
of Nova Scotia, the brown sandstone of 
the Connecticut river, the gray sandstone 
of the Passaic, etc. They are mostly sold 
by the ton, but sometimes by measure¬ 
ment. Artificial stones are also made for 
building purposes. See also whetstones, 
precious stones, mill-stones, lithographic, 
grind, rotten, and pumice stones. 

Stoneware, a species of the coarser 
kinds of glazed and baked potter’s ware, 
such as jars, jugs, drain-pipes, etc. The 
distinctions in pottery between earthen¬ 
ware, brownware, and stoneware, are not 
very well defined—the different kinds of 
ware slide by nice degrees into one an¬ 
other. A fine variety of stoneware arti¬ 
cles is also made ; the difference arising 
from the use of a finer or more carefully 
selected clay, and of a glaze made with a 
mixture of flint, Cornish stone, etc., of the 
kind used for earthenware. 

Stoop, a Dutch liquid measure, at 
Antwerp, 3 quarts ; at Amsterdam, - x Vo' of 
a gallon. 

StopeBlo, a grain measure of Naples 
of nearly £ of a bushel. 

Stoppage iai traositu, the seller 
of goods upon a credit, resuming posses¬ 
sion while in the hands of the transporting 
agent in their transit to the buyer, before 
they get into his actual possession. A seller 
who has sent goods to a buyer at a dis¬ 
tance, and after sending them finds that 
the buyer is insolvent, may stop the goods 
at any time before they reach the buyer. 
His right to do this is called the right of 


stoppage in transitu. This right only ex¬ 
ists in cases where the buyer is in immedi¬ 
ate danger of insolvency, or has actually 
failed, and the right exists only between a 
buyer and a seller. A surety for the price 
of the goods, bound to pay for them if the 
buyer does not, has not this right. 

Stopped payment. This phrase is 
understood to mean inability to pay, and 
is equivalent to the term failure ; as when 
a merchant fails, or ceases to pay his notes 
or liabilities—or a bank which is unable to 
redeem its bills and to pay its creditors. 

Storage, a charge for warehousing 
goods, or the depositing goods in a store 
or warehouse, the owner of the warehouse 
becoming responsible for the safe-keeping, 
and charging for the storage. The rates 
for storage of different kinds of merchan¬ 
dise will be found under the head of Bal¬ 
timore, Philadelphia, New York, St. Louis, 
etc. A full month’s pay is exacted even if 
the goods remain in the store or warehouse 
but for one or two days. This appears 
reasonable enough; but when, at a gov¬ 
ernment bonded warehouse in Texas, a de¬ 
mand was made for a half month’s pay for 
storage, the Secretary of the Treasury de¬ 
cided {Letter dated Dec. 28, 1808) that no 
such exaction should be made “ where 
merchandise is withdrawn for exportation 
before putting it in store.” But it would 
appear, by the United States Warehouse 
Regulations, Art. 437, that where a mer¬ 
chant makes a warehouse entry, and after¬ 
wards pays the duties, and makes a with¬ 
drawal entry for consumption, that he is 
obliged to pay a half month's storage even 
though the goods had never left the ship. 
This charge is unreasonable, and is an un¬ 
just tax on commerce. 

Storax, a fragrant balsamic liquid ob¬ 
tained from the styrax plant or sweet gum, 
imported from Trieste in casks, and used 
in perfumery. Storax calamita , so named 
because it was formerly collected and ex¬ 
ported in reeds, is imported in cakes, and 
consists of the liquid resin mixed with saw¬ 
dust or bran. A kind which comes in yel¬ 
lowish-white tears, about the size of peas, 
is used in pharmacy. 

Store, a general warehouse; a retail 
shop; a place where goods are exhibited 
and sold, whether at wholesale or retail. 
In England, where goods are sold at retail, 
the place is called a shop ; in the United 
States, a store. 

Store floods, articles purchased at a 
store, as distinguished from those which 
are home-made. 




STOREHOUSE. 


ST. PETERSBURG. 487 


Storelioiise, a place of deposit for 
merchandise; a warehouse. 

Storekeeper, the common name in 
the United States for a retail dealer; gen¬ 
erally one who keeps a miscellaneous as¬ 
sortment of goods for retailing. The term 
has a technical meaning also—the officer 
of the customs placed in charge of a United 
States bonded warehouse is denominated 
storekeeper. 

Stores, the supplies laid in for a ship, 
for a family, etc.; as provisions and the 
like. 

Stourbridge elay, a very valuable 
and unique kind of clay, found near Stour¬ 
bridge, in England. It is used in making 
crucibles, melting-pots, retorts, hearth- 
tiles, etc. Some of the pots now made of 
this clay are so large as to weigh over one 
and a half tons ; they are employed in glass 
works for melting-pots. 

S to wa ge, the proper arrangement in a 
ship of the different articles of whicha cargo 
consists, so as to prevent injury by friction 
or by the leakage of the vessel. As a gen¬ 
eral rule, the master of a vessel is liable for 
the damage resulting from careless or im¬ 
proper stowage; also, to properly arrange 
merchandise in warehouses. The skill 
with which the bales, casks, and packages 
are placed in a storehouse by an experi¬ 
enced person not only largely increases the 
storage capacity of the building, but ma¬ 
terially facilitates the delivery of the 
goods. 

Si. Petersburg, the capital and com¬ 
mercial metropolis of the Russian empire, 
situate at the mouth of the Neva, in the 
Gulf of Finland. It is quite a modern 
city, and the rapid growth of its commerce 
is remarkable. It was founded by Peter 
the Great, from whom it derives its name, 
in the year 1703, during which year the 
first merchant-ship that ever appeared on 
the Neva arrived from Holland. In the 
year 1714 no more than 16 ships arrived, 
and in 1780 the number had increased 
to 180; but so rapid has been the pro¬ 
gress of commerce in Russia since that 
period that the annual arrivals and clear¬ 
ances now exceed 3,000. Vessels drawing 
above 8 feet water load and unload at Cron- 
stadt, situate on a small island about 20 
miles below St. Petersburg, the goods 
being conveyed to and from the city in 
lighters. 

St. Petersburg has the most extensive 
foreign trade of any city in the north of 
Europe. This arises from its being the 
only great maritime outlet on the Gulf of 


Finland, and from its vast and various 
communications with the interior of the 
country. Few countries have such an ex¬ 
tent of internal navigation as Russia. By 
means partly of rivers and partly of ca¬ 
nals, St. Petersburg is connected with the 
Caspian Sea. Goods are conveyed from the 
latter to the capital, through a distance of 
more than 1,400 miles, without once land¬ 
ing them. The iron and furs of Siberia, 
and the teas of China, though not to the 
same extent as formerly, are received at 
St. Petersburg in the same way, but owing 
to the great distance of those countries, and 
the short period of the year during which 
the canals and rivers are navigable, they 
sometimes occupy three years in their tran¬ 
sit. Immense quantities of goods are also 
conveyed during winter upon the ice, in 
sledges, to the different ports, and to the 
nearest pristans or places in the interior 
where barks are built for river or canal 
navigation. They are put on board in an¬ 
ticipation of the period of sailing, that the 
barks may be ready to take advantage of 
the high water by Boating down with the 
current as soon as the ice and snow begin 
to melt. The cargoes carried up the river 
into the interior during the summer are 
principally conveyed to their ultimate des¬ 
tinations by the sledge roads during win¬ 
ter. The conveyance by the latter is gen¬ 
erally the most expeditious; and it, as 
well as the internal conveyance by water, 
is performed at a very moderate expense. 

The barks that come from the interior 
are mostly of a very rude construction, 
flat-bottomed, and seldom drawing more 
than 20 or 30 inches water. When they 
arrive at their destination, like the arks 
and broadhorns on the Ohio and the Mis¬ 
sissippi, they are sold or broken up for fire¬ 
wood. Those that leave the ports for the 
interior are of a superior description, and 
are comparatively few in number, the com¬ 
modities imported being, at an average, of 
much greater value, relatively to their bulk 
and weight, than those that are exported. 

The principal articles of export from St. 
Petersburg are tallow, hemp, flax, wool, 
wheat, linseed, timber, copper, hides, pot¬ 
ashes, bristles, hempseed oil, furs, leather, 
fox, hare, and squirrel skins ; canvas and 
coarse linen, cordage ; caviare, wax, isin¬ 
glass, quills, tar, etc. Tallow for both 
candles and soap is a chief article. Hemp, 
which is also largely exported, is assorted, 
according to its quality, into clean , or 
firsts ; outshot , or seconds ; and half-clean, 
or thirds. Russian flax is esteemed for 



488 


ST. PETERSBURG. 


the length of its fibre. It is naturally 
brownish, but becomes very white after 
the first bleaching. Three qualities are 
distinguished, viz., 12-head, 9-head, and 
6-head. Iron of good quality, and prefer¬ 
able to that from the other Russian ports, 
is of two kinds, old and new sables, the 
former being the best. 

The principal imports are sugar, the 
largest amount of which is received from 
Havana; coffee, madder, indigo, cochineal, 
and dyewoods; cotton-wool, cotton stuffs 
and yam, machinery and mill work, wool¬ 
len fabrics and woollen yarn, linen and 
linen yam, silk goods, coal, salt, iron, lead, 
and shot; hardware and cutlery; wines, 
especially champagne ; spices, fruits, to¬ 
bacco, tea via Kiachta, etc., etc. 

At St. Petersburg, Riga, and other Bal¬ 
tic ports, when goods are brought from 
the interior to be shipped, they are in¬ 
spected, and classified according to their 
qualities, by officers (brackers) appointed 
by government for that purpose. All sorts 
of timber, linen, and canvas, flax and 
hemp, linseed and hempseed, ashes, wax, 
etc., are subject to such inspection. They 
are generally divided into three qualities 
—Krohn (crown), or superior, Brack , or 
middling, and Bracks-brack , or inferior. 
This classification is said to be, in most 
cases, made with considerable fairness. 

None but native Russians are allowed 
to engage in the internal trade of the 
country; and hence a foreigner who im¬ 
ports goods into Russia must sell them to 
Russians only, and at the port where they 
arrive. A few foreigners, indeed, settled 
in Russia, and having connections with 
the natives, do carry on a trade with the 
interior; but it is contrary to law, and 
the goods are liable to be seized. The 
merchants engaged in foreign trade are 
mostly foreigners. 

Owing to the scarcity of capital in Rus¬ 
sia, goods, the produce of the country, 
are frequently paid for in advance; and 
foreign goods are most commonly sold 
upon credit. From the month of Novem¬ 
ber to the shipping season in May, the 
Russians who trade in flax, hemp, tallow, 
bristles, iron, etc., either come themselves 
to St. Petersburg, or employ agents to 
sell their goods to foreigners, to be de¬ 
livered, according to agreement, in May, 
June, July, or August. The payments 
are made according to the circumstances 
of the buyers and sellers; sometimes the 
buyer pays the whole amount in the winter 
months, for the goods which are to be 


delivered in the summer or autumn; and 
sometimes he pays a part on concluding 
the contract, and the remainder on de¬ 
livery of the goods. The manufacturers 
and dealers in linen usually come to St. 
Petersburg in March, and sell their goods 
for ready money. 

Coffee and sugar are sold for ready 
money; but the great bulk of foreign goods 
for the supply of the interior is sold on 
credit. Most of the Russians who buy 
goods on credit of foreigners, for the use 
of the interior, have no other connection 
or trade with St. Petersburg than merely 
coming there once or twice a year to make 
purchases; which having accomplished, 
they set off with the goods, and the for¬ 
eigner neither sees nor hears of them again 
till the bill becomes due. 

‘ ‘ Another circumstance connected with 
the trade is too curious to be passed in 
silence. Every mercantile house in St. 
Petersburg employs certain men, called 
in the language of the country artdscJiicks, 
who are the counting-house men, and em¬ 
ployed by every merchant to collect pay¬ 
ment on bills, and to receive money, as 
well as, in many instances, to pay it in 
very considerable sums. This is an im¬ 
portant part of their trust. There being 
no bankers in Russia, every mercantile 
house keeps its own cash; and as the 
payments between merchants, and for 
bills of exchange, are made entirely in 
bank notes of no higher value than 5, 10, 
25, 50, and 100 roubles—most of them in 
so tattered a state as to require several 
hours to count over a sum of 2.000?. or 
3,000?.—this business is performed by ar- 
telschicks; and very few instances have 
occurred of loss by their inattention, 
either in miscounting the notes, in taking 
false notes, or, where they are much tom, 
in receiving parts of different bank notes. 

“ These artelschicks are also employed 
to superintend the loading and unloading 
the different cargoes; they receive the 
most valuable into the warehouse, where 
they are left solely under their care; and 
in these warehouses, not merely merchan¬ 
dise, but often large quantities of silver 
dollars are deposited. These Russians 
are mostly natives of Archangel, and the 
adjacent governments of the lowest class ; 
and the only security of the merchant 
arises in some degree from the natural 
reluctance of the Russian to betray con¬ 
fidence reposed in him; but in a much 
greater from their association, which is 
called an artel. 





ST. PETERSBURG. 


489 


£ ‘ An artel consists of a certain number 
of laborers, who voluntarily become re¬ 
sponsible, as a body, for the honesty of 
each individual. The separate earnings 
of each man are put into the common 
stock; a monthly allowance is made for 
his support; and at the end of the year 
the surplus is equally divided. The num¬ 
ber varies in different associations from 50 
to 100; and so advantageous is it con¬ 
sidered to belong to one of these societies, 
that 500 and even 1,000 roubles are paid 
for admission. These societies are not 
bound by any law of the Empire, or even 
written agreement; nor does the merchant 
restrain them under any legal obligation ; 
yet there has been no instance of their 
objecting to any just claim, or of protect¬ 
ing an individual whose conduct had 
brought a demand on the society.” 

This interesting account of the artel- 
schicks appears in the last edition of Mc¬ 
Culloch (from whose work this article is 
chiefly compiled), as an extract from 
“ Coxe’s Travels in Russia.” Coxe visited 
Russia in the year 1783, or about that 
period, nearly 100 years ago, and however 
trustworthy as an author, his work can 
hardly be considered good authority for 
the mode of transacting business at St. 
Petersburg at the present time. The ar- 
telschicks of the present day are the agents, 
the clerks, and the runners of the com¬ 
mercial establishments, not differing much 
in the nature of their occupation from the 
clerks and agents of American merchants. 

The following regulations for the im¬ 
portation of foreign goods are strictly 
enforced :— 

All goods imported must be accompa¬ 
nied by the following documents :— 

1. The declaration of the captain, 
according to the form ordered by the cus¬ 
tom-house. 

2. An attestation from the Russian 
consul, and, where there is no consul, 
from the custom-house of the place, of 
the quantity and quality of the goods, and 
a declaration that they are not the pro¬ 
duce, manufacture, or property of an 
enemy’s country. 

3. Bills of lading of all goods, in 
which the weight, measure, or quantity of 
each package must be specified. In case 
the bills of lading are not exactly after 
this regulation, the goods pay double duty 
as a fine. In case more is found than is 
specified in the bill of lading, the surplus 
is confiscated; if less is found, the duty 
must be paid on the quantity specified. 


Of wine, it is not sufficient to specify the 
number of pipes or hogsheads only, but 
also their contents in gallons, etc. Of 
lemons, the number in each box must be 
specified. Of manufactured goods, the 
measure of each piece must be specified, 
and the number of pieces in each bale. It 
is indifferent whether the net or gross 
weight be specified. If the packages be 
all the same weight, measure, or contents, 
a general specification will do; as for 
example 100 casks alum, of 17 lispound 
each. Of dye-woods, the weight of the 
whole need only be mentioned. Of goods 
of small bulk, as pepper, etc., it is suffi¬ 
cient to state the weight of every 5 or 10 
bales, but with specification of the num¬ 
bers. There must not be any erasures 
or blots in the bill of lading. All goods 
not accompanied by these documents, or 
where the documents are not according to 
the above regulations, will be sent back. 

Bills drawn in Russia, and payable after 
date, are allowed 10 days’ grace ; but if 
payable at sight, 3 days only; Sundays and 
holidays are included in both cases. The 
Julian calendar, or Old Style, is still re¬ 
tained throughout Russia. This is 12 days 
later than the New Style : and in leap 
years, 13 days, after the month of Febru¬ 
ary. 

Port charges .—The regular charges 
which ships have to pay at the ports of 
St. Petersburg and Cronstadt cromprise 
the following fixed dues and expenses, viz.: 
lastage, passes, clearing at Cronstadt, 
address money, Petersburg and Cronstadt 
church money, Cronstadt expedition and 
allowance to the Russia Company’s Agent; 
for all which a charge is made in the ship’s 
account in one sum, proportionally to the 
ship’s register tonnage, according to the 
following scale, viz. : — 


62 to 

SrLV. ROUB. 

61 tons register. 48. 0 

81 “ “ . 56. 0 

82 

101 

4 4 

“ . 61.14 

102 

121 

44 

“ . 66.28 

122 

141 

44 

“ . 74. 0 

142 

161 

44 

« . 79.14 

162 

181 

44 

“ . 84.28 

182 

201 

44 

“ . 92. 0 

202 

221 

44 

“ . 97.14 

222 

241 

44 

“ . 102.29 

242 

261 

44 

“ . 110.28 

262 

281 

44 

“ . 115.14 

282 

301 

44 

“ . 123.14 

302 

321 

44 

“ .. 128.28 

322 

341 

44 

“ . 136. 0 

342 

361 

44 

“ . 141.14 

362 

381 

44 

“ .149.14 

382 

401 

44 

“ . 154. 0 

402 

421 

44 

“ . 162. 0 

422 

441 

44 

“ . 167.14 

442 

461 

44 

“ . 175.14 


















490 


STRAMONIUM. 


STRAWBERRIES. 


462 to 481 

tons register . 

. 180. 0 

482 

501 

44 44 

. 188. 0 

502 

521 

44 44 

. 193.14 

522 

541 

44 44 

. 200.86 

542 

661 

4 4 44 

. 206. 0 

562 

581 

(4 44 

. 214. 0 

582 

600 

44 4 4 

. 218 85 

Moneys.- 

—Accounts are kept 

at St. Petersburg 


copecks and roubles. 100 copecks = 1 rouble. By act 
of Congress, for revenue purposes, the value of the 
Russian rouble is fixed at 75 cents; the value at the 
Philadelphia mint is 79 4-10 cents. 

Weights and Measures. 

3 soltnics = 1 loth. 40 pounds = 1 pood. 

32 loths = l'pound. 10 poods = 1 berkovitz. 

The Russian pound contains 6,320 grains, and 

100 pounds Russian = 90.28 lbs. avoirdupois. 

100 pounds avoirdupois = 110.76 lbs. Russian. 

The measure 1‘or grain is the tschetwert, or chet- 
wert, which is equal to 5.952 bushels, or say nearly 
6 bushels. 

For liquids the vedro, which is as nearly 3% gal¬ 
lons as may be (3.24648 gals.) is the most usual mea¬ 
sure. 

The American foot of 12 inches is commonly used 
in St. Petersburg for the measurement of timber, 
deals, etc.; but the legal or standard foot of Rus¬ 
sia is 13% inches. 

Strainoiiium, the seeds and leaves 
of the thorn-apple, or Jamestown weed—a 
narcotic drug. 

Stranding, the running of a ship or 
vessel aground on a shore or strand, either 
voluntarily or by accident. The vessel 
may be accidentally driven on shore by the 
winds, or may be purposely run on shore 
to preserve her from a worse fate, or for 
some fraudulent purpose, as for the ob¬ 
taining insurance. 

Strasburg turpentine, a liquid 
balsam obtained from the European silver 
fir, growing in the mountainous regions of 
Switzerland and Germany. It is used for 
attaching microscopic objects to glass slips. 

Stras§, a vitreous body, or colorless 
glass, compossed of silex, potash, borax, 
and oxide of lead, the base of pastes or 
fictitious gems, the colors of the artificial 
stones being obtained by metallic oxides. 
Named after Strass, the German inventor. 

Straw, the stalks or culm of wheat, 
rye, etc. Straw has a commercial value in 
the U. S., after being thrashed, for paper 
stock.—and small amounts are prepared 
and sold for braiding, and used for hat or 
bonnet making. When sold as paper stock 
it is baled and sold by the ton. Straw 
twisted, or twisted straw, was decided by 
the United States Courts as being the raw 
material for forming braids, laces, plaits 
or flats, used in the manufacture of hats 
and bonnets;—not a manufactured article. 

Strawberries, a small and very de¬ 
licious fruit, which is grown in most pri¬ 
vate gardens for table use, and by market 
gardeners on a large scale, for sale in towns 


and cities. The plant belongs to a genus call¬ 
ed fragaria , of which there are but very 
few in the vegetable kingdom, and none, 
says Mr. Loudon, ‘ ‘ to equal the straw¬ 
berry in wholesomeness and excellence. 
The fruit is universally grateful.” The 
plant is a native of India, North and South 
America, Great Britain, and of Germany. 
It is only, however, within a few years 
that this fruit has assumed a commercial 
aspect in this country. The greater care 
in its cultivation, and the improved meth¬ 
ods of transporting it to market, have re¬ 
cently given it an important prominence 
in horticulture, and a conspicuous rank in 
the domestic fruits of commerce. The 
following account is derived from an arti¬ 
cle in a New York paper :— 

The strawberry season usually covers 
one-fourth of the year. On or about the 
10th of April, packages of berries are re¬ 
ceived by the Charleston steamers. The 
shipments from Rochester and Wayne, St. 
Lawrence and Niagara Counties, in New 
York, last till the 20th of July. Begin¬ 
ning at the southern margin of the United 
States, and closing with the growth of 
Upper Canada, the extremes of the sea¬ 
son take in a hundred days. In a com¬ 
mercial sense the business commences in 
the middle of April, continues to increase 
till the 10th or 15th of May, when, hav¬ 
ing reached its maximum, it remains at 
that point till the 20th to 25th of June. 
It then decreases quite rapidly till the 
middle of July, when the strawberry time 
is virtually over. 

Among the largest planters of the straw¬ 
berry are Virginians. Norfolk sends 10,- 
000 crates a week by water, and 3,000 a 
week by rail. The Norfolk berry is mostly 
Wilson, of medium size, and in gross sales 
at New York commands 20 cents per quart. 
This means from 15 cents to 17 cents to 
the grower, and from 25 cents to 30 cents 
from the consumer. 

A planter’s account, as shown by his 
merchant, runs thus on one shipment: The 
gross sales were $3,447 ; on another, the 
next week, $4,078; next, $5,608; then 
$1,101; total, $14,234; in all as gross 
sales in New York, beside as much more 
sold in Boston, Baltimore, and Philadel¬ 
phia. He has 35 acres in strawberries. 
There are four or five growers near Nor¬ 
folk that produce about the same as the 
grower referred to, and 20 that have from 
10 to 14 acres of fruit, and a score or more 
who have from one to three acres. 

The amount of berries annually shipped 











STRAW BRAID. 


STRONTIUM. 


491 


from Norfolk, Ya., to New York is 1,500,- 
000 quarts ; from Delaware Peninsula, 3,- 
000,000 quarts. The strawberry trade 
from New Jersey, including those sent to 
the Philadelphia and New York markets, 
reaches nearly 2,000,000 quarts, and the 
strawberries raised on the Hudson River 
and sent to New York City and Boston 
amount to 1,000,000 or 2,000,000 quarts 
more. So that there is an aggregate of 
berries raised within a reach of 500 miles of 
7,000,000 to 10,000,000 of quarts yearly. 
It costs about $500 to every acre to lay 
out a strawberry bed, and it takes a capi¬ 
tal of $150 to every acre for crates and 
baskets alone. One hundred dollars to an 
acre is regarded as a satisfactory return 
on the capital invested. 

Growers often lose their strawberries 
from the arrival of trains too late. One 
day this season the shipments to New 
York reached 256,000 quarts, but the train 
arrived late, and the decline in price 
created a loss to the growers of nearly 
$15,000. The commission merchants say 
they do not care if they receive 300,000 
quarts in a morning, provided they get 
them before 4 o’clock, as they can always 
sell them, but later in the morning buyers 
become impatient of the delay of the train, 
and take but one crate, when they would 
take two or three if they had sufficient 
time to select them. Occasionally a glut 
arises in the market, the real cause of 
which is not over-production, but the large 
arrivals of fruit unfit for shipment to 
Northern towns. Two days of moist and 
hot weather will throw 10,000 crates of 
Delaware and Jersey berries on this mar¬ 
ket, when but 5,000 can be consumed in 
the usual course of trade. The other 5,- 
000 should be shipped up the Hudson, on 
the Fall River line, up Erie and toward 
Hartford, Springfield, Worcester, Port¬ 
land, and Montreal. But the moist, hot 
weather sours the berries; shippers are 
afraid of them, and leave them in first 
hands. Hence the glut. 

Norfolk berries are only fit for ship¬ 
ment when cool; if it is a warm day when 
they arrive here they soon wilt. The larg¬ 
est portions that arrive in New York go 
out of the city, and are shipped to different 
points—Boston, Hartford, New Haven, 
etc. When Delaware berries arrive, Nor¬ 
folk fruit declines in price. 

Straw braid, the principal straw 
braids of commerce are prepared from the 
Tuscany or Italian straw. This straw is 
obtained by pulling the wheat or rye while 


the grain is yet in a soft, milky state, the 
grain having been sown very thickly and 
the stalks consequently very thin. It is 
then properly dried, bleached, and cut in¬ 
to regular lengths, and sorted into various 
thicknesses, the numbers ranging from 37 
to 137 for wheat and to 180 for rye. The 
next operation is plaiting or forming the 
braid ; the length of a braid varies from 
50 to 55 yards; the value of braid annual¬ 
ly exported from Tuscany is about $1,250,- 
000. The braids made in England from 
rye straw are made by splitting the straws 
aqd laying two splints with their inner 
surfaces together ; this kind of braid is 
called Dunstable. “ The different kinds 
of plaits are numerous, depending on the 
kind of straw, on its thickness, on its 
being whole or split, on the number of 
straws plaited together, and on the kind of 
pattern produced by the mode of plaiting. 
The plaits or narrow ribbons of straw are 
made at the village homes. They vary 
so much in quality that they have been 
known to be as high as four guineas, and 
as low as two pence per score of 20 yards.” 
Very little straw is braided in the United 
States. We import straw and straw man¬ 
ufactures to the value of over $1,000,000 
annually. 

Straw bonnets, ladies’ bonnets 
made of braids of Leghorn, Tuscany, Eng¬ 
lish Dunstable, Canada, Switzerland, or 
other kinds of straw ; largely manufactur¬ 
ed in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. 

Straw eolor, a pale-yellow color, 
much in favor for silks, ribbons, wors¬ 
teds, etc. 

Straw goods, braids, gimps, trim¬ 
mings, bonnets, etc., made of straw, and 
included among millinery goods. 

Straw bats, gentlemen’s summer 
hats made of any kind of straw or grass. 
The Panama and the Leghorn are the 
most esteemed. 

Straw paper, news or printing pa¬ 
per made of straw and rags in varying 
proportions; also coarse, brittle, yellow 
wrapping paper made exclusively of straw. 

Stripes, a heavy twilled cotton fabric, 
woven in narrow stripes of indigo blue 
and white, used for shirts for laborers. 

Strip leaf, the leaves of tobacco di¬ 
vested of the main ribs or stalks. 

Strontia, a kind of alkaline earth, a 
mineral obtained in the lead mines of 
Strontian in Scotland, from which is ob¬ 
tained the beautiful red fire for pyrotech¬ 
nic works and theatrical effects. 

Strontium, a light malleable, pale 




492 


STRUSE. 


SUGAR. 


yellow metal, slightly used in pyrotechny, 
but of very little commercial importance. 

St ruse, a craft for conveying heavy 
merchandise on the rivers in Russia. 

Strychnine, a bitter poisonous sub¬ 
stance obtained for commercial purposes 
from the nux vomica bean. It is a valuable 
drug in skilful hands, but has been the 
cause of many deaths arising from care¬ 
lessness. Its chief use is for the destruc¬ 
tion of wild animals in Australia and other 
thinly peopled localities, and in the manu¬ 
facture of poisonous preparations for the 
destruction of vermin. Strychnia as usual¬ 
ly kept in the shops is a white or grayish- 
white powder. 

Stlihohcn, the German beer gallon, 
varying in different cities, but generally 
about 7f pints, or a little less than our 
gallon. At Hanover it is a fraction over 
our gallon. 

SlUChfass, a German liquid measure, 
at Frankfort equal to 3034 gallons ; at 
Niirnberg for Rhine wine 290£ gals. 

Studs, ornamental catches for shirt- 
bosoms, or substitutes for sleeve-buttons, 
made of metal, glass, ivory, or other sub¬ 
stances. 

Stuff, material which is to be worked 
up in any process of manufacture ; cloth 
or woven material not made up ; a textile 
fabric made of worsted; a thin woollen 
fabric. 

Slum, grape-juice, or wine that has 
not fermented ; must. 

St uill page, the charge which the 
owner makes for each tree, to the lumber¬ 
man who cuts timber in the forest. The 
stumps being easily counted, there is no 
difficulty in ascertaining the amount due. 

StlirgCOBl, a large fish, the flesh of 
which is used in some parts for food, but 
valuable chiefly for the caviare which is 
prepared from the roe, and the isinglass 
from the air-bladder. 

Sty k fad, a liquid measure in Den¬ 
mark equal to 296 /(ft, gallons. 

Suberic aeid, an acid which comes 
in the form of crystals, prepared from cork 
and nitric acid. 

Successful merchant, a mer¬ 
chant who has sustained his credit and 
acquired wealth in his business. 

Succinic acid, acid of amber; ob¬ 
tained also from wormwood, malic acid, 
and other substances—used in metallurgy. 

Suet, the hard solid fat of animals 
found near the kidneys and loins—that 
from oxen and sheep is best known in 
commerce. 


Sugar. The sugars of commerce are 
obtained from the juice of the sugar-cane, 
the beet-root, the sap of the sugar maple, 
and from some of the palms. Cane sugar is 
largely produced in Louisiana and Texas ; 
maple sugar is produced in Vermont and 
other northern and eastern States ; and 
beet-root sugar in California, Wisconsin, Il¬ 
linois, and other western States. The entire 
production falls far short of the demands 
for the domestic consumption of the coun¬ 
try. The importations of foreign sugars 
are principally from Cuba and Porto Rico, 
though very considerable amounts are an¬ 
nually received from other West India 
Islands, and also from Manilla, and occa¬ 
sional shipments from Java, China, and 
other East Indian ports. The musco¬ 
vado or raw sugar from Cuba is received 
in boxes or hogsheads; the boxes con¬ 
taining about 450 lbs., the hogsheads from 
1,400 to 1,800 lbs. each. The partially 
refined comes in barrels. The muscovado 
sugar from Porto Rico comes in hogs¬ 
heads, that from Manilla in bags, that 
from Batavia in baskets. That which is 
received in barrels from Demerara, and 
most of the other lots so received, are im¬ 
mediately taken up by grocers and sold 
for use without further refining; all the 
other importations pass to the sugar re¬ 
finers. 

The duties on foreign imported sugars 
are usually adjusted by our tariff laws so 
as to admit the lowest grades at the low¬ 
est rates; and the classification is made 
according to what is known in commerce 
as the “Dutch standard.” This standard 
is made periodically by the sugar brokers 
in Amsterdam, and is adopted by mer¬ 
chants throughout the commercial world. 
The color alone is the indication of grade, 
and the lowest grade or darkest color 
forms the lowest number in the scale of 
standards. The standards consist of fine 
crystal-glass bottles made square, with 
four flat sides, filled with sugar of the va¬ 
rious shades of color, sealed up, and the 
commercial grade stamped on the seal and 
indicated by numbers. Thus in the exist¬ 
ing tariff (1871), the lowest grade for 
which the law provides is No. 7, and the 
rates of duty are regularly advanced from 
No. 7 to Nos. 10, 13, 16, and 20. The 
standards are procured by sugar dealers, 
and by the custom-house officers, from 
Amsterdam, with each set of which comes 
one or more empty bottles precisely simi¬ 
lar to those containing the standard su¬ 
gars. In comparing sugars with those 




SUGAR-BROKER. 


SUMACH. 


493 


standards, a quantity of the sugar is 
placed in one of the empty bottles and 
the standard bottles are laid alongside, 
and when the particular number is found 
which agrees in color with the sugar under 
'examination, the grade or standard is de¬ 
termined. 

The annual consumption of sugar hi the 
United States is about 000,000 tons ; of 


which we produce, say : 

Of cane sugar. 50,000 tons. 

Of molasses. 25,000 “ 

Of maple sugar. 25,000 u 

Of beet and sorghum, say. .. 100 u 


The production of maple sugar in the 
United States is gradually diminishing, 
and is not susceptible of any considerable 
increase; beet-root sugar may be pro¬ 
duced indefinitely; the product of sorg¬ 
hum sugar is very small, the plant being 
cultivated for molasses rather than for 
sugar. 

Sugar-broker. Much of the foreign 
sugar imported is consigned by the sugar 
planter to commission houses in New York 
or other cities, and the sale of the cargo is 
almost invariably given into the hands of 
a broker. These brokers are men of char¬ 
acter and experience, and as a general 
rule understand the state of the market, 
as well as how to grade or classify the su¬ 
gars, much better than the merchant who 
receives the consignment. 

Sugar eaady, a preparation of su¬ 
gar made by crystallizing it several times 
to render it hard and transparent. It con¬ 
stitutes a very important article of com¬ 
merce in China and the East Indies, and 
is the only kind of sugar which is esteem¬ 
ed in many parts of the East. The name 
and art was introduced into Europe by the 
Arabs. 

Sugar of Dead, a compound of ace¬ 
tic acid and oxide of lead—used in calico 
printing ; in chemistry called acetate of 
lead. It is very poisonous. 

Sugar standard, a standard by 
which sugars are graded ; the recognized 
commercial standard for sugar is known 
as the “ Dutch standard,” and is prepared 
annually by experts at Amsterdam from 
Java sugars. The different grades are put 
up in separate small glass-bottles and 
^numbered, and sealed up and authenti¬ 
cated. See Sugar. 

Sulphate of copper, blue vitriol, 
chiefly used in dyeing and in the prepara¬ 
tion of certain green pigments. 

Sulphate of iron, copperas, green 
vitriol. 


Sulphate off lime, gypsum. 
Sulphate of iuagne§ia, Epsom 
salts. 

Sulphate of iuaugane§e, a salt 
obtained from manganese and sulphuric 
acid, prepared on a very large scale, and 
extensively used by calico printers. 
Sulphate of zinc, white vitriol. 

Sulphur, a well-known and very use¬ 
ful substance, found in various places, 
but for commercial purposes chiefly in the 
neighborhood of modern or extinct volca¬ 
noes ; the imports are mostly from Sicily, 
where this mineral is dug up in a state of 
comparative purity; when cast in cylindri¬ 
cal moulds it is more generally called brim¬ 
stone. It is used in the manufacture of 
gunpowder, in the formation of sulphuric 
acid, in medicine, and in the arts. In the 
price currents, rough and roll brimstone, 
and flour of sulphur are quoted as the 
commercial kinds. It is sold by the ton. 
The annual yield of sulphur in the Island 
of Sicily is something over 300,000 tons. 

Siilpluir impression*, casts and 
medallions composed of wax and sulphur. 

Sulphuric acid, a compound of sul¬ 
phur and oxygen; oil of vitriol. It is very 
largely imported from England, and is 
more extensively used in the arts than 
a^ other acid. It derived the name of 
oil of vitriol from the fact that this acid, 
not an oil, was first obtained by distilla¬ 
tion from green vitriol, or sulphate of iron. 

§11 OS ana, a kind of raisin. 

Sumach, the dried and chopped 
leaves and shoots of the rhits coriaria , a 
shrub growing in southern Europe, and 
also of the rhus cotinus , both of which, 
and other species, grow wild in all our 
Middle and Southern States. The term 
sumach is also applied in commerce to the 
same article when ground or reduced to a 
powder. It is largely employed in tanning 
morocco leather, and as a dye-stuff. Great 
Britain alone uses not less than 20,000 
tons per annum, which she imports chiefly 
from the Levant. The importations into 
the United States, mostly from Sicily, 
amount to about 3,000 tons, and we pro¬ 
duce perhaps about twice that quantity. 
It is said that the American is not equal 
to the European, but that may be due, in 
part at least, to the difference in the mode 
of preparation, and to the fact that the 
latter is cultivated. From the following 
article, which we find in the Scientific 
American , it would seem that sumach pro¬ 
mises to become another commercial com¬ 
modity of our country which may hereaf- 






404 


SUMACH. 


ter enter largely into our foreign export 
trade. 

“ Among the new industries, rising ra¬ 
pidly into importance, are the gathering 
and manufacturing for market of sumach. 
This article is used as a dyestuff and for 
tanning morocco. Formerly all used was 
brought from Europe ; now the Southern 
States supply a large quantity, already 
supplanting the low grades of the foreign 
article, and we hope some day ere long 
also to take the place of the finer grade. 

“ The difference between American and 
foreign, or, rather, American and Sicilian 
first grades, is probably due to the fact 
that the latter is cultivated ; the former 
is as yet a wild product growing on those 
vast fields of so-called wom-out land abun¬ 
dant through the South from their former 
wasteful system of farming. 

“ Tanners of morocco say that the 
Southern sumach, when carefully gathered, 
free from sticks and dirt, the leaves and 
leaf stem only, is equal in tannin strength 
to the best Sicilian; that with Sicilian at 
$175 per ton, such sumach finely ground 
should bring $125 per ton. The usual 
price is $50 to $90, and it has sold at 
$110. It is like everything else ; it pays 
to put it on the market in the best order 
possible. 

“ There are six botanically different 
varieties of sumach in the United States ; 
of these, three are of value, one is of little 
or no use, and two are poisonous. The 
first three resemble each other very much 
in leaf and size, growing from four to ten 
and fifteen feet high, chiefly on dry up¬ 
lands, in old fields. Of these three, two 
have hairy berries and one has a hairy 
down on the branch, like a deer’s horn, 
in summer; the third has a perfectly 
smooth berry and branch. The leaves of 
all these are valuable, though we think if 
care were taken to keep them separate 
that the hairy or stag-horn sumach would 
be found most valuable for dyeing. 

“ Of the other three the dwarf sumach, 
one or two feet high, is valueless; another 
grows only in swampy places, and while 
its juice is said to make a fine varnish, 
used largely in Japan, yet it is so poisonous 
to many persons that it is best let alone ; 
the third is the well-known poison oak. 

“In gathering the sumach, leaves and 
leaf stems should be carefully picked 
without any of the woody stem, then dried 
under cover on lattice-work shelves to 
give free access to air, frequently stirring 
or turning to prevent heating. When tho¬ 


roughly dried, at the end of two or three 
weeks, it is sent to New York or to the' 
nearest mill for sale. In this state it is 
worth from $1 25 to $1.75 per hundred 
lbs., but woody stems and dirt detract 
from its value very much. The buyer in 
the interior of Virginia, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, and Georgia can seldom 
afford to pay more than $1 per hundred. 

“ At the mill it is ground very fine and 
screened. The mill is of the usual drug- 
mill form : an upright wheel revolving on 
its edge in a circular trough, as the old- 
fashioned mill for grinding clay. It should 
be tightly enclosed ; if not, a large quan¬ 
tity’of the light, fine powdered sumach will 
escape and be lost. On care and economy 
in this operation depends the miller’s profit. 
After grinding it is screened and packed 
in bags—162 lbs. to the bag—and thus sent 
to market. The bags to hold this quantity 
should be cut out 40x60 inches. Fourteen 
such bags will hold a ton. This is exactly 
the style and weight that Sicilian sumach 
is packed, as sent to this country. To sell 
well it should be of a light-green color. 

“ The time of gathering is from July 1st 
to just before first frost, not later; in 
some parts it may commence earlier. It 
should be done when the flower is in full 
bloom, not before. 

“It is stated that the consumption of 
sumach in Great Britain is over 20,000 tons 
per annum, and that it is yearly increas¬ 
ing. In this country we use 3,500 tons of 
native, and perhaps 3,000, or over, of 
foreign ; probably 500 tons of native we 
export. As, the demand and uses for 
leather never grow less, it is not at all prob¬ 
able that all which the South can pro¬ 
duce, if properly prepared, will ever fill 
the needed supply ; and if it should create 
a plethora on the market it would only 
cause new uses to be found for it, or en¬ 
gender the production of a finer article. 

“ There is no reason why we should not 
export at least 5,000 tons to Europe, and 
supply all our own demands. The mill 
machinery is said to coat $2,500 without 
power. With the crude article at $1.50 
per hundred even, $12 to $15 per ton for 
grinding and bags, $10 for loss, and $10 
for freight to New York, there is certainly 
a fair margin of profit at $90 per ton at 
least, which price a good article will cer¬ 
tainly always bring in New York. 

“ For tanning it is valued, as it does not 
discolor the leather. It is used in the 
same manner as a decoction of bark. Best 
Sicilian contains, according to Muspratt, 




SUMMER SAVORY. 


SUTTLE. 


sixteen per cent, of tannin, and Virginia 
ten per cent. We have no doubt the vastly 
improved mode of gathering and prepar¬ 
ing the American sumach will now increase 
its quantity of tannin. 

u The sumach berries are of very little 
value, though we think in the progress of 
science a use will be found for them. 
They are said to contain large quantities 
of malic acid. They are now used in small 
quantities by the druggists. They should 
by all means be kept out of the gathered 
leaves, as they contain a red dye, hence 
would injure the quality of the sumach.” 

Summer savory, an aromatic culi¬ 
nary herb. 

Sunelml, a medicinal salt prepared 
from muriate of soda and myrobalon— 
known also as black salt, and imported 
from Bombay. 

Sunday, the first day of the week, 
commencing at twelve o’clock on the night 
between Saturday and Sunday, and end¬ 
ing in 24 hours thereafter. No business is 
transacted in any of the government offices 
on this day, except the receipt, partial 
delivery, and despatch of letters by the 
Post Offices. In some States contracts 
made on that day are void, but in general 
they are binding if in other respects they 
are valid. Notes and bills of exchange 
falling due on Sunday are payable on the 
day previous. By the laws of New York 
no person shall expose to sale any wares, 
merchandise, goods, or chattels on Sun¬ 
day, under penalty of forfeiture. 

Sunflower-seed, the seeds of the 
common garden helianthus. 

Sunflower-oil, oil expressed from 
the seeds of the sunflower. 

Sunn Itcinp, a fibrous plant, the cro- 
tcdaria juncea , known in commerce as 
Madras hemp, and also as broom hemp. 
It resembles the Spanish broom, and is 
grown in various parts of Hindostan. 
That which is most esteemed for its color 
and strength is produced at Comercolly. 
In Bengal called also taag. 

Sun opnl, a variety of opal which 
displays bright-yellow and hyacinth-red 
reflections. 

Sunstonc, a pale yellowish and very 
beautiful variety of feldspar found in Si¬ 
beria. 

Super-cargo, a person employed by 
the owner of a cargo to accompany the 
vessel and to sell the merchandise shipped 
to the best advantage, and, if so authorized, 
to purchase returning cargo. He has no 
power to interfere with the government of 


495 

the ship, but superintends the commercial 
concerns of the voyage. 

SupcrplRospiiate, the term in most 
general use for the superphosphate of lime, 
extensively used as a fertilizer. 

Surediinni, the name of a valuable 
timber-wood obtained on the shores of the 
Demerara river, in South America. 

Surcharge, an overcharge in quanti¬ 
ty, or price, or degree, beyond what is just 
and reasonable, rarely used in commercial 
transactions. 

Surety, a person who binds himself 
for the payment of a sum of money, or for 
the performance of some act for another. 

Surinam hark, a species of cincho¬ 
na bark, of inferior quality. 

Survey, an examination into the con¬ 
dition of a ship, or the damage sustained 
on merchandise on a sea voyage. 

Surveyor, a person employed by ma¬ 
rine insurance companies to inspect or sur¬ 
vey ships and shipping, and on whose report 
the rates of insurance are generally de¬ 
termined ; also, an officer of fire insurance 
companies who examines and reports on 
applications for insurance on buildings and 
merchandise. 

Surveyor of the port, an officer 
of the Customs appointed to the principal 
seaports in the United States, whose duty 
it is to superintend and direct all inspectors, 
weighers, measurers, and gaugers; to visit 
and inspect the vessels arriving from foreign 
ports ; to examine their manifests, and to 
verify the same ; also to examine and verify 
inspectors’ returns; to superintend the la¬ 
ding for exportation of all goods entered 
for the benefit of drawback, and to see 
that the entries and permits therefor agree, 
etc., etc. With this officer and the Col¬ 
lector and Naval officer of the port, the 
moiety of all fines, forfeitures, and penal¬ 
ties for violating revenue laws are equally 
divided. 

Suspend, to stop payment. 

Suspended, merchants or firms who 
have ceased to meet their obligations, 
whether from insolvency or other causes. 

Suspense account, in book-keep¬ 
ing an account to which certain receipts 
or disbursements are temporarily placed 
until their proper position on the books 
can be determined. 

Sutler, an authorized vender of pro¬ 
visions and liquors to soldiers in camp or 
in garrison. 

Suttle, the weight of goods after tare 
has been deducted, but from which the 
tret is yet to be taken. 



496 SWALLOWS’ NESTS. 


SYRUPS. 


Swallows' nests, the edible nests 
of these birds form a large commerce in 
China .—See Birds''-nests. 

Swans’-down, the soft short feath¬ 
ers from the skin of the swan, used mostly 
in the manufacture of powder puffs ; the 
consumption for this purpose being fully 
10,000 skins per annum ; a soft kind of 
woollen or mixed cloth or fabric. 

Swan-skin, a soft flannel; a kind of 
woollen blanketing; the skin of the swan 
with the feathers on, used for trimmings, 
etc. 

Swap, to exchange or barter one arti¬ 
cle for another. 

Swarf, iron filings, or the grit which 
falls from grindstones used by cutlers. 

Sweating, a commercial term for the 
heating process which certain kinds of 
merchandise undergo while on ship¬ 
board, during the voyage. 

Sweating eoin, the process of de¬ 
basing current gold coin, by shaking it in 
bags, and gathering the portions of the 
metal which thus become detached by 
friction. 

Sweepings, the dust and rubbish ob¬ 
tained on the floors of gold and silver manu¬ 
facturers, from which the precious metals 
are carefully extracted by the refiners. 

Sw eet, merchandise not changed from 
a sound or wholesome state; fresh or un¬ 
changed. 

Sweet eorn, a variety of Indian com 
grown chiefly for table use, and used when 
in its milky state before it ripens. 

Sweet ting, calamus,—used in per¬ 
fumery and also as an aromatic drug. 

Sweetmeats, fruits preserved with 
sugar. 

Sweet-root, a name for the liquorice 
root. 

Sweet oil, olive oil, the finer quali¬ 
ties of which are used as salad oil—the in¬ 
ferior qualities for lubricating purposes, in 
perfumery, and in various kinds of manu¬ 
factures. 

Sweet potatoes, the batatus edidis, 
a valuable table tuber, largely cultivated 
in the Southern States. 

Swiss muslin, a kind of thin sheer 
cotton muslin, plain, dotted, striped, and 
figured, made in Switzerland, and used 
chiefly for ladies’ dresses. 


Sycee silver, a species of Chinese 
silver coin or currency,—the silver is 
swedged or pounded into the shape of a 
shoe, the pieces fitting one into another 
like so many saucers, and are dealt out by 
weight in the same manner as bullion is in 
New York or London. The pieces or in¬ 
gots bear the stamp of the office that 
issues them, and vary much in their 
weight, some weighing but about 175 
grains troy, and some so large as to weigh 
5 lbs. troy. The most common weight, 
however, is about 1 lb. troy. The fine¬ 
ness of the silver is known by the number 
of touches which it is said to contain : thus 
sycee of 99 touch means that the ingot has 
only 1 part in 100 of alloy. This silver by 
the Chinese is denominated wan-gin, “ fine 
silver,” and derives its name in foreign 
commerce, sysee , from the colloquial pro¬ 
nunciation of the phrase se-sze , which im¬ 
plies that the silver is as fine as silk; or 
in other words, “the purest silver.” 

Syderolite, a kind of Bohemian ear¬ 
thenware resembling Wedge wood ware. 

Sylvanite, a soluble ore of gold and 
silver, found in North Carolina and in 
Transylvania. 

Symplocos alstonia, the name for 
a kind of tea, or of the leaves of a plant 
used as a tea in New Grenada. 

Syndic, a kind of officer of a govern¬ 
ment, or of an institution; one chosen to 
conduct the affairs and attend to the con¬ 
cerns of a body corporate, or of a company, 
answering to the term director or mana¬ 
ger. 

Syracuse, a red wine of Italy. 

Syrian oil, a fragrant essential oil 
obtained from the canary balsam plant, or 
moldarica. 

Syrian tobacco, a mild tobacco 
used in Turkey. 

Syrup blanc, a name under which a 
kind of syrup made from starch is some¬ 
times imported from France for the use 
of confectioners. 

Syrups. Simple syrups are concentra¬ 
ted solutions of sugar made with pure 
water, or watery fluids. When sugar is 
boiled with vegetable infusions or charged 
with medicinal agents, the syrup takes the 
name of the fruit or agent,—as syrup of 
lemon, syrup of squill, etc. 




SYNONYMS, OR 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT 


EQUIVALENTS 

COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Table-spoons 

Cuilleres a man- 

Eszloffel 

Eetlepel 

Cucciaj da zuppa 

Cucharos 

Tacks 

Broquettes [ger 

Zwecken 

Spijkertje 

Agutelli 

Tachuelas 

Talc 

Talc 

Talk 

Talkaarde 

Talco 

Talco 

Tallow 

Suif 

Talg 

Talk 

Sevo 

Sebo 

Tamarinds 

Tamarins 

Tamarinden 

Tamarinden 

Tamarindi 

Tamarindos 

Tan 

Tannin 

Lohe 

Looijen 

Concia 

Tanino 

Tanners’ bark 

Ecorce de ch&ne 

Eichenrinde 

Eikenbast 

Scorza di quercia 

Corteza de roble 

Tape 

ituban de fil 

Zwirnband 

Band 

Passamano 

Cinta de hilo 

Tapestry 

Tapioca 

Tapisserie 

Tapioca 

Teppichtapete 

Tapiokamehl 

Tapijt 

Tappezzeria 

Tapiceria 

Tapioca 

Tar 

Gourdon 

Theer 

Teer 

Catrame 

Alquitran; brea 

Tare 

Tare 

Tara 

Tarra 

Tara 

Tara 

Tariff 

Tarif 

Tarif 

Tarief 

Tariffa 

Tarifa 

Tartar 

Tartre 

Weinstein 

Wijnsteen 

Tartaro 

Tartaro 

Tassels 

Houppes; glands 

Troddeln 

Kwasten 

Fiocchi 

Borlas 

Tea 

The 

Thee 

Thee 

Te 

To 

Telegram 

Telegramme 

Telegramm 

Telegram 

Telegvamma 

Telegramo 

Thames 

Tamise 

Themse 

Theems 

Tamigi 

Tamesis 

Thread 

Corde 

Faden 

Draad 

Corda; filo 

Hilo 

Ticking 

Coutil 

Zwillich 

Beddetijk 

Traliccio 

Terliz; coti 

Tide 

Maree 

Zeit 

Tijd 

Marea 

Marea 

Tierces 

Tieryons 

Tiercen 

Tierse; derde 
Dakpannen 

Terzoni; terza 

Tercerolas 

Tiles 

Tuiles [tion 

Dachziegeln 

Embrici; tegolas 

Tejas [struccion 

Timber 

Bois de construe- 

Bauholz 

Timmerhout 

Legname 

Madera de con- 

Tin 

Etain 

Zinn 

Tin 

Stagno 

Estano 

Tinfoil 

Feuille d'etain 

Blattzinn 

Bladtin 

Stagno in folie 

Hoja de estano 

Tobacco 

Tabac 

Taback; tabak 
Zungen 

Tabak 

Tabacco 

Tabaco 

Tongues 

Langues 

Tongen 

Lingui 

Lenguas 

Tonnage 

Tonnage 

Lastigkeit 

Lastgeld 


Tonelage 

Topaz 

Topaze 

Topas 

Topaas 

Topazio 

Topacio [ga 

Tortoise-shell 

Ecaille [lots 

Carette; Schildpatt 

Schildpad 

Tartaruga 

Concha de tortu- 

Toys 

Jouets; bimbe- 

Tanden 

Speeltuig 

Bagattelli 

Juguetes 

Trade 

Commerce 

Handel 

Handel 

Commercio 

Comercio 

Train oil 

Huile de poisson 

Thran 

Traan 

Olio di pesce 

Aceite de ballena 

Tranship 

Transborder 

Ueberladen 

Overladen 

Transportare 

Transbordar 

Trimmings 

Garnitures 

Besatz 

Borduursel 

Guarnimenti 

Guamicion 

Truffles 

Truffes 

Tr'uffeln 

Truffels 

Tartufl 

Trufas 

Turkey 

Turquie 

Turkei 

Turkije 

Turchia [cuma 

Turquia 

Turmeric 

Curcuma 

Curcuma 

Kerkuma 

Titimaglio; cur- 

Curcuma 

Turpentine 

Terebenthine 

Terpentin 

Terpen tijn 

Trementina 

Trementina 

Turquoise 

Turquoise 

Tiirkis 


Turchina 

Turquesa 

Turtles 

Tortues 

Schildkroten 

Schildpad 

Testuggine 

Tortugas 

Twine 

Ficelle 

Zwirn; garn 

Kronkeling 

Filo; spago 

Hilo acarreto 

Types 

Types 

Lettern; typus 

Drukletters 

Tipi 

Tipos; letras 


Taag\ a name in Hindostan for the 
Bengal or sunn hemp. 

Ta, a commercial weight in Cochin 
China of 137f lbs. ; a Burmese measure 
of length of 3^ yards. 

Ta6>, a kind of lace border—a term 
used in the millinery trade. 

Tabaret, a trade name for a kind of 
stout satin-striped silk. 

Tabaslieer, a silicious concretion 

32 


fouDd in the interior of the stem of the 
large India bamboo, and regarded by the 
Orientals as a valuable medicine. It is 
also known as bamboo milk, bamboo salt, 
and bamboo camphor. 

Tabbtnet, a light kind of tabby ; as 
a material for window curtains, it is a tex¬ 
ture of silk and wool, comprising some of 
the characteristics of damask and poplin. 

Tabby, a kind of thick silk stuff with 


















498 


TABBY VELVET. 


TALLICOONAII OIL. 


a wavy or watered appearance, produced 
by a peculiar process of calendering. 

Tabby velvet, thin cotton velvet. 

TableelotSis, a common name for 
damask, diaper, or other style of table 
linen. They are woven in squares, or in 
different widths and lengths, usually with 
borders ; and some kinds come in the piece 
and are sold by the yard. 

Table covers, fancy-colored wors¬ 
ted or cotton covers for tables ; also covers 
for tables of woollen, and india rubber, and 
oil cloth. 

Table cutlery, table and carving 
knives, steel forks, steel knife-sharpeners, 
nut-crackers and nut-pickers. 

Table forks, metal forks for taking 
up food at the table. When made of steel 
and sold with table knives, they are em¬ 
braced in the general term of table cut¬ 
lery ; when of silver, they are included 
under the general term of plate. 

Table knives, steel knives used at 
the table, and sold as cutlery. 

Table iioeii, linen tablecloths and 
napkins. 

Table spoons, silver, silver plated, 
or other metallic large-sized spoons used 
at the table. 

Tablet, a kind of pocket memoran¬ 
dum card. 

Table tops, scagliola, marble, inlaid, 
and papier mache tops for fancy tables; 
imported from Italy and France. 

Tacamaliac balsam, a name for 
the balsam obtained from the populus bal- 
samifera , the figara octandra, some species 
of calophyllum, and probably from some 
other trees and plants. When pure it has 
an aromatic smell, between that of laven¬ 
der and musk. It comes chiefly from the 
West Indies. 

Taeapows, floor-mats made from 
the leaves of the cocoa-nut palm. 

.Tacca, the tubers of a tropical plant 
which resembles potatoes, and are largely 
employed as an article of diet. They are 
also prepared and sold as South Sea arrow- 
root. 

Taefae, an iron or copper sugar-boiler 
of large capacity. 

Tackle, a collective name for certain 
fittings, as fishing-tackle, harness, and the 
working appurtenances, etc. 

Tacks, small, short, broad-headed 
nails, put up in strong paper packages ; 
the sizes vary—used for fastening down 
carpets, and for other purposes. 

Tael, or tale, a money of China—- 
717 taels being equal to $1,000. The 


custom-house value in the LTnited States 
is $1.48; a Chinese weight of li oz. 

Tafeil, a Chinese artificial fertilizei 
composed of night soil and clay—also, ir 
New York, of night soil and guano. 

Taffeta, or TaflTety, a light silk 
fabric with a considerable lustre or gloss, 
sometimes enriched with stripes and pat ¬ 
terns. The name is also in a general sense 
applied to many kinds of silk goods. 

Taffeta rib boats, plain woven silk 
ribbons of various widths and of all colors. 

Tafia, a variety of rum prepared in 
the West Indies from molasses. 

Tags, metallic points for the ends of 
shoe-strings or lacers. 

Taggers, a very thin kind of tin 
plates—10 x 14 inches, and packed in boxes 
of 450 sheets. 

Tail tags, the lighter and less valu¬ 
able parts of grain, separated in the pro¬ 
cess of winnowing. 

Tails, the tails of various kinds of 
birds are valuable for their plumage ; of 
some animals for their furs, and others 
for their fibres. 

Taia, tinfoil; a thin tin plate. 

Take, this word is much used as the 
equivalent of to buy — as, I will take 100 
chests of tea at your price, and I will take 
50 chests more at a discount. 

Takko, a kind of heavy winter dress 
goods of cotton and worsted. 

Talc, silicate of magnesia—a mineral 
which occurs both crystallized and massive. 
It is soft, smooth, greasy to the feel, and 
may be split into fine plates or leaves, which 
are flexible but not elastic. The leaves 
are transparent, and are used in India and 
China in windows instead of glass. The 
common variety forms the basis of the 
rouge used by ladies—the talc being col¬ 
ored by safflower. In a powdered state it 
is also employed to make new boots and 
gloves slip on easily, and to diminish fric¬ 
tion in machinery. In its natural state it 
is used by tailors for drawing lines on 
cloth. A variety found in compact gran¬ 
ular masses is called soapstone. It is found 
in various localities in the United States ; 
that which is known in commerce as Vene¬ 
tian talc comes from the Tyrolese moun¬ 
tains. 

Talero, a silver coin of Venice of the 
value of about $1. 

Talispatlaree, a name by which, in 
the East Indian price-currents, the leaves 
and roots of a medicinal plant, resembling 
rhubarb, is quoted. 

Tallicooiiala oil, a medicinal oil 




TALLOW. 

made in Sierra Leone from the seeds of 
caropa guineensis. 

Tallow, animal fat—that which en¬ 
ters most largely into commerce is from 
the ox and sheep. The fat of the animal 
is separated from the membranous and 
fibrous matter mixed with it by melting it 
down. When pure it is white; the tallow 
of commerce has usually a yellowish tinge, 
and is divided, according to the degree of 
its purity and consistence, into candle and 
soap tallow. Besides its uses for soap and 
candles, tallow is used in leather dressing 
and in various processes of the arts. Of 
the varieties of tallow the American holds 
the first rank—that from Russia is held next 
in esteem. South American tallow is most¬ 
ly used for soap or for very common can¬ 
dles. The prices of tallow are influenced 
if not actually regulated by the price of 
what is known in the trade as the P. Y. C. 
tallow, which means Petersburg yellow 
candle tallow. 

Tallow randies, candles manu¬ 
factured from tallow—they are either dip¬ 
ped or made in moulds—the latter kind are 
generally of better stock than the dips , 
and are smoother and more sightly. Press¬ 
ed tallow makes the best candles, espe¬ 
cially for warm climates. Those made 
from inferior tallow ‘ ‘ run ” and are 
greasy. 

Tallow elianadler, a manufacturer 
and dealer in tallow, tallow candles, etc. 

Tallow-tree wax, a kind of vege¬ 
table wax obtained from the seeds of the 
stittingia sebifera , a tree of China — the 
seeds are covered with a waxy substance, 
and used for making candles. 

Til 11 y, a mode of keeping accounts by 
laying two sticks together and making 
similar notches in each. Before the gen¬ 
eral introduction of writing, the only way, 
or the usual way, of keeping accounts was 
for the purchaser and seller to be provided 
each with a tally , having a series of notches 
corresponding in number to the quan¬ 
tity of goods delivered; and these tallies 
were received as evidence in courts of 
justice. The public income of England up 
to a very recent period was checked by 
tallies made of hazel-rods, indented and 
split into two parts; one part being retain¬ 
ed by the payer, the other by the teller of 
the Exchange. Daily sales of milk to pri¬ 
vate families are even now frequently regis¬ 
tered in the same way; as are also in some 
places the scores kept by brewers against 
ale and beer houses. It is said that the 
more modern system of account books is I 


TAMPING. 499 

not found to be possessed of checks equal 
in point of safety to the tallies. 

TallymaBi, one who supplies persons 
with goods and receives his pay by week¬ 
ly instalments. 

Tally li •atie, a system of dealing 
carried on in London and other large Eng¬ 
lish towns by which shop-keepers furnish 
certain articles on credit to their custom¬ 
ers, the latter paying by weekly or month¬ 
ly instalments. The customers of the 
tally shops are mostly women, consisting 
principally of the wives of the lower order 
of mechanics, servant girls, and females of 
loose character. The trade is considered 
disreputable and very demoralizing. 

Talookdor, a chief revenue officer 
in India. 

Tamarinds, the preserved pulp of a 
leguminous tree of the genus tamarindus, 
which grows in the East and West Indies, 
and in Arabia and Egypt. The imports are 
chiefly from the West Indies. The fruit 
is packed in casks and preserved in syrup. 
A claim made by the importer to pass 
them under the provision for “fruits, 
green, ripe, or dried,” was overruled by 
the Secretary of the Treasury. 

Tamarix bark, the bark of the 
tamarix germanica —used in Denmark 
as a substitute for hops. The bark of 
some other species has some value as a 
drug. 

Tamariiitf-fisli, a preparation of 
some kind of fish, cut in transverse slices 
and packed in casks with the acid pulp of 
the tamarind fruit. 

Tambookie wood, a wood used 
in the form of powders in South Africa as 
a drug. 

Taiiiboui', a species of embroidery, 
performed by a hook instead of a needle ; 
a species of fancy-work in threads, some¬ 
times of gold and silver. The name is de¬ 
rived from the stuff in the process of em¬ 
broidering, being stretched over a circular 
frame called also a tambour , on account 
of its resemblance to a drum. 

Tam try, a thin woollen stuff highly 
glazed. 

Tammies, a kind of fine worsted 
fabric—resembling bunting, but finer and 
of various colors. 

Tampse, a fruit of the East Indies re¬ 
sembling the apple. 

Tam pang, a weight of about 1£ lb. 
used in Malacca for tin. 

Tain pi eo fibre, a kind of Mexican 
grass; known also in commerce as istle. 

Tamping, a kind of oil-cake made 




500 


TAM-TAM. 


TARE. 


from peas—largely dealt in at Shanghai 
and other parts of China. 

Tam-tam, an alloy of 100 copper, 
and 25 of tin; a sonorous metal used by 
the Hindoos and Chinese for drums and 
gongs. 

Tail, a common name for the ground 
bark after it has been used in the tan- 
yard,—a refuse which is used for walks, 
for manure, and to a small extent in the 
manufacture of white lead. 

Taiiga, a money on the Malabar coast 
worth about 14 cents. 

Tail)ill, a kind of cotton fabric manu¬ 
factured in England for the East India 
market. 

Tank, a Bombay weight for pearls of 
72 grains. 

Tank bottoms, dirty sugar which 
adheres to or is found at the bottom of 
molasses casks. “ Assimilating in appear¬ 
ance and uses” to melado, “ are dutiable 
as melado.” Let. Sec. Tv. to Col. at Bos¬ 
ton, Dec. 17, 1868. 

Tank footings, same as tank bot¬ 
toms. 

Tan nod, skins made into leather by 
the process of tanning with bark or other 
substances containing tannin. 

Tanner’s bark, oak, hemlock, and 
other barks used by tanners in converting 
skins into leather ; the bark of young trees, 
especially that of the oak, yields a much 
stronger tanning substance than that of old 
trees. 

Tanner’s waste, the hair, hide 
clippings, and other refuse from the tan- 
yard, which for the use of plasterers and 
glue-makers has a commercial value. 

Tanning substances, the bark of 
the oak, hemlock, birch, and other trees; 
cutch, valonia, sumach, dividivi, gambier 
or terra japonica, and various extracts 
from barks, and other substances which 
contain tannic acid. 

Tans y, an aromatic bitter garden and 
roadside plant or herb, used in medicine 
and for bitters. 

Tape, a narrow piece, say from £ of an 
inch to 1 inch in width of white woven 
fabric, generally cotton, used as strings in 
parts of ladies’ dresses, and for other pur¬ 
poses ; when colored red, used in public 
offices and by lawyers for tying up papers 
and documents. There being a difference 
in the rates of duty, a claim was made by 
an importer to classify tapes as braids , 
which was overruled by a decision of the 
Secretary of the Treasury. 

Tapers, small candles, usually of wax. 


Tapestry, an ornamental figured tex¬ 
tile fabric of worsted or silk, for lining 
the walls of apartments, bed hangings, 
etc. The best tapestry is now produced 
at the Gobelins’ royal manufactory in 
France, near Paris. 

Tapestry carpet, a kind of carpet 
in which the warp is printed, or dyed in 
various colors, and at fixed intervals before 
weaving, so as to produce the figure in 
the cloth. 

Tapioca, as it appears in commerce, 
is a white coarse powder derived from the 
roots of the bitter cassava, a plant raised 
all over South America, and cultivated in 
the West Indies and in Liberia. In Brazil 
it is called mandioc or manioc. The juice 
of the root is poisonous. Tapioca is fari¬ 
naceous and is used in making puddings. 
A factitious tapioca is sold, consisting of 
very small smooth spherical grains, made 
from potato starch, and sold under the 
name of pearl tapioca. 

Taqiia lint, a vegetable ivory nut, 
the fruit of the phytelephas macrocarpa , a 
tree which belongs to the same genus as 
the palm which produces the corozo nuts. 

Tar, a thick black unctuous substance 
chiefly obtained from the pine and other 
turpentine trees. By far the largest 
amount of tar produced in the United 
States is obtained from the pine districts 
of the State of North Carolina. It is put 
up in barrels, and shipped to all parts of the 
United States as well as to England and 
France. The tar from the north of Europe 
is said to be superior to that of North Caro¬ 
lina. and of the amount consumed in Eng¬ 
land, two-thirds of it is obtained from 
Russia. 

Tar l>o Hdies, a name for the red fez 
caps worn in Turkey. 

Tare, an abatement or deduction 
made from the weight of a parcel of goods 
by taking into account the weight of the 
cask, bag, chest, or other thing containing 
the commodity. Tare is said to be real , 
when the true weight of the case or enve¬ 
lope is ascertained; average , when a few 
similar cases are taken, and the average 
estimated as equal on all the cases ; custo¬ 
mary, when a uniform weight is taken as 
the rule of the place. In Ohio, by an act 
of the legislature, “ actual tare is the 
weight of the package after the goods have 
been taken out.” 

The act of Congress of July 14, 1862, 
enacts “ That in estimating the allowance 
for tare on all chests, boxes, cases, casks, 
bags, or other envelope or covering, of all 



TARE. 


501 


articles imported liable to pay any duty, 
where the original invoice is produced at 
the time of making entry thereof, and the 
tare shall be specified therein, it shall be 
lawful for the collector, if he shall see fit, 
with the consent of the consignees, to esti¬ 
mate the said tare according to such 
invoice ; but in all other cases the real 
tare shall be allowed, and may be ascer¬ 
tained under such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury may from time 
to time prescribe.” 

‘ ‘ The Secretary of the Treasury, in com¬ 
pliance with the foregoing act, directed the 
General Appraiser at New York* to con¬ 
vene the General Appraisers of Baltimore, 
Philadelphia, and Boston, at his office, u to 
fix upon a uniform schedule of tares, and 
to report the same to the Treasury Depart¬ 
ment.” A schedule of rates of tares was 
accordingly agreed upon by these officers, 
which together with the Reportf thereon 
were transmitted to the Department, 
adopted by the Secretary of the Treasury, 
and the following order thereon issued by 
the Department:— 

“ Circular to Collectors of Customs. 

“ Treasury Department, Jan. 24, 1863. 

“ Sir :—The 16th Section of the Tariff act of the 
14th July, 1862, provides (see section as above): The 
execution of the foregoing: provision will be governed 
by the following regulations :— 

“ In all cases where the original invoice is pro¬ 
duced at the time of making the entry thereof, with 
the tare specified therein, the collector, or collector 
and naval officer, if such officer there be, may in his 
or their discretion, and with the consent of the con¬ 
signees, estimate the tare according to the invoice ; 
otherwise the real tare is to be allowed. 

“The schedule of tares annexed is the tare to be 
allowed in all cases where the invoice tare is not 
adopted as hereinbefore prescribed : Provided , That 
the collector shall have the right at any time to test 
the tare on any importation where, in his opinion, 
the real tare may vary from the tare in the schedule 
annexed. 

“ Should any consignee or importer enter a protest 
in due form of law against the enforcement of any 
one or more of the tares.as herein set forth, the col¬ 
lector will in all such cases adopt the real tare, to be 
ascertained in the usual manner.” 

Almonds.in bales. 2% per cent. 

do.in bags.2 do. 

do.in frails. 8 do. 

Alum.in casks.10 do. 

Alum, coarse or 

ground.in sacks.2 pds. per sack. 

Barytes.3 per cent. 


* Letter from S. P. Chase, Secretary of the Trea¬ 
sury, to Thomas McElrath, Appraiser-General at 
New York, dated November 4, 1862. 

t Report of Thomas McElrath to Treasury De¬ 
partment on the subject of Tare, with schedule of 
rates annexed, dated November 13, 1862. The sche¬ 
dule was adopted as reported, and is continued as 
the standard of rates in the cases provided for by 
law. 


Cheese. 

.. .in casks or tubs. 10 per cent. 

Cassia. 


. 9 

do. 

Coffee, Rio. 


. 1 

do. 

do. . 


. 2 

do. 

do. All other 1 . 



actual tare.... 




Cinnamon. 


. 6 

do. 

Cocoa . 


. 2 

do. 

do. 


. 8 

do. 

Chicory. 


. 2 

do. 

Copperas . 


.10 

do. 

Currants. 


.10 

do. 

Hemp, Manilla.. 


. 4 pds. per bala 

do. Hamburg, 



Leghorn, Trieste. 

. 5 

do. 

Indigo. 


. 10 per cent. 

Melado. 


.11 

do. 

Nails.. ... 


. 2 

do. 

do. 


. 8 

do. 

Ochre, dry.. 


. 8 

do. 

do. oil.. 


.12 

do. 

Peruvian Bark.. 

, .. in ceroons. 

.10 

do. 

Paris White... . 

... .in casks. 

.10 

do. 

Pepper . 


. 2 

do. 

do. 


. 4 

do. 

Pimento. 


. 2 

do. 

Raisins. 


.12 

do. 

do. 


.25 

do. 

do. 


.27 

do. 

do. 


do. 

do. 


. 4 

do. 

Rice. 


. 2 

do. 

Spanish Brown, dry.in casks. 

.10 

do. 

do. do. 

oil.in casks. 

.12 

do. 

Sugar. 


• 12X 

do. 

do. 

_in tierces. 

.12 

do. 

do. 

_in bbls. 

.10 

do. 

do. 


.14 

do. 

do. 


. 2 

do. 

do. 

_in mats. 

• W 

do. 

Salt, fine. 


, 3 pds. per sack. 

Teas, China or 

Ja- 



pan. 




Teas, all others, 

, ac- 



tual tare. 




Tobacco, Leaf . 


.10 pds. per bale. 

do. do... 

....in “ ex.covers!2 

do. 


Whiting.in casks.10 per cent. 

It will be seen that in all cases when the 
original invoice is produced at the time of 
making entry, with the tare specified there¬ 
on, the collector may in his discretion, and 
with the consent of the importer, estimate 
the tare according to the invoice, other¬ 
wise the real tare is to be allowed. In all 
cases the collector has the right to test the 
tare, when in his opinion the real tare may 
vary from the schedule. 

Iron bands round an importation of sheet 
iron were held by the Secretary of the 
Treasury to be tare and not dutiable. De¬ 
cision, Jan. 4, 1865. No deduction for 
tare allowed on the mouth-pieces of im¬ 
ported Russian cigarettes, they being con¬ 
sidered parts of the wrappers, and equally 
liable to duty with any other portion of 
the article.— Decision , Sept. 15, 1869. 

By the Laws of the State of New York 
an omission to mark the tare on casks of 
flour, or knowingly to mark or stamp false 
tare on any casks or packages of beef, 





















































































502 


TARES. 


TARIFF. 


pork, lard, hams, meal, candles, cheese, 
starch, or other articles of produce or mer¬ 
chandise, is a misdemeanor. 

Tares, a fodder plant, also called 
vetch or fitch, the vicia saliva, cultivated 
in England, France, Denmark and Prussia, 
for the stems and leaves, which are fed to 
horses and other cattle, and the seeds, 
which are fed to poultry and pigeons; the 
annual imports of the seeds alone into Eng¬ 
land, from Germany, France, and Den¬ 
mark, average about 250,000 bushels. 

Tarl, the name given to the sap or 
juice of a species of palm tree, the phoenix 
sylvestris , which is used as a beverage, is 
fermented for distillation, and also fur¬ 
nishes date sugar. An average tree yields 
from 20 to 25 gallons of sap. 

Tars IF, the rates of duty fixed by law 
on each article of merchandise imported 
from foreign countries ; a table of customs 
duties on goods imported. On passing the 
Straits of Gibraltar, it was formerly the 
practice for vessels to stop at the Spanish 
town Tar if a , and pay certain tolls or du¬ 
ties on their cargo,—hence the word Ta¬ 
riff, which term, as understood in ordinary 
commercial intercourse in this country, 
means the rates of customs duties imposed 
by our government on articles of foreign 
merchandise imported into any port of the 
United States. These rates are fixed by 
Congress; and it has heretofore been the 
policy of the government to change them 
from time to time, according as the reve¬ 
nues of the country demanded, or the in¬ 
terests of certain branches of American 
manufactures or industries required the 
fostering aid and protection of the gov¬ 
ernment. The numerous changes which 
have been made in these laws, and which 
are still being made—repealing portions 
of former laws by implication, and by im¬ 
plication leaving other portions unrepealed, 
render them frequently obscure, and their 
application, especially to undefined and non- 
enumerated articles, often very difficult. 

Perhaps no species of national legisla¬ 
tion has undergone greater or more fre¬ 
quent changes than the laws which relate 
to duties on various kinds of imported 
merchandise ; and none which have given 
rise to more serious or protracted contro¬ 
versy. The importing merchants, as a 
class, are either in favor of free trade, or of 
a tariff of duties which shall be uniformly 
imposed without discriminating in favor of 
any home manufactures or products, and 
the aggregate amount of which shall afford 
no more revenue than is required for the ac- 


| tual current wants of the government. The 
manufacturers, as a class, are in favor of 
a tariff, which, while it will give adequate 
revenue, shall also discriminate by impos¬ 
ing higher rates of duties on such kinds 
of foreign goods as enter into competition 
with American manufactures or products. 
The advocates of a “low,” “revenue,” or 
“ non-discriminating ” tariff contend that 
the adoption of their system is in accord¬ 
ance with the free spirit of the age, is 
essential to the success of American com¬ 
merce, and is due to the community at 
large, as furnishing them articles of ne¬ 
cessity and of luxury at the more natural, 
and therefore at the cheaper prices. On 
the other hand, the friends of the “ discri¬ 
minating ” or “ protective” tariff insist that 
the protective system, by adding domestic 
to foreign competition, cheapens many arti¬ 
cles of necessity and of luxury; secures a 
better home-market for American products, 
and thereby creates the ability to purchase 
more largely of foreign goods ; stimulates 
foreign as well as domestic commerce, by 
the increased wealth derived from prosper¬ 
ous industries; and, that the system of pro¬ 
tection to infant manufactures is in conso¬ 
nance with the practice of the most enlight¬ 
ened commercial nations of the world. 

These questions form a favorite topic for 
discussion for nearly all classes of our citi¬ 
zens, farmers, mechanics, and merchants. 
Congress makes the decision. The policy 
of the government is determined by states¬ 
men, and merchants conform their busi¬ 
ness accordingly. What is of the most 
importance to the generality of merchants 
is, that the laws be reasonably perma¬ 
nent, free from ambiguity, expressed in 
proper commercial phraseology, and con¬ 
strued by government officers according to 
common sense, and the common use of the 
words in commercial transactions. 

The forced construction which custom¬ 
house officers frequently give to sections 
of the tariff laws, in order to fix a higher 
rate of duty, and apparently sometimes 
with a view of commending themselves as 
vigilant revenue servants, tends to create 
a feeling of hostility to the law itself, and 
leads to much unnecessary contention. In 
most cases where the amount involved is 
small, merchants find it easier and cheaper 
to submit than to contend ; and this prac¬ 
tical acquiescence is construed by the gov¬ 
ernment officer as an endorsement of his 
action, and as a precedent for the future. 
When brought to his attention, cases of 
the most flagrant improper exactions are 




TARIFF. 


503 


corrected by the Secretary of the Treasu¬ 
ry ; and when merchants are compelled to 
resort to legal tribunals, in a great majority 
of cases their interpretation of the law is 
sustained by the courts. 

In a law where so many rates of duty 
are mentioned, and where so many hun¬ 
dreds of articles not specifically enumerat¬ 
ed must receive an interpretation which 
will assign them to some place under the 
law, it is only reasonable to suppose that 
cases will arise, where, even with sound 
judgment and familiarity in construing 
tariff laws, it may be difficult to determine 
what should be the proper action. In such 
cases of well-considered uncertainty as to 
the intent of the law, it is proper that 
the officer should give to it that construc¬ 
tion which will secure to the government 
the highest rate of duty, the merchant 
having his appeal to the Secretary of the 
Treasury and to the courts. Reasonable 
merchants perceive these difficulties and 
fully appreciate the embarrassments of the 
officers whose duties require them to act 
under these laws. But when the law, hav¬ 
ing failed to make specific provision for 
Chinese fire-crackers, and having provided 
for non-enumerated articles, an officer of 
the customs, in order to take the article 
out of the latter provision, returns them 
as manufactures of paper, the case is dif¬ 
ferent. In like manner where shoes, sub¬ 
ject to a duty of 35 per cent., because be¬ 
ing lined with wool-waste are returned as 
manufactures of wool, and subjected to a 
duty of 50 cents per pound, and 35 per 
cent, ad valorem, the case is different. So, 
too, where brass utensils, musical instru¬ 
ments, etc., brass being a recognized com¬ 
mercial metal, dutiable at 35 per cent., are 
returned as copper manufactures , the case 
is different. So, also, in the case of xylo- 
tile returned as a manufacture of cotton by 
a most unnatural construction of the law, 
merely to gain a small per centum advance 
in the rate of duty, the case is different. 
These and such like cases are those which 
give to the merchant just cause of com¬ 
plaint. However absurd these returns 
may be, the merchant is compelled to pay 
the additional duty before he can get pos¬ 
session of his goods, and when he appeals 
to the Secretary of the Treasury, or to 
the courts, and the case is ultimately 
decided in his favor, the money unjustly 
exacted, and now returned to him by the 
government, is generally, in good part at 
leas’t. swallowed up by the costs. 

The existing laws under which the 


duties on imported goods are now impos¬ 
ed are scattered through the statutes for 
twenty years, commencing with the 20th 
section of the act of Aug. 30, 1842, and 
embracing the acts of March 2 and 13, 
and August 5 and 7, and December 24, of 
the year 1861; of July 14, 1862 ; of March 
3, 1863; June 30, 1864; of March 3 and 
14, May 16, and July 28, 1866 ; of March 
2, 22, 25, 26, and 29, 1867; February 3 
and 8, and July 20, 1868 ; February 19 
and 24, 1869 ; July 10, and December 22, 
1870. In order to obviate the necessity of 
merchants consulting all these laws before 
they can safely make an entry of their 
goods at the custom-house, schedules, al¬ 
phabetically arranged, are compiled from 
these laws, and the rates of duties set 
down opposite to each article liable to be 
imported. These tables are made up by 
any private individual, and the rates of 
duty on articles, not specifically provided 
for in the law, are fixed according to the 
judgment of the compiler. These tables 
or schedules are not always correct, but 
are generally so, and are of great conveni¬ 
ence to merchants. 

A table of this character was prepared 
during the year 1871, under the direction 
of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, 
by A. W. Angerer, Esq., which gives the 
existing rates of duties, and likewise a 
comparative statement of the rates under 
all previous laws. Even this, though pub¬ 
lished semi-officially, may not always be 
absolutely correct. But it is correct so 
far as decisions of the department and 
the practice of government officers may 
have given construction to the laws ; and 
it may generally be regarded as a safe 
guide to merchants, especially with those 
who only desire general information as 
to the duties to which the various kinds 
of merchandise are liable. 

Regarding the tariff of duties on import¬ 
ed merchandise as one of the most impor¬ 
tant of the regulations of commerce upon 
which Congress has taken action, and one 
which affects, or is supposed to affect, the 
interests of all classes of consumers as well 
as of dealers, the schedule of the existing 
rates, as thus prepared, is herewith pre¬ 
sented. 

This schedule is made up from the 
various tariff laws in force, and the amend¬ 
ments thereto, including those of July 14 
and December 22, 1870, which constitute 
the latest tariff legislation. The blank col¬ 
umn may be used for corrections or changes 
in the rates. 



TA.RIFF. 


r»04 


THE UNITED STATES TARIFF.* 

Abbreviations. — Pf. gall.=proof gallon; lbs.=pounds; n. o. p.—not otherwise provided Jor. 

Absinthe. 

Acetates; pyroligneate of ammonia. 

of baryta. 

of iron, strontia, or zinc. 

of lead (sugar of lead).. 

of magnesia and soda.. 

of lime. 

of potash. 

Acids, acetic, and pyroligneous, sp. gr. above 1.040 . 

not above 1.040. 

acetous... 

arsenious... 

benzoic. 

boracic. 

chromic... 

citric. 

gallic. 

muriatic. 

nitric (yellow and white). 

not chemically pure. 

oxalic.. 

picric and nitro-picric. 

sulphuric (oil of vitriol). 

tannic. 

tartaric. 

for medicing.1 use and in the fine arts, n. o. p. 

for chemical and manufacturing purposes, n. o. p.... 

Aconite, root and leaf. 

Acorn coffee, and other substitutes for coffee. 

Adhesive felt, for sheathing vessels. 


Agaric, 

Alabaster and spar ornaments. 

Albata, unmanufactured, or in sheets.'.. 

Albumen. 

Alcohol, amylic (fusel oil). 

Alcornoque... 

Ale, beer, and porter, in bottles. 

otherwise. 

Alkaline silicates. 

Alkanet root. 

Almonds. 

shelled. 

paste. 

Alum (patent, substitute, sulphurous, and cake). 

Alumina, sulphate of. 

Amber beads. 

Ambergris. 

Ammonia, crude.». 

refined, sulphate, and carbonate. 

muriate of, and sal. 

Anatomical preparations and skeletons. 

Anchovies, preserved in oil, or otherwise. 

Animals, living. 

specially imported, from beyond the sea, for breeding. 

Animal manures. (See Guano.). 

Annatto. 

Anodyne (Hoffman’s). 

Antimony, crude, or regulus of. 

ore of, or sulphuret, crude. 

Aquafortis. 

Argols, crude, and brown tartar. 

refined (cream tartar). 

Arrack (for each degree over 50 or proof, 4 cents). 

Arms, fire, n. o. p. 

side, n. o. p. (See Swords and sword blades.). 

Arrowroot. 

Arsenic, in all forms. 

Articles worn by men, women, or children, of whatever material, 

n. o. p., made by hand.^. 

Asbestos, not manufactured. 

Asbestos, manufactured. 

Ashes, of wood, lye of, and beet-root ashes. 

Asphaltum. 

Assafoetida. 


Pf. gallon.$2 


Pound.70 cents. 


Pound.40 cents. 


Pound.50 cents. 


Pound.20 cents. 


Pound.50 cents. 


25 per cent. 


Pound.75 cents. 


Pound.80 cents. 


Pound.25 cents. 


10 per cent. 


Free. 


10 per cent. 


Pound.5 cents. 


15 per cent. 


Pound.10 cents. 


Pound.$1.50 


Free. 


10 per cent. 


Free. 


Free. 


Free. 


Pound.1 cent. 


Pound.$2 


Pound.20 cents. 


10 per cent. 


Free. 


Free. 


Pound.3 cents. 


Free. 


Free. 


30 per cent. 


35 per cent. 


Free. 


Proof gallon.$2 


Free. 


Gallon.35 cents. 


Gallon.20 cents. 


Pound. % cent. 


Free. 


Pound.6 cents. 


Pound.10 cents. 


50 per cent. 


100 lbs.60 cents. 


100 lbs.60 cents. 


50 per cent. 


Free. 


Free. 


20 per cent. 


10 per cent. 


Free. 


50 per cent. 


20 per cent. 


Free. 


Free. 


Free. 


Pound.50 cents. 


10 per cent. 


Free. 

f r ' 

10 per cent. 


Free. 


Pound.10 cents. 


Pf. gallon.$2 


35 per cent. 


35 per cent. 


30 per cent. 


Free. 


35 per cent. 


Free. 


25 per cent. 


Free. 


25 per cent. 


20 per cent. 



* For the Tariffs of different countries , see Appendix. 












































































































TARIFF. 


505 


Asses’ skins. 

Bacon. 

Bagatelle balls, ivory or bone. 

Balsam, copaiva. 

medicinal, n. o. p. 

Peruvian. 

tolu. 

Bamboos, unmanufactured. 

Bananas. 

Barilla. 

Bark, aconite.. 

calisaya. 

canella alba. 

cascarilla. 

cinchona. 

croton... 

lima.. 

Peruvian. 

pomegranate. 

quilla. 

all medicinal, n. o. p. 

hemlock and oak. 

all other, of all kinds, n. o. p. 

Barley. 

pearl or hulled.. 

Barytes... 

nitrate of. 

sulphate of, crude or refined. 

Baskets, and other articles of grass, osier, palm-leaf, straw, 

whalebone, or willow, n. o. p.... 

Bay-rum water, distilled from the leaf. 

Beads and bead ornaments.. 

Beans, tonqua. 

vanilla... 

Beef. 

Beeswax. .. 

Belladonna, root and leaf.. 

Bells, broken, and bell-metal fit for remanufacture only. 

Benzoates. 

Berries for dyeing, or in composing dyes, n. o. p... 

juniper. 

laurel. 

others, n. o. p. 

Bezoar stones. 

Birds.. 

Bismuth. 

Bitter apples. 

Bituminous substances, crude, n. o. p. 

Blacking, of all descriptions...... 

Black lead (plumbago). 

Bladders, manufactures of. 

Bolting-cloth.. 

Bones, crude, not manufactured ; ground and calcined. 

Bone black and ivory drop. 

Bones and tips, not manufactured. 

Bone ash and dust and burnt, for phosphates. 

dice, draughts, chessmen, chess balls, and bagatelle balls.. 

manufactures of, n. o. p. 

Bonnets, hats, &c., of straw, chip, grass, etc. 

Books, blank... 

Books, maps, charts, &c., for use of the United States. 

printed, bound or not, periodicals, etc.. 

printed and manufactured 20 years ago. 

Borate of lime. 

Borax, crude or tincal. 

refined. 

Boxes, of paper, and other fancy boxes. 

Boxwood... 

Braids, and other trimmings of grass, straw, chip, etc. 

Brandy * (1870, and other spirits from grain, etc.)... 

Brass (copper not component of chief value, 1869) bars or pigs.. 

old, fit for remanufacture only. 

manufactures of, n. o. .. 


30 per cent. 

Pound.2 cents. 

50 per cent. 

Pound_20 cents. 

30 per cent. 

Pound.... 50 cents. 

Pound_30 cents. 

Free. 

10 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

20 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

Bushel... .15 cents. 

Pound.1 cent. 

Pound. X cent. 

20 per cent. 

Pound. X cent. 

35 per cent. 

Gallon.$1.50 

50 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

Pound.$3 

Pound..1 cent. 

20 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

30 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

10 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

20 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

Ton.$10 

30 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

25 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

50 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

40 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

Free. 

25 per cent. 

Free. 

Pound.5 cents. 

Pound.5 cents. 

Pound.... 10 cents. 
35 per cent. 

Free. 

30 per cent. 

Pf. gallon.$2 

15 per cent. 

15 per cent. 

35 per cent. 


* Wherever the duties on distilled spirits of any kind appear as so much for proof gallon, it means of 
50° of alcoholic strength, and the duties for spirits of greater strength are to be assessed at the same rate for 
each degree. Thus brandy, proof, $2 per gallon, means brandy not exceeding 50° strength; if 51° strength 
the duty is $2.04; 52°, $2^08; 53°, $2.12, and so on. See mode of assessing duty, under head of “ Spirits.” 
—T. M. 
























































































TARIFF. 


506 


Brazil paste.. 

wood, in sticks... 

Braziletto. 

Breccia, in blocks or slabs. 

Bricks, fire. 

Brime.. 

Brimstone, crude.. 

in rolls or refined.. 

Bristles. 

Britannia ware. 

Bromine. 

Bronze, and all manufactures of, n. o. p. 

(if copper chief value, 1869). 

liquor. 

metal in leaf (copper not chief value, 1869). 

powder (copper not chief value, 1869). 

Brooms, of all kinds. 

Brushes, of all kinds. 

Buchu leaves. 

Bulbous roots. . 

Bullion, gold and silver. 

Burgundy pitch. 

Burning fluid. 

Burrstones, manufactured or bound up into millstones. 

in blocks, rough, not bound up into millstones. 

Butter. 

Buttons and button moulds, n. o. p. . 

Cabinets of coins, medals, and other antiquities. 

Cables, tarred. 

Manilla, untarred. 

all other, untarred. 

Cachous, aromatic.. 

Cadmium. 

Calamine. 

Calomel. 

Cameos, set in gold or other metal. 

not set. 

Camphor, crude. 

refined. 

Candles and tapers, adamantine. 

paraffine. 

spermaceti. 

stearme. 

wax, pure or mixed. 

tallow. 

all other, n. o. p. ... 

Candy, not colored. 

Canes, for walking, finished or not. 

Cantharides. 

Canvas, for sails. 

Capers. 

Caps, made on frames, of whatever material, worn by men, 

women, etc., n. o. p. 

of fur. 

of silk. (See also Manufactures of cotton, wool, etc.).... 

Carbon, animal. 

Card cases, of whatever material. 

Cards, playing, costing not over 25 cents per pack. 

over 25 cents per pack. 

Carnelian, unmanufactured. 

Carpets, n. o. p. 

Aubusson, Axminster, or whole carpet. 

Brussels, wrought by the Jacquard machine. 

Saxony, Wilton, and Tournay, by Jacquard machine.. 

patent velvet, tapestry velvet (printed on warp). 

tapestry, printed on warp, or otherwise. 

treble ingrain, three-ply, worsted chain Venetian. 

Venetian, two-ply, ingrain. 

of cotton. 

of flax. 

of hemp or jute. 

of wool, also mixed, n. o. p. 


10 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

20 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

Ton.$10 

Pound.. ..15 cents. 
35 per cent. 

Free. 

35 per cent. 

45 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

40 per cent. 

Free. 

30 per cent. 

Free. 

20 per cent. 

Gallon_50 cents. 

20 per cent. 

Free. 

Pound.4 cents. 

30 per cent. 

Free. 

Pound.3 cents. 

Pound.. .2)4 cents. 
Pound.. .3)4 cents. 
50 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

30 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

Pound.... 30 cents. 
Pound.... 40 cents. 

Pound.5 cents. 

Pound.8 cents. 

Pound.8 cents. 

Pound.5 cents; 

Pound.8 cents. 

Pound... 2% cents. 
Pound... 2)4 cents. 

Pound_10 cents. 

°5 per cent. 

Free. 

30 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

60 per cent. 

Free. 

35 per cent. 

Pack.25 cents. 

Pack.35 cents. 

Free. 

40 per cent. 

50 per cent. 

Sq. yd_44 cents. 

and 35 per cent. 
Sq. yd ... 70 cents, 
and 35 per ct. 

Sq. yd-40 cents. 

and 35 per ct. 

Sq. yd_28 cents. 

and 35 per ct. 

Sq. yd-17 cents. 

and 35 per ct. 

Sq. yd-12 cents. 

and 35 per ct. 

40 per cent. 

40 per cent. 

Sq. yd.8 cents. 

40 per cent. 
























































































TARIFF. 


Carpets, druggets, bookings, printed, colored, or otherwise. 

[Hassocks, rugs, screens, mats, bedsides, covers, &c., pay duty 
as carpetings of like description.] 

Carriages, and parts of. 

Cassava, or Cassada. 

Cassia. 

buds, and ground. 

Cassia vera. 

Castor beans (bushel of 50 pounds). 

Castor, or castoreum. 

Catechu, or cutch. 

Catgut, or whipgut, unmanufactured. 

Catsup. 

Cement, Roman. 

Chalk, billiard. 

French and red. 

white. 

all n. o. p. 

Chalk, unmanufactured. 

Charts and maps. 

Cheese. 

Chessmen and chess-balls, bone or ivory. 

Chiccory, root. 

ground, burnt, or prepared. 

China ware, plain.. 

ornamental. 

Chloroform. 

Chocolate. 

Chronometers, box, ship’s, or parts thereof. 

Cicuta, conia (or hemlock, seed and leaf). 

Cinnamon. 

Civet, crude, in natural pod. 

Clay, pipe and fire, unwrought or prepared. 

Cliffstone. 

unmanufactured. 

Clippings of any kind, fit only for making paper.. 

Clocks, and parts thereof. 

Cloth, water-proof, n. o. p.. 

Clothing, ready-made, and wearing apparel of every description, 
wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the 
alpaca goat, &c. (except knit goods). 

ready-made, of silk, or of which silk shall be a compo¬ 
nent material of chief value. 

all other, n. o. p. 

Cloves. 

Clove stems. 

Coach furniture. 

Coal, anthracite. 

bituminous and shale.. 

all other, n. o. p. 

culm of, and coke. 

Cobalt, and oxide of. 

ores. 

Coccujus indicus. 

Cochi.neal.... 

Cocoa. 

Cocoa, prepared or manufactured. 

leaves and shells. 

nuts.. 

Coffee (and substitutes, 1870), excluding chiccory. 

Coins, gold and silver. 

copper... 

Coir. 

yam. 

Collodion, fluid. 

Colocynth, or coloquintida. 

Cologne water, and other perfumery of which alcohol forms the 

principal ingredient... 

Colors, aniline. 

barytes, combinations of, with acids or water.. 

Berlin blue. 

blanc fix6. 

carmine lake, dry or liquid. 

Chinese blue. 

chrome yellow (chromate of lead). 

Dutch pink. 


Sq. yd....25 cents, 
and 35 per ct. 


35 per cent. 

Free. 

Pound.... 10 cents. 
Pound....20 cents. 
Pound... .10 cents. 
Bushel... 60 cents. 
Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

40 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

50 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

Ton.$10 

25 per cent. 

Free. 

25 per cent. 

Pound.4 cents. 

50 per cent. 

Pound.4 cents. 

Pound.5 cents. 

45 per cent. 

50 per cent. 

Pound.$1 

Pound.7 cents. 

10 per cent. 

Free. 

Pound....20 cents. 
Free. 

Ton.$5 

Ton.$10 

Free. 

Free. 

35 per cent. 

45 per cent. 


Pound_50 cents. 

and 40 per ct. 

60 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

Pound.5 cents. 

Pound.3 cents. 

35 per cent. 

Free. 

Ton.$1.25 

Ton.40 cents. 

25 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

Pound.2 cents. 

Pound.5 cents. 

Pound.1 cent. 

10 per cent. 

Pound.3 cents. 

Free. 

45 per cent. 

Ton.$15 

Pound.lucent. 

Pound.$1 

Free. 

Gallon..$3, & 50 %. 
Pound 50 cents, 
and 35 per cent... 

Pound.3 cents. 

25 per cent. 

Pound.3 cents. 

35 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

25 per cent. 


507 









































































































TARIFF 


508 


Colors, enamelled white. 

Frankfort black. 

French green, dry or moist. 

Indian red. 

ivory black. 

mineral blue, dry or moist.. 

green, dry or moist. 

painters’, n. o. p. 

Paris green, dry or moist. 

white, dry. 

ground in oil. 

Prussian blue, dry or moist.. 

rose pink. 

satin white. 

Spanish brown, dry or ground in oil... 

ultramarine. . 

umber. 

Vandyke brown. 

Venetian red, dry or in oil. 

vermilion, dry or in oil. 

wash blue... 

water colors, moist, used in the manufacture of paper 

hangings, etc. 

n. o. p. 

woad or pastel. 

wood-lake, dry or in oil . 

Coloring for brandy (not containing spirits). 

Columba root. 

Combs, of all kinds, for the hair. 

Comfits, preserved in sugar, brandy, or molasses, n. o. p. 

Compositions of glass or paste, set. 

Composition, 6cagliola, and other tops for tables, etc. 

Compounds, or preparations of which distilled spirits are a com¬ 
ponent part of chief value. 

Confectionery, colored, valued at 30 cents, or less, per pound... 

above 30 cents per pound, or sold by box, etc. 

Copper ore. 

old, fit for remanufacture only. 

pigs, bars, ingots, or plates. 

braziers’ sheets. 

other sheets. 

bolts, nails, spikes, rods, etc. 

bottoms (still bottoms). 

manufactures, n. o. p., of copper, or of which copper is 

component of chief value. 

regulus of, and black or coarse. 

sheathing, 48 inches long, 14 inches wide, weight from 

14 to 34 ounces per square foot. 

sulphate of. 

Copperas.. 

Coral, cut or manufactured. 

Cordage, manilla, untarred. 

all other untarred. 

all tarred. 

Cordials. 

Cork wood, unmanufactured. 

Corks . 

Cork bark, unmanufactured. 

manufactured. 

Com, Indian, or maize. 

meal of.. 

Corsets, or manufactured cloth, woven, or made in patterns of 
such size, shape, and form, or cut in such manner, 
as to be fit for corsets, valued at not over $6 per 

dozen . 

ditto, valued at over §6 per dozen. 

Corset, crinoline, and hat wire (see Steel). 

Cosmetics. 

Cotton, raw.. 

on spools, not over 100 yards per spool. 

over 100 yards per spool. 


thread, yam, warp or warp yam, not wound upon spools, 
single or advanced beyond the condition of single by 
twisting two or more single yams together, whether on 
beams or in bundles, skeins, or cops, or in any other 
form, value not exceeding 40 cents per pound. 


Pound.3 cents. 

25 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

Pound.1 cent. 

Pound ... IX cent. 

30 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

Pound.Scents. 

25 per cent. 

Pound... .6 cents. 
100 lbs. 50 cents... 

20 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

Free. 

25 per cent. 

50 per cent. 

Free. 

35 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

Same as spirits.... 

Pound_15 cents. 

50 per cent. 

Lb., fine, 3 cents.. 

Pound.4 cents. 

Pound.5 cents. 

45 per cent. 

45 per cent. 

45 per cent. 

45 per cent. 

45 per cent. 

Pound.4 cents. 

45 per cent. 

Pound.5 cents. 

Pound_ X cent. 

30 per cent. 

Pound... 2X cents. 
Pound ...3X cents. 

Pound.3 cents. 

Gallon.$2 

Free. 

50 per cent. 

Free. 

50 per cent. 

Bushel.. ..10 cents. 
10 per cent. 


Dozen.$ 2 

35 per cent. 

Pound.9 cts. &i 10%. 

50 per cent. 

Free. 

Doz .. 6 cts. & 30 %. 
Each additional 
100 yards, doz. 6 
cents and 35 %... 


Pound.... 10 cents 
and 20 per cent. 

























































































































TARIFF 


Cotton thread, value over 40 cents, not over 60 cents, per pound 

ditto, value over 60 cents, not over 80 cents. 

ditto, value over 80 cents per pound. 


Pound.... 20 cents 
and 20 per cent. 

Pound....30 cents 
and 20 per cent. 

Pound....40 cents 
and 20 per cent. 


Cotton tissues (exclusive of jeans, denims, drillings, etc., see 
below), weighing over 6 ounces per square yard, not 

100 threads per square inch, warp and filling. 

ditto, finer and lighter, over 100, not over 140 threads 
per square inch. 

ditto, over 140, not over 200 threads per square inch. 

ditto, over 200 threads per square inch. 

jeans, denims, drillings, bed tickings, ginghams, plaids, 
cottonades, pantaloon stuffs, and goods of like descrip¬ 
tion, weighing over 5 ounces per square yard, and not 
exceeding in value 16 cents per square yard, not over 

100 threads per square inch, warp and filling. 

over 100, not over 140 threads per square inch, warp and 

filling. 

over 140, not over 200 threads per square inch, warp and 
filling. 

over 200 threads per square inch, warp and filling. 

goods, plain-woven, value above 16 cents per square yard, 
goods, plain-woven, not included in the foregoing sche¬ 
dules, unbleached, valued over 16 cents per square 
yard; bleached, valued over 20 cents per square yard ; 
colored, valued over 25 cents per square yard, and cot- 
* ton jeans, denims, and drillings unbleached, valued at 
over 20 cents per square yard, and all other cotton 

goods, value exceeding 25 cents per square yard. 

bagging, not gunny bags and gunny cloth, or other 
manufactures not otherwise provided for, suitable to 
the uses to which cotton bagging is applied, composed 
in whole or part of hemp, jute, flax, or other material. 

valued 7 cents or less.. 

over 7 cents per square yard. 

bobbinet.. 

braids. 

caps, hose, leggings, mits, socks made on frames, bleached 

or colored. 

carpets and carpetings. 

coach laces. 

cords, gimps, galloons, braces, or suspenders. 

drawers, shirts, and other articles made on frames. 

embroidered or tamboured, in the loom or otherwise, by 

machinrey or with the needle or other process.. 

gloves and stockings. 

hat bodies. 

lace, insertings, trimmings. 

lace, colored. 

nankeens.. 

velvets. 

manufactures, n. o. p... 

manufactures wholly cotton, bleached, printed, etc. 

Court-plaster. 

Cowhage or cowitch down. 

Crayons of all kinds. . 

Cream of tartar. 

Crockery ware, white, glazed, etc. 

Crocus colcottra. 

Cubebs. 

Cubic nitre. 

Cudbear... 






• 


*8 


■a 

« 

3 

y 

3 

a 

| Bleached 

i 


=0 


s 

<§ 

6 

5 

&X 

5 

5X 

5 

5X 

5 

5X 

6 

6X 

6 

6X 

6 

ox 

7 

?X 


'O ^3 

£ g 

« a 
51o 

p< r* 

S? 

©•3 

o 8 


3 

8 


5 X& 
16 p.c. 

5^& 

20 p.c. 
5% &i 
20 p.c. 
5 X&i 
20 p.c. 


6K& 
10 p.c. 
6X & 
15 p.c. 
6% & 
15 p.c. 
7X& 
15 p.c. 


35 per cent 


Pound.2 cents. 

Pound.3 cents. 

35 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

35 per cent...;... 
40 per cent. 


35 per cent 
35 per cent 

35 per cent, 


35 per cent 
35 per cent 
35 per cent 


35 per cent 
35 per cent 


35 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

Pound_10 cents. 

40 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

Pound.... 10 cents. 

Free. 

Free. 










































































510 


TARIFF. 


Curajoa... 

Currants, Zante, and other. 

Pound... 2 X cents. 
85 per cent. 

Cutlery of all kinds n. o. p. 

Cuttl efi sh-hon e. 

Free. 

Dandelion root, raw or prepared. 

Pound.3 cents. 

Dates, green, ripe, or dried. 

Pound.2 cents. 

Dentifrices.:. 

50 per cent. 

Diamond dust or bort. 

Free. 

Diamonds, glaziers’, set or not. 

10 per cent. 

other, not set. 

10 per cent. 

set. 

25 per cent. 

Dice, ivory or bone. 

50 per cent. 

Divi-divi. 

Free. 

Dolls of all kinds. 

35 per cent. 

Downs for beds or bedding. 

30 per cent. 

Draeron’s blood. 

Free. 

Draughts, ivory or bone. 

50 per cent. 

Druggets. 

Sq. yd. 25 cents 
and 35 per cent.. 
20 per cent. 

Drugs, medicinal, and other, crude, n. o. p. 

crude, used exclusively for dyeing. 

Free. 

Dutch and bronze metal in leaf, copper not chief value. 

10 per cent. 

Dye-stuffs, articles in a crude state used in dyeing or tanning, 
n. o. p . 

Free. 

Dye-woods, Brazil, Nicaragua, and other, in sticks. 

Free. 

decoctions of logwood and other dye-woods. 

10 per cent. 

Dyes for the hair. 

50 per cent. 

Earthenware, brown or common. 

25 per cent. 

glazed, edged, printed, painted, etc. 

40 per cent. 

Eggs. 

Free. 

Embroideries, gold, silver, or other metal, n. o. p. 

Emery, manufactured, ground, or pulverized.. 

35 per cent. 

Pound.1 cent. 

ore or rock. 

Free. 

Engravings, bound or unbound. 

25 per cent. 

Envelopes, paper. 

35 per cent. 

Ergot . 

Esparto (Spanish grass), and other grasses and pulp for manu¬ 
facture of paper. 

Pound_20 cents. 

Free. 

Essences, or essential oils, all n. o. p. 

50 per cent. 

Ethers of all kinds, and ethereal preparations, fluid. 

Pound.$1 

Ethers, fruit, essences or oils of apple, pear, peach, etc., made 
of fusel oil or fruit. 

Pound.$2.50 

Explosive substances used for mining, blasting, artillery, etc., 
valued not over 20 cents per pound. 

Pound.6 cents 

Explosive substances used for mining, blasting, artillery, etc., 
valued above 20 cents per pound. 

and 20 per cent.. 

Pound ... .10 cents 
and 20 per cent.. 

50 per cent. 

Pound.$1 

Extracts, perfumes, or appliances to the hair, month, or skin... 
Extracts, ethereal, fluid... 

of annatto. 

20 per cent. 

of dye-wood, n. o. p. 

10 per cent. 

of indigo. 

10 per cent. 

of logwood. 

10 per cent. 

of madder (garancine). 

10 per cent. 

of opium... 

100 per cent. 

of safflower. . 

20 per cent. 

Eyelets of every description. 

Mille.6 cents. 

Fans, all, n. o. p. 

35 per cent. 

palm-leaf. 

Each.1 cent. 

Fashion-plates, engraved, steel or wood. 

Free. 

Feather beds.. 

20 per cent. 

Feathers, artificial and ornamental, prepared of whatever mate¬ 
rial, n. o. p. 

50 per cent. 

for beds or bedding. 

30 per cent. 

ostrich, vulture, and other ornamental, crude. 

25 per cent. 

ostrich, vulture, dressed or manufactured. 

50 per cent. 

Feldspar. 

20 per cent. 

Fibrin, in all forms. 

Free. 

Fig blue. 

25 per cent. 

Figs.*. 

Pound.5 cents. 

Filberts. 

Pound.3 cents. 

Files, file-blanks, rasps, and floats, not over 10 inches long. 

Files, file-blanks, rasps, and floats, over 10 inches long. 

Pound....10 cents 
and 30 per cent.. 
Pound.6 cents 

Finishing powder. 

and 30 per cent.. 
20 per cent. 

Fire-crackers, box of forty packs, not exceeding 80 in each pack, 
and in the same proportion for greater numbers. 

Box......$1 







































































































































TARIFF 


511 


Fire-screens, all kinds. 

Fire-wood... 

Fish, all foreign-eaught, notin barrels or half-barrels, and n. o. p. 

all fresh, for daily consumption .. 

all, in oil, n. o. p. ... 

all pickled, inbbls., except herrings, mackerel, and salmon 

for bait. 

glue (isinglass). 

skins, raw. 

Flats, for ornamenting hats, etc.. 

Flax, straw. 

tow of.. 

unmanufactured, not hackled or dressed. 

hackled (“ dressed line”). 

manufactures of flax and jute or hemp, or of which these 
are the components of chief value, n. o. p. 

ditto, value 30 cents or less per square yard. 

ditto, value above 30 cents per square yard (see Linens). . 
yams, flax or linen, for carpets, not exceeding No. 8 Lea, 

valued at 24 cents or less per pound. 

ditto, valued above 24 cents per pound. 

thread, or linen thread, twine, and pack-thread. 

Flint, and ground flint stones.. 

Flints.. 

Floor cloth, of whatever material, n. o. p. 

Flour, of sago. 

Flowers, all medicinal, n. o. p. 

artificial and ornamental, or parts thereof. 

in dyeing. 

Foliae digitalis. 

Frames or sticks for umbrellas, parasols, or sun-shades. 

for looking-glasses (additional to plates). 

Fruit, green, ripe, or diied, n. o. p. 

juice, and fruits preserved in their own juice. 

preserved in sugar, brandy, or molasses, n. o. p.. 

Fulminates, or fulminating powder. 

Fullers’ earth.. 

Furniture springs, wire spiral. 

Fur skins, all dressed in any manner. 

Fur, caps, hats, muffs, tippets, and all manufactures of. 

Furs, hatters’, not on the skin. . 

on the skin, dressed. 

Game, fish and poultry, prepared, sealed or unsealed, in cans or 

otherwise. 

Gas retorts. 

Gelatine and all similar preparations. 

Gems, not set. 

set. 

German silver (argentine) unmanufactured. 

manufactures of. 

Gilt and plated ware. 

Ginger, ground. 

preserved or pickled. 

root (dried or green). 

Glass, broken, fit for remanufacture only. 

manufactures of, n. o. p. 

plain, moulded, and pressed. 

cut, engraved, colored, painted (printed, stained, silvered, 

or gilded). 

bottles or jars filled with sweetmeats or preserves. 

crystals for watches. 

plates or disks, unwrought, for optical instruments. 

porcelain or Bohemian glass. 


window, not above 10 by 15 inches (per sq. ft.)..... 

above 10 by 15 inches, not above 16 by 24 inches.. 
above 16 by 24 inches, not above 24 by 30 inches, 
above 24 by 30 inches, not above 24 by 60 inches 

(1862) . 

above 24 by 60 inches. 


35 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

Pound.X cent. 

Free. 

30 per cent. 

Barrel.$1.50 

Free. 

30 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

Ton.$5 

Ton.,$10 

Ton.$20 

Ton.$40 

40 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

40 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

40 per cent. 

Free. 

10 per cent. 

See Oil-cloth. 

Pound_IX cent. 

20 per cent. 

50 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

35 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

Ton.$3 

Pound.2 cents 

and 15 per cent.. 

Free. 

35 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

40 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

Pound.5 cents. 

50 per cent... 

Pound.2 cents. 

Free. 

40 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

40 per cent. 

40 per cent. 

40 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

40 per cent. 


Polished cylinder 
and crown. 

Cast or polished, 
not silvered. 

Cast or polished, 
silvered or look- 
ing-gl'ss (plates.) 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

2X 

3 

4 

4 

5 

6 

6 

8 

10 

20 

25 

35 

40 

50 

60 

























































































































512 


TARIFF, 


Gbvcs, kid or leather, all. 

Glue.. 

Glycerine. 

Gold, articles of, n. o. p. 

dust (bullion and coin). 

leaf (package of 500 leaves). 

and silver epaulets, galloons, laces, tassels, tresses and 

wings, knots and stars. 

ore. 

size. 

and silver sweepings. 

Goldbeaters’ skins. 

Grapes . 

Grass cloth. 

manufactures, n. o. p. 

Grasses, and pulp of, for manufacture of paper. 

Grease, all not specified. 

Grindstones, rough or unfinished. 

finished. 

Guano, and other animal manures. 

Gums, all, n. o. p. (crude). 

aloes.... 

amber. 

Arabic. ... 

Australian. 

Barbary. 

bdellium. 

benzoin, or Benjamin. 

Cape. 

copal . 

damar. 

East India. 

gamboge. 

garbanum.. 

guaiac. 

Jeddo (G-edda). 

kowrie. 

mastic. 

myrrh. 

alibanum. 

sandarac. 

Senegal. 

shellac. 

tragacanth. . 

substitute, or burnt starch. 

Gunny bags and cloth (for other use than cotton bagging). 

valued not over 10 cents per square yard. 

valued over 10 cents per square yard. 

Gunpowder, valued at 20 cents or less per pound. 

valued at above 20 cents per pound. 

Gun-wads, sporting, of all descriptions. 

Gutta-percha, crude. 

manufactured. 

Hair, horse and cow, not cleaned or dressed. 

of all kinds, not cleaned or manufactured, and all long 
horsehair used for weaving, cleaned or uncleaned, drawn 

or undrawn. 

of all kinds, cleaned, but not manufactured... 

curled, for mattresses and beds. 

Hair, goats’, unmanufactured (other than Angora). 

hogs’. 

human, uncleaned, not drawn. 

cleaned or prepared. 

all manufactures of, n. o. p. 

bonnets, hats, and hoods. 

bracelets, braids, chains, curls, or ringlets. 

braids, plaits, flats, laces, trimmings, sparterre, tissues, 
etc., used for ornamenting hats, bonnets, and all manu¬ 
factures, n. o. p... 

Hair-cloth, 18 inches wide or over. . . 

less than 18 inches wide. 

crinoline cloth. 

Hair-dyes, oils, perfumeries, cosmetics, restoratives, and other 

applications for the hair. 

pencils. 

pins, of iron wire. 

Hams. 

Harness furniture, n. o. p. 


50 per cent . 

20 per cent . 

30 per cent . 

40 per cent. 

Free. 

Package.$1 50 

35 per cent . 

Free. . 

20 per cent . 

Free. 

10 per cent . 

20 per cent . 

30 per cent. 

35 per cent . 

Free. 

10 per cent. 

Ton.$1 50 

Ton.$2 00 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. . 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free .*.. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

10 per cent. 


Pound.3 cents. 

Pound.4 cents. 

Pound.6 cents 

and 20 per cent.. 

Pound.10 cents 

and 20 per cent.. 

35 per cent. 

Free. 

40 per cent. 

Free. 


Free. 

10 per cent . 

20 per cent. 

See Wool. 

Pound.1 cent. 

20 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

40 per cent . 

40 per cent . 

35 per cent. 


30 per cent. 

Sq. yd-40 cents. 

Sq. yd... .30 cents, 
30 per cent. 

50 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

50 per cent. 

Pound.2 cents. 

35 per cent. 



















































































































































TARIFF, 


513 


Hassocks, mats, screens, and rugs, n. o. p. 

Hats, of straw, chip, grass, palm-leaf, willow, or other vegetable 
substance, or of hair, whale-bone, or other material, 

n. o. p. 

of fur. • .* 

of silk. 

of wool, value not exceeding 40 cents per pound. 

above 40 cents, not exceeding 60 cents per 
pound. 

' above 60 cents, not exceeding 80 cents per 
pound. 

above 80 cents per pound. 

Hatters’ plush, of silk and cotton (cotton chief material). 

Hemp, unmanufactured.. 

India... 

Manilla, and other like substitutes for hemp. 

Russian. 

sunn. 

tow of (codilla). 

yam of, untarred. 

manufactures, n. o. p. (see Linen). 

Henbane leaf (hyoscyamus). 

Herrings, piclded or salted. 

Hide-cuttings, raw and in the hair, for glue stock. 

Hides, raw, and skins of all kinds, dried, salted, or pickled. 

Hollow ware, glazed or tinned. . 

Honey... 

Hoofs. 

Hops. 

Homs and horn-tips. 

Horn, manufactures of, n. o. p. 

Household furniture, n. o. p . 

Ice. 

Indian madder, root and ground. 

India-rubber, crude, and milk of. 

raw,or unmanufactured (bottles, slabs, and sheets) 
manufactures of, mixed with silk and other mate¬ 
rials . 

braces, suspenders, webbing, or other fabrics, 

wholly or part of india-rubber, n. o. p. 

articles wholly of india-rubber, n. o. p.. 

Indigo. 

carmined. 

Ink, printers’, and ink powder. 

Instruments, musical, all kinds.... 

philosophical. 

Iodine, crude. 

resublimed. 

salts of... 

Ipecacuanha. 

Iridium. 

Iris, or orris root. 

Iron, old scrap, cast. 

wrought... 


bars, rolled or hammered, including flats not less than 1 
inch nor more than 6 inches wide, nor less than X 
inch nor more than 2 inches thick, and rounds not less 
than X inch nor more than 2 inches in diameter, and 
squares not less than X inch nor more than 2 inches 

square... 

ditto, including flats less than X inch and not above 2 
inches thick, nor less than 1 inch or more than 6 inches 
wide, rounds less than X inch or more than 2 inches in 
diameter, and squares less than X inch or more than 2 

inches square. 

other descriptions of rolled or hammered, n. o. p. 

bars, for railroads or inclined planes, made to pattern and 

fitted to be laid down, not above 0 inches high. 

band, hoop, slit and rolled or hammered and scroll, from X 

inch to 6 inches wide, not below X inch thick.... 

ditto, from X inch to 6 inches wide, less than X inch thick, 

not less than No. 20 wire gauge. 

ditto, thinner than No. 20 wire gauge. 

Iron, boiler, and other plate. 


45 per cent 


40 per cent . 

35 per cent.. 

60 per cent. 

Pound.20 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 

Pound.30 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 

Pound.. .. 40 cents 
and 35 per cent.. 

Pound.50 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 


25 per cent. 


Ton. 

..$25 

Ton. 

..$15 

Ton. 

..$10 

Pound.5 cents. 

30 per cent. . 


Free. 


Barrel. 

...$1 

Free. 


10 per cent... 


Pound. ,.3X cents. 

Gallon....20 cents. 

Free. 


Pound.5 cents. 

Free. 


35 per cent .. 


35 per cent. . 


Free_ .... 


Free. 


Free. 


Free. 


50 per cent.. 


35 per cent... 


20 per cent... 


Free. 


20 per cent... 


35 per cent... 


30 per cent... 


40 per cent... 


Free . 


Pound_75 cents. 

15 per cent .. 


Free . 


Free. 

Free . 

Ton. 

...$0 

Ton. 

..$8 

Ton. 



Pound.1 cent. 


Pound ...AX cent. 
Pound....IX cent. 

100 lbs.70 cents. 

Pound....IX cent. 

Pound_IX cent. 

Pound....IX cent. 
Ton.$25 


33 







































































































514 


TARIFF. 


Iron, boiler, and other plate, not less than 3-10 inch thick. 

Iron, rods, nail or spike, slit, rolled, or hammered. 

Sheet, smooth or polished, all. 

galvanized, or coated with zinc. 

other, common or black, not thinner tyian No. 20 

wire-gauge... 

thinner than No. 20, not thinner than No. 25. 

thinner than No. 25. 

squares, marked on one side. 

all other, of iron or steel. 

anchors, and parts thereof. 

andirons, cast. 

anvils. 

axles, or parts thereof. 

blacksmiths’ hammers or sledges. 

bolts, wrought. 

butts, cast. 

castings, n. o. p. 

cables or chains, or parts thereof. 

chains, trace, halter, or fence, of wire or rods X inch in 

diameter or more. 

chains, trace, halter, or fence, of wire or rods under X inch 

in diameter, not less than X inch in diameter. 

chains, trace, halter, or fence, of wire or rods under X inch 

in diameter, not under No. 9 wire gauge. 

chains, trace, halter, or fence, of wire or rods under No. 9 

wire gauge. 

hatters’ irons. 

hinges, cast. 

wrought. 

hollow ware, glazed, tinned. 

malleable, in castings. 

mill irons and cranks. 

nails and spikes, cut... 

board nails, wrought (spikes and rivets). 

nails, horseshoe. 

nuts and washers, wrought, ready-punched. 

pipe, cast, for steam, gas, or water. 

railroad chairs, wrought. 

sadirons. 

screws, bed. 

wood-screws, over 2 inches in length. 

under 2 inches in length. 

washed or plated, and all other. 

stoves and stove plates, of cast iron. 

tailors’ irons. 

tacks, sprigs, brads, cut, not exceeding 16 ounces per mille. 

exceeding 16 ounces per mille.... 

taggers’ iron.. 

tire, for locomotives. 

tubes, flues, etc., for steam, gas, and water, wrought. 

vessels, cast iron, n. o. p. 

wire, bright, coppered, or tinned, drawn and finished, not 
above X inch in diameter, nor thinner than No. 
16 wire gauge. 

thinner than No. 16, not thinner than No. 25. 

Iron, wire, beyond No. 25. 

covered, cotton, silk, etc. (additional). 

wrought, for ships, locomotives, or parts thereof, weighing 

25 pounds or more. 

all manufactures of, n. o. p.... 

liquor. 

sulphate of. 

Isinglass (see Fish glue). 

Istle, or tampico fibre. 

Italian cloth, wholly or part wool, worsted, etc., valued at not 
exceeding 20 cents per square yard. 

valued above 20 cents per square yard. 

all weighing 4 ounces or over, per square yard.... 

Ivory and vegetable ivory, unmanufactured. 

nuts. I . 


Pound. 

. .AX cent. 

Pound. 

...IX cent. 

Pound. 

_3 cents. 

Pound. 

. .flX cents. 

Pound. 

. ..IX cent. 

Pound. 

. ..IX cent. 

Pound. 

. ..IX cent. 

Pound. 


and 30 per ct. 

Pound. 


and 30 per ct. 

Pound. 

. .2X cents. 

Pound. 

.. .IX cent. 

Pound. 

. ,2X cents. 

Pound. 

. ,2X cents. 

Pound. 

. .2X cents. 

Pound. 

,.2X cents. 

Pound. 

. ,2X cents. 

30 per cent. 

Pound. 

. ,2X cents. 

Pound. 

. ,2X cents. 

Pound. 

. .2X cents. 

Pound. 


35 per cent. 

Pound. 

. .AX cent. 

Pound. 

2X cents. 

Pound. 

.2X cents. 

Pound. 

..3X cents. 

Pound. 

. .2X cents. 

Pound. 

.. .2 cents. 

Pound. 

...IX cent. 

Pound. 

. .2X cents. 

Pound. 

... .5 cents. 

Pound. 


Pound. 

.AX cent. 

Pound. 


Pound. 

.AX cent. 

Pound. 

.2X cents. 

Pound. 


Pound. 

...11 cents. 

35 per cent. 

Pound. 

.AX cent. 

Pound. 

. .AX cent. 

Mille... 


Pound. 


30 per cent. 

Pound. 


Pound. 

,3X cents. 

Pound. 

.AX cent. 

Pound. 


and 15 per ct. 

Pound. 

. ,3X cents 

and 15 per ct. 

Pound. 

.... 4 cents 

and 15 per ct. 

Pound. 



Pound.2 cents. 

35 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

Pound. X cent. 

30 pei cent. 

Pound.1 cent. 

Sq. yd.6 cents. 

and 35 pr. ct. 

Sq. yd.8 cents 

and 40 pr. ct. 

Pound.50 cents 

and 35 pr. ct. 
Free. 

Free. 






















































































TARIFF. 


515 


i 

i 


Ivory, all manufactures, n. o. p.. 

Jalap.. ....’. 

J apanned coach and harness furniture and hardware, n. o. p... 

leather of all kinds. 

ware, n. o. p. . . . . . 

Jellies, of all kinds. 

Jet and manufactures of jet, and imitations thereof. 

unmanufactured. 

Jewelry, imitations, and all other. 

Juice, lemon and lime. 

other fruit. 

Juniper berries. 

Junk, old.. *,[**"' 

Jute, unmanufactured. 

butts. 

all mamxfactures, n. o. p... 

woven fabrics, wholly or part of jute, valued at 30 cents or 

less per sq. yd. .. 

over 30 cents per square yard. 

yams of. 

Kaoline. 

Kelp. . 

Kermes, mineral.. 

Kirschwasser. 

Kryolite. 

Lac, crude, button, shell, or dye. 

Lac spirits. 

sulphur... 

Laces and insertings, thread. 

Lactarine... 

Lampblack. 

Lard. 

Lastings, mohair cloth, silk twist, or other manufacture of cloth 
woven or made in patterns of such size, shape, and form, or 

cut in such manner as to be fit for buttons exclusively. 

Laurel berries. 

Lava, unmanufactured. 

Lead, ore, and dross. 

old scrap, fit for remanufacture only. 

bars, or pigs. 

pipes. 

shot. 

sheets. 

pencils, in wood. 

not in wood. 

nitrate of. 

sugar of. 

manufactures of, n. o. p. 

white and red, dry or ground in oil. 

Leather, japanned, patent, or enamelled. 

tanned, all, n. o. p. 

sole and bend.. 

calfskin, upper. 

all manufactures, n. o. p. 

Leaves, for dyeing, crude. 

all others, n. o. p. 

palm, unmanufactured. 

Leeches. 

Lemons... 

Lemon peel, not preserved, candied, or otherwise prepared. 

Lichens, all, prepared or not.. 

Licorice, juice. 

paste and in rolls. 

root.. 

Lime. 

white. 

chloride of (bleaching powder). 

citrate of. 

Limes. ... 

Linen, brown or bleached, brown hollands, blay linens, coatings, 
damasks, and drills, or other manufactures of flax, jute, 

or hemp, value 30 cents or less per square yard. 

the same over 30 cents per square yard. 

the same, brown or bleached, including burlaps, canvas, 
cot-bottom, crash, diaper, drills, and coatings, other 
than brown or bleached, value 30 cents or less per sq. yd. 

the same, value over 30 cents per square yard. 

rags for making paper. 


35 per cent. 
Free. 

35 per cent. 
35 per cent. 
40 per cent. 
50 per cent. 
35 per cent. 
Free. 

25 per cent. 
10 per cent. 
25 per cent. 


Free. 

Free. 

Ton.$15 

Ton.$6 

30 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

40 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

Ton.$5 

Free. 

10 per cent. 

Pf. gall.$2 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 


30 per cent. 

Free. 

20 per cent. 

Pound. 2 cents. 


10 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

Pound.... 1cent. 
Pound... .1)4 cent. 

Pound.2 cents. 

Pound.. .2% cents. 
Pound. cents. 

Pound.. .2% cents. 

Gross.50 cents 

and 30 pr. ct. 

Gross.$1 

Pound.3 cents. 

Pound....20 cents. 
35 per cent. 

Pound.3 cents. 


35 per cent. 
25 per cent. 
35 per cent. 
30 per cent. 
35 per cent. 
Free. 

20 per cent. 
Free. 

Free. 

20 per cent. 
Free. 

Free. 


Pound.5 cents. 

Pound... .10 cents. 
Free. 

10 per cent. 

Pound.3 cents. 


100 lbs....30 cents. 
Free. 

10 per cent. 


30 per cent. 
35 per cent. 


35 per cent. 
40 per cent. 
Free. 

























































































516 


TARIFF. 


Linen, yams, for carpets, not over No. 8, Lea, value 24 cents or 

less per pound. 

over No. 8, Lea, value over 24 cents per pound.... 

Liqueurs. 

Litharge, dry or in oil. 

Litmus, prepared or not. 

Macaroni. 

Mace. 

Machinery, for beet-sugar factories... 

steam-plough. 

adapted to the cultivation of the soil, and machinery 
for steam towage on canals, under regulations for 

the term of 2 years. 

Mackerel. 

Madder root, ground or prepared. 

Magnesia, carbonate of. 

calcined. 

Malt.. 

Manganese. 

Mangoes. 

Manna. 

Manuscripts. 

Maps (see Charts and maps.) 

Marble, white statuary, brocatella, sienna, and verd antique, in 
block, rough, or squared (unmanufactured). 

veined, and all other, n. o. p... 

all sawed, dressed, or polished marble, marble slabs and 
paving tiles not above 2 inches thick. 

ditto, more than 2 inches in thickness. 

ditto, exceeding 6 inches in thickness. 

all other manufactures, n. o. p. 

Marine coral. 

Marrow. 

Mats, cocoa-nut. 

Matting, floor, China, and all other of flags, jute, or grass. 

cocoa, or coir.. 

Matting, screens, hassocks, rugs, and all other (not exclusively 

of vegetable material). 

Meats, prepared.. 

Medals, gold and silver, and copper. 

Medicinal barks, flowers, leaves, plants, roots, n. o. p. 

preparations, n. o. p. 

preparations or compositions, patent, secret, or pro¬ 
prietary . 

Melada, concentrated. 

Mercurial preparations, n. o. p. 

Metal, converted, cast, or made from iron by the Bessemer or 

pneumatic process. 

manufactures of, n. o. p. 

silver-plated, in sheets or other form. 

Metals, unmanufactured, n. o. p. 

Mineral and bituminous substances, crude, n. o. p. 

Mineral or medicinal waters, in bottles, etc. not over 1 quart.. 

over 1 quart (additional per quart or fraction thereof). 

Mineral waters, otherwise than in bottles, etc. 

Molasses...;. 

concentrated. 

Morocco-skins.:. 

Morphia, morphine, and all other salts of. 

Mosaics, real and imitation, not set. 

set in gold or other metal. 

Moss, Iceland, and other, crude. 

for beds or mattresses. 

Mother-of-pearl. 

Mungo.1. 

Munjeet, or Indian madder... 

Murexide. 

Music, printed with lines, bound or unbound. 

Musical instruments, copper not of chief value. 

Musk, crude, in natural pod. 

Muskets. 

Mustard, ground, in bulk. 

enclosed in glass or tin. 


30 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

Pf. gall.$2 

Pound.3 cents. 

Free. 

35 per cent. 

Pound_25 cents. 

Free. 

Free. 


Free. 

Barrel.$2 

Free. 

Pound.6 cents. 

Pound... .12 cents. 
20 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 


Cub. ft.$1 and 

25 per cent. 

Cub. ft.50 cts. 

and 20 per ct. 

Sq. ft... .25 cts., & 
30 per cent. 
Each ad’al inch, per 
sq. ft., 10 cts. 

As marble in block. 
50 per cent. 

Free. 

10 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

45 per cent. 

35 per cent . 

Free. 

20 per cent . 

40 per cent. 

50 per cent . 

Pound.... IX cent. 
20 per cent . 

As steel. 

35 per cent . 

35 per cent. 

20 per cent . 

20 per cent . 

Each.. .3 cents and 

25 per cent . 

Quart... 3 cents and 

25 per cent . 

30 per cent . 

Gallon.5 cents. 

Pound.... 1X cent. 

25 per cent . 

Ounce.$1 

10 per cent . 

25 per cent . 

Free. 

20 per cent . 

Free. 

Pound_12 cents. 

Free. 

25 per cent. 

20 per cent . 

30 per cent. 

Free. 

35 per cent . 

Pound... .12 cents. 
Pound.... 16 cents. 







































































































TARIFF, 


517 


Natron. 

Needles, sewing, darning, knitting, and all other. 

for knitting or sewing machines. 

Nickel. 

oxide, and alloy of nickel with copper. 

Nitric ether, spirits of. 

Nutgalls...........!!!! 

Nutmegs.!!!”!!!!!!!!"! 

Nuts, aii, n. o. p. 

for dyeing or composing dyes, n. o. p. 

Nux vomica. 

Oak bark. 

Oakum. 

oatmeal. 

Oats. ****’’’'* 

Ochres, or ochrey earths, dry. 

ground in oil. 

Oil-cloth, for floors, stamped, painted, or printed, valued at 50 

cents or less per sqr. yard. 

ditto, over 50 cents per square yard. 

all other (except silk). 

silk. 

Oils, aniline, crude. 

all animal, n. o. p. 

all essential, n, o. p. 

all expressed, n. o. p. 

almonds, essential.. .. 

expressed or fixed. 

amber, essential, crude. 

rectified. 

anise, or anise-seed, essential. 

apple, peach, apricot, strawberry, raspberry, and all fruit 

ethers made of fusel oil or fruit, n. o. p. 

bay leaves, essential. 

bay or laurel (fixed). 

bay-rum essence. 

behen (cenne). 

bergamot, essential. 

cajeput, essential. 

caraway, essential... 

cassia, essential. 

castor.. 

cinnamon, essential. 

citronella. 

civet. 

cloves... 

coal, crude. 

cocoa-nut . 

cognac, or oenanthic ether. 

cotton-seed. 

croton. 

cubebs. 

fennel.... 

fish, n. o. p. . 

flax-seed. 

hemp-seed.. 

illuminating and naphtha, benzine, and benzole, refined or 
produced from distillation of coal, asphaltum, shale, peat, 
petroleum, or rock oil, or other bituminous substances 

used for like purposes... 

juniper. 

laurel. 

lemons, essential. 

linseed. 

mace. 

mustard, not salad. 

neat’s-foot. 

olive, in flasks or bottles (salad). 

not salad and not in flasks or bottles. 

orange, essential. 

origanum, or red thyme, essential. 

white thyme. 

roses, or otto. 

palm, or palm-bean. 

petroleum, crude. 

ripe-seed. 

rum, essential. 


As carbonates of 

soda. 

25 per cent . 

Mille.... §1 and 35 

per cent . 

Pound_30 cents. 

Pound_20 cents. 

Pound....50 cents. 
Free.. 


Pound ...20 cents. 
Pound.2 cents. 


Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

10 per cent. 

Bushel. 

... 10 cents. 

100 lbs. 

... 50 cents. 

100 lbs. 

.$1.50 

35 per cent . 

45 per cent . 

45 per cent . 

60 per cent . 

Free... 


20 per cent. 

50 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

Pound . 

.$1.50 

Pound. 

. .10 cents. 

Pound. 

. .10 cents. 

Pound. 

. .20 cents. 

Pound.. 

..50 cents. 

Pound . 


Pound . 

.$17.50 

Pound.. 

.. 20 cents. 

Ounce . 

.$2 

Gallon.. 

..30 cents. 

Pound.. 

.$1 

Pound.. 

..25 cents. 

Pound.. 

. .50 cents. 

Pound.. 

.$1 

Gallon. 

.$1 

Pound.. 

. $2 

Pound . 

..50 cents. 

30 per cent . 

Pound.. 

.$2 

Gallon.. 

. .15 cents. 

Free ... 


Ounce .. 

.$4 

Gallon.. 

. .30 cents. 

Pound.. 

.$1 

Pound.. 

.$1 

Pound.. 

..50 cents. 

20 per cent . 

Gallon.. 

..30 cents. 

Gallon.. 

..23 cents. 

Gallon.. 

..40 cents. 

Pound.. 

..25 cents. 

Pound.. 

.. 20 cents. 

Pound.. 

.. 50 cents. 

Gallon.. 

.. 30 cents. 

Pound.. 

..50 cents. 

Gallon.. 

..25 cents. 

20 per cent . 

Gallon.. 

.$1 

Gallon.. 

. .25 cents. 

Pound.. 

.50 cents. 

Pound.. 

..25 cents. 

Pound.. 

..30 cents. 

Ounce... 

.$1.50 

Free.... 


Gallon.. 

..20 cents. 

Gallon.. 

..23 cents. 

Ounce .. 
























































































































518 


TARIFF, 


Oils, salad, all. 

seal. . 

sesame seed... 

spermaceti. 

valerian. 

whale. 

Olives. 

Opium. 

prepared for smoking, and all preparations of, n. o. p... 

Oranges. . 

peel not preserved, candied, or otherwise prepared. 

Orchil, in the weed or liquid. 

Orpiment (sulphide of arsenic).. 

Osier or willow, prepared for basket-makers’ use. 

Oysters. 

Paddy. 

Paintings, n. o. p. 

Paintings, on glass or glasses. 

Paints, all, n. o. p. 

Palm leaf, unmanufactured. 

Palm nuts and kernels. 

Pamphlets. 

Paper, all n. o. p. 

manufactures of, or of which paper is a component mate¬ 
rial. 

waste or clippings. 

hangings, and paper for screens or fire-boards. 

printing, unsized, used for books and newspapers exclu¬ 
sively . 

sheathing. 

Paper stock (see Grass). 

Papers, illustrated. 

Papier-m&che, manufactures of. 

Paraffine. 

Parchment. 

Parian ware, plain, white not decorated. 

gilded, ornamented, or decorated. 

Patent size (mordant, 1846). 

Paving stones. 

Paving tiles. 

Peanuts or ground beans. 

shelled. 

Pearls, not set. 

Pearls, set. 

Pebbles, for spectacles. 

Pencils, slate. 

Penholders or parts thereof. 

Penknives, jack-knives, and pocket-knives. 

Pens, metallic (other than gold or silver). 

Pen-tips. 

Pepper, n. o. p. 

all ground. 

Percussion caps. 

Perfumeries, all, n. o. p. 

of which alcohol forms the principal ingredient... 

Periodicals. 

Pewter, manufactures of, or of which pewter is material of chief 

value. 

Pewter, old, fit for manufacture only. 

Philosophical and scientific apparatus and instruments (copper 

not chief value). 

Philosophical apparatus and instruments imported for philoso¬ 
phical, literary, or religious corporations. 

Phosphates, crude or native, for fertilizing purposes. 

Pickles, all, n. o. p.. 

Pimento. 

ground. 

Pine-apples. 

Pins, solid head or other. 

Pipes and pipe bowls, n. o. p. 

Pipe cases, stems, tips, mouth-pieces, metallic mountings for pipes, 
and all parts of pipes or pipe fixtures and all smokers’ articles... 

Pipes, clay, common or white. 

Pitch. 

Plaits and plaitings for bonnets.. 

Plantains. 


Gallon. 

...$1 

20 per cent . 


Gallon_30 cents. 

20 per cent . 


Pound . 

.$1.50 

20 per cent . 


30 per cent . 


Pound . 

...$1 

Pound. 

...$6 

20 per cent . 


Free. 


Free. 


20 per cent.. 


30 per cent . 


Free. 


Pound_ 1% cent. 

10 per cent . 


40 per cent . 


25 per cent . 


Free. 


Free. 


25 per cent. 


35 per cent . 


35 per cent. 


Free. 


35 per cent .. 


20 per cent.. 


10 per cent... 


25 per cent.. 


35 per cent.. 


Pound.. . .10 cents. 

30 per cent.. 


45 per cent.. 


50 per cent . 


20 per cent . 


10 per cent. 


20 per cent. 


Pound.1 

cent. 

Pound 1 % cent. 

10 per cent . 


25 per cent . 


40 per cent . 


40 per cent . 


35 per cent . 


50 per cent . 


Gross.. 10 cents and 


25 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

Pound.... 5 cents. 
Pound.... 10 cents. 

40 per cent. 

50 per cent . 

Gallon.$3 and 

50 per cent. 

25 per cent . 

35 per cent. 

Pound.2 cents. 

40 per cent. 

15 per cent . 

Free. 

35 per cent . 


Pound.5 cents. 

Pound_10 cents. 

20 per cent. 

35 per cent . 

Gross_$1.50 and 


75 per cent. 

75 per cent.. 
35 per cent .. 
20 per cent.. 
30 per cent .. 
10 per cent .. 









































































































































TARIFF, 


519 


Plants, erode, for dyeing or composing dyes. 

medicinal, n. o. p.. [ 

all, n. o. p. 

Plaster of paris, unground (sulphate of lime).. . ’' 

ground (sulphate of lime).. ” 

calcined. 

Plated ware of all kinds (copper not chief value). 

Plates engraved, of steel, wood, or other, n. o. p. 

copper. 

Platina, unmanufactured. 

articles of, n. o. p.. 

vases or retorts (or parts thereof) for chemical uses... 

Plumbago (see Black lead). 

Plums (dried). 

Pocket-books of all kinds_!. 

Polishing powder, all. 

Polishing-stones. 

Pomades.* * ’ 

Pc/rcelain, plain, white and not decorated. 

gilded, ornamented, or decorated in any manner .... 

Pork..... 

Potash, acetate of. 

bichromate of. 

chlorate of. 

chromate of. 

hydriodate of. 

iodate and iodide of.. 

nitrate of, crude (see Saltpetre). 

refined. 

prussiate of, red. 

yellow. 

Potassa, muriate of. 

Potatoes. 

Poultry, prepared, in cans, etc. 

Printed matter, n. o. p. 

Prunes. 

Pulp, dried.. 

of grass for the manufacture of paper. 

Pumice and pumice-6tones. 

Putty. 

Quassia wood... 

Quicksilver. 

Quills. 

Quinine, sulphate, and all other salts of. 

Rags, all, of whatever material, n. o. p... 

for making paper. 

woollen. 

Raisins, all, n. o. p. 

Rasps, not over 10 inches in length. 

exceeding 10 inches....... 


Ratafia. 

Rattans and reeds, unmanufactured. 

wholly or partially manufactured 

Red precipitate. 

Resins, crude, n. o. p. 

gum, n. o. p. 

Rhubarb. 

Rice, cleaned. 

Rice, not cleaned. 

Rifles. 

Roofing-slates. 

tiles. 

Roots, bulbous, all, n. o. p. 

Rope waste, for manufacture of paper. 

Rose-leaves.. 

Rottenstone. 

Rubies, not set.. 

set. 

Rum .. 

Russia sheetings, flax or hemp . 

Rye. 

flour... 

Saddlery, common, tinned and japanned. 

all, n. o. p... 

Safflower. 

Saffron. 

cake. 


Free. 

20 per cent . 

30 per cent . 

Free. 

20 per cent . 

20 per cent . 

35 per cent . 

25 per cent . 

45 per oent . 

Free. 

40 per oent. 

Free. 

Ton.$10 

Pound... 2% cents. 

35 per cent . 

25 per cent . 

Free. 

50 per cent. 

45 per cent. 

50 per cent. 


Pound.1 cent. 

Pound_75 cents. 

Pound.3 cents. 

Pound.6 cents. 

Pound.3 cents. 

Pound... .75 cents. 

Pound_75 cents. 

Pound.. .2)4 cents. 

Pound.3 cents. 

Pound_10 cents. 

Pound.5 cents. 

Free.. 

Bushel.... 25 cents. 


35 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

Pound... 2% cents. 

20 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

Pound-cent. 

Free. 

15 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

45 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

Free. 

Pound_12 cents. 

Pound.5 cents. 

Pound. 10 cents and 

30 per cent. 

Pound.. 6 cents and 

30 per cent. 

Pf. gallon.$2 

Free. 

25 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

Free. 

20 per cent. 

Free. 

Pound... 2J4 cents. 

Pound.2 cents. 

35 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

10 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

Gallon.$2 

35 per cent. 

Bushel.... 15 cents. 
10 per cent. 


35 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

10 per cent. 



















































































































































520 


TAKIFF, 


Sago and sago flour. 

Sail-duck. ... 

Saleratus. 

Salmon, pickled.. 

preserved..... 

Salt, in bulk. 

in sacks, barrels, etc.. 

Saltpetre, crude. 

partially refined.. . 

refined. 

Salt, epsom (sulphate of magnesia). 

glauber. 

rochelle. 

and preparations of, n. o. p. 

of tin. 

Sandal-wood. 

Santonine. 

Sardines, preserved in oil or otherwise. 

Sarsaparilla, crude. 

Sauces of all kinds, n. o. p. 

Sausage, Bologna. 

Saws, cross-cut. 

mill, pit, and drag, not over 9 inches wide. 

over 9 inches wide. 

hand, not over 24 inches long. 

over 24 inches in length. 

back, not over 10 inches in length. 

over 10 inches in length. 

Scagliola tops for tables, etc. 

Scammony or resin of. 

Scilla or squills.. 

Screws, other than iron, n. o. p. 

Sealing-wax. 

Sea-weed, n. o. p. 

used for beds or mattresses. 

Seed-lac. 

Seeds, agricultural, n. o. p. 

all, n. o. p. 

anise. 

star. 

annatto. 

canary. 

caraway. 

cardamom. 

castor.. 

cicuta (conia or hemlock). 

coriander. 

cummin. 

fennel. 

fenugreek. 

flax. 

flower, n. o. p. 

garden, n. o. p. 

hemp. 

hemlock. 

horticultural, n. o. p. 

linseed... 

medicinal, n. o. p. 

mustard. 

oil (of like character with hemp and rape seed) 

rape. 

sesame...... 

worm-seed, Levant. 

for manufacturing purposes, n. o. p. 

Seines. 

Senna, in leaves. 

Shaddocks. 

Shale (ton 28 bushels of 80 pounds). 

Shell, tortoise and other, unmanufactured. 

boxes, and other manufactures. 

Shell-fish. 

Shingle-bolts. 

Shrimps. 

Shrubs, n. o. p. 

Silicate of soda, or other alkaline silicates. 


Pound. 

. ..IX cent. 

30 per cent. 

Pound 

...IX cent. 

Barrel 

. $3 

30 per 

cent. 

100 lbs, 

...18 cents. 

100 lbs 

. ..24 cents. 

Pound. 

..2X cents. 

Pound 


Pound. 


Pound. 


Pound. 


Pound. 

...15 cents. 

20 per cent. 

30 per 

cent. 

Free .. 


Pound. 

. ...$5 

50 per cent. 

Free .. 


35 per 

cent. 

30 per cent. 

Lineal foot.10 cents. 

Lineal ft.l2>£ cents. 

Lineal foot. 20 cents. 

Dozen. 



and 30 per cent. 

Dozen.$1 and 

30 per cent. 

Dozen.75 cents 

and 30 per cent.. 
Dozen.. .$1 and 30 

per cent.. 

35 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

35 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

Free. 

20 per cent. 

Free. 

30 per cent. 

Free. 

Pound.5 cents. 

Pound... .10 cents. 

Free. 

Bushel..., .$1 

Free. 

Free. 

Bushel... .60 cents. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Bushel... .20 cents. 

30 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

Pound. X cent. 

Free. 

30 per cent. 

Bushel... .30 cents. 

20 per cent. 

Ponnd.3 cents. 

Pound. X cent. 

Pound_ X cent. 

10 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

Pound... 6X cents. 

Free. 

10 per cent. 

Ton.$1.25 

Free. 

35 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

30 per cent. 

Pound. X cent. 















































































































































TARIFF 


521 


Silk-worm eggs. 

Silk, raw or reeled from the cocoon, not manufactured..-. 

cocoons. 

in the gum, not more advanced than singles, tram, and 

thrown organzine... 

twist, of silk, or of silk and mohair. 

floss. 

waste. 

for sewing, in the gum and purified. 

spun, for filling, in skeins or cops. 

aprons, bonnets, braids. 

button cloth. 

buttons and ornaments for dresses. 

chemisettes, cords, dress, and piece silk. 

fringes. 

galloons. 

gloves, handkerchiefs, hats, hose. 

lace. 

mantillas, mits, pelerines, pongees. 

ribbons. 

scarfs, shawls, stockings, suspenders. 

tassels. 

trimmings. 

turbans, veils. 

velvets, value not over $3 per square yard. 

over $3 per square yard. 

vestings, watch chains, webbing. 

manufactures of, all other, n. o. p. 

Silver, manufactures of, n. o. p. 

leaf (package of 500 leaves). 

ore.. 

Silver-plated metal, in sheets or other form. 

Sirup of sugar-cane juice. 

Sisal grass, unmanufactured. 

manufactures of, n. o. p. 

Skates, costing 20 cents or less a pair. 

above 20 cents a pair. 

Skins, raw, n. o. p. 

tanned and dressed, n. o. p. 

dried, salted, or pickled. 

Angora goat, raw or unmanufactured, wool on. 

asses'. 

sheep, raw or unmanufactured, wool on, washed or un¬ 
washed s. 

goat, raw. 

calf, tanned. 

Slate, chimney pieces, mantels, pencils, slabs for tables, and all 

other manufactures of, n. o. p. 

Slates. 

Smalts. 

Soap stocks and stuffs. 

fancy, perfumed, honey, transparent, all toilet and shaving. 

all other, n. o. p. 

Soda, ash. 

bicarbonate of. 

carbonates of, all, n. o. p. 

caustic. 

hyposulphate of. 

nitrate of, or cubic nitre. 

sal, or brinal. 

Sparterre, for making or ornamenting hats, etc. 

Spelter, in blocks or pigs. 

in sheets. 

manufactures of. 

Spices, all, n. o. .. 

if ground or prepared. 

* Spirits, distilled from grain, and all compounds or preparations 
of which distilled spirits is a component part of chief value... 
Spirituous liquors, n. o. .. 

beverages and bitters containing spirits, n. o. p. 

Sponge*. 

Spunk... 

Starch, burnt (see Gum, substitute).. 

of potatoes or corn. 


Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

35 per cent.. 

40 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

Free. 

40 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

60 per cent. 

See Lastings. 

50 per cent. 

60 per cent. 

60 per ceut. 

60 per cent. 

60 per cent. 

60 per cent. 

60 per cent. 

60 per cent. 

60 per cent. 

60 per cent. 

60 per cent. 

60 per cent. 

60 per eent. 

60 per cent. 

60 per cent. 

50 per cent. 

40 per cent. 

Package.. 75 cents. 


Free. 

35 per cent. 

Pound_IX cent. 

Ton.$15 

30 per cent. 

Pair.8 cents. 


35 per cent. 
10 per cent. 
25 per cent. 
10 per cent. 
30 per cent. 
30 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

Free. 

30 per cent. 


40 per cent. 

40 per cent.. 

20 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

Pound.10 cents 

and 25 per cent.. 
Pound.. 1 ct. & 30 %. 

Pound.X cent. 

Pound_IX cent. 

20 per cent. 

Pound_IX cent. 

20 per cent. 

Free. 

Pound.X cent. 

30 per cent. 

Pound... .1X cent. 
Pound.. .2X cents. 

35 per cent. 

Pound.... 20 cents. 
Pound... .30 cents. 


Pf. gallon.$2 

Gallon.50 cents 

and 100 per cent. 

Gallon.$2 

20 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

Pound.1 cent 

and 20 per cent.. 


See Brandy. 







































































































































TARIFF, 


522 


Starch of rieo or any other material . 

Pound . 3 cents 


and 20 per cent. . 
10 per cent . 


Free . 

Staves for pipes h^pshenr^ or other oasks . T . , T . 

10 per cent. 

othpr. ,--. T . 

20 per cent . 

pteol valued at 7 cents or less per pound. 

Pound...2X cents. 

Pound.3 cents. 

Pound . .. .3% cents 
and 10 per cent.. 
30 per cent. 

valued at above 7 cents, not above 11 cents per pound. 

valued at above 11 cents per pound. 

in any other form, n. o. p. 

wiie, not less than % inch in diameter, valued at 7 cents 
or less per pound. 

Pound...2)^ cents. 

Pound . 3 cents. 

Pound.... 3)4 cents 
and 10 per cent .. 
Pound.... 2% cents 
and 20 per cent .. 
Pound . 3 cents 

valued at above 7 cents, not above 11 cents per pound . 

valued at above 11 cents per pound . 

less than % inch in diameter, not less than No. 16 wire gauge 

less or finer than No. 16 . 

crinoline, corset, and hat wire . 

and 20 per cent. 
Pound . 9 cents 

all, n. o. p . 

and 10 per cent. 
30 per cent . 

railway bars . 

Pound .... 1 cent. 
Pound . 1 cent. 

part steel . 

squares . 

Pound . 6 cents 

manufactures of, n. o. p . 

and 30 per cent. 

45 per cent . 

Stereotype plates . 

25 per cent . 

Stick lac . 

Free . 

Stone, for building, freestone, sandstone, granite, and all building 
and monumental, except marble . 

Ton . $1.50 

Stones, precious, not set . 

10 per cent . 

set . 

25 per cent . 

Stoneware, above the capacity of 10 gallons . 4 .. T _ 

20 per cent. 

common and not ornamented. 

25 per cent. 

all other, gilt, painted, printed, or glazed. 

40 per cent. 

Straw, manufactures of, n. o. p. 

35 per cent . 

String's, of gut, for musical instruments or other purposes . 

30 per cent. 

Strychnine, and its salts . 

Ounce . $1.50 

Substances expressly used for manures . 

Free . 

Sugar, all, not above No. 7 Dutch standard ... 

Pound ... .1% cent. 
Pound . 2 cents. 

ditto, above No. 7, not above No. 10 . 

ditto, above No. 10, not above No. 13. 

Pound .. ,2X cents. 
Pound ... 2% cents. 
Pound ... 3% cents. 
Pound . 4 cents. 

ditto, above No. 13, not above No. 16 . 

ditto, above No. 16, not above No. 20 . 

ditto, above No. 20 . 

all refined loaf, lump, crushed, powdered, granulated 
(and all stove-dried or other sugar above No. 20) . 

Pound . 4 cents. 

ditto, value less than 30 cents per pound .. 

Pound .... 15 cents. 

50 per cent. 

Ton . $20 and 

ditto, value above 30 cents per pound or sold by box, 
package, or otherwise. 

Sulphur flour . 

Sumach . 

15 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

45 per cent. 

Pound . 1 cent. 

Sweetmeats, jars filled with, preserved in sugar, brandy, or mo¬ 
lasses, n. o. p . 

Sword-blades . 

Swords. 

Tallow. 

Tannin. 

Pound.$2 

Tapioca. 

Free. 

20 per cent. 
Pound.... 15 cents. 
Free. 

Pound.... 15 cents. 
10 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

Free. 

25 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

20 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

20 per cent. 

15 per cent. 

35 per cent. 


Tartar emetics or tartrate of antimony . 

Tea plants . 

Teas of all kinds . 

Teasels . 

Teeth, manufactured . 

Terra alba . 

Terra iaponica . 

Terne tin and tagger tin . 

Tica. crude . 

Tiles, encaustic . 

Timber, hewn or sawed . 

round, unmanufactured, n. o. p . 

ship . 

used in building wharves . 

Tin, in bars, blocks, or pigs . 

manufactures of, n. o. p . 






































































































TARIFF. 


i 


Tin, in plates or sheets.. 

foil. 

Tin plates, galvanized, coated with any metal.. 

muriate and oxide of. 

Tobacco, in leaf, unmanufactured, not stemmed. 

stemmed.. 

ditto, int’l rev. tax. 

smoking (exclusively of stems or leaves, or of leaf with 
stem), and all fine-cut shorts and refuse of chewing 

tobacco. 

ditto, internal revenue tax. 

stems... 

chewing, fine-cut, plug, or twist; all twisted by hand 
or otherwise prepared from the leaf, without the use 
of machine or instrument, not presssd or sweetened ; 
also stemmed and all kinds of manufactured tobacco. 

ditto, internal revenue tax. 

unmanufactured, n. o. p. 

cigars and cheroots. 

ditto, internal revenue tax. 

cigarettes, weighing over 3 lbs. per 1,000. 

ditto, internal revenue tax........ 

not over 3 lbs. per 1,000. 

ditto, internal rev. tax. 

snuff of tobacco, or as substitute for tobacco, ground, 

dry, damp, pickled, scented, and otherwise. 

ditto, internal revenue tax. 

snuff flour, unprepared, in whole or part.. 

Tooth-washes, pastes, etc.. 

Toys, wooden and other, for children.,. 

Trees, fruit, shade, lawn, etc., ornamental, n. o. p. 

Turmeric. 

Turpentine, spirits of. 

Turtles, green. 

Tutenag (teutenegue), in blocks or pigs. 

in sheets... 

manufactures of. 

Type-metal. 

Types, new.„.. 

old, and fit only to be remanufactured. 

Umbrellas, parasols, sunshades, not silk... 

silk. 

Varnish, valued at §1.50 or less per gallon. 

valued at above §1.50 per gallon. 

Vegetable substances for beds or mattresses. 

unmanufactured, n. o. p.'.. 

for cordage, unmanufactured, n. o. p... 

Vegetables, n. o. .. 

for dyeing. 

prepared. 

Vellum. 

Verdigris (subacetate of copper).. 

Vermicelli and all similar preparations. 

Vermuth.. 

Vinegar.-. 

acetous or concentrated... 

Vitriol blue, or Roman (sulphate of copper). 

green (sulphate of iron).-. 

white (sulphate of zinc). 

"Wafers.. 

Walnuts, all kinds. 

Waste, flocks, or shoddy of wool.... 

all, n. o. .... 

Watches, gold and silver, etc. 

Watch cases, movements, parts of watches. 

materials.. 

jewels. 

Weld.... 

Whalebone, the produce of foreign fisheries. 

all manufactures, n. o. .. 

Wheat.. 

Whiting, dry... 

ground in oil.. • • • • 


25 per cent. 
30 per cent. 


Pound.. .2% cents. 
30 per cent. 


Pound.. 

.. 35 cents. 

Pound., 

.. .50 cents. 

Pound.. 

. .82 cents. 

Pound.. 

.. .50 cents. 

Pound., 

.. .16 cents. 

Pound., 

... 15 cents. 

Pound.. 

... 50 cents. 

Pound. 

.. .32 cents. 

30 per cent. 

Pound.. 


and 25 pr. ct. 

Mille.. . 

.$5 

Pound.. 

.§2.50 

and 25 pr. ct. 

Mille... 

.$5 

Pound. 

.§2.50 

and 25 per ct. 

Mille... 

.§1.50 

Pound., 


Pound., 

... 32 cents. 

Pound.. 

... 50 cents. 

50 per cent. 

50 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

Free. 


Gallon,, 

,. .30 cents. 

Free. 


Pound.. 

cent. 

Pound.. 

.. 2K cents. 

35 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

Free. 


50 per cent. 

60 per cent. 

Gallon., 



and 20 pr. ct. 
Gallon.50 cents 


and 25 pr. ct. 

20 per cent. 

Ton.§5 and 10 

per cent. 

Ton.§15 

10 per cent. 

Free. 

35 per cent. 

30 per cent. 

Free. 

35 per cent. 

Pf. gall.§2 

Gallon_10 cents. 

See Acetic Acid. 


Pound.5 cents. 

Pound. X cent. 

20 per cent. 

35 per cent. 

Pound.3 cents. 

Pound_12 cents. 


20 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

25 per cent. 

10 per cent. 

Free. 

20 per cent. 

85 per cent. 

Bushel... .20 cents. 

Pound.1 cent. 

Pound.2 cents. 




















































































524 ; 


TARIFF. 


Wines, value not over 40 cents per gallon. 

value over 40 cents, not over $1. 

value over $ 1 per gallon. 

champagne and other sparkling, in bottles of X pint each, 

or less. 

champagne and other sparkling, in bottles of over Xi not 

over 1 pint... 

champagne and other sparkling, in bottles of over 1 pint, 

not over 1 quart. 

champagne and other sparkling, in bottles of over 1 quart 
each (extra). 

Wine bottles, extra... 

Wood, unmanufactured, n. o. p. 

in logs, and round unmanufactured timber (and ship tim¬ 
ber), n. o. p. 

manufactures of, or of which wood is the chief component 

part, n. o. p. 

cedar, lignum-vitm, lance-wood, ebony, box, granadilla, 
mahogany, and all cabinet wood unmanufactured... 

the same, manufactures of. 

poplar and other woods for the manufacture of paper.. 
boards, planks, staves, laths, scantling, spars, hewn and 
sawed timber, and timber used in building wharves.. 

Wool, Class I.—Clothing wools, unwashed, value 32 cents or less 
per pound.. 

value exceeding 32 cents per pound. 

Class II.—Combing wools, value 32 cents or less per pound. 

j 

i value exceeding 32 cents per pound. 

Class III.—Carpet wools, value 12 cents or less per lb..... 

value exceeding 12 cents per lb. 

of Class I, washed. 

of all classes, scoured. 

Woollen rags. 

Woollen and worsted yarns, not exceeding 40 cents per pound... 

ditto, over 40 cents, not exceeding 60 cents per pound.. 

■f 

j ditto, over 60 cents, not exceeding 80 cents per pound.. 

* ditto, above 80 cents per pound. 

Woollen balmorals (blankets, flannels, hats, knit-goods), composed 
wholly or in part of worsted, the hair of the alpaca 
goat or other like animals, except such as are com 
posed in part of wool, n. o. p., value not over 40 
cents per pound. 

ditto, over 40 cents, not over 60 cents per pound. 

Woollen balmorals, etc., over 60 cents, not over 80 cents per 
pound . 

ditto, over 80 cents per pound. 

Woollen balmorals, composed wholly or in part of wool. 

balmoral skirts and skirtings, and goods of similar de¬ 
scription, or used for like purposes, composed wholly or 
in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca goat 
or other like animals, made up or manufactured, 
except knit goods. 

belts, endless, for paper or printing machines.. 

beltings, bindings, braids, buttons, or barrel button, 
and buttons of other form for tassels or ornaments, 
cords, dress trimmings, fringes, galloons, gimps, head- 
nets, webbings, wrought by hand or braided by machi 
nery, made of wool, worsted, or mohair, or of which 
wool, worsted, or mohair is a component material.... 

blanketing for printing machines... 

cloth, n. o. p..... 


Gallon_25 cents. 

Gallon... .60 cents. 

Gallon.$1 and 

25 per cent. 

Dozen.$1.50 

Dozen.$3 

Dozen.$6 

Gallon.$2 

Each.3 cents. 


20 per cent. 

Free. 

35 per cent. 

Free. 

35 per cent. 

Free. 

20 per cent. 

Pound.10 cents 

and 11 per ct. 

Pound.12 cents 

and 10 per ct. 

Pound.10 cents 

and 11 per ct. 

Pound.12 cents 

and 10 per ct. 

Pound.3 cents. 

Pound.6 cents. 

Double duty. 

Double duty. 

Pound.... 12 cents. 

Pound.20 cents 

and 35 per ct. 

Pound.30 cents 

and 35 per ct. 

Pound.40 cents 

and 35 per ct. 

Pound.50 cents 

and 35 per ct. 


Pound.20 cents 

and 35 per ct. 

Pound.30 cents 

and 35 per ct. 

Pound.40 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 

Pound.50 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 

Pound.50 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 


Pound.50 cents 

and 40 per cent.. 

Pound.20 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 


Pound.50 cents 

and 50 per cent.. 

Pound.20 cents 

and 35 per cent .. 
Pound. 50 cts. & 35 % 






























































TARIFF. 


525 


Woollen hats. 

hat bodies. 

hosiery (knit goods). 

listings. ”"' 

shawls. 

women’s and children’s dress goods, and real or imitation 
Italian cloths, composed wholly or in part of wool, 
worsted, the hair of the alpaca goat, or other like ani¬ 
mals, valued at not exceeding 20 cents per square yard. 

ditto, valued at above 20 cents per square yard. 

ditto, all weighing 4 ounces and over per square yard 

manufactures of wool or of which wool shall be the com¬ 
ponent material of chief value, n. o. p. 

ditto, of every description, composed wholly or in part 
of worsted, the hair of the alpaca goat, or other like 
animals, except such as are composed in part of wool, 
n. o. p., value not over 40 cents. 

ditto, from 40 to 60 cents. 

from 60 to 80 cents. 

above 80 cents. 

Xylonite, or xylotile. 

Yams. 

Yellow metal or sheathing metal (not of iron, nor copper com¬ 
ponent of chief value) ungalvanized, in sheets of 48 by 14 

inches, weighing from 14 to 34 ounces per square foot. 

Zaffre. 

Zinc, in blocks or pigs... 

in sheets. 

oxide of. dry or ground in oil. 

manufactures, n. o. p.. 

Unenumerated articles, crude. 

worked or manufactured. 

Goods, wares, and merchandise of the growth or produce of 
countries beyond the Cape of Good Hope, when imported 
from places this side of the Cape of Good Hope, in addition to 
the duties imposed on any such articles when imported directly 
from the place or places of their growth or production. 


See Balmorals, etc. 
See Manufactures of 

wool, n. o. p. 

See Balmorals, etc. 

Pound.50 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 

Pound.50 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 


Sq. yd.6 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 

Sq. yd.8 cents 

and 40 per cent.. 

Pound.50 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 

Pound.50 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 


Pound.20 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 

Pound.30 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 

Pound.40 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 

Pound.50 cents 

and 35 per cent.. 

Free. 

10 per cent. 


Pound.3 cents. 

20 per cent. 

Pound....cent. 
Pound... 2% cents. 
Pound.... 1% cent. 

35 per cent.. 

10 per cent. 

20 per cent. 


10 per cent. 


The following Articles form Special Exceptions , and 
are admitted Free of Duty. 

1. Articles, goods, wares, and merchandise, the 
growth, produce, or manufacture of the United 
States, exported to a foreign country and brought 
back to the United States in the same condition as 
when exported, upon which no drawback or bounty 
has been allowed. 

2. Household effects, old and in use, of persons or 
families from foreign countries, if used abroad by 
them and not intended for any other person or per¬ 
sons or for sale, not exceeding $500. 

3. Oil, spermaceti, whale, and all other, the pro¬ 
duce of American fisheries. 

4. Paintings and statuary (fountains), the produc¬ 
tion of American artists residing abroad, and import¬ 
ed as objects of taste and not of merchandise, verified 
by United States consul or minister. 

5. Personal and household effects of citizens of the 
United States dying abroad. 

6. Wearing apparel in actual use, and other per¬ 
sonal effects not merchandise, professional books, 
implements, instruments, and tools of trade, occupa¬ 
tion, or employment of persons arriving in the United 
States. 

7. Books, maps, charts, mathematical and nautical 
instruments, philosophical apparatus, and all articles 
whatever imported for the use of the United States. 

8. Philosophical apparatus, instruments, books, 


maps, and charts, statues, statuary, busts, and casts 
of marble, bronze, alabaster, or plaster of paris, 
paintings and drawings, etchings, specimens of 
sculpture, cabinets of coins, medals, regalia, and all 
collections of antiquity, provided the same be special¬ 
ly imported in good faith, for the use of any society 
incorporated or established for philosophical or liter¬ 
ary purposes, or for the encouragement of the fine 
arts, or for the use or by the order of any college, 
academy, school, or seminary of learning in the 
United States. 

9. Books, maps, or charts imported by the authori¬ 
ty of the Joint Library Committee of Congress, for 
the use of the Library of Congress. 

10. Copper for United States Mint. 

11. Specimens of natural history, mineralogy, and 
botany, when imported for cabinets as objects of 
taste or science, and not for sale. 

12. Models of inventions, and other improvements 
in the arts. 

13. Railroad iron, partially or wholly worn, im¬ 
ported. under bond, to be withdrawn and exported 
after the said railroad iron shall have been repaired 
or remanufactured. 

14. Any cask, barrel, carboy, or other vessel of 
American manufacture, exported or sent out of the 
country, filled with the products of the United 
States, returned to the United States empty. 

15. Produce of the forests of the State of Maine on 
the St. John’s River and its tributaries, owned by 














































526 


TARIN. 


T-CLOTH. 


American citizens, and sawed or hewn in the pro¬ 
vince of New Brunswick by American citizens (the 
same being unmanufactured in whole or part). 

16. The same regarding the produce of the forests 
of the State of Maine on the St. Croix River. 

17. Upon the reimportation of articles once ex¬ 
ported, of the growth, product, or manufacture of 
the United States, upon which no internal tax has 
been assessed or paid, or upon which such tax has 
been paid and refunded by allowance or drawback, 
there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty equal 
to internal revenue tax. 

18. Any object of art imported by any individual or 
association of individuals for presentation as a gift 
to the United States Government. 

19. Paintings, statuary, fountains, and other works 
of art, imported expressly for presentation to na¬ 
tional institutions or to any State or to any munici¬ 
pal corporation. 

20. Life-boats and life-saving apparatus, specially 
imported by societies incorporated or established to 
encourage the saving of human life. 

21. Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, seed cane, and 
seeds imported by the Department of Agriculture or 
the United States Botanic Garden. 

By the employment of general de¬ 
scriptive terms, such as “ all mineral and 
bituminous substances,'’ ‘‘all vegetable 
substances,” “all manufactures of—,” 
etc., the Tariff of the United States im¬ 
poses a duty on all articles which may be 
imported, except such as by express terms 
of the law are specifically made free. The 
Tariff of England and most other countries 
imposes duties only on those articles speci¬ 
fically mentioned,—all others being free. 

Turin, a money of account in Sicily, 
equivalent to about cents. 

Tarlatan, a kind of thin transparent 
muslin, used for ladies’ dresses, usually 
weighing less than 5 oz. to the square yard, 
and counting less than 100 threads to the 
square inch. Tarlatans are generally 8-4 
wide, and may be white, black, or colored, 
and are classed with French and Swiss 
white goods. 

Tarpaulin, canvas covered with oil, 
paint, tar, or other composition, to make it 
water-proof. 

Tarragon, a garden herb of the 
genus artemisia, used to flavor vinegar. 

Tarrie, a dry measure of Algiers, 
equal to about -j a 6 - of a bushel. 

Tartan, a Scotch plaid fabric made 
of worsted, silk, cotton, or mixed, and of 
various patterns. 

Tartar. During the fermentation of 
wines a matter is deposited in the casks, 
forming a crystalline crust, called crude 
tartar or argol. That deposited from red 
wines is of a reddish or dark color; that 
from white wines is of a dirty white color. 
It is said that the American Catawba wine 
deposits about 3 lbs. crude tartar from 100 
gallons. The crude tartar, after undergo¬ 


ing the process of purifying, is converted 
into cream of tartar . The importations 
are chiefly from France. 

Tartarian bread, the fleshy roots 
of the crambe tartarica , a species of sea- 
kale, are cooked and eaten in Hungary, and 
known as tartarian bread. 

Tartarian moss, a species of litmus, 
a coloring lichen found in the north of 
Europe. 

Tartaric acid. This acid is imported 
in crystals, and in the form of fine white 
powder. It is used in medicine, and, when 
dissolved in water, as a substitute for lem¬ 
onade. 

Tasmania tea, the aromatic leaves 
of a species of Tasmania are used in Van 
Diemen’s Land as a substitute for Chinese 
tea. 

Tassels, pendent ornaments, compos¬ 
ed of silk, gold or silver thread, worsted 
or cotton, and included in military, millin¬ 
ery, upholstery, ^nd saddlery goods. 

Tat aba timber, a valuable ship- 
timber of Guiana. 

Tattanny, a Japanese measure of 6 
feet 4 inches. 

Tattings narrow edging or lace with 
a peculiar stitch, knit by hand with a sin¬ 
gle needle. 

Tatty, a coarse fabric manufactured 
in the East Indies from a kind of grass, 
chiefly used for awnings or tentcloth. 

Taiiclinitz editions, classical, 
philological, and other valuable books, pub¬ 
lished in uniform style at Leipzig, by Carl 
Christoph Tauchnitz, the founder of the 
house, and by his successors. The books are 
celebrated for their cheapness, elegance, 
and accuracy; their number reached to 
1,000 volumes during the year 1809. 

Taws, large ornamental marbles for 
boys, either of colored glass or clay. 

. Tawed, sheep or goat skins prepared 
with alum, in contradistinction to being 
tanned ; those for gloves, lining shoes, or 
such purposes are left white, others are 
dyed. 

Tayndauiig, a name for the basket 
measure by which rice is sold at Rangoon, 
equal to 50 lbs., nominally, but more fre¬ 
quently in fact only about 53J lbs. 

Taysaam, a species of Chinese raw 
silk from the district of Nangking. 

Tclietvert, the grain measure at 
Odessa and other Black Sea ports, very 
nearly equal to 0 bushels, being 5,952 
bushels. 

T-clotll, a plain cotton fabric of Eng¬ 
lish manufacture, for the Chinese and In- 



TEA. 


527 


dia market, 30, 32, 34, and 36 inches wide, 
weighing about 4 oz. to the square yard, 
and put up in bales of 50 pieces of 24 yds. 
each. The letter T is stamped on each 
piece. 

Tea. In the commerce of the United 
States the term tea embraces only the 
Chinese and Japanese preparations of the 
leaves of one or two varieties of the plants 
of the genus then. The plants are ever¬ 
green shrubs belonging to the family of the 
Camellias ; and it was formerly supposed 
that there were two distinct species which 
furnished the tea of commerce—the Ca¬ 
mellia bohea which furnished the black tea, 
and the Camellia viridis which furnished the 
green. They are indigenous in China and 
Japan. The shrubs are bushy, with numer¬ 
ous leafy branches, and grow to the height 
of from 2 to 5 or 6 feet; the leaves are 2 
or 3 inches long, and from to a full inch 
broad. The cultivation of the tea-plant 
extends over a large portion of China, but 
the most productive districts are Fo-kien 
and Canton for black tea, and Kiang-nan 
and Chikiang for green. Both the black 
and the green teas are produced from the 
same plants, or from plants of the same 
genera, but perhaps of a slightly different 
variety. ‘ ‘ But teas of the finest quality 
are, like "wines, the growth of particular 
districts, and even of particular estates, the 
best kinds being prepared with extraordi¬ 
nary care, and selected with great exact¬ 
ness.” As a general rule it may be stated 
that the varieties of tea are occasioned by 
the times of collecting, by the degree of 
development in the leaf, and by the meth¬ 
ods employed in preparing the tea for com¬ 
merce. The first crop of leaves, or rather 
buds, is usually gathered in the early part 
of April, for the kind of tea known as pekoe, 
which is the choicest of black teas. New 
leaves soon again appear, and by the early 
part of May the second and most import¬ 
ant crop is gathered. In July a third crop 
is gathered, but the leaves are less abun¬ 
dant and of inferior quality. A fourth 
crop is sometimes gathered in September, 
but it is comparatively worthless. After 
the leaves are stripped off they are carried 
in baskets to the drying-houses, where they 
are assorted and prepared for the process 
of drying; this is variously conducted, 
according to the quality of the tea; the 
leaves are first exposed to the open air, and 
then placed in pans and exposed to just that 
amount of heat which will dispel their mois¬ 
ture without impairing the aroma of the 
tea. The difference between green and 


black teas, it is said, is owing to the longer 
exposure of the latter to the air before 
the drying, and exposure to the air fre¬ 
quently during the different stages of the 
drying process. But the better opinion is 
that the black teas are generally grown in 
hilly and mountainous places, and the 
green tea shrubs on level lands in soils 
enriched with manure. The Chinese names 
given to the different teas are usually 
derived from their appearance, or place of 
culture. Thus souchong, or sian-chung, 
means little plant; hyson, from yu-tsian, 
before the rains , from the fact of the leaves 
being gathered early; pekoe is from pecco, 
white hairs , because the very young leaves, 
from which this tea is made, have a white 
down upon them; bohea is derived from 
the Bu-i-hills , where this tea is produced; 
the term bohea is also applied to the poor¬ 
est kind of tea, or that which is gathered 
in the autumn. The gardens or planta¬ 
tions in which tea is grown and prepared 
are visited by regular purchasers, who col¬ 
lect the produce and send it to the various 
ports of China frequented by European or 
American merchants. The finest packages 
are marked with a particular stamp called 
a chops , which term in this use means a 
seal. The principal imports into the United 
States are from the port of Shanghai ; 
Canton and Foochou being the two other 
ports whence tea is exported. Nearly the 
whole of the tea exported from China 
goes to Great Britain, the United States, 
Russia, and Holland. Russia receives hers 
by overland routes, and is thought to be 
better on that account, as tea is generally 
thought to be more or less injured by sea 
voyages. The principal black teas import¬ 
ed into the United States are known here 
and sold as oolong and ningyong, sou¬ 
chong and congou, pouchong, orange 
pekoe, and pekoe. The green are young 
hyson, gunpowder, imperial, hyson, twan- 
key, and hyson skin. The average net 
weight of a chest of tea is 64 lbs., which is 
the weight of congou; pekoe and hyson 
usually 49 lbs.; bohea, 138 lbs. Twankey 
is the lowest grade of tea, and is said to 
be largely used for mixing with better teas. 
Hyson skin is the refuse of the finer hyson. 
Gunpowder is so named from the granular 
appearance of the leaves. Young hyson 
is so named from the early season in which 
its leaves are gathered. It is said that 
the Chinese are in the habit of artificially 
coloring inferior or damaged black teas, 
so as to make them pass for the higher- 
priced green teas, and that the green teas 








528 


TEA. 


are occasionally faced with indigo, Prus¬ 
sian blue, turmeric, and other drugs. If 
such be the fact, it is quite within the 
power of the respectable commercial 
houses engaged in the importation of teas 
to detect these adulterations before ship¬ 
ment ; their purchasing agents at Shang¬ 
hai and Canton need not be deceived if 
they wish to put a stop to the fraud. Ano¬ 
ther mode of adulteration is mixing ash 
leaves, plum leaves, or other kinds, with 
the tea leaves. (See Willow-Leaf Tea.) The 
adulterations made in New York are sup¬ 
posed to be in the mixing very inferior low- 
priced teas with those of better quality ; 
and the art consists in accomplishing this 
mixture so ingeniously as to avoid detection 
even by tolerable experts. The Japanese 
teas, which are now also largely imported 
into this country, are always classed with 
the black teas. They come put up in the 
same manner, and are in all respects essen¬ 
tially the same as the teas from China. 

The following descriptions of the sources 
and kinds of Chinese teas, by S. W. Wil¬ 
liams, author of the Chinese Commercial 
Guide, may be taken as entirely accurate 
in every particular; the author’s long resi¬ 
dence in China, and his careful investi¬ 
gations into all the commercial aspects of 
the tea trade, eminently qualifying him 
to throw light on these hitherto but im¬ 
perfectly understood subjects. 

“ Tea, cha or cha yell {i. e., tea leaf); the 
English word tea is derived from the sound 
te given it at Amoy; the term cha is also 
applied to all the species of Camellia by 
the Chinese as well as to the tea plant. 
This is the most valuable and important 
of all the exports from China. Its infusion 
has been used as a common beverage by 
the Chinese for a thousand years, and the 
plant is now cultivated for the sake of its 
leaf in China, Corea, Japan, and Assam, 
where it is indigenous; and in Simla, 
Java, and Brazil, where its introduction 
has been attempted. It will be enough to 
refer in this place to the works of Ball, 
Rondot, and Fortune for the details re¬ 
specting collecting and curing the tea leaf 
for domestic use and for exportation, and 
the modes by which so many varieties are 
manufactured from the leaves of a single 
plant. They have shown that though 
there are two, and perhaps more, species 
of Thea , black or green can be made from 
either; and that the state of the leaf, the 
qualities of the soil, the degree of heat 
applied, and the foreign ingredients em¬ 
ployed in the manipulation, account satis¬ 


factorily for all the differences perceived 
in the cured teas of commerce. 

‘ ‘ The shrub is cultivated in all the prov¬ 
inces south of the Yellow River, but the 
eastern ones furnish the best tea; and all 
which is exported coastwise. The appel¬ 
lations given to teas frequently change, and 
are mostly taken from localities where 
peculiar or fine sorts are cultivated or col¬ 
lected. The terms used among the Chinese 
are usually descriptive, as pekoe, ‘ i. e. 
white hair,’ hz-chun (hyson) i. e. bright 
spring, etc. ; while foreign names are often- 
er known only in trade, and are taken from 
places, as Hohan, Sing-chune-kye, Kaisom, 
etc. The following description of the prin¬ 
cipal sorts of black and green teas known 
in the trade were furnished by an experi¬ 
enced tea-inspector. 

“ The most important description of tea 
is called Congou by foreigners, a corrup¬ 
tion of kong-hu, through the Amoy dialect, 
of the words kungfu, i. e. laborer’s (tea) 
or tea on which labor has been bestowed. 
Since the dissolution of the E. I. Company 
the quality of this tea has, on the whole, 
improved, though it is much better in some 
seasons than others. There are eight varie¬ 
ties of Congou manufactured to supply the 
foreign demand, each presenting an almost 
endless diversity of quality. The finest 
kinds are produced in the province of 
Hupeh, and are divided into three distinct 
classes ; the best is called Yang-lid tung, 
i.e. Willow Valley; the middling is Yang- 
lui oz\ i. e. Willow township; the inferior 
is Hieh-kia shi, i. e., Hieh family market. 
The congou from Hupeh is easily distin¬ 
guished by the appearance of the leaf, 
which in the finer kinds is large, bold, and 
black, with sometimes a purplish hue; 
the infusion is a rich deep red, and the 
flavor mellow and soft. From its delicate 
nature, so that it cannot bear much firing 
without losing its fragrance, it is more 
liable to turn musty than any other kind 
of congou. 

“The congou from Hunan province exhib¬ 
its many differences from the Hupeh. The 
leaf has a grayish-black appearance, and 
sometimes a reddish tint; it is not a strong 
tea,and its flavor occasionally resembles tar, 
of the origin of which there is much diver¬ 
sity of opinion, the Chinese ascribing it to 
the nature of the wood burned while firing 
it. There are three classes of Hunan, the 
best of which is called- Chang-shau kidi, i. 
e., Longevity street; the second is Ping- 
kidng, from the village of Ping; and the 
inferior or refuse is called Sidng-tdn, from 



TEA. 


529 


the large depot on the river Siang, about 
170 miles from Hankau. Large quantities 
of all these kinds are annually sent to 
England. 

“ The class of congous called Moning is so 
called from the district of Wuning, in the 
north-east of the province of Kiangsi, and 
is also called Ningchau by the tea men of 
Fuhchau and Shanghai. This kind resem¬ 
bles both of the foregoing sorts in appear¬ 
ance; it frequently has an earthy smell 
and taste, arising from the nature of the 
soil in which the shrub grows. The best 
quality is distinguished by the term Sung- 
hiang , i. e. fir fragrance; the leaf is usually 
small, even, and black, and the infusion 
strong, and of an agreeable flavor. 

“ Another important description of Con¬ 
gou, which forms a large part of the export, 
is called Ho-hau, from a mart of that name 
at the embouchure of the Kiu-kiuh, a 
stream flowing from Singtsun into the Po- 
yang lake, whence the tea can either go 
to Shanghai, down the Yang-tsz kiang, or 
to Canton, by -Nanchang f u in Kiangsi: it 
is the same sort which, with a slight vari¬ 
ation in its preparation, was called Bohea 
in the early trade of the East India Com¬ 
pany. The leaf is a dark-red color, very 
open and coarse, and the infusion a pale 
red, which increases in darkness as the 
quality lowers. This sort of tea is also 
called Sing-tsun-kidi , or Star-village street, 
from the entrepot of black teas on the 
northern declivity of the Bohea hills, from 
whence they are carried to Ho-hau. 

“ The best of black teas is called Kidi- 
shau , and the chops are [were] mostly 
brought to Canton; its quality and mode 
of curing are such that it will keep for 
years in a dry climate without deteriora¬ 
ting. It comes in limited quantities from 
Shii-fang kiai, and is distinguished from 
other sorts by its small red curly leaf with 
pekoe tips; the infusion is brisk, strong, 
and richly aromatic. 

“ A variety called Hid mei , i. e., inferior 
Hungmuey, is now rarely to be procured of 
genuine leaf. Most of it is sent to Sing¬ 
tsun kiai, where the teamen buy it up and 
mix it with other teas for the foreign 
market. Its flavor is light and pleasant, 
and the leaf is black and curled. 

“Another sort, called Tsau-tun kidi, is 
also grown on the Bohea hills; it has a 
flavor peculiar to the Ankoi teas; the leaf 
is mixed, and has a greenish hue after 
infusion. 

“Of late years there have been some 
attempts made in Kwangtung province to 

34 


produce an imitation of the genuine con¬ 
gou, which is called Tai shan or Taysaan 
congou. It has a very strong, highly fired, 
malty taste, and often looks better than 
the best Nanking teas. 

‘ ‘Souchong is a corruption of sidn chung , 
i. 6 ., ‘ small sort,’ and has nearly as many 
varieties as congou. The leaves usually 
exhibit a reddish tint, and the infusion is 
of the same color and pale. The best 
comes from Shu-fang kiai where the Kiai- 
shu congous are grown ; inferior sorts are 
brought from the same district as the Hia- 
mei and Ho-hau congous. 

“ Pekoe is a corruption of Peh-hdu , i. e. 

‘ white hair,’ and consists of the earliest 
leaf buds, collected as they are just burst¬ 
ing in spring, while the down is not yet 
changed ; the best has a soft, downy ap¬ 
pearance ; it is the most delicate of all the 
black teas, as the process of firing destroys 
the flavor; in selecting it, that is to be 
preferred which has the most downy leaves 
or flowers, as they are called, the liquor 
being of secondary importance. There are 
four varieties of Pekoe exported; the best 
or true wu-i, from the original Bohea 
hills; the ki-ling , which has open black 
leaves mixed with the blossoms ; the sidu - 
chi, i. e. , ‘ small pond ’ Pekoe, from Tsau- 
tun kiai, which has green leaves mixed 
with it, and is destitute of flavor; and 
lastly, black leaf Pekoe, which is now 
rarely sent abroad. There is a variety 
called hyson pekoe, composed of the most 
tender buds, and used by the Chinese for 
presents; the least dampness turns it 
musty, and it has rarely been*seen out of 
China. 

“ Caper, or Caper Congou, or chu-ldn, is 
black tea from the district of Nganki in 
the western part of Fuhkien, rolled into 
small round pellets, the leaves being made 
to adhere by weak rice-water. It presents 
a reddish-brown curly leaf, sometimes 
mixed with a large quantity of dust; the 
infusion is pale-red and weak, and the tea 
the coarsest of all black teas. 

“Ankoi Souchong, so called from the 
district of Nganki, Onkye, or Ankoi, is an¬ 
other coarse kind of tea, having large, 
open, mixed leaves, of a dark-brown color; 
the infusion is thin and weak, with a burnt 
flavor. Spurious leaves are frequently 
mixed with it. When put up in papers, 
containing a half-pound each, it is called 
Ankoi Powchong. Imitations of both these 
sorts are manufactured in Canton. 

“Plain Orange Pekoe, called shang 
hidng, i. e. , superior fragrance, is produced 




530 


TEA. 


in the same district and possesses the same 
characteristics as the last two. The leaf 
is small, close, curled, and of a yellowish 
hue, with whitish tips like Pekoe ; it con¬ 
tains much dust, and the lower grades 
have brown and dark leaves mixed with 
them. The export is principally to the 
United States, very little going to England. 

“ The black teas known as Oolong, i. e ., 
black dragon, are grown in Ningyang and 
the other adjacent districts lying a little 
west of north from Amoy, on the confines 
of Kiangsi; the Kokew Oolong , i. e. , High 
Bridge Oolong, comes from a region north¬ 
ward, and nearer the Bohea* hills. They 
both resemble Anlcoi Souchong in appear¬ 
ance, are very fragrant, and the infusion 
is pale and delicate. There is a finer sort 
grown in Sha-Men , a district in the pre¬ 
fecture of Yenping in Fuhkien, of which 
only a little is brought to market; it has 
a very long, black curled leaf, with a pur¬ 
ple tinge ; the infusion is a pale yellow, 
highly aromatic, and agreeable. 

“ Hungmuey, or hung-mei, i. e. , red plum 
blossom, is now in disrepute, and made 
only in small quantities, the samples shown 
latterly being deficient in strength. There 
are four kinds of Hungmuey, viz. : siau- 
hu, i. e., little lake, which has some of the 
green leaves of Oolong mixed with it; the 
Tsau-tun-kiai kind, which partakes of the 
flavor of Ankoi; the Sing-tsun-kiai kind, 
which is the best of this sort of tea; and, 
lastly, the Hang-tsz, which is brought from 
the Bohea hills, and is used for mixing 
with common Pekoe for sending to Russia, 
little or none coming to Canton. Hung¬ 
muey is known by its large, open, strag¬ 
gling, dark-brown leaf, and the weak, un¬ 
pleasant liquor. The best sorts resemble 
Souchong, and the leaves show downy tips. 

“ Green teas are collectively called 
Lull-cha. and also Sung-lo cha , from the 
range of hills. There are three classes, 
called Wuyuen, Pingshui, and Twanki, 
from the names of three sections of coun¬ 
try; teas from these districts are all of 
superior quality. Each of them furnishes 
six grades of tea: hyson, young hyson, 
hyson-skin, twankay, imperial, and gun¬ 
powder, by winnowing, sifting, and gar¬ 
bling by hand. The commonest descrip¬ 
tion of the Wiiyuen or Moyune teas is called 
Chungking kung-sz ching cha , i. e ., common 
E. I. Company’s Hyson; the middling is 
chung yen , sang cha , i. e., common fine¬ 
eyed tea ; and the finest sort is ching yen 
sang hi chun clia , i. e. , best fine-eyed Hy¬ 
son tea. The teas known as Hwichau are 


derived from the whole prefecture, which 
is several thousand miles in extent, and 
consequently differ very much in quality. 
Some of them were formerly known as 
Hiuning, from a district in the prefecture. 
The three varieties of Taiping teas are 
mostly inferior to the others; they are 
named, dicing hing cha , or common ; shdng 
chang hing cha , or superior common, and 
the best kind is called yen sang cha , i. e. , 
eyed fresh tea. Some of the names for¬ 
merly familiar to the tea-tasters, as desig¬ 
nations of classes of green or black tea, 
have been changed for others, but nearly 
all such names are geographical. 

“ Young Hyson, once called uchain , was 
formerly the finest kind of green tea, and 
very little of it was procurable ; its name 
is derived from yii-tsien, i. e ., before the 
rains, because it was picked when the 
leaves first unfolded ; though deteriorated, 
it still is the most important of green teas, 
and is extensively imitated in Kwangtung 
province, and not unfrequently adulter¬ 
ated with spurious leaves. * Fine Moyune 
tea is generally of a bright greenish, gray¬ 
ish color, yielding a pale delicate-yellow 
liquor with a burnt flavor, peculiar to each 
variety of this class. Hwuichau, or Fy- 
chow tea, is darker, and the leaves are 
speckled with white. Taiping is the most 
common of green teas; the leaves are also 
speckled white, and have a disagreeable 
tarry smell. 

“ Hyson is derived from hi-chun , i. e ., 
vigorous spring, and is also called ching cha , 
or true tea. It has a well-matured leaf, 
curled and twisted, of a bright green color, 
sometimes glazed; the natural color is pale 
yellow, inclining to green, and the infu¬ 
sion of the best is of a pale straw color, be¬ 
coming darker as the quality deteriorates. 

“Hyson skin, or picha, i. e. , skin tea, is 
the refuse of green teas ; the best samples 
are free from dust, with a large, uneven, 
twisted knobby leaf, and the liquor like 
that of other green teas of the same qual¬ 
ity. Comparatively little is now made. 

u Twankay is so designated from the 
river Twan, in the district of Taiping in 
Nganhwui. The leaf is curled, open, and 
bright, and resembles hyson in make; 
some chops of this tea are in reality good 
hyson. 

“ Imperial and Gunpowder are foreign 
designations ; the first is named yuen dm , 
i. e. , round pearl ; the latter, chi dm , i. e ., 
sesamum pearl; from the round leaves ; 
hi-chu , pdu-chu , and md-chu , are other 
sorts of these teas. They are sold to- 





TEA. 


531 


gether, the former being merely the larg¬ 
est leaves picked out of the whole lot; 
both present a pale infusion, and the leaves 
should be rolled round and bright. 

“ Canton teas is a general name given 
to imitations of the preceding sorts, both 
black and green, all the principal varieties 
being made in large quantities, and some of 
them extensively adulterated. The best 
Canton green teas are produced in Hwang - 
ho and San-to-chuh, and diminishing in 
value as they come from the district of Hwa, 
from Taishan, Ivaulien, Kihshui, and Shin- 
ki, all of which are places lying north of 
Canton city. They are usually dyed, or 
glazed green by rolling them in heated 
pans, after sprinkling them with a mix¬ 
ture of Prussian blue and powdered gyp¬ 
sum. The blossoms used to scent the tea 
are the kwei-hwa or olea frag vans , the 
orange jasmine, gardenia, and aglaia. 

“ Scented Orange Pekoe, called hwd- 
Tiiung , flower aroma, and Scented Caper, 
called hwd-hidng cliu Ian , are both made 
from tea cultivated in Kwantung. They 
all go to England. The former has a 
twisted black leaf, with a highly burnt 
flavor; the latter is the Imperial of black 
teas, and is often adulterated with other 
leaves, and disguised with deleterious in¬ 
gredients. 

‘ ‘ Besides the names here enumerated 
there are a few others which occur in 
books of old date, but have now become 
quite obsolete in the trade. Campoi kien 
pei, i. e ., selected for firing, is a delicate 
species of congou. Padre Souchong was 
the name given to some fine samples of 
Souchong, which were cultivated and 
cured for presents by priests in the Bohea 
hills; other names, Uen-tsz-sin , or lotus 
seed kernels; tsioh shell , or sparrow’s 
tongues; lung twain , dragon’s pellets, and 
lung sit , or dragon’s whiskers, are varieties 
of souchong and pekoe. Sonchi, a corrup¬ 
tion of Sungchi, or Sunglo manufacture, is 
now called caper soliciting; kiun-mi, or 
prince’s eyebrows, and tsz' hau, carnation 
hair, are called flowery pekoe in com¬ 
merce. These are black teas. The list 
given above contains nearly all the names 
commonly given to green tea, which the 
Chinese do not drink, as it is prepared for 
exportation. The tea sent to Russia is 
grown chiefly in Sz’-chuen and Honan prov¬ 
inces, from whence it is collected by 
native brokers and carried to Kwei-lnca in 
the north of Shansi, previous to its trans¬ 
portation to Kiakta. The brick tea called 
chuen cha, used in north Burmah and 


throughout Thibet, Mongolia, and west¬ 
ward even to Khiva, is also prepared in 
Sz’-chuen and sold at Sining, in Kansuh, 
Tali in Yunnan, Ta-tsienlu in Sz’-chuen, 
and other frontier marts. The maritime 
Chinese never use it. 

“ The mode of scenting green and black 
teas varies a little, and the object in view 
is to impart the delicate flavor of fine tea 
to the common sorts. The heated leaves 
of the cured green tea are poured into a 
basket two inches deep, and then covered 
with a layer of fresh flowers, another lay¬ 
er of leaves and more flowers are then 
placed above them until the basket is full, 
when a thatch is covered over the whole, 
and remains a day. The next day the 
whole mass is fired in a lined sieve for one 
or two hours, and the flowers sifted out 
just before packing in leaden chests ; fre¬ 
quently the highly scented tea is mixed 
with plain (one catty to eighteen or twenty) 
to impart a delicate scent. Black teas are 
sometimes sprinkled with chulan ( Aglaia ) 
flowers dried by themselves, or even pow¬ 
dered just before the last firing has been 
given to the tea, and the whole packed up 
together for exportation. But the larger 
blossoms of the jasmine and kwei Inca are 
not thus mixed with the tea, though some 
may be often seen in lots which have been 
imperfectly sifted. The cultivation of 
these flowers for scenting is a branch of 
agriculture of considerable importance 
about Canton. 

“ The word chop (hau or tsz hau, a term 
of common use in the tea trade) means 
merely a brand or mark, and is given by 
the brokers who make up the lots of tea in 
the country. It is frequently the name of 
a firm, or merely a fancy appellation ap¬ 
plied to each distinct lot of the same 
quality or origin to distinguish it from 
other lots, even of the same sort. A chop 
can therefore be as few as two or three 
chests or as many as 1,200; a chop of con¬ 
gou is usually 600 chests, but other kinds 
of tea not being so uniform are reckoned 
by packages, not by chops. The ‘ chop 
name ’ consists of two characters, as 
yuhlan (Magnolia), hinglung (Rising Af¬ 
fluence), fangchi (Fragrant Sesamum), etc., 
and has slight reference to the origin or 
quality of the tea. 

“ The exportation of tea is annually in¬ 
creasing. The total export coastwise for 
the year ending June, 1855, was 123 mil¬ 
lions of pounds, and about 110 millions the 
previous year. In 1861 it was only 130 
millions, owing to disturbances, and did 



532 


TEA. 


not equal the demand. In 1845 it was 
under 80 millions, showing a gradual an¬ 
nual increase to all the consuming coun¬ 
tries. It is noticeable that the use of 
black teas in various places has succeeded 
that of green, the latter being preferred 
in newly-settled countries, as Australia and 
the United States. The descriptions of tea 
are intermixed in every variety of combi¬ 
nation by the tea-brokers, but not so much 
among the Chinese. Considering the great 
amount of leaf sent out of China, and the 
facilities for mixing those of other plants 
before sending it abroad, it must be ac¬ 
knowledged that there is a large degree 
of mercantile honesty among the manu¬ 
facturers, who have doubtless found that 
it is their best policy.” 

Besides the Chinese and Japanese teas, 
there are various other kinds of plants 
which furnish leaves that are used as beve¬ 
rages and substitutes, some of which enter 
very largely into the commerce of other 
countries. Of the Paraguay tea, for in¬ 
stance, 40,000,000 or 50,000,000 lbs. are 
sold annually. 

The following is a list of some of the 
kinds of teas which are used in different 
parts of the world, some of them entering 
largely into commerce, others only in 
limited and local demand. Where not 
otherwise expressed, the leaves of the plants 
named are the parts used. The trees and 
plants which furnish these teas are gene¬ 
rally found growing in the countries where 
they are used and the leaves are collected 
and prepared, on a small scale for family 
use, or on a larger one for the purposes of 
commerce. The names of the countries 
where they are more commonly used are 
only given. 

Amazon’s tea, the eupatonum ayapana , 
South America. 

American tea, a species of the camellia , 
Pennsylvania. 

Annam tea, teucrium thea , Cochin China. 

Appalachian tea, prinos glaber, North 
America. 

Arabian tea, catha edulis (Khat), Arabia. 

Bird cherry, cerasus avium , Great Brit¬ 
ain. 

Black currant, vibes nigrum , Great Brit¬ 
ain. 

Brazilian tea, stachytarpheta (two spe¬ 
cies), South America. 

Brazil tea, bouchea pseudo-germs, Brazil. 

Bencoolen tea, glaphyria nitida , Eastern 
Archipelago. 

Bourbon tea, augrcecum fragrans, Mauri¬ 
tius. 


Bush tea, cyclopia latifolia , Cape Colony. 

Carnelian cherry, cornus mas , Central 
Europe. 

Chinese tea, other than the camellia bo - 
hea or the c, viridis: 

JSegeritia theezans , South America. 

Camellia japonica, drupifera, and sasan- 
qua , China. 

Olea fragrans (flowers), China. 

Coffee-leaf tea, coffta arabica , Sumatra. 

French tea, the xempoma thea-sinensis, 
France. 

Faham tea, same as Bourbon tea, Mau¬ 
ritius. 

Hoimig-thee, cyclopia genistoides, Cape 
Colony. 

Hottentot tea, hdichrysum serpyUifolium , 
Cape Colony. 

Jesuits’ tea, psoralca glandulosa , Chili. 

Jesuits’ tea, psoralca dentata , Chili. 

Jamaica tea, meriana rosea (flowers), 
Jamaica. 

Kaffir tea, helichrysum nudifolium , Cape 
Colony. 

Khat tea, catha edulis, Abyssinia and 
Natal. 

Kunaur, osyris nepalensis , Nepaul. 

Labrador tea, ledum pulustre or cistus le¬ 
dum, North America. 

Lemon-grass tea, andropogon schcenan- 
thus, West Indies and Ceylon. 

Lemon-scented verbena tea, lippia citri- 
odora, Mexico. 

Mar jorum tea, origanum vulgar e, Eu¬ 
rope. 

Mexican tea, clienopodium ambrosioides, 
Mexico and France. 

Mountain tea, gaultheria procumbens , 
North America. 

New Jersey tea, ceanotlius americanus. 
North America. 

NewZealand tea-tree, leptospermum thea, 
New Holland. 

New Zealand tea, accena sanguisorbce, 
New Holland. 

Norwegian tea, rubus arcticus, Norway. 

Oswego tea, monarda didyma, purpu¬ 
rea, and kalmiana, North America. 

Paraguay tea, or mate, ilex paraguayen- 
sis, Paraguay. 

Paraguay tea, or mate, ilex gongonha, 
Brazil. 

Paraguay tea, or mate, ilex theezans , Bra¬ 
zil. 

Port au Paix tea, croton cascarilla (bark), 
St. Domingo. 

Russian tea, saxifraga , gaultheria, etc., 
Russia. 

Sageretia tea, segeretia theezans, China 
and South America. 





tea. 


TEA OF HEAVEN. 


533 


Sage tea, salvia officinalis, Europe. 

Sassafras tea, atherosperma moschata 
(bark), Tasmania. 

Sassafras tea, sassafras (chips), Europe. 

Sloe leaves, prunus spinosa , Europe. 

Strawberry leaves, fragaria , Europe. 

Swiss tea, ptarmica nana and moschata , 
Swiss Alps. 

Sweet tea, smylax glycyphilla , New Hol¬ 
land. 

Tasmanian tea, corrcea alba , Van Die¬ 
men’s Land. 

Tea of Heaven, hydrangea thunbergii , 
Japan. 

The de l’Europe, veronica , Europe. 

The de Simon Pauli, myrica gale, Great 
Britain. 

Toolsie tea, ocymum album , India and 
America. 

Toolsie tea, ocymum cristatum, Java and 
Japan. 

West Indian tea, caprasia biflora , Cen¬ 
tral America. 

White tea-tree, melaleuca genistifolia , 
Australia. 

White thorn tea, Crataegus oxycantha , 
Great Britain. 

Willow leaf tea, salix ( tetrasperma , 
probably), Shanghai. 

In addition to the foregoing the leaves 
of the cremarium theezans are used in Pe¬ 
ru ; the lycium barbarian in Barbary; the 
cistus albidus in Algeria; the symplocos 
alstonia and alstonia fheaformis in New 
Grenada; the ledum latifolium in Van¬ 
couver; the myricaria herbacea by the 
Monguls; the rhododendron chrysanthum 
by the Tartars and Kirgues; the engenia 
pimento at Jamaica; the beatsonia portu- 
lacifolia at St. Helena; the leptospermum 
thea in New Holland; the guslea tormen- 
tosa in Northern India; the frezier a thee - 
vidis and corchorus silquosis in Central 
America; the latanapseudo thea in Japan. 

The names of the chief teas imported 
and consumed in the United States are hy¬ 
son, young hyson, gunpowder and imperial, 
hyson skin and twankay, uncolored Japan, 
oolong, souchong, and congou, and or¬ 
ange pekoe. The qualities of all these 
teas are graded and designated in the 
New York market thus: “Common to 
fair ; ” “ superior to fine ; ” “ extra fine to 
finest. ” Inferior qualities of some of the 
above appear in the quotations under the 
designation of u Canton made," but no 
prices are given. The names and classifi¬ 
cation of the teas imported into England 
are different and less simple, thus :— 

Congou, brown leaf dust, ordinary, good 


ordinary, good export kinds, black leaf, 
common to good. Oopack and morning, 
first extra fine. Ning yong and oolong, 
souchong, fair to good, fine to finest. 
Flowery pekoe, fair to good, fine to finest. 
Caper, scented. Orange pekoe, plain and 
scented. Twankay, common to good, fine 
to hyson kind. Hyson skin, common, 
good to fine. Hyson, common, fair to fine, 
finest. Young hyson, Canton kind, coun¬ 
try kind. Imperial, Gunpowder, Japan 
uncolored, Assam. 

It has often been said that China teas are 
more or less adulterated, but the better 
opinion is that most of the teas imported 
into the United States are pretty carefully 
selected by competent American mer¬ 
chants resident in China, representatives 
of established American merchants in 
New York and Boston, and that no con¬ 
siderable adulteration could take place 
without their knowledge. Merchants here 
are not likely to pay duty on spurious 
teas. The danger from adulteration is 
rather to be apprehended from tea mixers 
and dealers in this country after it passes 
from the hands of the importers. But it 
would appear that very large preparations 
for mixing willow leaf tea with the genu¬ 
ine have for some years past been going 
on in Shanghai, and it is not improbable 
that some of this kind may have reached 
our shores. 

Tea broker, one who classifies and 
determines the comparative values of the 
different chops of a cargo of teas, and who 
makes sale of the same for the owners or 
consignees for a commission. 

Tea-cliests. Chinese and Japanese 
teas are imported in chests, half-chests, and 
quarter-chests, principally in half-chests. 
They are nearly square, made of light thin 
boards, and lined with sheet lead. 

Tea-dust, a kind of tea which con¬ 
sists of the refuse leaves of black tea after 
sifting and sorting; it is an ashy-like dust, 
and some of it contains large stems of the 
leaves. It is largely consumed by the 
poorer natives of China, who often mix it 
with the dried leaves of other plants. It 
comes almost entirely from Siangtau, a 
province of Hunan. From the fact that 
the export duty on this article was reduced 
in 1857, fifty per cent, below the duty on 
good tea, it would appear that there is a 
foreign demand for it, probably to mix 
with other teas. 

Tea of heaven, the name given in 
Japan to the dried leaves of the hydrangea 
thunbergii, which are used as tea. 




534 


TEAK. 


TERRA ALBA. 


Teak, or India oak, one of the 
most valuable, perhaps the most valuable, 
of ship-timbers in the world; the produce 
of the tectonis grandis, a large forest tree 
which grows in Ceylon, Siam, India, the 
Burman Empire, Java, etc. That from 
the high table lands of South India, known 
as Malabar teak, is said to be the best, and 
is extensively used in the building-yards of 
Bombay. Ships built of it are almost 
indestructible by ordinary wear and tear. 
It is said that some of the finest vessels 
that have ever arrived in the Thames were 
built of this timber in Bengal. The timber 
is very justly called the oak of the East. 
A kind of teak, quite extensively imported 
into England from the west coast of Africa, 
is altogether inferior to the East Indian. 

Teasel, or Teazel, a plant, the dip- 
sacus fidlonam , cultivated in France, Ger¬ 
many, and England, for its use in raising 
the nap on woollen cloths. The head forms 
a sort of brush, which is found to be better 
adapted for raising the nap than any arti¬ 
ficial substitute that has been contrived. 
They are largely imported into this coun¬ 
try ; and in England, where they are cul¬ 
tivated to a considerable extent, the im¬ 
ports from France are upwards of twenty 
millions annually. 

Tea-taster, the term used in England 
for one who tests the qualities of teas in 
the offices of tea brokers. 

Tecum fibre, the produce of a palm 
leaf, obtained in Brazil. It is manufac¬ 
tured into cordage, fishing-nets, fine ham¬ 
mocks, etc. 

Teelseed, gingelie or sesame seed. 

Teeth. The teeth of several kinds of 
animals form articles of commerce, as 
those of the elephant, walrus, hippopota¬ 
mus, etc. The tusks of the elephant are 
misnamed teeth, but the teeth proper are 
used for knife-handles and other purposes. 
Artificial human teeth are also dealt in as 
articles of merchandise. 

Telegram, a despatch or message 
received or transmitted by the electric 
telegraph. 

Telegraph company, a company 
or corporation who own and control the 
line of telegraph wires connecting certain 
points. Just how far these companies are 
responsible for their undertakings to trans¬ 
mit messages ; and whether they are to be 
fully, or only partially, or to what extent, 
subject to the rules and laws regulating 
common carriers, are subjects which re¬ 
quire time, and the courts, and the legisla¬ 
tures to settle and determine. 


Telegraphic c o m in mile a 
lion*, or telegrams, are largely and most 
beneficially used by merchants. In some 
branches of trade the use of the telegraph 
has effected a complete revolution in the 
manner of transacting business. The al¬ 
most simultaneous reports of the state of 
the markets in all the principal cities of 
the world, the rapid transmission of in¬ 
structions or inquiries between principals 
and agents, the facilities for ordering or 
countermanding orders for goods, the abil¬ 
ity to make timely investigations into the 
standing of merchants who ask for credit, 
the quick communication of the failure of 
a bank or of a merchant, are a few only 
of the illustrations of the great value of 
the telegraph to commerce. 

Teller, an officer in a bank or other 
institution, who receives or pays out 
money, and keeps accounts on the books 
of the banks which tally with the bank¬ 
books in the hands of the customers, or 
with the checks signed by the dealers. 
The name is derived from the word tallier. 
one who keeps a tally. 

Telluuitnc, a kind of rotten-stone 
for polishing. 

Tellurium, a brilliant, white, brittle 
metal found in Transylvania. 

Teuiail, a weight in Arabia, for rice, 
168 lbs. 

Teneriffe, the name for a kind of 
wine imported from Teneriffe. 

Teneriffe eocliineal, a cochineal 
raised at Teneriffe. 

Tent, a Spanish red wine, chiefly from 
Malaga and Galicia, generally exported in 
hogsheads of 63 gallons. 

Tentering, a term used for stretch¬ 
ing woven goods after being dyed. 

Terms, the conditions of sale ; as, my 
terms are cash; the terms , that is, the con¬ 
ditions of sale, were favorable ; the tei'ins 
were one-half cash, the other half payable 
in 60 days. 

Tern plates, tin plates of a dull 
color, lead being mixed with the tin as 
the covering of the iron plate. This kind 
of inferior tin is mostly used for roofing. 
The boxes marked IC, 14 by 20 inches, 
contain 112 sheets and weigh 120 lbs. ; IX 
150 lbs.; boxes marked IC, 20 by 28 inches, 
contain same number of sheets, and weigh 
240 lbs. ; and IX, 20 by 28, weighs 300 
lbs. 

Terra alba, a kind of heavy white 
clay or barytes, used as an adulteration to 
increase the weight of various kinds of 
manufactures which are sold by weight. 




TERRA-COTTA. 


THUVE. 535 


Terra-cotta, statues, architectural 
decorations, figures, vases, etc., modelled 
or cast of potters’ clay or pipe clay and a 
kind of fine-grained sand, slowly dried in 
the air, and afterwards fired to a stony 
hardness in a kiln. 

Terra de Sienna, a kind of ochre 
of a brownish-yellow color, found near 
Sienna, in Italy. It is used as a paint 
both in its natural state and after it is 
burnt; the latter kind becomes a rich 
chestnut color. 

Terra japonica, a name erroneous¬ 
ly given to what is now more generally 
known in commerce as gambier; it being 
formerly regarded as an earthy mineral. 

Terra umbra, a brown pigment,— 
umber. 

Terebene, another name for cam- 
phene. 

Terre-verte, an olive-green earth, 
used as a pigment. 

Terry, a kind of heavy silk and 
worsted material used in upholstery; also, 
heavy rep poplin for ladies’ dresses. 

Terry velvet, a kind of silk plush, 
or ribbed velvet. 

Test-paper, litmus, or unsized paper, 
used as a test for acids. 

Texas sarsaparilla, the roots of 

the menispermum canadense , a climbing 
plant growing in various parts of the Uni¬ 
ted States. 

Textile fabrics, all kinds of woven 
goods, whether of animal or vegetable 
fibre. The general use of the term, how¬ 
ever, is restricted to piece goods; hence 
garments, such as shirts, hosiery, etc., al¬ 
though woven, are not as a trade term 
regarded as textile fabrics. 

Textiles, that class of vegetable or 
animal fibres which can be spun or wrought 
out into yarn, thread, or cord, and be 
woven into fabrics. These form among 
the most important products which enter 
into commerce. Of vegetable origin the 
chief of them are cotton, flax, hemp, jute, 
coir, and rame ; and of animal origin wool, 
silk, and hair. 

Texture, the particular disposition of 
the threads in a woven piece of cloth or 
fabric, by which it is made loose, firm, 
soft, or hard. 

Tlialer, a Prussian silver coin, the 
value of which, as fixed by Congress in 
payments at the custom house, is 69 
cents. 

Tlienard’s blue, a splendid blue 
color, obtained from phosphate of cobalt 
and alumina. 


Tliibaude, the French name for 
cloth made of cows’ hair. 

Thibet clotli§, very fine woollen 
cloths of beautiful gloss and colors, and in 
texture resembling felt cloth,—manufac¬ 
tured in Thibet, and sold in China and in 
India ; also a camlet made of coarse goats’ 
hair. 

Thibet shawls, the fine shawls made 
from the hair or wool of the Thibet shawl 
goat. 

Thibet sheep-skins, a fine kind of 
sheep are found in Thibet, which are reared 
with much care, and the skins, which are 
of great fineness, constitute the clothing of 
the people, and are largely exported to 
China and Cashmere. 

Thibet wool, the woolly hair of the 
shawl goat, capra hircus , which is an im¬ 
portant source of wealth to that province. 
Besides what is manufactured into shawls 
in Thibet, large quantities for the same 
purpose are sent into Cashmere. A fine 
wool from the Thibet sheep is also an arti¬ 
cle of export from Thibet. 

Thickset, a fustian cord or velveteen; 
a stout twilled cotton cloth. 

Thieves’ Vinegar, a kind of aro¬ 
matic vinegar, sometimes called Marseilles 
vinegar, and formerly much esteemed as a 
disinfectant. It derived its name from the 
circumstance that four thieves, who during 
the plague of Marseilles had plundered the 
dead bodies with impunity, confessed, upon 
the condition of a pardon, that they owed 
their safety to the use of it. 

Thorn-apple, a poisonous narcotic 
herb ; known also as Jamestown weed; 
the seeds and leaves of which form the 
drug known as stramonium. 

Thread, linen or cotton yarn specially 
prepared for sewing, and put up in skeins, 
spools, or balls. 

Thread lace, lace made of linen 
thread, white or black; also “ laces made 
of linen and cotton thread combined, and 
known in commerce as thread laces.” 
Guthrie's Abstract of Treasury Decisions. 

Thrown silk. This is formed of two, 
three, or more singles twisted together in 
a contrary 'direction to that in which the 
singles of which it is composed are twist¬ 
ed. 

Thrums, the waste ends of weavers’ 
threads, chiefly used as paper stock. 

Thumb blue, small knobs of indigo 
used in the laundry. 

Tliuve, a Chinese measure of length, 
—for timber equal to about 19 inches, for 
cloth iV- 0 - of a yard. 





536 


THYME. 


TIN. 


Thyme, a culinary herb, and the source 
of a valuable volatile oil. 

Tica, a weight of Borneo of 6-, 4 0 grains. 

Tical, a Chinese weight of rather un¬ 
certain character, but usually about i lb. 
avoirdupois,—as a money of account equal 
to $1.62. 

Ticking', a heavy cotton or linen fabric 
made for encasing hair, feathers, straw, 
etc., for beds. 

Ticklenburgus, the trade-name for 
a coarse, mixed linen fabric, sold in the 
West Indies. 

Tide, the alternate ebb and flow of 
the sea at regular intervals. Tides are 
only of interest in commerce so far as high 
water or low water interferes with the 
convenience of loading or unloadiag ves¬ 
sels, or of passing vessels over bars, or 
entering harbors. 

Title waiter, the name given to a 
custom-house inspector whose duty it is 
to board a vessel immediately on its touch¬ 
ing dock, and to remain on board, and to 
report to the Surveyor of the Port. 

Tide water. On tide water is a term 
used in reference to trading depots or 
cities, situated on the shores of the sea, or 
on bays or rivers where the tides rise and 
fall, in contradistinction to trading posts 
or cities on rivers or lakes where there are 
no tides. 

Tier, a range or row,—as of casks in a 
storehouse. 

Tierce, a measure of liquid capacity 
of 42 gals. The name is frequently applied 
to casks of a larger capacity than a barrel, 
containing rice, hams, meats; or other 
articles. Tierces of refined sugar come 
occasionally to New York from Holland 
weighing from 700 to 1,000 lbs. 

TiiFaiiy, a species of gauze or thin 
silk. 

Tiger-wood, a valuable cabinet 
wood, so named from the stripes of the 
wood ; obtained in British Guiana. 

Tiles, earthenware squares or plates 
for paving halls and public rooms, used as 
a substitute for marble. The finest en¬ 
caustic tiles are produced at the Stafford¬ 
shire potteries in England. It was decided 
by the treasury department that tiles could 
not be classed with “ wares.” 

Tile t< a kind of brick tea prepared 
in China by stewing the leaves of some 
inferior kind of tea with milk, butter, salt, 
and herbs, and pressing the substance into 
the form of bricks. It is considered rather 
as an article of food, and is sold to the 
Tartars and Armenians in Siberia. 


Till, a kind of money drawer in the 
counter or desk. 

Tilla, a gold coin of Bokhara, worth 
$3.20. 

Tillers, a description of refined sugars. 

Til lots, cotton bags made of thin 
glazed cotton muslin, used as casings for 
alpacas and other dress goods ; paper or 
cloth envelopes which come round certain 
kinds of piece goods. 

Tilted steel, blistered steel drawn 
down and prepared for being converted into 
shear steel. 

Tom burg, a Chinese weight, for rice 
or grain; at Batavia it is 678 lbs. 

Timber, a general term for saw-logs 
or felled trees, or trees standing in the for¬ 
est, or large pieces of wood fit for being 
employed in building ships or houses, uten¬ 
sils, etc. In England timber is bought and 
sold by the load , which consists of 40 cubic 
feet of unhewn, or 50 fee.t of square tim¬ 
ber, 600 square feet of 1-inch plank, 200 
sq. feet 3-inch plank, etc. These several 
loads are supposed to weigh 1 ton. In the 
United States timber of all kinds is almost 
invariably sold by the foot, and it is clas¬ 
sified as logs, square timber, masts, ship 
timber, dock timber, etc., and embraces 
pine, spruce, hemlock, oak, hackmatack, 
chestnut, walnut, cypress, etc., etc. See 
“ Lumber” and “ Cabinet woods.” Live 
oak and red cedar timber lands owned by 
the government are excepted from the sales 
of the public lands, and the timber is re¬ 
served for the use of the navy. 

Timber merchant, one who keeps 
a lumber-yard, or sells timber by the quan¬ 
tity. 

Timber-ship, a ship or vessel con¬ 
structed with special reference to carrying 
timber. 

Timber-yard, a place where timber 
is deposited and kept for sale. 

Timbre, a legal quantity or trade 
number of certain fur skins, as of martens, 
ermines, etc., of which 40 or 50 are packed 
between boards, and. called a timbre. In 
some cases the timbre consists of 120 skins. 

Till, a metal which has a fine white 
color like silver. The ores of this metal, 
for all practical purposes, are found only 
in Cornwall in England, Galicia, Erzge¬ 
birge in Saxony, Bohemia, the Malay 
countries, China, and Banca in Asia. Tin 
ore* is found in the State of Maine, and is 
said to exist in various other localities in 
the United States; but hitherto com¬ 
merce and manufactures have had no sup¬ 
plies of tin except from the places above 




tin. 


TIN STONE. 


537 


mentioned. But little is known here of 
any except the English, the Malay Straits, 
and Banca. The English tin comes usu¬ 
ally in pigs of 28, 56, and 84 lbs. per 
pig; the Straits tin in pigs from 75 to 
100 lbs. ; and Banca in pigs of 70 lbs. 
Bar and strip tin in casks of 224 lbs., or 
448 lbs. Tin plates are distinguished as 
“charcoal” and “coke tin plates;” of 
the latter there are three qualities—best, 
medium, and common. The numeral marks 
on the boxes—IC, IX, IXX, etc.—denote 
the weight or thickness of the sheet accord¬ 
ing to the wire gauge; that is, IC always 
and only means that the sheets of tin are 
equal in thickness to No. 29 wire gauge ; 
IX to No. 27 wire gauge, etc. The follow¬ 
ing table exhibits the size and number of 
sheets in a box, the weight, and the wire 
gauge, indicated by the numeral marks :— 


Charcoal Tin Plates. 


TIN. 

SIZE. 

No. of 
Sheets. 

Average 
Weight, 
Incl. Box. 

Wire 

Gauge. 

IC. 

10x14 

225 

Lbs. 

120 

No. 

29 

IX. 

( l 

U 

150 

27 

IXX 

u 

a 

170 

26 

IXXX .. 

a 

a 

190 

25 

IXXXX 

n 

a 

210 

244 

IC 

12x12 

a 

120 

29 

IX. 

u 

n 

150 

27 

IXX. 

u 

a 

170 

26 

IC. 

14x20 

112 

120 

29 

IX. 

u 

ll 

150 

27 

IXX 

a 

Li 

170 

26 

IXXX... 

n 

Li 

190 

25 

IXXXX 

a 

n 

210 

244 

IC. 

11x11 

225 

100 

29 

IX . 

a 

a 

125 

27 

SDC ... 

11x15 

200 

180 

26 

SDX.... 

u 

u 

205 

25 

SDXX • 

a 

a 

215 

244 

DC 

12^x17 

100 

105 

28 

DX . 

u 

a 

135 

26 

DXX .. 

n 

u 

155 

24 

DXXX 

u 

(L 

175 

23 

DXXXX 

u 

u 

195 

22 

DXX.. 

15x21 

u 

235 

24 

DXXX • 

U 

u 

270 

23 

DXXXX 

a 

ii 

305 

22 

IC. 

14x14 

225 

' 170 

29 

lx . 

a 

u 

205 

27 

IXX 

u 

a 

240 

26 

IXXXX 

a 

n 

11-Joz.^ft. 

244 

IXX 

30x72 

about 49 

26 

IXXX... 

u 

“ 45 

13 “ 

25 

IXXXX 

u 

“ 40 

144 “ 

244 


Coke Tin Plates, 

Of Three Qualities — Best , Medium , and Common. 


TIN. 

SIZE. 

No. of 
Sheets. 

Average 
Weight, 
Incl. Box. 

Wire 

Gauge. 

IC ...... 

10x14 

225 

Lbs. 

120 

No. 

29 

Li 

12x12 

ii 

120 

29 

ll 

14x20 

112 

120 

29 

Li 

10x20 

225 

170 

29 

ll 

14x22 

112 

130 

29 

ll 

11x11 

225 

100 

29 

IX. 

10x14 

225 

150 

27 

ll 

12x12 

ii 

150 

27 

ll 

14x20 

112 

150 

27 


Till cal, crude borax, imported chiefly 
from Tuscany. It is manufactured into 
commercial borax in Brooklyn and Phila¬ 
delphia. 

Till cans, cans made from tin plates, 
used for vegetables, meats, fruits, oils, 
etc. They are manufactured in this coun¬ 
try, and exported to the extent of hundreds 
of thousands, and even reaching millions, 
annually. When exported, a drawback is 
allowed on the quantity of tin used, such 
quantity to be ascertained by computation 
from the superficial measurement of the 
cans, with the addition of one-twentieth 
allowed for the seams in joining the plates. 
—Letter of Secretary of the Treasury to 
Collector at Philadelphia, November 24th, 
1869. 

Tinctures, solutions of medical sub¬ 
stances in alcohol or diluted alcohol. 

Tin foil, bar tin alloyed with lead, 
when hammered or rolled into thin sheets, 
is called tin foil, and is applied with the 
addition of mercury to cover the surface 
of glass in the production of mirrors or 
looking-glasses, wrappers for chewing to¬ 
bacco, etc., etc. 

Tin manufactures. On exporta¬ 
tion, a drawback is allowed on the tin used 
in the manufacture of tin lanterns, tin 
blacking-boxes, etc., on the same principle 
as the allowance on tin cans, but with a 
different rate of allowance for seams. 

Tin plates, plates of sheet iron coated 
with tin, the iron plates receiving the coat- 
ing by being plunged while hot into molten 
tin. The tin not only covers the surface 
of the iron, but penetrates it, and gives 
the whole a white color. 

Tin stone, a native oxide of tin, 
and the richest kind of tin ore; the mines 
of Cornwall, in England, yielding some¬ 
times 80 per cent, of the metal. 












































533 


TIN WARE. 


TOBACCO. 


Till ware, articles chiefly for the 
household, manufactured from tin plates. 

Tirite straw, a kind of straw pre¬ 
pared in Trinidad, and made into baskets, 
sieves, bags, etc., from a species of calathea. 

Tips, the common trade name for the 
horn and bone tips imported for umbrellas, 
canes, etc. 

Tissue, cloth interwoven with gold or 
silver, or brilliant-colored yams; a fabric. 

Tissue paper, a very thin, soft, un¬ 
sized paper for wrapping fine articles. 

To arrive, a term for merchandise 
sold on its way and before its arrival in 
port. 

Tob, the name given to a piece of 
cotton fabric about sufficient for a shirt 
pattern, which passes in Nubia as cur¬ 
rency. 

Tobacco, the unmanufactured leaves 
of the tobacco plant constitute an exten¬ 
sive article of commerce. The plant is 
indigenous to America, but is successfully 
cultivated in most parts of the old world. 
The leaves are manufactured into chew¬ 
ing tobacco, smoking tobacco, cigars, and 
snuff, the quantity now used for the latter 
article being inconsiderable, and much less 
comparatively than thirty years ago. Al¬ 
though tobacco is now extensively raised 
in France, Austria, Germany, Greece, in 
India, Mexico, and South America, that 
of the United States and Cuba are ad¬ 
mitted to be superior to all others; and 
for cigars the produce of certain parts of 
the Island of Cuba commands four and 
five times, and even more than ten times, 
the price of any which is elsewhere pro¬ 
duced. Tobacco is raised to some extent 
in every State in the Union, but the great 
producing States are Maryland, Virginia, 
North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, 
Ohio, and Missouri. The annual exports 
from the United States amount to from 
20 to 30 millions of dollars, while there 
are annually imported from Cuba, tobacco 
and cigars to the amount of from 4 to 5 
millions of dollars. The French manu¬ 
facturers give the following characters to 
the tobacco they employ: — Virginia, 
strong, very aromatic, and much esteemed 
for snuff ; Kentucky, strong, large-leaved, 
very choice; Maryland, light, odoriferous, 
large-leaved, used exclusively for smoking 
in pipes ; Havana, unequalled for cigars; 
Java, used for the same purpose, its odor 
like that of pepper; West Indies, Central 
and South America,used for cheap cigars ; 
Holland, strong, and mixed with other 
sorts, used for snuff; Hungarian, used for 


cigars and smoking in pipes ; Algeria, equal 
to best of American. The classification 
in New York is : Lugs (unstemmed), good 
lugs, common, medium, good, and fine 
leaf; selections of leaf, fillers, wrappers. 
The tobacco of the Southern and the 
South-Western States is packed in very 
large hogsheads, and is thus shipped to 
the Eastern cities and to foreign ports. 
The principal factories for plug chewing 
tobacco are at Richmond and Baltimore; 
for cut chewing tobacco, at New York. 

Under the Internal Revenue laws of the 
United States (Act of July 20, 18G8) all 
manufactured tobacco is required “to be 
put up and prepared by the manufacturer 
for sale or removal, for sale or consump¬ 
tion, in packages of the following descrip¬ 
tion, and in no other mannor:—All fine- 
cut chewing tobacco, and all other kinds 
of tobacco not otherwise provided for, in 
packages containing one-half, one, two, 
four, eight, and sixteen ounces; except 
that fine-cut chewing tobacco may, at the 
option of the manufacturer, be put up in 
wooden packages containing ten, twenty, 
forty, and sixty pounds each. All smok¬ 
ing tobacco, all fine-cut shorts, which has 
passed through a riddle of thirty-six 
meshes to the square inch, and all refuse, 
scraps, and sweepings of tobacco, in pack¬ 
ages containing two, four, eight, and six¬ 
teen ounces each. All cavendish, plug, 
and twist tobacco in wooden packages not 
exceeding two hundred pounds, net weight. 
And every such wooden package shall 
have printed or marked thereon the manu¬ 
facturer’s name and place of manufacture, 
or the proprietor’s name and his trade¬ 
mark, and the registered number of the 
manufactory, and the gross weight, the 
tare, and the net weight of the tobacco in 
each package. Provided that these limita¬ 
tions and description of packages shall not 
apply to tobacco transported in bond for 
exportation and actually exported.” 

The stock of American tobacco on hand 
in the principal markets of the world, on 
the 1st day of January, 1871, was about 


as follows:— 

Stock at Bales. 

Liverpool.19,000 

London. 15,000 

Bremen. 4,000 

New Orleans. 5,000 

Richmond and Lynchburg.... 6,000 

Baltimore. 10,000 

New York. 16,000 


Total. 75,000 












TOBACCO STEMS. 


TON. 


539 


Tobacco steins, the centre or main 
stems from which the tobacco leaves are 
stripped; they are used in the manufac¬ 
ture of snuff. 

To bine, the name given to a kisd of 
stout twilled silk. 

Tod, a weight for wool, in England, 
of 28 lbs. 

Toddy, a spiritous liquor or wine, 
obtained from a species of palm in the 
East Indies. 

To elide, a Danish measure of about 
40 bushels, and for liquids, 34 -,^7 gals. 

Toilet soap, a fine quality of per¬ 
fumed hard soap, which comes in small 
cakes or balls. The French manufac¬ 
turers only excel in the production of 
toilet soaps by reason of their better know¬ 
ledge of perfumery. 

Toililiet, a kind of German quilting; 
silk and cotton warp with woollen weft. 

Tolse, a variable French measure ; at 
Besan^on, 2 1 V 0 yds. ; usually understood 
in France to be equal to 6 French feet; 
the French name for the fathom. 

Tokay, a rich, rare, and expensive 
Hungarian wine. It derives its name from 
the village of Tokay, near where it is pro¬ 
duced. The vineyards from which this 
wine is made are in extent but a little 
more than three miles square ; the wine 
is white, and there are usually four 
grades; it has a peculiar flavor, mellow 
and aromatic, but is not drinkable till 3 
years old. The Emperor of Russia has of 
this wine 40 or 50 casks per annum. 

Tokens, metallic coins issued and 
put in circulation without legal authority; 
generally of less intrinsic value than their 
current price. 

Toledo blade, a name given to the 
fine swords made in Toledo, in Spain. 

Told, a common name for the balsam 
of Tolu. 

Tomatoes, an extensively cultivated 
garden vegetable, sold in the markets in 
their green or ripe state by the bushel or 
other measure; by family grocers, pre¬ 
served and put up in tin cans. 

Tombac, a species of brass, of which 
there are two kinds, the red and the white; 
the white brass of the Chinese consists of 
copper, 40; nickel, 31; zinc, 25, and iron, 
3. It is silver white, very sonorous and 
malleable ; the red brass contains more 
copper and less zinc than the common 
brass. 

Tomin, a jewellers’ weight in Spain, 
for gold equal 8 -J grains, for silver 9£ 
grains. 


Tompoifig, a weight of Sumatra, 
ranging from 70 to 80 lbs., according to 
the nature of the goods weighed. 

Ton, a measure for grain at Amster¬ 
dam of nearly four bushels, actual 3.9465; 
as a liquid measure for gin, 237f gals. ; 
for beer, 414 gals. ; a commercial weight 
of England and the United States, of 
2,240 lbs. ; in the States of New York and 
Maryland, by statute, 2,000 lbs. ; though 
by commercial usage foreign merchandise 
and coal by the cargo, in both these States, 
is 2,240 lbs. On an importation of scrap 
iron, the Collector at Cleveland assessed 
the duty on the ton of 2,000 lbs., but the 
Treasury Department ordered it assessed 
“per the legal ton of 2,240 lbs., and not 
per ton of 2,000 lbs.” Decision , Sept. 28, 
1868. “Wherever the word ‘ton’ is 
used in this act, in reference to weight, it 
shall be deemed and taken to be twenty 
hundred weight, each hundred weight 
being one hundred and twelve pounds 
avoirdupois.” Act of Congress, March 2, 
1861. 

The following quantities of goods, as 
determined by the New York Chamber of 
Commerce, constitute a ton : 

6 cwt. ship bread in casks; 7 cwt. in bags ; 
8 cwt. in bulk. 

6 barrels of beef, pork, tallow, pickled 
fish, pitch, tar, and turpentine. 

1,568 lbs. coffee in casks; 1,830 do. in 
bags. 

1,120 lbs. cocoa in casks ; 1,307 do. in 
bags. 

8 barrels of flour. 

12 cwt. of dried codfish in bulk, and 12 
cwt. of dried codfish in casks of any size. 

20 cwt. of pig and bar iron, potashes, 
sugar, logwood, fustic, Nicaragua wood, 
and all heavy dye-woods, rice, honey, cop¬ 
per ore, and all other heavy goods. 

952 lbs. of pimento in casks, 1,110 do. 
in bags. 

200 gallons (wine measure), reckoning 
the full contents of the casks, of oil, wine, 
brandy, or any kind of liquors. 

22 bushels of grain, peas, or beans in 
casks. 

36 bushels of do. in bulk. 

36 bushels of European salt. 

31 bushels of salt from the West Indies. 

29 bushels of sea coal. 

40 feet (cubic measure) of mahogany, 
square timber, oak plank, and other boards, 
beams, furs, peltry, beeswax, cotton, wool, 
and* bale goods of all kinds. 

1 hogshead of tobacco ; 10 cwt. of dry 
hides. 





540 


TONELADA. 


TORTOISE-SHELL. 


8 cwt. of China raw silk; 10 cict. net 
bohea ; 800 cwt. of green tea. 

Touelada, a Portuguese weight of 
1,755 lbs. ; do. measure of liquid capacity 
2271- gals. 

Tongues the tongues of deer, sheep, 
buffaloes, and other ruminant animals are 
dried and enter into commerce as articles 
of food. 

Tonka bean, the fruit of the dyp- 
terix odorata; it is used as a perfume, 
especially for snuff. 

Tonnage, the gauge of a ship’s di¬ 
mensions, nominally understood to be the 
number of tons burden that a ship will 
carry. The mode of measurement adopted 
by different nations is by no means uni¬ 
form, and the tonnage measurement may 
or may not express the number of tons a 
vessel may safely carry. The present 
mode of taking the dimensions and ascer¬ 
taining the cubical capacity of American 
vessels is prescribed by act of Congress 
passed May 6, 1864. The term is also 
applied to the amount of shipping which 
belongs to any place or country, as thus : 
the total tonnage of the United States in 
1860 was 5,350,000 tons; in 1870 it was 
4,250,000 tons. 

Touuage duty is a duty imposed 
for the purpose of revenue, and is levied 
upon all vessels engaged in foreign com¬ 
merce, and also, except in certain cases 
specially exempted by law, on all vessels 
engaged in domestic trade. These duties 
are required to be paid by vessels before 
clearance papers will be granted, or on their 
arrival, before permits will be given to dis¬ 
charge their cargoes. This duty is not 
chargeable on vessels arriving in distress, 
nor on foreign vessels of war, nor on ves¬ 
sels picked up at sea, nor on pleasure 
yachts, nor on certain others, as canal 
boats plying upon waters only within the 
limits of a State. 

Tontine, an ingenious kind of a life 
annuity association whereby the shares of 
the deceased members inure to the sur¬ 
vivors. The name is derived from the 
inventor of the scheme, one Tonti, a Nea¬ 
politan. 

Toolani, an Eas tlndian weight of 
19 ,*4-lbs. 

Tools ill trade, the implements, 
instruments, and tools of trade, occupation 
or employment, of persons arriving in the 
United States from abroad, are exempt 
from duty. A railroad contractor from 
Canada brought with him a lot of old 
carts, blacksmith’s tools, etc., into Ohio, 


where he had a contract on a road. It was 
held by the Department at Washington 
that the law did “ not cover machinery or 
any article to be worked by any other than 
manual power, and that its application 
was restricted as to number, quantity, and 
value to what is considered reasonable for 
the actual use of the person to whom they 
belong.” A “ sewing machine ” used abroad 
and brought in with the owner, was by 
the Department decided to be within the 
law, and free of duty. 

Toon wood, a valuable red-colored 
cabinet wood, frequently sold under the 
name of Chitlagoing wood. 

Tooroo, a species of South American 
palm, used for inlaying cabinet-work, for 
walking-sticks, billiard-cues, etc. 

Toothpicks, Very large quantities 
of small quills from the wings of domestic 
fowls and birds are sharpened and put up 
in packages in Germany and France, and 
exported to the United States, and sold 
for toothpicks. 

Tooth-powder, a general name for 
any kind of dentifrice. 

Top, wool combed and prepared for 
the spinner in cloth factories. 

Topaz, an ornamental stone or gem. 
It is harder than quartz, but not so hard 
as the ruby; when heated, the Brazilian 
topaz becomes rose-red, and is sometimes 
in this state passed off as a ruby; the yel¬ 
low is perhaps most esteemed, but the 
blue, red, and white, are also in demand. 

Top price, a term used in the En¬ 
glish grain market for the highest price,— 
not used in the United States. 

Torbane coal, a kind of Cannel 
coal, found at Torbane in Scotland, which, 
for making gas and paraffine, is said to be 
the most valuable yet discovered. 

Tonuciitilla root, the root of a 
perennial plant growing throughout Eu¬ 
rope, imported as a drug. It is used for 
tanning leather in the Orkneys, and for 
staining leather red by the Laplanders. 

Tortoisc-sliell, the brown and yel¬ 
low plates or scales of the testudo imbrica 
ta , or hawk’s bill turtle. The shells of those 
of the tropical seas are those which have 
the greatest commercial importance ; and 
the best quality is said to be brought from 
the Spice Islands and New Guinea. Sin¬ 
gapore is the principal market; the prices 
at that place vary according to quality from 
$700 to $1,500 per picul. An inferior 
kind is brought from the West Indies. 
They are used for inlaying and ornamental 
i work, spectacle cases, combs, etc. ; and 



TOUCH-PAPER. 


TRADE-MARKS. 


541 


have long boen prized for purposes of 
ornamental art, the fineness of grain and 
closeness of texture of the shells peculiarly 
fitting them for delicacy of carving. 

Touell-paper, paper steeped in salt¬ 
petre. 

Toilcll-wooil, tinder, spunk, or 
agaric, the product of different species of 
a genus of mushrooms, denominated bole¬ 
tus. It is prepared and steeped in a solu¬ 
tion of nitre, and afterwards dried ; it is 
imported from Europe in flat pieces of a 
brownish-yellow color. 

Tourmaline, a mineral, the trans¬ 
parent colored varieties of which are cut 
into ring-stones, etc. 

Tous-Ies-mois, a kind of starch 
fecula, or arrow-root, obtained from some 
species of Ganna , and used as a nutritious 
and wholesome food for infants and inva¬ 
lids. It is brought to this country from 
Trinidad. 

Toilter, this word is used in England 
pretty much in the same sense in which 
drummer is used in the United States; 
with this addition, in England it is also 
applied to a pressing shopkeeper who 
stands at his door inviting customers to 
purchase his wares. 

Tow, the waste fibres or the coarse 
and broken parts of flax or hemp ; manu¬ 
factured into coarse yarns, bagging, and 
other cheap heavy fabrics; to draw or 
drag a vessel by means of a rope. 

Towage, that which is paid for tow¬ 
ing ships or vessels in the harbor or rivers. 

Towboat. This word is used for a 
vessel employed in drawing or towing an¬ 
other vessel, and also for the vessel which 
is drawn or towed. The more usual appli¬ 
cation, however, is the latter, the former 
being more generally termed a tug or tug¬ 
boat. On the Hudson river are employed 
many very large freight-boats without any 
propelling appliances whatever, and they 
are called towboats, being towed by steam 
tugs; —they are properly barges. 

TowelSilig, heavy linen fabrics of a 
fine quality, woven in damasks, dice, etc.; 
also coarser kinds of cotton in imitation of 
linen, huckaback, etc. ; imported chiefly 
from Ireland and Scotland. 

Tow-yarn, a coarse kind of yarn 
spun from tow. 

Toys, playthings for children ; trifles; 
small articles of various kinds designed for 
amusement to children. In the applica¬ 
tion of the tariff laws it is often difficult 
to determine what are toys, and just at 
what point certain articles cease to be 


toys. Thus, certain small porcelain fi pk 
ures were claimed by the importers to be 
statuettes, and hence subject to a much 
lower rate of duty than if called toys. The 
Secretary of the Treasury decided they 
were toys. The Department at Washing¬ 
ton, on similar appeals, also decided that 
“marbles” were toys, that “magician- 
terns” were toys when of a “size, char¬ 
acter, and material suitable only for chil¬ 
dren.” By the same authority certain 
“games” were decided to be toys, not¬ 
withstanding the doubt raised as to 
whether children could use them. The 
amusing and ingenious wooden toys sold 
so cheaply in the shops are from Switzer¬ 
land. 

Toy-store, a store or shop at which 
toys and cheap fancy articles are sold. 

Tracing-t>aj>er, a kind of trans¬ 
parent paper for taking impressions. 

Trade, the commerce of a country, oi 
of a district, or a city, or an individual or 
firm; the “exchange of commodities be¬ 
tween town and country, between producer 
and dealer, or consumer ;” “ the barter or 
purchase and sale of goods ” The word is 
frequently used as synonymous with com¬ 
merce. Foreign trade is usually said to 
consist “ in the importation or exportation 
of goods from and to different countries.” 
Thus it may be said of a merchant who 
ships domestic goods to a foreign port that 
he is in the foreign trade, just as a New 
York merchant who sells his goods to 
Southern merchants is said to be in the 
Southern trade. Domestic trade is buying 
or selling or trafficking in goods, wares, or 
merchandise produced, purchased, or sold 
in the country. A merchant may sell 
nothing but foreign goods, and yet if he 
buys them at home and sells them there, 
his is a domestic, not a foreign trade. The 
word trade is applied also to the state of 
the market; as trade is brisk, trade is dull; 
also to the class of one’s business; as the 
flour trade , the fur trade , butter trade, 
etc. So too a merchant may be in the In¬ 
dia trade , the South American trade, etc. 

Trade and commerce. The two 
words as employed in this phrase are nearly 
synonymous, but in their use thus con¬ 
nected, the word trade conveys the idea of 
home or domestic traffic, and the word 
commerce the idea of more extensive 
traffic—foreign, varied, and wholesale. 

Trade discount, the rebate or al¬ 
lowance made to a dealer in the same 
trade, who buys to sell again. 

Trade-marks, distinguishing marks 



542 


TRADE-MARKS. 


TRADE SALE. 


or devices, writings or tickets put upon 
manufactured goods, to distinguish them 
from others, and to protect the manufactur¬ 
ers from fraudulent imitations. In England 
and in France the merchants and manu¬ 
facturers are fully protected by law in the 
exclusive use of their trade-marks; and in 
this country, in the absence of any special 
laws, the courts held that no one, in any 
manner, may use the marks, wrappers, 
labels, or devices of another; and in the 
State of New York it is expressly provided 
by law that every person who shall know¬ 
ingly and wilfully forge or counterfeit any 
representation, likeness, similitude, copy, 
or imitation of the private stamp, wrap¬ 
per, or label usually affixed by any manu¬ 
facturer, on or in the sale of any goods, 
with intent to deceive or defraud the pur¬ 
chaser or manufacturer, shall be punished 
by imprisonment, etc. 

In the case of Gardner Brewer & Co., 
of New York, against Bailey & Cascaded, 
of Philadelphia, for a violation of their 
trade-mark, the plaintiffs, in the Circuit 
Court of the United States, obtained a 
verdict of $6,000 damages. The case was 
this. The Stark Mills, of Manchester, N. 
II., owned by the plaintiffs, manufactured 
seamless bags, and they were made to bear 
the word Stark over a semi-circular arch, 
with the letter A below. The Philadelphia 
firm were accused of making and selling 
similar goods, with the word Star over a 
semi-circular arch, and the letter A below. 
The Court granted an injunction to restrain 
the use of the imitation mark, and subse¬ 
quently a verdict was obtained as above 
stated. 

By conventions between the United 
States and France and Russia, provision 
is made for the deposit of trade-marks by 
citizens of either country in the United 
States Patent Office at Washington; the 
Tribunal of Commerce of the Seine at 
Paris ; and the Department of Manufac¬ 
tures and Inland Commerce at St. Peters¬ 
burg. 

The whole matter of trade-marks in this 
country appears, however, to have been 
settled by a law which was passed by Con¬ 
gress (act of July 8, 1870), which forms a 
part of the law relating to patents and 
copyrights, which provides :— 

That any person or firm domiciled in the 
United States, or resident of, or located 
in any foreign country, which by treaty or 
convention affords similar privileges to 
citizens of the United States (as France 
now does), may obtain protection for any 


lawful trade-mark which he may now be 
entitled to use, or which he may hereafter 
adopt, by complying with the require¬ 
ments of the law, and making application 
to the Patent Office as prescribed. 

This law also provides that such right 
shall continue for thirty years, and that it 
may be renewed for thirty years more by 
applying six months before the expiration 
of the first term, and paying the same fee 
as for its original registration, $25. It 
also provides that the applicants shall have 
the exclusive use of such trade-mark. And 
any person or corporation who shall repro¬ 
duce, counterfeit, copy, or imitate any 
such recorded trade-mark, and affix the 
same to goods of substantially the same 
descriptive properties and qualities as those 
referred to in the registration, shall be 
liable to an action on the case for damages 
for such wrongf ul use of said trade-mark, 
at the suit of the owner thereof, in any 
court of competent jurisdiction in the Uni¬ 
ted States, and the party aggrieved shall 
also have his remedy according to the 
course of equity to enjoin the wrongful use 
of his trade-mark , and to recover compen¬ 
sation therefor in any court having juris¬ 
diction over the person guilty of such wrong¬ 
ful use. 

The law also provides for recovering 
damages from any one who, by false repre¬ 
sentations, procures the registry of a trade¬ 
mark to which he is not entitled. This law 
and its penalties are applicable to all per¬ 
sons within the jurisdiction of the United 
States, and it is immaterial where the 
goods are made or where the mark is ap¬ 
plied.* It also appears that even after the 
expiration of the period for which protec¬ 
tion is granted, the owner still has his pre¬ 
scriptive right to continue its exclusive 
use, as the law provides— 

That nothing in this section shall be con¬ 
strued by any court as abridging or in any 
manner affecting unfavorably the claim of 
any person, firm, corporation, or company 
to any trade-mark after the expiration of 
the term for which such trade-mark was 
registered. 

Trade price, the price at which an 
article is sold to those in the same trade, 
who purchase to sell again. 

Trader, a dealer in commodities other 
than regular merchandise, as a trader in 
cattle, houses, etc., or a purchaser and 
seller of chattels rather than merchandise. 

Trade sale, a sale of goods of a 
special kind, in quantities, made to deal¬ 
ers in that particular class of merchandise, 



TRADE WINDS. 


TREBIZOND. 


548 


as the annual trade sale of furs at Leipzig; 
of wool at London; the semi-annual trade 
sale of books in New York, etc. 

Trade winds, winds which, in the 
torrid zone, blow generally from the same 
quarter, and in some places become peri¬ 
odical, blowing one-half the year in one 
direction, and the other half in the oppo¬ 
site one. On the north side of the equa¬ 
tor the winds blow from between the north 
and the east, and on the south side from 
between the south and the east; and these 
winds are denominated the N.E. and S.E. 
trade winds. “ The name of trade icinds 
was given from their important influence 
in commerce, expressing, as they do, the 
wind blowing trade.' 1 ' 1 

Trading-post, a depot for merchan¬ 
dise in the North American Territories, 
established for barter with the Indians for 
their furs. 

Tralii c, trade—as by bartering, or 
buying or selling commodities. 

Traga earn IBs, a gummy exudation 
from the stems of astragalus Terns , col¬ 
lected in Asia Minor—gum tragacanth. 

T-rall, a kind of railroad bar the cross 
section of which is in the form of the let¬ 
ter T. 

Traill, two or more railroad cars drawn 
by a locomotive; as a passenger train , a 
cattle train , a f reight train , etc. 

Train oil, porpoise oil, dolphin, 
shark, seal, cod oil, and the like, are com¬ 
prised under the general term of train oil, 
and also an inferior whale oil, which is ob¬ 
tained by boiling the blubber of the whale. 

Traill, two or more threads of raw 
silk twisted together, and in weaving com¬ 
monly used as the shoot or weft. 

Transship, to transfer merchandise 
from a ship, vessel, car, or freight carriage 
of any kind, to some other vessel or car¬ 
riage. 

Transshipment, the act of trans¬ 
ferring goods from one ship or conveyance 
to another. The Treasury Department 
authorized an allowance for damage to be 
made on goods imported from Bristol via 
Liverpool, at which latter port the goods 
were transshipped and incurred the dam¬ 
age. The Department held that Bristol, 
not Liverpool, should be considered the 
port from which said goods were shipped 
to the United States, and that the mere 
transshipment at Liverpool did not break 
the continuity of the voyage of importa¬ 
tion, and that the damage to the merchan¬ 
dise should be considered as having oc¬ 
curred on the voyage of transportation.— 


Letter to Collector at New York, April 
10, 1869. Nor does the transshipment of 
plumbago in England, which had been 
originally shipped at Ceylon, destined for 
the United States, render it liable to the 10 
per cent, discriminating duty imposed by 
the Act of 3d March, 1865. 

Transit, passing through or over—as 
the transit of goods through a country. 

Transit duty, a duty paid on goods 
that pass through a country. 

Transport, a ship or vessel employed 
to carry or transport goods from one place 
to another—especially stores or goods for 
government. 

Transportation, conveying mer¬ 
chandise from one place to another, by 
vessel, railroad cars, or otherwise. The 
cost of transportation includes all ex¬ 
penses from the time it leaves the owner’s 
warehouse until a delivery is made to the 
person to whom the goods are forwarded. 

Transportation in bond, for¬ 
eign merchandise arriving at any port in 
the United States may be transported in¬ 
land to other countries, after having been 
duly entered, and bonds given for the de¬ 
livery of the goods in some foreign coun¬ 
try. The transportation to be made 
strictly in accordance with the rules pre¬ 
scribed by the Treasury Department. 

Trappings, the metallic ornaments 
embraced in saddlery goods. 

Trass, a kind of hydraulic cement. 

Treacle, refuse sugar ; another name 
for molasses. The term is not used in the 
United States, but is in common use in 
England. 

Treasury Department, that De¬ 
partment of the government which has 
the general arrangement of all matters re¬ 
lating to customs and internal revenue, to 
commerce, and to navigation. 

Treasury notes, circulating notes 
or bills of various denominations issued 
from the Treasury Department by special 
authority of the government and received 
by government in payment of all dues ex¬ 
cept for duties on imported merchandise. 

Treaties, compacts between govern¬ 
ments, made with a view to promote and 
extend the commercial intercourse of the 
contracting parties. The Constitution of 
the United States confers upon the Presi¬ 
dent the power to make treaties with for¬ 
eign governments, with the concurrent 
vote of two-thirds of the Senate. 

Trebizoild, a seaport city of Asiatic 
Turkey, on the south-east coast of the 
Black Sea, w’th a convenient and safe har- 





544 


TREENAILS. 


TRIBUNAL OF COMMERCE. 


bor. It is, from its position, the natural 
entrepot of the trade of Armenia, North 
Persia, and Georgia with Europe, and by the 
establishment of steam navigation on the 
Black Sea, and between this city and Con¬ 
stantinople, its commerce has largely in¬ 
creased within the last few years, and is 
now very extensive. The marked increase 
of its trade latterly is in consequence of its 
becoming the entrepot for the transit 
trade with Persia, which, according to the 
statement of the British Consul, is con¬ 
ducted in a manner that, in these days of 
railroad transport, gives to it a peculiar 
interest. This transit trade with Persia 
employs 00,000 pack-horses, carrying year¬ 
ly 120,000 loads, each about 3£ cwt., or 
21,000 tons in all; 3,000 camels, 3,000 
oxen, and 6,000 asses ; the trade amounting 
to between $6,000,000 and $7,000,000 
yearly. There are no road dues, but a 
fixed two per cent, is charged as customs. 
The trade of the city with other parts is 
also considerable, the chief exports being 
silk, raisins, nuts, saffron, tobacco, copper, 
wax, shawls, beans, galls, leeches, etc. 
Moneys, weights, and measures, same as at 
Constantinople. 

Treenails, long wooden pins used in 
ship-building—largely supplied and shipped 
from Long Island ; made from the locust 
timber of the island. 

Trees. Fruit, shade, and lawn trees 
form quite a respectable item in the do¬ 
mestic trade of the country, and are pro¬ 
vided for in the tariff laws of the United 
States as articles of import. 

Trend, a term in the English wool 
trade for clean wool. 

Trent sand, a sharp sand obtained 
from the river Trent, consisting chiefly of 
infusorial animalcules, and used as a kind 
of rotten-stone or cheap substitute for pol¬ 
ishing powders. 

Tret, an allowance of 4 lbs. in every 104 
lbs. for the waste which certain kinds of 
goods are liable to from dust, etc. Both 
the term and practice are pretty much ob¬ 
solete. 

Tribunal of Commerce, a tri¬ 
bunal of merchants established in commer¬ 
cial cities, before which disputes, misun¬ 
derstandings, or disagreements between 
merchants may be presented, tried, and de¬ 
termined, free from the obstructions of legal 
technicalities, and with mercantile prompt¬ 
ness instead of chancery prolongation. 
“ The life and spirit of commerce lies in 
the principle of strict mutual confidence 
among merchants. Every trade has its 


technicalities and its usages which regulate 
its movements. To evade these is to be 
dishonest in one’s calling, although it may 
be a proceeding not demonstrably dishonest 
when enveloped in the technicalities of 
law. Commercial questions between mer¬ 
chants, traders, bankers, and others, con¬ 
cerning buying and selling, dishonored 
bills, interpretations of engagements, 
frauds iu imitating trade-marks, and such 
matters, do not want to be confused with 
mysteries, delays, and quibbles as the or¬ 
dinary course of law confuses them; they 
do not want to be tried before men who 
have to receive from witnesses the most 
elementary principles upon which they can 
found a judgment. These questions arise 
among men, the life of whose business is 
undeviating probity, and they ought to be 
tried simply, and on their honest merits 
only, before men who are themselves also 
engaged in commerce, and are versed in all 
the usages of which they treat. ” The want 
of such a tribunal is felt everywhere. 
This want has been supplied in France, in 
Italy, in Spain, Belgium, Hamburg, and 
Sardinia. It is said that the Tribunals of 
Commerce in France settle more cases in 
one day than all the civil tribunals to¬ 
gether get through in a month. The arbi¬ 
tration committees of our Boards of Trade 
or Chambers of Commerce in this country 
meet this want in part, but not fully. 
A well-organized Tribunal of Commerce in 
each of our principal commercial cities, 
the judges selected from the various de¬ 
partments of commercial life, and men of 
high and independent character, would 
settle three-fourths of all the disputes 
which arise in the ordinary course of busi¬ 
ness, would diminish litigation, and ele¬ 
vate the standard of commercial morals 
throughout the whole country. It is prob¬ 
ably within the scope of the charter of the 
Chamber of Commerce of New York to es¬ 
tablish just such a tribunal; at all events, 
very slight additional legislation would 
confer upon the Chamber all necessary 
powers for the purpose. 

Some years ago, when the subject of the 
establishment of a Tribunal of Commerce 
was agitated in London, a writer iu one of 
the periodicals of the day stated that in 
France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, and 
Sweden, men of commerce had obtained 
tribunals, other than of law, by which 
their differences were amicably and speed¬ 
ily adjusted. “No sooner did a dispute 
arise than the disputants presented them¬ 
selves to one of these friendly councils, 






TRIBUNAL OF COMMERCE. 


545 


which does all that a court of law could 
do, except delay, and a great deal which 
no legal tribunal could accomplish. These 
councils are at once special judges and ju¬ 
ries. In Paris they are composed of a 
President, ten judges, and sixteen assist¬ 
ant judges, selected from the commercial 
inhabitants of the district, who sit in sec¬ 
tions so arranged that each member per¬ 
forms duty twice in fifteen days. Their 
labors are bestowed gratuitously; they 
take cognizance not only of all commercial 
disputes, but of bankruptcies. 

The leading feature in the proceedings 
of these councils is despatch. So simple 
are the forms of procedure that a decision 
is, in most cases, obtained immediately. 
The utmost time allowed for the defend¬ 
ant to appear in court is twenty-f our hours, 
whilst in certain cases requiring urgent 
decision the President can command the 
appearance of those concerned within an 
hour, if his messengers can find them. 
The cases are conducted and defended by 
the disputants themselves, the interference 
of attorneys being disallowed; only a few 
‘licentiates,’ well acquainted with the 
commercial law of the country, are per¬ 
mitted to assist in expediting cases through 
the courts. That business in these places 
is wonderfully facilitated will be evident 
when I mention that several hundred suits • 
have been disposed of in one day before the 
Council of the Seine. Of course this could 
only be done by weeding out all extraneous 
matters, by rigorously conforming to the 
known usages of commerce, and by having 
several judges sitting at the same time. 

“ It is not only in expediting proceedings 
that the Tribunals of Commerce of the 
continent are so valuable ; they sift mat¬ 
ters of a technical character with a degree 
of accuracy which no amount of legal 
acumen could pretend to, simply because 
the men composing them are intimately 
acquainted with the details and usages of 
every-day commercial life. The reader 
may possibly have some very faint idea of 
the singular technicalities which occasion¬ 
ally beset and bewilder both counsel and 
judges, but there are few readers who 
have any distinct conception of the diffi¬ 
culties, the blunders, the absurdities, the 
mischief entailed by lawyers undertaking 
to conduct, and judges to decide, upon 
matters pertaining to trade, manufactures, 
and science. 

“I remember a circumstance,” continues 
the same writer, “ which forcibly illustrates 
the folly of flinging every dispute into a 

53 


court of law, when a reference to a tri¬ 
bunal of practical men would arrange the 
difference on the moment, and for the 
merest shadow of costs. A city merchant 
had purchased a number of cases of for¬ 
eign goods—I believe macaroni. Many, 
on being weighed and examined, were 
found to be no more than half full. A 
hole was discovered in these cases, and 
much of the macaroni had been bitten to 
pieces, so that there could be no doubt but 
that the damage had been caused by 
mice. But who was to bear the loss? 
Certainly not the purchaser, who had bar¬ 
gained for full cases and sound macaroni. 
The importer declared that the mice must 
have attacked the goods while on the 
wharf in Thames street, it being impossi¬ 
ble that his agents abroad should have 
shipped the animals along with the goods. 
On the other hand, the wharfinger protest¬ 
ed that there was not such a thing as a 
mouse to be found upon his premises, 
which he had been at great cost to have 
made mouse-tight. 

“Each party was resolute. The case 
was placed in the hands of ‘ eminent law¬ 
yers,’ and there was every prospect of 
somebody having to pay handsomely in ad¬ 
dition to the value destroyed by the mice. 
By great good luck the two disputants en¬ 
countered each other one day on ’Change, 
and, happening to relate the matter with 
some bitterness to a third person, they 
were assured by him, that if they chose, 
they could settle the affair in ten minutes 
between themselves, by only taking a com¬ 
mon-sense view of the case. He pointed 
out to them the certainty that the direc¬ 
tion in which the mice-holes were gnawed 
would clearly indicate whether the ani¬ 
mals had entered the box whilst lying 
on the wharf, or whether they had been 
imported in them ; which might have oc¬ 
curred from the boxes having been left 
open at the port of shipment after pack¬ 
ing. The intruders could not have got in 
during the voyage, for, excepting on a few 
coasting vessels, mice are never found, 
as they have insuperable objections to sea¬ 
sickness. The whole question was: Did 
the mice eat their way into the boxes, or 
did they eat their way out of them ? If 
they were Italian mice, packed in with the 
macaroni, which had eaten their way 
through the case for air, the holes -would 
be gnawed and jagged within, and smooth 
without; if they were English mice, with 
a taste for macaroni which deal boards 
could not balk, the outside of the holes 



546 


TRICOT. 


TRIPANG. 


would bear the marks of teeth, and the 
inside would be smooth. The matter ap¬ 
peared so simple, when viewed in this 
light, that both parties agreed to adjust 
their dispute by the appearance of the 
holes in the cases. They did so within 
ten minutes of that time, and not only 
saved hundreds of pounds, but preserved 
their former friendly feeling, which, had 
the law-suit gone on, would no doubt have 
been completely at an end.” 

TriCOl, a fabric of cloth, silk, or cotton, 
so woven as to present an appearance 
somewhat like knit-work. 

Trieste, a commercial city and sea¬ 
port of the Austrian dominions, situate on 
the gulf at the extremity of the Adriatic 
sea. It has a good but not a spacious har¬ 
bor, but being the emporium for the trade 
of the Austrian Empire and the greater part 
of Hungary, and being also nominally, and 
in good part also in fact, a free port, it pos¬ 
sesses an extensive commerce. Goods des¬ 
tined for consumption in the city or in the 
adjoining territory pay no duties what¬ 
ever ; but foreign goods, when taken into 
the interior, are subject to duties. Goods 
brought from the interior for export at 
Trieste are charged an export duty, and 
foreign goods to be conveyed through the 
Austrian dominions to another country 
are charged a transit duty. Gunpowder, 
salt, and tobacco are government monopo¬ 
lies, and are not allowed to be imported. 
It appears, however, that the vigilance of 
the government officers fails to prevent the 
introduction of foreign tobacco. The ex¬ 
portation of gold and silver in bars, and of 
silk cocoons is prohibited. The chief ex¬ 
ports consist of the raw or manufactured 
products of Austria, Illyria, Dalmatia, 
Hungary, and Italy, with foreign articles 
imported and warehoused. Among the 
articles of raw produce are wheat, rye, 
oats, timber, rice, wine, oil, currants, rai¬ 
sins, sumach, tobacco, wax, silk, silk rags 
and waste, hemp, wool, flax, linen rags, 
hides, furs, skins, etc. The produce of 
the mines makes an important item, con¬ 
sisting of quicksilver, cinnabar, iron, lead, 
copper, litharge, alum, vitriol, etc. Of 
manufactured articles the most important 
are, thrown silk, silk stuffs, printed cot¬ 
tons from Austria and Switzerland, coarse 
and fine linens, glass, and all sorts of 
leather, soap, jewelry, glass-ware, mir¬ 
rors, refined sugar, etc., etc. 

The moneys of Trieste and Vienna are 100 kreuzer 
=1 florin or gulden. The currency is both of paper 
and metal. The paper money, Wiener Wahrung, or 
Vienna value, is at a fixed discount of GO per cent., 


by which 100 florins in cash are equal to 250 florins 
Wiener Wahrung. Bills upon Vienna are generally 
directed to be paid in effective, to guard against their 
being paid in paper money. The silver coins are flor¬ 
ins or gulden, 45 of which are coined from the Zoll- 
Verein pound of pure silver; they consist of pieces 
of 3 florins and of IX florin, equal to 2 thaler and 1 
thaler, and of 2 and 1 gulden pieces and quarter- 
florins of the purity of 9-10. These are the new 
coins—105 of the present florins being only equal in 
value to 100 of the old. The 10 and 5 kreuzer pieces 
are made of an inferior metal and are merely tokens, 
the 10-kreuzer pieces being only equal in value to 
the old 6-kreuzer piece. 

The weights and measures are as follows:— 

100 Austrian pfund = 12.3-47 lbs. avoirdupois. 

100 lbs. avoirdupois = 80-99 Austrian pfund. 

In Trieste these -weights are called funti weighty 
from the German word pfund. 

100 ellen = 85'21 yards. 

100 yards = 117'34 Vienna ellen. 

For the measurement of woollen goods the braccia 
is reckoned as % of a yard; 100 braccia contain 
64-20 metres, or 71-21 yards. 

Trial! in mgs, ornamental appendages 
for ladies’ or gentlemen’s clothes, such as 
bindings, braids, gimps, fringes, tassels, 
fancy buttons, etc., etc. It would appear 
from a letter of the Secretary of the 
Treasury that, in the view of the Depart¬ 
ment, trimmings must be such articles, 
and only such, as are required to be 
“ sewed upon the garment.” 

Trinity Mouse, the name of the 
corporation, or Board of Commissioners, 
acting under the authority of the British 
government, which has the charge of the 
light-houses, buoys, pilots, etc., in the 
British waters. A fund from the revenues, 
derived from dues paid on account of 
buoyage, beaconage, etc., and from inter¬ 
est on freehold property, has been princi¬ 
pally expended on pensions to poor dis¬ 
abled seamen, and on the maintenance of 
their widows, orphans, etc. 

Trinkets, ornaments of dress, but 
more especially applied to cheap jewelry. 

Tripaaajj, or sea-slug , the biche de 
mer, a species of fish, or marine slug, of 
the genus holutbaria , found chiefly on 
coral reefs in the eastern seas, and highly 
esteemed in China, into which it is import¬ 
ed in large quantities. It is an unseemly- 
looking substance of a dirty-brown color, 
hard, rigid, and not unlike a big sausage. 
The animal is sometimes 2 feet long, but 
commonly from 4 to 10 inches, and 2 or 3 
inches thick. It is taken with the hand 
by the natives, who spear or dive for it: 
and after it has been gutted, dried, and 
smoked, it is fit for sale. About 1,000 
slugs make a picul, and the range of prices 
is from $12 to $30 per picul. The quanti¬ 
ty sent annually from Macassar to China 
is about 7,000 piculs. 





TRIPOLI. 


TUNNY. 


547 


Tripoli, a powder, or kind of rotten 
stone, used in polishing metals, etc., con¬ 
sisting chiefly of the cases of animalcules. 
It was first imported from Tripoli, whence 
its name, but it is found in other localities. 

Trist, a fair for the sale of cattle. 

Troches, small, dry masses of medi¬ 
cinal powders, incorporated with sugar and 
molasses ; lozenges. 

T rousscau, the personal outfit of a 
bride—generally understood to be her dress¬ 
es, wedding wardrobe, and under-clothes. 

Trotter oil, an oil obtained in the 
process of boiling down calves’ feet and 
sheeps’ feet; used as a hair oil. 

Troy weight, the weight of the 
United States and England by which gold 
and silver and jewels, etc., are weighed. 
In this weight the pound is divided into 
12 ounces, the ounce into 20 pennyweights, 
and the pennyweight into 24 grains; the 
pound therefore consists of 5,760 grains ; 
The name is derived from Troyes in France, 
where the weight was first adopted. 

Truck, a strong kind of carriage for 
conveying heavy merchandise through the 
streets of a city; a small two-wheeled 
hand-carriage for shifting goods in a ware¬ 
house. 

True km a is, one who conveys goods 
with a truck for pay. 

Truck -system, a name given to the 
practice of paying the wages of workmen 
in goods instead of money. 

Truflics, a kind of vegetable produc¬ 
tion like a mushroom, found under ground, 
the tuber dbarium , without root or stem, 
somewhat resembling small potatoes, ex¬ 
cept that they are jet black through and 
through; used in cookery and highly 
esteemed ; they are imported in tin cans 
or cases from France and Italy, and some¬ 
times sell as high as $5 or $6 per a quart 
can, and at the same rates per pint cans. 

Trunk line, the main line of a rail¬ 
way between two distant cities. 

Truss, a term in England for a bundle 
of dry goods, not bound with iron hoops 
or cordage, in size not exceeding 3 feet 
square, and in weight not exceeding 3 
cwt., the outer covering being generally 
canvas; if presspacked it is denominated 
a bale. A truss of hay is 58 lbs., of new 
hay, 60 lbs., of straw, 36 lbs. 

Trysstl, a bark used in Demerara for 
tanning. • 

Tsat-lie silk, a kind of Chinese silk 
from Nankin. 

Tub, a kind of flat wooden vessel 
*ormed with staves, in which various kinds 


of merchandise are packed and shipped; 
they are of irregular size, and when a sale 
is made of so many tubs of butter, for in 
stance, the settlement is made on the ac¬ 
tual weight. A tub of butter in New York 
usually contains 50 lbs.; a tub of camphor 
is about 112 lbs. ; in Sumatra it is a meas¬ 
ure of 1-y bushel. 

Tubes, hollow rods or pipes of metal. 
Iron tubes differ from gas or water pipes 
in being generally lighter and not being 
required to undergo so much pressure ; are 
lap-welded, instead of being but-welded. 

Tiiciun cordage, a fine and very 
strong cordage obtained from the leaves of 
the astrocaryum mdgare of Brazil; it is 
manufactured into hammocks, nets, etc. 

Tugboat, a steam vessel employed 
to draw ships or other vessels on rivers 
and in harbors. There are 200 of these 
boats employed in the New York harbor. 
They are from 65 to 100 feet long, 16 to 
18 feet breadth of beam, and from 30 to 
80 tons capacity, with powerful steam en¬ 
gines, capable of towing vessels of any size. 

Tulip§, the bulbs of this flower-plant 
form quite an item in the commerce of the 
Netherlands, where they are raised not 
only in the gardens but in fields of hun¬ 
dreds of acres in extent. The passion for 
these flowers grew so great at one time in 
Holland that single cuttings of fancy bulbs 
sold for as much as 4,000 florins. The an¬ 
nual exports from Holland amount to sev¬ 
eral thousands of cases. The importations 
at New York are made by florists and nur¬ 
serymen. 

Till Be, a plain kind of silk lace or net, 
—so called from the town of Tulle, in 
France, where it was first made. 

Tull, a large cask of variable capacity; 
as a kind of beer measure of England it is 
equal to 263^% gals. 

Tunbridge ware, fancy articles, 
such as work-boxes, caddies, desks, etc., 
of inlaid or mosaic work in wood, made at 
Tunbridge Wells, in England. 

Tunbridge "water, a chalybeate 
mineral water from Tunbridge Wells. 

Tung oil, a drying-oil obtained from 
some kind of oil-seeds in China. 

Tungsten, a metal of a grayish-white 
color ; it is used for hardening steel. 

Tungstate off soda, a substance 
obtained from tin ore, and used for giving 
hardness to plaster of Paris, as a mordant 
for dyeing, and for rendering ladies’ dresses 
incombustible. 

Tunny, a large and esteemed fish of 
the mackerel family, caught in the Medi- 




548 


TUPOZ. 


TURQUOISE. 


terranean in great numbers. The princi¬ 
pal supplies are from the fisheries in Sicily 
and Sardinia. 

Tupoz, a name in Manilla for the 
musa textilis , or wild plantain, a valuable 
textile. 

Turbitli root, a drug root brought 

from the East Indies, the convolvulus tur- 
\pethum . 

Turbot, a very large fish of the flat¬ 
fish family, caught between England and 
Holland. From 500 to GOO tons are an¬ 
nually sold in the London market; and it 
has been stated that as much as $4,000,000 
has been drawn by the Dutch fishermen 
from London for these fish in a single 
year. 

Turkey carpets, very heavy and 
costly floor coverings made entirely of 
wool, the loops being like those of Brussels 
carpeting, only larger, and always cut. 

Turkey coral root, a small tuber 
from an indigenous plant growing in the 
Middle and Western States ; used in medi¬ 
cine. 

Turkey featliers. The soft feath¬ 
ers of turkeys are used for making into 
tippets, muffs, and other dress articles for 
ladies, and the wing feathers of the white 
turkey are made into beautiful fans. 

Turkey guau, the Egyptian gum- 
arabic, which is obtained in this country 
chiefly through Smyrna and Trieste. 

Turkey opium, the opium pro¬ 
duced in Anatolia, in Turkey, and which 
finds its way to this country usually from 
Smyrna or Constantinople. 

Turkey pea root's, sometimes 
called goats’ rue, a species of tephrosia , 
growing in the Southern States, and used 
in medicine. 

Tur key red, a red dye prepared from 
madder; also a name given to a red or 
ootton fabric used for window curtains, the 
color of which is said to be produced by a 
dye made in part from cattle blood. 

Turkey Stone, a name for the fine 
whetstones or oilstones brought from Tur¬ 
key. 

Turkey rhubarb. This is the kind 
which is usually found in commerce ; it is 
produced in Tartary, and after undergoing 
several and severe inspections is sent to 
St. Petersburg in Russia, from whence 
is obtained all that is brought to this coun¬ 
try. It derives its name from the circum¬ 
stance of its being formerly derived from 
the Turkish ports. 

Turkeys, large and much esteemed 
domesticated fowls, raised in all parts of 


the United States for the use of the table, 
and of which it is computed not less than 
100,000 are annually used in New York 
City. 

Turkish tobacco, a kind of to¬ 
bacco produced in Turkey ; that which is 
imported into the United States is gener¬ 
ally a superior quality of prepared smoking 
tobacco. 

Turkish watches, watches speci¬ 
ally made for the Turkish markets, with 
engraved Turkish figures on the cases. 

Turmeric, a drug obtained from the 
roots of curcuma longa , cultivated in 
China, Bengal, and Java, and employed 
chiefly as a coloring substance for butter, 
cheese, etc. As a dyeing material it pro¬ 
duces a handsome but fugitive yellow. It 
is used in pharmacy to give color to oint¬ 
ments, etc. It has an aromatic smell re¬ 
sembling ginger, and a warm, disagreeable 
bitterish taste. The Hindoos use it less 
as a dye than a spice in making curries. 

Turmeric paper, a test paper pre¬ 
pared with a tincture of turmeric. 

Turnery ware, wooden articles 
made with the turning-lathe by a turner. 

Turnip-leaf tobacco, a kind of 
tobacco largely mixed with turnip-leaves, 
pretty extensively dealt in and consumed 
in Belgium and Holland. 

Tumips. Several varieties of turnips 
are cultivated, chiefly for cattle food, but 
as a field crop they have no great agricul¬ 
tural, and still less commercial, impor¬ 
tance in the United States. In some parts 
of China they are largely cultivated, salted, 
pickled, and exported to other and distant 
provinces. 

Turpentine. The turpentine best 
known to the commerce of the United 
States is obtained from the pinus palustris, 
or long-leaved pine tree, which grows most 
profusely in the Southern States, particu¬ 
larly in parts of Virginia, North Carolina, 
Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. This 
variety of turpentine is known as the com¬ 
mon American or white turpentine, and 
by far the largest portion of what is used 
in this country is produced in North Caro¬ 
lina. 

Turquoise, a precious stone of a pe¬ 
culiar bluish-green color, called by mineral¬ 
ogists oriental or mineral turquoise; anoth¬ 
er kind, called occidental or bone turquois, 
is of a sky-blue color, passing into green¬ 
ish-blue and apple green, and by mineral¬ 
ogists is called odontolite. The best tur¬ 
quois stones are obtained from Persia, but 
the largest and most beautifully tinted 





TURTLES. 


TYRIAN DYE. . 549 


specimens are rarely permitted to pass out 
of the Persian dominions. Less valuable 
stones are found in Saxony and in Silesia. 

Turlies, the common name for the 
marine tortoises or chdonia , captured in 
large numbers off the West India islands, 
tons of them being carried alive to the 
Southern States and to Europe, where 
they command high prices as a luxurious 
article of food. 

Turtle-shell, a common name for 
tortoise shell. 

Tuscan bonnets and liats, la¬ 
dies’ bonnets and gentlemen’s hats made 
of Tuscan straw or braids, and known as 
Leghorn hats. The exports of hats and 
bonnets from Tuscany amount to nearly 
three millions of dollars annually. 

Tuscan straw, a variety of bearded 
wheat grown solely in Tuscany for the 
straw, the upper joint only being selected 
as the best for the Leghorn braids. This 
straw, after being carefully prepared and 
bleached, is largely exported to England 
and the United States. The inferior parts 
of the straw are also exported and called 
Tuscan straw. 

Tuscan hats, gentlemen’s hats made 
from Tuscan straw, the best kinds of 
which, the Leghorn, command very high 
prices, some of the higher numbers re¬ 
quiring several months’ labor to make and 
sew the braid. 

Tuscan plait, the straw braid or 
plait made in Tuscany from the Tuscan 
straw. 

Tussac grass, the name of a coarse, 
hardy grass from the Falkland Islands. 

Tiissall silk, a strong silk fabric 
used by the Hindoos, made from silk pro¬ 
duced by a wild or undomesticated silk¬ 
worm found in the forests of Bengal. 

Tusso, a cloth measure of Bombay of 
li inch. 

Tutenague, the name in commerce 
for the zinc or spelter of China. The term 
is also used for various alloys of copper, 
zinc, and nickel, and for the gong metal 
of the Chinese of copper and tin, etc. It 
is imported in sheets, blocks, and pigs. 

Tatty, an impure oxide, or a protox¬ 
ide of zinc, coliected from the chimneys 
of smelting furnaces. 

Twankey, the lowest grade of green 


tea, largely used for mixing with teas of a 
better quality. The principal imports of 
green tea in Great Britain are said to be of 
this kind. 

Tweed cloth, a light woollen cloth, 
much used for overcoats in the United 
States. 

Twelvemos, a designation for the 
size of bound books,—duodecimo volumes. 

Twenty-five cent piece, a silver 
coin of the United States, the quarter dollar. 

Twills, cotton or linen cloths or fab¬ 
rics, woven so as to produce the appear¬ 
ance of diagonal lines on the surface. 

Twine, a double and retwisted thread, 
differing from yarn, which is a single thread 
more or less twisted. Twine is made of 
flax, hemp, jute, or cotton, of various thick¬ 
nesses and qualities. The following are 
some of the trade designations :— 

Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. Flax ball twines, suitable 
for hardware, manufacturers, etc. 

Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8. Fine flax, gray and colored 
twine for stationers, etc. 

Nos. 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. Red, blue, 
and other colors, for druggists, etc. 

Nos. 14, 16, 17. Bleached flax twine for 
fancy goods, cutlers, etc. 

Nos. 15 and 18. Jute and cotton twine, 
for grocers, tea dealers, etc. 

Also seine twine, gill twine, patent twine, 
4-ply, etc., etc. 

Twist, a kind of strong twisted silk, 
mohair and silk, or worsted and cotton, in 
hanks, balls, and reels, used for sewing, by 
tailors, mantua-makers, saddlers, etc.; also 
a kind of cotton yarn, of which there are 
made water and green twists, the numbers 
running from 20 to 100. 

Two-ply carpets, carpeting of two 
thicknesses, formed by incorporating two 
sets of threads of both warp and weft. 

Types, cast metallic letters and figures 
used in printing. 

Type metal, an alloy of lead and 
antimony, the usual proportions being one 
part of antimony to three of lead,—tin is 
also sometimes introduced as an additional 
alloy, also a very small per centum of cop¬ 
per. 

Tyrian dye, a beautiful purple, ob¬ 
tained from some kind of sea-shells, or 
from the fluid secreted by some species of 
the molluscs of the Mediterranean. 



SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 

TJ. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Ultramarine 

Bleu d'outremer 

Ultramarin 

Bergblauw 

Oltramarino 

Azul ultramarino 

Umber 

Terre d’ombre 

Umbererde 

Omber 

Ombrina 

Tierra de sombras 

Umbrellas 

Parapluies 

Regenschirme 

Parapluies 

Ombrelli 

Paraguases 

Underwriter 

Assurcur 

Versicherer 

Assuradeur [ten 

Assicuratore 

Asegurador 

United States 

Etats Unis 

Vereinigte Staaten 

Vereenigde Staa- 

Stati Uniti 

Estados Unidos 

Unload 

Decharger 

Abladen 

Lossen 

Scaricare 

Descargar 

Unpack 

De bailer 

Auspacken 

Ontpakken 

Sballare 

Desembalar 

Upper leather 

Empeigne 

Oberleder 

Bovenleder 

Tomaio 

Pala 

Usage 

Usage 

Gebrauch 

Gebruik 

Uso; costume 

Uso 

Usance 

Uso 

Uso 

Uso 

Uso; usanza 

Uso 

Usury 

Usure 

Wucher 

Woeker 

Usura 

Usura 


TJ. 


Ueba, a dry measure used in Barbary 
and Tripoli for 3.04 bushels. 

Ullage, the wantage of casks of li¬ 
quor, or that quantity which a cask wants 
of being full. 

Ule, an elastic gum obtained from the 
Mexican ule-tree ; a species of castilla. 

Ultimo, the month preceding the pre¬ 
sent, used only in correspondence, and 
abridged ult. 

Ultramarine, a fine blue pigment, 
obtained originally from the lapis-lazuli, a 
mineral of great beauty, which was brought 
from beyond the sea—hence the name 
vltramarine. The pigment is now pro¬ 
duced artificially, and at a much lower cost 
than from the mineral. 

Uan ber, an earthy mineral, used when 
burnt as well as in its natural state as a 
brown pigment. It is found massive, in 
beds, in the Island of Cyprus; and it is 
also found near Castletown, in the Isle of 
Man, and at the iron mines in the Forest 
of Dean, in England. Another article 
sold as umber is a variety of peat, or 
brown coal, found near Cologne, and said 
to be largely used in the adulteration of 
snuff. 

Umbrellas, articles used in walking, 
or when exposed, as a cover or defence 
against rain. Silk from France, and Scotch 


gingham and alpaca umbrellas from Eng¬ 
land, are imported to a considerable ex¬ 
tent ; but the large umbrella manufactories 
in Philadelphia and New York furnish at 
least seven-eighths of all that are sold in.the 
United States. Philadelphia has long been 
noted for its manufacture of this article. 

Umbrella frames, steel, whale¬ 
bone, and cane, or rattan ribs or stretchers. 
Those of steel are generally imported 
from England. The whalebone and cane 
frames are usually made in this country. 

Umbrella furniture, articles used 
in the manufacture of umbrellas, such as 
square wires, bone, horn, ivory, or silver 
tips, and handles, etc. 

Umbrella sticks, the name under 
which sticks for umbrella handles are 
usually imported. They generally come 
rough, just as they are cut, and most of 
those imported come from China. 

Unclaimed goods, the term used 
in our revenue laws for such merchan¬ 
dise as may have been duly bonded, and 
left to remain in Government stores for 
three years from date of importation ; and 
also for merchandise in respect to which 
there is a failure or neglect to pay the 
duties within the time prescribed by law, 
and so remaining in public store for one 
year; in either case such merchandise is 

















UNDER. 


UNITED STATES. 


551 


appraised, advertised, and sold at public 
auction as “unclaimed goods.” 

Under, less than ; as, I will not sell 
my wheat under $2 per bushel. 

Under price, a price below that 
which is regular. 

Undersell, to sell at prices lower 
than others in the same line and at the 
same place. 

Undervalue, to estimate or rate 
below the true or real value. 

Underwriter, one who insures a 
vessel or cargo, so called because he under¬ 
writes his name to the conditions of the 
insurance policy. The term in this coun¬ 
try is now frequently applied to marine, 
and also to fire insurance companies. But 
such use of the term is in direct opposition 
to its original signification and manner of 
employment in England, where, up to a 
comparatively recent period, there were 
but two companies authorized to make 
marine insurances, and as they possessed 
a monopoly, and were not particularly 
popular, the marine insurance business 
fell into the hands of individuals. The 
persons who undertook this business held 
their sittings at a coffee-house in London 
kept by a man by the name of Lloyd. 
They could not legally enter into any 
joint-stock action, and therefore, when a 
merchant or ship-owner wished to insure 
vessel or freight, he negotiated with indi¬ 
viduals only, who subscribed or wrote 
under the policy of insurance the sums 
for which they severally bound themselves 
—hence the term underwriter. 

Union, the upper inner comer of an 
ensign, in distinction from the rest of the 
flag. The union of the United States en¬ 
sign is a blue field with white stars, in 
number equal to the number of the States, 
and thus denoting their union. The union 
of the British ensign is a blue field with 
the three crosses of St. George, St. An¬ 
drew, and St. Patrick, denoting the union 
of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 

Union goods, fabrics manufactured 
from yams composed of different ma¬ 
terials, as when the warp is of silk and 
jute, and the weft of worsted, or of cotton 
and worsted. The term union is, how¬ 
ever, generally limited to goods in which 
cotton, flax, or jute predominates ; the 
term mixed goods being given to those in 
which wool is a chief ingredient. 

United States, or U. S., refer to 
and mean the United States of America, 
the distinctive name and appellation of 
our nation. The Constitution of the 


United States gives to Congress the power 
to regulate commerce with foreign na¬ 
tions, and among the several States; to 
lay and collect duties, imposts, and ex¬ 
cises ; to establish uniform laws on the 
subject of bankruptcy ; to coin and regu¬ 
late the value of money ; to fix the stand¬ 
ard of weights and measures, and to grant 
letters of marque and reprisal; and it 
provides, also, that no tax or duty shall be 
laid on articles exported from any State, 
nor preference be given by any regulation 
of commerce or revenue to the ports of 
one State over those of another ; nor shall 
vessels bound to or from one State be 
obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in 
another. These general, but very compre¬ 
hensive powers, conceded by the several 
States to the Union, invested Congress 
with the necessary powers to protect the 
interests of merchants engaged in foreign 
or domestic trade, and imposed upon the 
national government the responsibility of 
establishing a system of commercial laws 
in conformity to these provisions of the 
Constitution. 

The first action taken by Congress under 
these general commercial provisions was 
the passage of an act for the establish¬ 
ment and support of light-houses, beacons, 
buoys, etc. This was followed by an act 
establishing a Treasury Department, giv¬ 
ing the Secretary of the Treasury the 
superintendence of the collection of the 
revenue ; by an act imposing tonnage du¬ 
ties on ships or vessels ; by an act for the 
registering and recording ships and ves¬ 
sels, and for enrolling or licensing ves¬ 
sels to be employed in the coasting trade 
and fisheries ; and by “an act to regulate 
the collection of duties on imports and 
tonnage. ” This last act divides the Uni¬ 
ted States into collection districts ; estab¬ 
lishes ports of entry and delivery; pro¬ 
vides for and defines the duties of collec¬ 
tors, surveyors, naval officers, and other 
officers of the customs; prescribes the 
duties of masters of vessels on their arrival 
from foreign ports ; provides for the inspec¬ 
tion and appraisement of foreign merchan¬ 
dise, and for the allowance of tares or leak- 
age; prescribes the mode of estimating ad 
valorem duties, and for coastwise transpor¬ 
tation; provides for drawbacks, deben¬ 
tures, and payment of duties; for the em¬ 
ployment of revenue cutters; prescribes 
oaths and forms for masters of vessels and 
for importers, and fixes penalties and for¬ 
feitures for omissions or violations of the 
act. This act, known as the “collection 



552 


UNITED STATES. 


act,” was passed March 2, 1799, and its 
general provisions are still in force, and 
the act itself is the basis of pretty much 
all subsequent legislation on the subjects 
embraced in its provisions. This was fol¬ 
lowed by an act establishing a mint for 
coining moneys, by an act declaring the 
denominations and values of coin, by navi¬ 
gation acts, tariff acts, fishing bounty acts, 
bankrupt acts, passenger acts, commercial 
and reciprocity treaty acts, and numerous 
other acts regulating or in some manner 
connected with commerce. Under the 
same general provisions of the Constitu¬ 
tion Congress laid an embargo on all ships 
and vessels in the ports and harbors of the 
United States; and the Supreme Court of 
the United States decided the act to be 
constitutional; and the same court de¬ 
clared void the acts of the legislature of 
the State of New York, which granted ex¬ 
clusive navigation of the waters of the 
State in vessels propelled by steam ; and 
declared State laws requiring importers of 
goods by wholesale, bale, or package, to 
take out a license and pay for it, were void 
and of no effect. 

It will thus be seen that the commercial 
functions conferred on Congress have been 
pretty extensively used and tested, though 
probably by no means exhausted. The 
general character of this legislation has 
been favorable to the extension of our 


foreign commerce, and eminently so in its 
encouragement of domestic trade. The 
statistics of the products, of the entrances 
and clearances of vessels, of the exports 
and imports, and of the revenues and re¬ 
sources of the country, clearly establish 
the United States as pre-eminently a com¬ 
mercial nation. 

The States composing the Union are gen¬ 
erally geographically divided into what are 
termed the New England or Eastern States , 
which consist of Maine, New Hampshire, 
Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
and Connecticut; the Middle States , con¬ 
sisting of New York, New Jersey, Penn¬ 
sylvania, and Delaware ; Southern States , 
Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Flori¬ 
da, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and 
Texas; Western States, Ohio, Michigan, 
Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, 
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, 
Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada; Pacific States , 
Oregon and California. The Territories 
are also included under the general term 
United States, and consist of Arizona, 
Colorado, Dakota, Idaho, Montana, New 
Mexico, Utah, Washington, and Wyom¬ 
ing- 

The following table contains a list of all 
the Customs Collection Districts of the 
United States, exhibiting also the number 
of 


Merchant vessels and amount of tonnage belonging within the several districts and 'ports 
of the United States on the 30 th of June, 1870, geographically classified .* 


Customs Districts. 


ATLANTIC AND GULF 
COASTS. 

Bangor, Me. 

Bath, Me. 

Belfast, Me. 

Castine, Me. 

Frenchman’s Bay, Me. 

Kennebunk, Me. 

Machias, Me. 

Passamaquoddy, Me. 

Portland and Falmouth, Me.. 

Saco, Me. 

Waldoboro, Me. 

Wiscasset, Me. 

York, Me. 


Sailing Vessels. 

Steam Vessels. 

Unrigged Ves¬ 
sels. 

Total. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

237 

38,338 

131,223 

67,051 

23,762 

15,872 

4,053 

22,178 

20,127 

76,040 

3,048 

86,862 

9,597 

6 

688 



243 

39,026 
135,403 
67,154 
23,762 
15.893 
4,053 
22.312 
23,698 
84,601 
3,324 
8(5,862 
9,597 
608 

245 

10 

4,179 

103 



255 

355 

1 



356 

376 




376 

281 

1 

21 



282 

38 




38 

200 

2 

133 



202 

172 

6 

3,571 

8,560 

276 



178 

344 

18 



362 

17 

2 



19 

537 



537 

155 





155 

15 

608 





15 





2,972 

498,764 

46 

17,535 



3,018 

516,299 

— 



* The omission of the fractional parts of the ton in the extension columns of these tables causes a 
slight but immaterial discrepancy with the total footings, in which these fractions are included. 






































































UNITED STATES, 


553 


Customs Districts. 


Portsmouth, N. H 


Barnstable, Mass. 

Boston and Charlestown, 

Mass. 

Edgartown, Mass. 

Pall River, Mass. 

Gloucester, Mass. 

Marblehead, Mass. 

Nantucket, Mass. 

New Bedford, Mass. 

Newburyport, Mass. 

Plymouth, Mass. 

Salem and Beverly, Mass. 


Bristol, R. I. 

Newport, R. I... 
Providence, R. I 


Fairfield, Conn.... 
Middletown, Conn. 
New Haven, Conn. 
New London, Conn 
Stonington, Conn.. 


New York, N. Y.. 
Sag Harbor, N. Y. 


Bridgetown, N. J. 

Burlington, N. J. 

Great Egg Harbor, N. J, 
Little Egg Harbor, N. J. 

Newark, N. J. 

Perth Amboy, N. J. 


Philadelphia, Pa. 


Delaware, Del 


Annapolis, Md. 

Baltimore, Md. 

Eastern District, M 1 


Georgetown, D. C. 


Alexandria, Ya. 

Cherrystone, Ya. 

Norfolk and Portsm’th, Va... 

Petersburg, Ya. 

Richmond, Va. 


Sailing Vessels. 

Steam Vessels. 

Unrigged Ves¬ 
sels. 

Total. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

71 

19,624 

5 

459 



76 

20,084 

621 

49,839 

1 

266 



622 

50,106 

817 

259.804 

63 

22,020 



880 

2S1.825 

28 

3,751 




28 

2 751 

108 

11,338 

10 

2,069 



118 

13408 

560 

28,547 

1 

13 



561 

28 560 

63 

2,857 





63 

2 857 

25 

2,394 





25 

2 ’£94 

28 8 

59,641 

6 

1,646 



294 

61 287 

79 

13,303 

1 

' 15 



80 

13 319 

119 

5,278 





119 

5 278 

87 

7,993 





87 

7,993 

2,795 

444,750 

82 

36,033 



2,877 

470,784 

22 

2,072 





22 

2 072 

80 

5; 247 

11 

16,789 



91 

22 037 

70 

9,795 

31 

10,502 



91 

20/297 

172 

17,115 

32 

27,292 



204 

44,407 

148 

8,712 

8 

1,925 

6 

746 

162 

11,385 

119 

11,276 

18 

6,523 

1 

23 

138 

17,822 

131 

15,423 

10 

4,286 

4 

559 

145 

20,269 

103 

11,198 

15 

10,621 



178 

21,819 

109 

9,715 

8 

6,616 



117 

16; 334 

670 

56,327 

59 

29,974 

11 

1,329 

740 

87,631 

2,460 

473,451 

655 

311,890 

1,487 

183,586 

4,602 

968,928 

171 

8,535 

2 

207 



173 

8,743 

2,631 

481,986 

657 

312,098 

1,487 

183,5S6 

4,775 

977,672 

266 

14,225 

4 

1,039 

1 

123 

271 

15,389 

42 

3,037 

14 

2,770 

55 

5,727 

111 

11,535 

128 

12,448 





128 

12,448 

61 

6,563 





61 

6,563 

64 

3,076 

28 

2,865 

20 

2,504 

112 

8; 446 

205 

9,498 

37 

14,472 

27 

6,357 

269 

£0,328 

766 

48,849 

83 

21,148 

103 

14,713 

952 

84,711 

829 

101,436 

245 

50,637 

1,390 

137,995 

2,464 

290,069 

130 

8,509 

16 

4,567 

11 

983 

157 

14,060 

63 

1.694 

2 

81 

1 

20 

66 

1,796 

850 

47,637 

103 

38,970 

274 

16,487 

1,227 

103,094 

527 

14,277 





527 

14,277 

1,440 

63,609 

105 

39,051 

275 

16,507 

1,820 

119,168 

75 

1,960 

23 

4,509 

300 

18,290 

398 

24,760 

86 

1,864 

11 

521 

1 

53 

98 

2,439 

250 

4 532 

1 

21 



251 

4,554 

316 

5.232 

33 

3,140 

14 

1,118 

303 

9,490 

3 

66 

1 

10 



4 

75 

3 

122 

11 

361 

i4 

l,04i 

28 

1,526 

















































































































































































































































































554 


UNITED STATES, 


Customs Districts. 

Sailing Vessels. 

Steam Vessels. 

Unrigged Ves¬ 
sels. 

Total. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 


28 

630 





28 

630 


105 

2,330 





105 

2,330 









791 

14,778 

57 

4,055 

29 

2.213 

877 

21,046 

Albemarle, N. C . 

45 

714 

7 

526 

6 

209 

58 

1,450 


69 

902 





69 

902 


98 

1.830 

1 

120 



99 

1,950 


19 

493 

16 

1,361 



35 

lj855 









231 

3,940 

24 

2,007 

6 

209 

261 

6,157 


5 

67 





5 

67 


133 

2,415 

18 

3,038 



151 

5,454 


6 

553 

4 

’220 



10 

773 











144 

3,036 

22 

3,258 



166 

6,294 


4 

476 





4 

476 


18 

4,810 





18 

4 810 

Savannah } fl-a t T . t 

22 

'454 

23 

3,979 



45 

4,433 









44 

5,742 

23 

3,979 



67 

9,721 

Apalanhinnla, "FI a , 

13 

222 

7 

1,586 



20 

1 809 

ppmanriina Fla, , 

2 

26 




2 

26 

ICc*y Fla. 

93 

1,684 





93 

1 684 

Pensacola, Fla. 

52 

1,330 

8 

948 



60 

2,278 

St. Angnwtinfi, Fla 

3 

46 





3 

46 

St. John’s, Fla. 

7 

88 

13 

1,516 



20 

1 604 

St. Afark’s, Fla. 

14 

107 




14 

107 










184 

3,506 

28 

4,051 



212 

7,558 

Mobile, Ala. 

71 

1,602 

51 

13,887 

94 

4,259 

216 

19,748 

Pearl River, Miss. 

20 

382 



2 

68 

22 

451 

New Orleans, La. 

400 

14,252 

170 

41,788 

13 

835 

583 

56,875 

Teche, La. 

9 

85 

12 




21 

’952 






. 


409 

14,337 

182 

42,655 

13 

835 

604 

57,828 

Brazos de Santiago, Tex.... 

6 

101 

4 

1,254 



10 

1 356 

Corpus Christi, Tex. 

16 

259 

1 

176 



17 

436 

Saluria. 

35 

621 





35 

Texas, Tex. 

143 

2,624 

33 

4,6S9 

12 

1,274 

188 

8,588 


200 

3,607 

38 

6,121 

12 

6,274 

250 

11,002 

WESTERN RIVERS. 

Alton, Ill. 



2 

688 



O 

AQQ 

Burlington, Iowa. 



9 

809 



9 

Ooo 

QftQ 

Cairo, “ill.;. 



17 

2.569 



17 

A 40 


Cincinnati, Ohio 



95 

39 996 

348 

QQ 

*)OJ 

73,569 

Dubuque, Iowa 



13 

1 409 


OO, O i 

3,194 

(l i 

Fvansville, Tnd 



36 

6 783 

3 

QQ 

4, G03 

Galena, Ill. 



37 

8,441 

78 

4UO 

8,770 

OiJ 

115 

7,189 

17,212 

Keokuk, Iowa. 



8 

802 



8 

'802 

Louisville, Ky. 



35 

7 771 

4 

O KOK 

Memphis, Tenn.. ; . 



40 

10,306 


<v^ OoO 

OiJ 

40 

lUjoUb 

10,306 

Minnesota, Minn. 



56 

11 386 

73 

8,534 

Nashville, Tenn. 



17 

3’382 

17 


Natchez, Miss. 



2 

75 



9 

0 , 00.4 

Paducah, Ky. 



9 

2,825 



9 

90 i 

iD 

2,825 

Pittsburg, Pa. 



137 

35 140 

197 


Quincy, ill. 



12 

1,248 

14 

778 

oo4 

26 

71 416 
2,026 

St. Louis, Mo. 



142 

62 891 

61 

24,215 


Vicksburg , Miss. 



11 

1,696 

4Uo 

11 

87,107 

Wheeling, W. Va. 



47 

7,964 

14 

2,004 

61 

l,om> 

9,968 




725 

206.189 

843 

120,288 

, 1,568 

326.478 














































































































































































































































































UNITED STATES, 


555 


Customs Districts. 

Sailing Vessels. 

Steam Vessels. 

Unrigged Ves¬ 
sels. 

Total. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

NORTHERN LAKES. 









Buffalo, N. Y. 

107 

34,682 

112 

51,611 

474 

53,761 

693 

140,055 

Cape Vincent, N. Y. 

28 

3,710 

1 

17 



29 

3,728 

Champlain, N. Y. 

132 

8’472 

12 

1,499 

628 

40,107 

772 

50.079 

Chicago, Ill. 

333 

62,722 

81 

8,144 

230 

23,350 

644 

94,216 

Cuyahoga, Ohio. 

156 

33,371 

49 

11,185 

200 

9.916 

405 

54,473 

Detroit. Mich. 

192 

29,053 

113 

35,757 

40 

9,850 

345 

74,660 

Dunkirk, N. Y. 

3 

573 

1 

5 

2 

230 

6 

809 

Erie, Pa. 

23 

4,305 

10 

700 

235 

8,283 

268 

13,290 

Genesee, N. Y. 

12 

1,752 

2 

66 

217 

26,817 

231 

28,637 

Huron, Mich. 

62 

7,319 

65 

7,173 

102 

13,369 

229 

27,862 

Miami, Ohio. 

26 

5,524 

19 

557 

184 

9,865 

229 

15,946 

Michigan, Mich. 

86 

5,633 

64 

3,294 

8 

1,746 

158 

10,674 

Milwaukee, Wis. 

205 

25,149 

37 

13,085 

1 

258 

243 

38,493 

Niagara, N. Y. 

5 

1,267 



22 

2,289 

27 

3 557 

Oswegatchie, N. Y. 

11 

l’778 

7 

254 

8 

512 

26 

2,545 

Oswego, N. Y... 

78 

17,140 

16 

672 

792 

8-1,410 

886 

102,224 

Sandusky, Ohio. 

67 

8,755 

20 

2,445 

1 

136 

88 

11.337 

Superior, Mich. 

7 

416 

25 

1,450 

3 

135 

35 

2,002 

Vermont, Vt. 

15 

823 

7 

4,552 

7 

493 

29 

5,869 


1,548 

252,453 

641 

142,474 

3,154 

285,535 

5,343 

680,463 

PACIFIC COAST. 









Oregon, Oregon.. 

24 

1,609 

42 

8,537 

2 

94 

68 

10,240 

Puget Sound, Wash. Ter... 

62 

13,388 

19 

2,015 

8 

140 

89 

15,544 

San Francisco, Cal. 

710 

73,576 

135 

42,360 

62 

7,478 

907 

123,415 


796 

88,573 

196 

52,913 

72 

7,713 

1,064 

149,200 

Alaska. 

6 

372 

1 

175 



7 

547 











802 

88,946 

197 

53,088 



1,071 

149.748 


RECAPITULATION. Vessels. Tons. 

Sailing vessels. 16,995 2,135,261 

Steam vessels. 3,341 1,015,075 

Unrigged vessels. 7,802 795,805 


Total. 


28,138 3,946,149 


SUMMARY BY STATES. 

Atlantic and Gulf coasts :— 

Maine.. 

New Hampshire. 

Massachusetts. 

Rhode Island... 

Connecticut... 

New York. 

New Jersey. 

Pennsylvania. 

Delaware... 

Maryland. 

District of Columbia. 

Virginia.. 

North Carolina. 

South Carolina. 

Georgia. 

Florida. 

Alabama. 

Mississippi... 


Vessels. 

Tons. 

3,018 

516,299 

' 76 

20,084 

2,877 

470,784 

204 

44,407 

740 

87,631 

4,775 

976,672 

952 

84,711 

2,464 

290,069 

157 

14.069 

1,820 

119,168 

398 

24,769 

877 

21,049 

261 

6,157 

166 

6,291 

67 

9,721 

212 

7,558 

216 

19,748 

22 

451 














































































































556 


UNITED STATES. 


Louisiana. 604 

Texas... 250 

Western rivers. 1,568 

Northern lakes. 5,343 

Pacific coast. 1,071 


57,828 

11,002 

326,478 

680,463 

149,748 


Total. 28,138 3,946,149 


The revenues of the United States are 
derived from the sales of Public Lands, 
from Internal Revenue Taxes, and from 
Duties on Imported Merchandise. The 
large grants of lands made by the Govern¬ 
ment to aid in the construction of Western 
railroads will probably limit the first- 
named source of revenue, for some years 
to come, to something under $10,000,- 
000; some years, perhaps, to even less 
than half that amount. 

The second source of revenue, which is 
borne by commerce in common with man¬ 
ufactures and other subjects of taxation, 
is subject to the annual action of Con¬ 
gress ; and while the total amount col¬ 
lected may not be materially lessened till 
the debt of the country is sensibly re¬ 
duced, the number of articles, or subjects 
of taxation, are likely to become fewer 
each year. The gross revenue of the 
United States derived from the Internal 
Revenue Act of July 1,1862, for the years 


Penalties. 828,000 

Adhesive Stamps. 16,500,000 

The third source of revenne is borne ex¬ 
clusively by commerce, and is collected in 
gold. It also is subject to the action of 
Congress, and the rates of duty are changed 
from time to time, in order to adjust the 
revenue to the wants of the Government. 
The following table shows the amount of 
revenue derived from this source from the 
year 1791 to the year 1871 inclusive :— 

1791.. . $4,399,000 1832... 28,465,000 

1792.. . ‘ - 


1863. 

. $37,640,000 

1804.. 

. 11,098.000 

1845.. 

1864. 

. 109,741,000 

1805.. 

. 12,936,000 

1846.. 

1865. 

. 209,464,000 

1806.. 

. 14,667,000 

1847... 

1866. 

. 309,226,000 

1807.. 

. 15,845,000 

1848.. 

1867. 

. 266,027,000 

1808.. 

. 16,363,000 

1849... 

1868. 

. 191,087,000 

1809.. 

. 7,257,000 

1850... 

1869. 

. 158,356,000 

1810.. 

. 8,583,000 

1851... 

1870. 

. 184,899,000 

1811.. 

. 13,312,000 

1852... 

1871. 

, 144,000,000 

1812.. 

. 8,958,000 

1853.. 

The following is a statement showing 

1813.. 

. 13,224,000 

1854... 

the receipts from the general sources of 

1814.. 

. 5,998,000 

1855.. 

revenue under the above act for one year, 

1815.. 

. 7,282,000 

1856... 

the year ending June 30 

, 1870: - 

1816.. 

. 36,306,000 

1857... 

Spirits. 

. $55,581,000 

1817.. 

. 26,283,000 

1858.. 

Tobacco. 

. 31,350,000 

1818.. 

. 17,176,000 

1859... 

Fermented Liquors.... 

. 6,319,000 

1819.. 

. 20,283,000 

I860.. 

Banks and Bankers. 

. 4.420,000 

1820.. 

15,005,000 

1861... 

Gross Receipts. 

. 6,895,000 

1821.. 

. 13,004,000 

1862... 

Sales. 

. 8,337,000 

1822.. 

. 17,589,000 

1863.. 

Special Taxes. 


1823.. 

. 19,088,000 

1864.. 

Income. 

. 37,776,000 

1824.. 

. 17,878,000 

1865.. 

Legacies. 

. 1,672,000 

1825.. 

20,098,000 

1866.. 

Successions. 

. 1,419,000 

1826.. 

23,341,000 

1867... 

Articles in Schedule A.. 

. 907,000 

1827.. 

. 19,712^000 

1868... 

Passports. 


1828.. 

23,205,000 

1869.. 

Gas. 

. 2,313,000 

1829.. 

22,681,000 

1870... 

Sources not elsewhere 

enu- 

1830.. 

21,922,000 

1871... 

merated. 


1831.. 

24,224,000 



1793.. . 

1794.. . 

1795.. . 

1796.. . 

1797.. . 

1798.. . 

1799.. . 

1800.. . 
1801... 
1802... 
1803... 


3,434,000 1833. 
4,255,000 1834. 


29,032,000 

16,214,000 


4,801,000 1835... 19,391,000 
5,588,000 1836... 23,409,000 
6,567,000 1837... 11,169,000 
7,549,000 1838... 16,158,000 
7,106,000 1839... 23,137,000 
6,610,000 1840. 

1841. 


9,080,000 
10,750,000 1842... 
12,438,000 1843... 


13,499,000 

14,487,000 

18,187,000 

7,046,000 

26,183,000 

27,528,000 

26,712,000 

23,747,000 

31,757,000 

28,346,000 

39,668,000 

49,017,000 

47,339,000 

58,931,000 

64,224,000 

53,025,000 

64,022,000 

63,875,000 

41,789,000 

49,565,000 

53,187,000 

39,582,000 

49,056,000 

69,059,000 

102,316,000 

84,928,000 

179,046,000 










































UNITED STATES. 


557 


The foreign commerce of the United 
States, its nature and its extent, is further 
illustrated by the following table, which 
exhibits, in detail, the principal articles 
imported into the United States for one 
year (the year ending June 31,1871); the 


Foreign Value thereof; and the amount 
of Duties collected on each of the several 
classes of imports. This table differs from 
the one under the head of Imports, notably 
in having the amount of Duties in juxta¬ 
position with the several articles imported. 


Articles. Value. 

Animals, living. $5,287,669 12 

Articles worn by men, women, and children, of 
whatever material, made up in whole or part by 

hand, not otherwise specified. 249,519 00 

Beer, ale, and porter. 1,154,254 98 

Books, etc., printed and blank. 1,706,304 71 

Brass, and manufactures of . 54,384 17 

Bricks and tiles. 76,866 59 

Bristles. 721,518 00 

Brushes. 222,188 09 

Butter. 1,091,374 87 

Buttons and button-moulds. 1,299,895 75 

Candles and tapers, all kinds. 5,891 65 

Chalk of all kinds. 18,367 00 

Cheese. 376,395 37 

Chemicals, dyes, drugs, and medicines. 12,979,661 85 

Chiccory, root and ground. 70,495 00 

Chocolate, cocoa, etc. 346,210 86 

Clay and fullers’ earth. 106,527 00 

Clocks, watches, and watch materials. 3,457,261 21 

Coal and culm of coal. 1,144,538 34 

Coffee. 29,428,698 27 

Copper, and manufactures of. 765,186 27 

Cork, and manufactures of. 237,549 52 

Cotton, manufactures of. 26,587,994 91 

Diamonds, gems, etc. 2,351,963 25 

Earthenware and china. 4,632,355 21 

Embroideries of cotton, silk, and wool, not other¬ 
wise specified. 2,565,914 00 

Fancy articles, perfumery, etc. 3,798,816 97 

Fire-crackers and fireworks. 170,264 25 

Fish of all kinds. 2,066,832 70 

Flax, and manufactures of (linens, etc.). 19,235,959 55 

Fruits of all kinds. 6,872,741 36 

Furs, and manufactures of. 2,194,462 58 

Ginger-root, ground and preserved. 171,182 51 

Glass, and manufactures of. 4,450,724 68 

Gold and silver, manufactures of, etc., etc. 223,277 07 

Gums, arabic, copal, mastic, myrrh, shellac, etc., 

etc. 422,833 06 

Gutta-percha, crude, and manufactures of. 16,173 00 

Hair of the alpaca goat, etc., and manufactures of. 34,559 70 

Hair, and manufactures of (hair-cloth, etc.). 533,942 73 

Hair, human, and manufactures of. 535,352 00 

Hats and bonnets of hair, straw, chip, etc. 658,380 58 

Hemp, and manufactures of. 3,013,364 43 

Hides and skins. 13,431,781 27 

Honey. 53,119 91 

Hops. 12,611 00 

India-rubber, and manufactures of. 2,044,936 95 

Instruments, mathematical, philosophical, etc.... 15,519 00 

Ink and ink powders. 35,823 21 


Duty. 

$1,165,533 83 


87,331 65 
434,321 63 
426,576 20 
10,889 43 
16,088 97 
87,214 28 
88,875 23 
193,720 50 
389,968 73 
1,088 94 
37,487 00 
100,530 07 
4,640,055 94 
116,120 82 
74,583 10 
54,917 04 
804,840 71 
543,257 88 
10,969,098 77 
331,703 68 
100,180 49 
10,773,832 48 
235,234 73 
1,915,109 81 

898,069 90 
1,718,583 09 
106,929 80 
660,225 34 
6,475,953 72 
3,428,097 72 
434,972 72 
79,411 70 
2,472,412 50 
77,082 44 

221,102 41 
5,109 90 
25,003 13 
131,202 58 
149,608 00 
253,352 24 
1,717,009 47 
1,343,178 14 
17,071 50 
5,044 20 
361,365 31 
3,521 20 
30,038 12 

















































558 


UNITED STATES. 


Iron, and manufactures of. 

Steel, and manufactures of. 

Ivory, and manufactures of. 

Jet and jewelry, real and imitation. 

Lead, and manufactures of. 

Leather, and manufactures of. 

Macaroni and vermicelli. 

Marble, granite, stone, and manufactures of. 

Mats, cocoa, coir, dunnage, etc., and matting. 

Meats, eggs, game, poultry, etc. 

Metals, bronze, nickel, etc., and manufactures of, 

not elsewhere specified. 

Mineral waters... 

Music, printed, bound or unbound. 

Musical instruments and music strings. 

Nuts, almonds, cocoa, filberts, walnuts, etc., etc.. 

Oil-cloths for floors. 

Oils, fixed or expressed— 

Castor. 

Flaxseed or linseed.. 

Neats-foot and other animal. 

Olive, in casks. 

Olive, in bottles. 

Palm and cocoanut. 

Seal and whale. 

All other fixed oils. 

Total. 

Oils, volatile or essential— 

Anise. 

Bergamot. 

Citronella. 

Orange and lemon. 

Roses, otto of. 

All other essential oils. 

Total. 

Olives. 

Paintings, statuary, etc., not by American artists. 

Photographs. 

Paints and colors— 

White lead. 

Red lead.... 

Ultramarine blue. 

Vermilion. 

All other paints and colors. 

Total. 

Paper, and manufactures of. 

Pens, penholders, pencils, crayons, etc. 

Pickles, sauces, catsup, etc. 

Pins, all metallic. 

Plumbago or black lead. 

Potatoes. 

Rice and paddy. 

Salt in bulk and bags, cake, etc. 

Seeds, plants, trees, shrubs, etc., etc.— 

Canary. 

Cardamom. 

Castor. 


$31,852,034 88 
11,404,084 85 
174,942 00 
1,322,266 67 
3,837,363 93 
10,552,155 34 
80,478 80 
764,323 10 
564,239 85 
1,128,395 84 

240,575 85 
34,918 13 
47,547 00 
842,507 93 
1,196,779 44 
63,406 55 

20,240 49 
24,814 49 
20,155 00 
111,453 00 
257,868 08 
87,288 40 
183,751 38 
115,479 66 


$821,050 50 

16,355 00 
93,260 00 
13,535 00 
144,505 00 
46,242 00 
132,415 41 


$446,212 41 
32,458 58 
767,160 06 
43,006 25 

483,392 31 
78,410 75 
115,816 00 
43,935 11 
597,276 84 


$1,318,831 10 
1,895,150 35 
237,850 47 
431,634 39 
60,912 00 
139,954 00 
225,972 48 
1,449,198 50 
1,158,208 56 

56,952 00 
13,932 00 
44,393 00 


$13,766,121 32 
4,892,562 63 
20,379 70 
374,742 03 
1,870,609 54 
3,839,679 50 
28,167 59 
396,964 06 
162,632 36 
240,612 77 

68,411 85 
22,934 88 
9,509 40 
253,311 55 
592,170 63 
27,840 31 

29,313 62 
14,122 57 
4,031 00 
34,763 13 
142,475 75 
8,728 84 
26,882 45 
38,776 46 


$299,093 82 

5,237 50 
30,591 58 
9,100 85 
33.809 38 
15,219 38 
82,403 23 


$176,361 92 
9,737 57 
76,716 01 
8,601 25 

250,135 26 
38,868 48 
33,292 32 
10,983 78 
233,034 75 


$566,364 59 
544,228 04 
133,300 86 
151,385 80 
21,319 20 
26,564 75 
107,985 00 
1,262,719 62 
1,176,587 37 

37,776 24 
2,778 50 
22,111 80 



























































UNITED STATES. 


Flaxseed or linseed. $5,977,925 30 

Garden, agricultural, etc. 563,536 38 

All other kinds of seeds, etc. 159,332 75 


Total . $6,818,121 93 

Silk, and manufactures of— 

Velvets. 1,424,123 00 

Ribbons. 6,979,527 50 

Dress and piece goods. 13,235,849 60 

Laces, braids, fringes, galloons, etc. 2,281,239 25 

All other manufactures of. 7,147,512 67 


Total. $31,068,252 02 

Slate, and manufactures of. 133,865 00 

Soap, common, Castile, and toilet. 299,560 84 

Spices— 

Cassia. 291,972 26 

Cloves. 64,547 25 

Mustard. 114,535 74 

Nutmegs. 390,175 10 

Pepper, black and white. 484,635 68 

Pimento. 55,288 87 

Vanilla beans. 113,212 00 

All other spices. 102,100 12 


Total. $1,616,467 02 

Spirits and wines— 

Brandy. 1,261,343 42 

Spirits from grain and other materials. 615,292 85 

Cordials, liqueurs, arrack, etc. 58,897 96 

Wines of all kinds. 5,876,613 14 

Spirituous compounds. 19,125 59 


Total. $7,831,272 96 

Straw, manufactures of. 1,360,323 14 

Sponges. 113,127 00 

Starch, of com, potatoes, or rice. 2,555 46 

Sugar, etc.— 

Sugar of all kinds. 58,382,938 21 

Confectionery. 11,735 06 

Syrup of cane-juice or melado. 2,454,696 40 

Molasses from sugar-cane. 10,953,029 02 


Total. $70,802,398 69 

Tea. 14,284,488 67 

Tin, and manufactures of tin. 12,528,612 76 

Tobacco, and manufactures of— 

Leaf, manufactured, stems, and snuff. 2,784,155 74 

Cigars... 2,422,552 94 


Total. $5,206,708 68 

Umbrellas, parasols, etc. (not of silk). 94,276 50 

Varnish. 72,265 56 

Vegetables, yams, etc., raw and prepared. 584,611 22 

Vinegar. 54,855 06 

Wax, and manufactures of. 10,870 76 

Wheat, grain, flour, meal, etc.— 

Wheat ..!. 245,753 79 

meat flour. 157,805 28 

Rye. 45,143 75 


559 

$724,420 40 
169,006 41 
64,675 73 


$1,020,769 08 

854,473 80 
4,187,716 50 
7,941,509 77 
1,368,743 55 
3,613,376 23 


$17,965,819 85 
49,671 80 
147,434 12 

222,330 25 
104,197 45 
80,508 27 
266,415 00 
596,020 65 
111,073 20 
44,292 00 
97,574 53 


$1,522,411 35 

1,793,276 85 
2,042,029 06 
88,629 90 
4,478,973 91 
29,168 55 


$8,432,078 37 
408,018 68 
22,625 40 
1,339 14 

29,690,521 58 
7,160 38 
1,060,975 75 
2,826,462 45 


$32,535,120 16 
8,322,994 67 
2,846,695 39 

2,342,954 11 
2,458,622 62 


$4,801,576 73 

47.138 25 
29,755 50 
38,768 33 
28,863 22 

3,157 53 

43,664 80 
31,561 06 

10.138 76 






























































560 


UNITED STATES. 


UNITED STATES MONEY. 


Barley. 

Oats. 

Indian com..., 
All other kinds 


$3,032,484 78 
290,982 90 
100,902 91 
911,823 73 


$721,479 80 
72,702 20 
10,553 48 
167,055 36 


Total. 

Willow or osier, and manufactures of. 

Wood, and manufactures of— 

Cabinet-ware, household furniture, etc. 

Boards, plank, and scantling. 

Rough timber. 

Other lumber. 

Fire-wood. 

All other. 

Total.*. 

Wool, and manufactures of wool, and worsted— 

Wool, raw of all kinds. 

Cloths. 

Shawls... 

Flannels. 

Blankets. 

Hats of wool. 

Hosiery . 

Shirts, drawers, and other knit goods. 

Balmorals. 

Yams. 

Dress goods. . . 

Clothing, ready-made, and articles of wear. 

Bunting. 

Carpets and carpeting. 

All other manufactures of, not otherwise speci¬ 
fied. 

Total. 

Zinc, and manufactures of. 

All other articles. 


$5,424,897 14 
245,507 75 

942,973 37 
6,555,192 03 
494,456 45 
316,057 64 
202,081 52 
297,096 85 


$8,807,857 86 

9,906,031 03 
9,187,365 28 
281,669 00 
7,120 49 
19,426 95 
131,280 00 
537,056 50 
21,729 00 
3,465 75 
284,792 90 
21,617,322 94 
2,249,600 00 
4,167 00 
4,931,621 90 

3,583,419 63 


$52,766,068 37 
943,964 68 
3,412,115 57 


$1,057,155 46 
83,930 97 

330,040 69 
1,311,038 41 
98,891 23 
63,211 53 
40,416 30 
56,623 87 


$1,900,222 08 

4,515,103 78 
6,430,226 41 
151,052 53 
5,074 65 
17,292 93 
81,007 57 
309,195 54 
12,559 27 
2,690 21 
231,873 55 
14,353,853 33 
1,208,568 22 
4,898 40 
3,320,097 31 

2,895,982 29 


$33,539,475 93 
348,667 20 
291,784 86 


Total. $459,597,057 86 $201,985,574 93 

Amount entered for direct consumption. 270,967,025 96 109,089,585 94 

Withdrawn from warehouse for consumption... 188,630,031 90 92,895,988 99 

Free of duty. 59,162,460 46 . 

Additional and discriminating duty. 461,098 39 


Aggregate total. 

From the commencement of the govern¬ 
ment, the United States took a very prom¬ 
inent position as a commercial nation. Its 
immense line of sea-coast, its numerous 
and splendid harbors, its skilled and hardy 
seamen trained to sea-life in the whale, cod, 
and other fisheries; the varied products of 
its soil, and its native mechanical ingenu¬ 
ity, all combined to furnish the proper ele¬ 
ments for foreign and domestic trade, and 
rendered commerce a natural and neces¬ 
sary adjunct in the development of the 
great agricultural and mineral resources of 
the country. The transition from sailing- 
vessels to steamships for the transportation 


. $518,759,518 32 $202,446,673 32 

of passengers and merchandise across the 
Atlantic, and five years’ privateering depre¬ 
dations on her merchant marine, has tem¬ 
porarily interrupted her supremacy on the 
ocean, but the carrying trade is not yield¬ 
ed. Under the stars and stripes the bulk 
of American products will again be con¬ 
veyed to foreign shores, and foreign goods 
will again be brought to American ports by 
American vessels. 

United States money. The mon¬ 
eys of account in the United States are, 
dollars, cents, and mills. One hundred 
and twenty-eight dollars and thirty-one 
cents and one half cent, in figures, is ex- 




















































UPPERS. 


561 


UNLADE. 

pressed thus, $128,31.5. See Coins, and 
Money. 

Unlade, to discharge or unload the 
cargo of a vessel, permits for which, in the 
case of vessels from foreign ports, should 
not be granted in advance of their ar¬ 
rival, and unlading at night is not per¬ 
mitted, except when absolutely necessary, 
and under a special permit. The act of 
Congress of July 18, 1866, enacts, that no 
goods, wares, or merchandise taken from 
any port or place in the United States, on 
the northern, northeastern or northwestern 
frontiers thereof, to a port or place in 
another collection district of the United 
States on said frontiers, in any ship or 
vessel, shall be unladen or delivered from 
such ship or vessel within the United 
States but in open day, that is to say, be¬ 
tween the rising and the setting of the 
sun, except by special license from the col¬ 
lector or other principal officers of the port. 

Unlimited credit. Importers, auc¬ 
tioneers, and large wholesale merchants 
usually give to their respective customers 
a certain line of credit, beyond which they 
are unwilling to sell. Thus, to A they will 
sell to amount of $5,000, to B $10,000, 
and so on. But the standing, and known 
or reputed wealth of some houses are 
such, that to them no line or limit is 
fixed, and these merchants have unlim¬ 
ited credit. 

Unload, to discharge a load or cargo 
from a car or vessel. 

Unmanufactured, articles unfit¬ 
ted, or only partially prepared, for their 
ultimate uses ; crude or raw articles; ar¬ 
ticles which have to undergo further pro¬ 
cesses of manufacture before they can be 
used,—in contradistinction to manufac¬ 
tured, which implies an article ready for 
use without further labor being bestowed 
upon it. 

Unmerclaantable, goods, wares, or 
merchandise which are damaged, or un¬ 
sound, or offered in too large a bulk, or in 
too small a quantity, or unfinished, or un¬ 
fashionable, or out of date—as having been 
superseded by some other article; or, as 
Wanting in some of its parts, or unripe, or 
too ripe, or too light, or too heavy, etc., etc. 

Unpack, to take goods from their 
wrappings or cases; to unbale. 

Unrigged vessels, vessels without 
rigging or propelling power—as canal- 
boats, barges, etc. ; ships or vessels di¬ 
vested of their rigging, sails, ropes, etc., 
leaving the bare masts and only such stays 
as are necessary for their support. 

36 


Unseawortliy, a vessel not in a fit 
state to encounter the ordinary perils of a 
sea voyage. 

Unsound, merchandise the commer¬ 
cial value of which is impaired—as, meat 
by incipient putrefaction, or wine which 
has acquired a vinegar acid. 

S p, denoting a higher price—as, cot¬ 
ton is up, thereby meaning that the price 
of cotton has advanced. 

B pward tendency, advancing in 
price, or indications favorable for an ad¬ 
vance. 

Upholstery goods, silk, worsted, 
and cotton goods, and Nottingham and 
other laces for window-curtains; reps of 
silk and worsted, and other kinds of heavy 
goods for coverings for chairs, sofas, etc.; 
metallic and other kinds of fittings, fix¬ 
tures, and ornaments for furniture; bed¬ 
room furniture, etc., etc. The materials em¬ 
ployed in the manufacture of upholstery 
goods exhibited at the great Paris Expo¬ 
sition were reported thus: Silk brocades 
were made of organzine yam from France 
and Italy, and weft from China and Ja¬ 
pan ; reps and table-covers of the best 
quality were made of French wool and 
Swiss floss silk; Utrecht velvet of goats’ 
hair, spun in England ; hair-cloth of 
Buenos Ayres horse-hair for the best kinds, 
and French for the inferior ; woollen dam¬ 
asks of wool from the north of France; 
mixed goods of cotton and silk, cotton and 
wool, and silk and wool, derived from vari¬ 
ous sources, and manufactured largely in 
Alsace and Rouen; tapestry of unmixed 
English wool ; the embroidered cotton 
fabtics, figured muslins for curtains, cali¬ 
coes and chintzes, ticking, carpeting, etc., 
from various sources, but chiefly French. 
The figured upholstery fabrics are mostly 
woven in France by the Jacquard loom; 
the plain fabrics both by power and hand- 
loom ; the embroidery and tapestry by 
hand. The French manufacturers and the 
Parisian upholsterers bear the expense in 
common, sometimes incurring considerable 
loss, on the introduction of new patterns. 

Upper-leather, leather made from 
light cow-hides and blackened on the flesh 
side, suitable for uppers in the shoe-trade, 
but used also by saddlers, harness-makers, 
etc. 

Uppers, the vamps and quarters of 
boots and shoes, as sold at the finding- 
stores to shoemakers. They are of upper- 
leather, calf-skin, goat-skin, or any other 
suitable leather, and may be of lasting or 
other shoe-fabric. 





562 


URADO. 


UTRECHT VELVET. 


Urado, a kind of rock-salt met with 
in Colombia. 

Uranium, a rare metal of a reddish- 
brown color, without lustre, and but of 
little use in the arts. 

Uraiiiiiin-ycllo w, an oxide of ura¬ 
nium (prepared from an acid solution of 
pitchblende), used for coloring glass, to 
which it imparts a sea-green color; used 
by the Turks for mouthpieces to pipes; 
used also in porcelain painting, and in 
some of the processes of photography. 

Urao, a name in Colombia for natron; 
the native soda from South America and 
Mexico. 

Ur kail, the commercial name in Arabia 
for henna. 

Urlings’-lace, a low-priced substi¬ 
tute for pillow or thread lace. 

Usage, usages of trade not contrary to 
law, which are generally known,—which 
are certain, uniform, and reasonable,—af¬ 
ford ground upon which a proper construc¬ 
tion may be given to contracts. When a 
peculiar meaning has been stamped upon 
the words by the usage of a particular 
trade, or place in which the contract oc¬ 
curs, such technical or peculiar meaning 
will prevail. 

Usance, the time which by usage or 
custom is allowed in certain countries for 
the payment of a bill of exchange. It 
may be one, two, or three months after 
the date of the bill; and it may be one 
usance or double, or treble, or half usance. 
The usance between London and Paris is 
one calendar month. A bill drawn at 
London on Paris at one usance on January 
2 is payable at Paris on February 5—al¬ 
lowing three days of grace. The usance 
of bills drawn on London from France, 
Holland, and Germany, is thirty days date ; 
from Spain and Portugal sixty days; 
and from Italy, three months date. Bills 
drawn in the United States always specify 
the exact time at which they are payable, 
and in London also this is the custom. In¬ 
deed, the practice of drawing bills at 
usance is wearing away in all commercial 
cities, and is likely soon to be entirely dis¬ 
continued. 


Usquebaugh, a strong compound 
cordial distilled from cinnamon, coriander, 
nutmeg, mint, rosemary, liquorice, and 
other such like ingredients, made at Drogh¬ 
eda, in Ireland. The word is Irish, and 
means mad-water, originally and appro¬ 
priately applied to the spirituous liquors 
distilled from malt, and now known as 
whiskey—a term corrupted from usque¬ 
baugh. 

Usurious contract, an agreement 
by which the debtor requires the borrower 
of a sum of money to pay the full amount 
of the money borrowed and a greater inter¬ 
est for its use than that fixed by law. 

Usury, the taking of more than legal 
interest for the use of money. The law in 
relation to usury and the penalties for its 
violation are different in different States, 
hardly any two of them being precisely 
the same. But in order to establish usury 
in any State there must be a usurious in¬ 
tention. Many devices are resorted to for 
the purpose of concealing usury, and it is 
often very difficult to establish the of¬ 
fence. It is a common practice, for in¬ 
stance, for one who discounts a note to do 
it nominally at legal rates, but to furnish a 
part of the amount in goods at a high valu¬ 
ation. But this is a suspicious circum¬ 
stance, and if left to a jury may not always 
shield the usurer. A very large money¬ 
lender in New York, who kept a very small 
dry-goods store in Pearl street, always, and 
for a great many years, loaned his money 
at the legal rates of interest; but it was 
universally understood that the yard-stick 
as well as the check-book was brought in¬ 
to requisition in making up the amount of 
the loan. Public sentiment seems to be 
divided on the question of usury laws. 
Efforts are constantly making to have the 
law changed so that parties may make any 
bargain for the use of money which suits 
them, and the law to say what is legal in¬ 
terest only in cases where no rate is ex¬ 
pressed in the bargain. 

utrecllt velvet, the name given tc 
a kind of velvet made of goats’ hair, 
used for decorations, upholstery, carriage- 
linings, etc. 




563 


SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


V. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Valerian 

Valeriane 

Baldrian 

Valerian 

Valeriana 

Valeriana [nas 

Valonia 

Avelandes 

Ackerdoppen 

Eikeldoppen 

Vallonea 

Agallas levanti- 

Value 

Valeur 

Valuta 

Waarde 

Valuta 

Valor 

Vanilla 

Vanille 

Vanille 

Vanille 

Vaniglia 

Vainilla 

Varnish 

Vemis 

Fimisz 

Vemis 

Vernice 

Barniz 

Vases 

Vases 

Vasen 

Vaas 

Vasi 

Vasos 

Vat 

Cuve 

Fasz; kufe 

Vat; kuip 

Tino 

Tina 

Vellum 

Velin 

Velin 

Perkament 

Pergamena 

Vitela 

Velvet 

Velours 

Sammet 

Fluweel 

V elluto 

Terciopelo 

Veneers 

Bois de placage 

Foumirholz 

Blaadje hout 

Intarfiatura 

Taracea 

Venice 

Venise 

Venedig 

Venetie 

Venezia 

Venecia 

Vermicelli 

Vermicelle 

Nndeln 

Vermicelli 

Vermicelli 

Fideos 

Vermilion 

Vermilion 

Zinnober 

Cinaber 

Vermiglione 

Bermellon 

Vessels 

Navires 

Schiffe 

Schip 

Nave 

Buques 

Vials 

Fioles 

Phiole; flasche 

Fleschje 

Boccia 

Ampolletas 

Vienna 

Vienne 

Wien 

Weenen 

Vienna 

Viena 

Vinegar 

Vinaigre 

Essig 

Azijn 

Aceto 

Vinagre 

Violins 

Violons 

Violine; geigen 

Viool 

Violini 

Violines 

Vitriol 

Vitriol [tives 

Vitriol [gen 

Vitriool 

Vetriolo 

Vitriolo 

Vouchers 

Pieces justifica- 

Documente; zeu- 

Getuige 

Sicurta 

Documentos com- 
probantes 


■\ 7 \ 


Vaam, a measure of length (the fath¬ 
om), at Belgium 6 feet, in Holland 6.178 
feet. 

Yakia, a weight in Bassora of 4j a 0 a 0 - 
lbs., and for spices lb. 

Val, a variable Indian weight for gold 
and silver; at Delhi, 5-p^u grains; for 
pearls, 8- t Vo grains. 

Valencia, a kind of woven fabric, the 
weft of wool and the warp of silk or cot¬ 
ton. 

Valenciennes lace, a very fine 
French point lace which has a six-sided 
mesh, formed by two threads partly twist¬ 
ed and plaited, the pattern being worked 
in the net. 

Valendar-clay, a potter’s clay ob¬ 
tained from the Duchy of Nassau. 

Valerian, the roots of the valeriana, 
a plant cultivated in Britain as a drug. 

Valonia, the commercial name for 
the acorn-cups of an Asiatic species of oak, 
which forms a very considerable article of 
export from the Morea and the Levant, 
where the trees which bear the acorns 
grow in great profusion. A large tree in 
a good season will produce as much valo¬ 


nia as is worth $10 or $12 on the spot, 
but, taking the trees on an average, they 
only yield about 50 or 60 lbs., worth, say, 
$3 or $4 per cwt. The cup only is what 
forms Valonia ; the acorn itself is not ex¬ 
ported. It is imported as a tanning sub¬ 
stance, and so long as it is kept dry, it 
presents a bright drab color—when it is 
exposed to dampness it turns black, and 
loses its astringent properties, and is of 
slight or no value. It is very light and 
bulky, and a ship only being able to take a 
small proportion of her registered tonnage, 
makes the freight per ton very high. It is 
always sold by weight. The imports into 
the United States are inconsiderable, but 
very large in Germany and England. 

Valuation, the estimated worth of a 
thing. It differs from price, which does 
not always afford a true criterion of value. 

Value, to appraise, to estimate the 
worth of. Cash value, market value, and 
intrinsic value are terms which are well un¬ 
derstood in trade. Goods, wares, and mer¬ 
chandise imported into the United States, 
subject to the payment of ad valorem du¬ 
ties, are required by law to be appraised at 















564 


VALUED POLICY. 


VEDRO. 


their “actual market value,” at the time 
and place of export. It is frequently diffi¬ 
cult to establish an actual market value in 
a foreign port, many kinds of goods being 
made only and expressly for foreign mar¬ 
kets, and not sold nor offered for sale at the 
place of their manufacture or shipment. 
In such cases these words have frequently 
given rise to controversy and serious liti¬ 
gation between our merchants and the 
government. 

Valued policy, an insurance policy 
which contains the fixed value of the arti¬ 
cles insured, to save the necessity of prov¬ 
ing the value in case of loss. 

Value received, these words usu¬ 
ally form a part of the body of a promisso¬ 
ry note or bill of exchange, but are not 
essential to their validity. If not ex¬ 
pressed, value is presumed or may be sup¬ 
plied by proof. If expressed, it may be 
denied and disproved. It is well, however, 
to use the words. 

Vamps, the uppers or upper leathers 
for shoes. 

Vandyke brown, a pigment of a 
deep-brown color. 

Vanilla, or Vanelloes, the aromat¬ 
ic pods of a species of vanilla, or fruit of 
epidendrum vanilla , a species of vine exten¬ 
sively cultivated in Mexico, and which is 
found also, but with inferior quality of 
fruit, in some of the West India Islands 
and in South Amei’ica. The vine, which 
is propagated in Mexico by planting cut¬ 
tings at the foot of trees, rises to the 
height of 15 or 20 feet. The pod or fruit 
is about 8 or 10 inches long, of a yellow 
color when gathered, but when imported 
it is dark brown, wrinkled on the outside, 
full of seeds like grains of sand, and of a 
peculiar and very delicious fragrance. Its 
chief use is in flavoring chocolate and ice¬ 
creams, and in perfumery. The importa¬ 
tions at New York are chiefly from Vera 
Cruz, in which State or district it is largely 
cultivated. 

Vara, a measure in Spanish countries 
answering to the yard, but generally some¬ 
thing under 3 feet. 

Vari, a weight for gold and silver at 
Madagascar, of 30 grains. 

Vaiiolite, a mineral stone which 
takes a high polish, the brilliancy of which 
equals that of the finest Oriental stones. 
It is generally of a dark-green color, but 
white, blue, and red varieties are not un¬ 
common. The stone is speckled with dif¬ 
ferent tints of gray, and with black spots 
or points surrounded by a brown or white 


ring. Some specimens are encircled with 
a second whitish ring, which gives then: 
the appearance of onyx. The singular ap¬ 
pearance of this stone caused it at one 
time to be believed by the vulgar an effi¬ 
cacious remedy for the small-pox, whence 
the name, variola , small-pox, and Ethos, 
stone. It is found in the East Indies, in 
various countries of Europe, especially in 
France and Switzerland ; large masses are 
procured from the high Alps. It is in de¬ 
mand to ornament cabinets, for making 
into caskets, small boxes, etc. 

Varilisll, a thick viscid liquid, con¬ 
sisting of resinous matter held in solution 
by some kind of volatile fluid. There are 
quite a number of kinds of varnish, com¬ 
posed of quite a variety of substances :— 
Copal, mastic, lac, benzoin, colophony, 
amber, anime, sandarac, are among the 
resins employed in its manufacture ; alco¬ 
hol, ether, naphtha, turpentine, sweet oil, 
and linseed oil are among the solvents or 
liquids employed ; and the various colors 
are given to the varnishes by the use of 
indigo, saffron, cochineal, gamboge, an- 
natto, turmeric, and other substances. 
Copal, amber, and anime are the chief 
among oil varnishes, and mastic, lac, and 
sandarac the chief among spirit varnishes. 
The former group, being most durable and 
taking the best polish, are used by coach- 
makers, japan-workers, and house-deco¬ 
rators ; the latter group consists of var¬ 
nishes not suited for much exposure to 
the air, but adapted for cabinet-work, lac¬ 
quer, pictures, maps, etc. The manufac¬ 
ture of good varnish requires skill in the 
adjustment of the substances employed in 
its production, and, from the inflammabil¬ 
ity of the substances, great care in hand¬ 
ling them. A large part of the varnishes 
used in the United States is made in New 
York. 

Vanaisli-tree, a tree or shrub from 
the juice or resin of which varnish is 
made, as some species of the genus rhus. 

Vases, vessels or cups made in the 
form used by the ancients; ornamental 
vases of porcelain, bronze, etc., are import¬ 
ed from France, Germany, England, and 
China; antique vases are of great value 
among collectors of antiquities. 

Vat, the liquid measure of Belgium 
and Holland of 26- 1 4 &- gals.; at Amster¬ 
dam for wine 241 £ gals. ; and for olive oil 
2254 gals. ; as a weight in Belgium it is 
2,204f lbs. 

Vedro, a Russian liquid measure, at 
St. Petersburg 3£ gals. 



VEGETABLES. 


VEGETABLE WAX. 565 


Vegetables. In ordinary trade lan¬ 
guage the term vegetables is understood as 
applicable to certain articles used for cu¬ 
linary purposes and as food for cattle, such 
as potatoes, tomatoes, carrots, cabbages, 
turnips, and such like. Fruits and grains 
are not included. Vegetables necessarily 
furnish a large domestic traffic, but do not 
enter extensively into foreign commerce. 
We import in early summer potatoes and 
tomatoes from Bermuda, and, during the 
year, export to the West India Islands and 
other places onions, potatoes, etc. The 
word vegetables occurs in our Tariff Law 
in several connections. In the list of ar¬ 
ticles admitted free of duty, it is intro¬ 
duced thus: “Berries, nuts, flowers, 
plants, and vegetables used exclusively in 
dyeing.” Again with dutiable articles, 
thus: ‘ ‘ Prepared vegetables in cans or 

otherwise;” and again, “ jute, Sisal grass, 
coir, and other vegetable substances; ” and 
again, ‘ 1 vegetables not otherwise provided 
for.” Peas when sold or used for domes¬ 
tic purposes are dutiable as “vegetables,” 
but if intended for seed they are classed 
with garden-seeds, and the collector is to 
determine their intended use.— Decision 
Treaty Dept ., April 6 , 1868. 

Vegetable ethiops, a kind of black 
powder obtained by the bur ning of the 
sea-oak or bladder-wrack. 

Vegetable flannel, a textile mate¬ 
rial largely manufactured in Germany from 
the pinus sylvestris. The fibre is spun, knit¬ 
ted, and woven into under-garments and 
clothing of various kinds, for which medi¬ 
cal virtues are claimed. There are two es¬ 
tablishments near Breslau in which pine 
leaves are converted into wool and flannels. 
The process for converting the pine nee¬ 
dles into wool was discovered by a Mr. Pan- 
newitz. In the hospitals, penitentiaries, 
and barracks of Vienna and Breslau, blan¬ 
kets made from that material are exclusive¬ 
ly used. One of their chief advantages is 
that no kind of vermin will lodge in them. 
The material is also used as stuffing, closely 
resembles horsehair, and is only one-third 
its cost. When spun and woven, the thread 
resembles that of hemp, and is made into 
jackets, spencers, drawers, and stockings, 
flannel and twill for shirts, coverlets, body 
and chest warmers, and knitting yam. 
They keep the body warm without heat¬ 
ing, and are very durable. The factories 
are lighted with gas made from the refuse 
of the above manufactures. 

Vegetable gold, an acid extracted 
from the roots of trixis pipizahuce. 


Vegetable liair, a name frequently 

given to New Orleans moss. 

Vegetable Ivory, the nuts of a 
species of American Palm growing on the 
Isthmus and on the Pacific coast, and 
shipped by the ton from Panama under 
the commercial name of corozo nuts. They 
are called ivory nuts and vegetable ivory 
from the fact of their being worked up 
into small fancy articles, and are a good 
imitation, and cheap, but not very good, 
substitute for true ivory. 

Vegetable leather, a name given 
to a kind of woven cloth of flax or other 
vegetable fibre, coated with some kind of 
composition which gives it the appearance 
of leather. 

Vegetable marrow, the fruit of 
a species of gourd, the cucurbita pepo , a 
native of Persia. 

Vegetable oil, the name given to 
an illuminating oil imported at San Fran¬ 
cisco from China, and “ supposed to be 
made of tea-leaves.” 

Vegetable parchment, a kind of 
parchment-paper made by immersing un¬ 
sized paper for a few seconds into dilute 
oil of vitriol. The paper is converted into 
a substance which exhibits all the charac¬ 
teristics of animal membrane, and besides 
being cheaper is in some respects superior 
to the parchment made from skins. 

Vegetable silk, the name given to 
a fibrous material obtained from the coat¬ 
ing of the seeds of a plant of the genus 
chorisia , used in upholstery for stuffing 
bolsters, pillows, cushions, etc.; also the 
long silky fibres that cover the stalks of a 
species of fern which grows in the Sand¬ 
wich Islands. See Pulu. 

Vegetable Sulphur, lycopodium 
powder, or the powder or dust contained 
in the capsules of several kinds of moss, 
which is collected in Switzerland and Ger¬ 
many, and sold in the shops under the 
name of vegetable sulphur. 

Vegetable tallow, a substance re¬ 
sembling tallow, obtained from the piney 
or dhoop tree, vateria indica , from the 
stillingia sebifera , and some other plants. 

Vegetable wax. This may be ob¬ 
tained from quite a number of plants. 
The wax or candleberry myrtle, a shrub 
which grows in all the Atlantic States, 
bears a fruit which is covered with a whit¬ 
ish coat of wax, and by putting the ber¬ 
ries into hot water the wax melts, and 
floating on the top is readily collected, 
and on cooling it becomes hard. It is yel¬ 
lowish green, hard and brittle, and emits 



566 


VEHICLE. 


VENTAPOLLOM. 


a fragrant balsamic odor. It is used for 
candles, and is also employed as a drug. 
The Japan wax which is imported and 
used for candles and soap is obtained from 
the rhus succedaneum , and is white, crys¬ 
talline, and sometimes softer than bees¬ 
wax. Palm wax, which is known also by 
the name of carnauba, is a secretion from 
the leaves and stems of the corypha ceri- 
fera of Brazil. It is yellowish-white, hard, 
dry, and brittle. 

Vehicle. In the laws of the United 
States relating to smuggling, this word is 
held to include every description of car¬ 
riage, wagon, engine, car, sleigh, sled, 
sledge hurdle, cart, and other artificial 
contrivance used, or capable of being used, 
as a means or auxiliary of transportation 
on land. 

Veils, pieces of light gauze or lace, 
worn by ladies to protect or cover their 
faces ; lace veils should be free from stiff¬ 
ness, and if figured the objects should be 
neatly finished, the net fine, and the color 
decided—if intended for black, not of a 
bluish tinge. 

Vellon, a term used in the moneys of 
account in Spain; the word vellon is 
equivalent to the French billon , copper 
money, base coin. 

Vellum, a fine, white, smooth kind 
of parchment made from the skins of very 
young calves. 

Veiliiill elotli, the name given to a 
fine kind of cotton fabric, known also and 
used as a tracing cloth. 

Velte, a French measure for brandy, 
reckoned at 2 gals. 

Vellum binding, books bound with 
vellum. 

Vellum paper, a kind of smooth 
writing-paper. 

Velours, a kind of velvelt or plush, 
manufactured in Prussia, partly of linen 
and partly of double cotton warps with 
mohair yam weft. 

Velours d’Utrecht, a woollen or 
goats’-hair velvet, made in the Nether¬ 
lands for upholstery purposes; Utrecht 
velvet. 

Velvet, a soft handsome fabric or 
dress material having a loose pile or short 
shag of threads on the surface. True vel¬ 
vets are composed wholly of silk, and are 
made in greatest perfection in France, the 
finer qualities being among the most cost¬ 
ly fabrics which are produced. The ground 
or back of some velvets is plain and others 
twilled. A velvet factoiy, under the aus¬ 
pices of a French colony, was established 


at Franklin, Kansas, in 1870, and some of 
the velvet manufactured there was pro¬ 
nounced in St. Louis to compare favorably 
with that of France. 

Velveteen, a material for men’s and 
women’s apparel, made precisely as vel¬ 
vets are made, with cotton instead of silk. 

Velvet lampblack, the trade 
name for a kind of lampblack made at 
Philadelphia, and used by the manufactur¬ 
ers of patent leather. 

Velvet moss, a name for a kind of 
lichen used for dyeing, obtained in Nor¬ 
way. 

Velvet pile, a kind of carpet -with a 
long velvety nap. 

Velvet ribbons, ribbons of various 
widths and qualities, composed of silk, 
manufactured like velvet. 

Veneers, thin sheets of fancy furni¬ 
ture-wood for overlaying or plating other 
kinds of less valuable wood in the con¬ 
struction of fine furniture. Logs of rose¬ 
wood and exceptionally fine logs of walnut 
will frequently command several hundred 
dollars for the purpose of being sawed into 
veneers. Sawed veneers were decided by 
the Treasury Department not to be manu¬ 
factured, inasmuch as they had to undergo 
other processes of manufacture to render 
them fit for their intended uses. 

Venetian carpet, a kind of plain 
or striped carpet used for stairs or pas¬ 
sages. 

Venetian glass, a variety of uven- 
turine. 

Venetian red, a dull red ochrey 
substance prepared from sulphate of iron, 
used in painting. 

Venetian talc, a kind of steatite 
used for making the colored crayons called 
pastels; and when reduced to a powder 
and colored with safflower, constitutes the 
cosmetic called fard. 

Venice sn in a eh, a yellow dye-wood 
derived from the rhus cotinus , and known 
as young fustic. 

Venice tripoli, a kind of tripoli ob¬ 
tained at Corfu, one of the Ionian Islands. 

Venice turpentine, a kind of tur¬ 
pentine procured in Switzerland, and the 
French province of Dauphiny, from a 
species of larch. It is rarely found pure 
in the shops, though a factitious substance 
is sold under the name. 

Venice white, a pigment consisting 
of a carbonate of lead and sulphate of 
baryta. 

Vcntapolloin, a trade name for a 
kind of East Indian handkerchief. 




VENTURE. 


VESSELS. 


567 


Venture, a term used by seamen, 
and sometimes by owners and captains of 
vessels, for adventure. 

' eiius’ liair-stoiie, a kind of rock- 
crystal, containing included hair-like fila¬ 
ments. This mineral is found in Mada¬ 
gascar and Brazil. The name is also ap¬ 
plied to rock-crystal enclosing silky tufts 
of amianthus. Both kinds are employed 
in jewelry. 

Veratria, a chemical salt obtained 
from the white hellebore. 

Veratrum, the rootlets of the Amer¬ 
ican hellebore or Indian poke, or poke- 
root—a poisonous drug. 

Verbal agreement, an agreement 
by word of mouth, not reduced to writ¬ 
ing.^ 

Verd antique, a very beautiful 
mottled green serpentine marble, the lime¬ 
stone and serpentine being irregularly 
mixed. It taks a fine polish and is used 
for ornamental purposes. 

Verde, a white Tunisian wine. 

Verd di Prato, a dark green varie¬ 
ty of serpentine, with black, or red and 
white veins, found in Florence, and used 
for statuettes and sculptured ornaments. 

Verdigris, a blue green pigment, 
manufactured in the neighborhood of 
Montpellier in France, in Great Britain, 
and in Sweden, from copper and the resi¬ 
duum of the wine-press, or pyroligneous 
acid. It is a poison, but is extensively 
used by painters, and in dyeing, and also 
to some extent in medicine. 

Verditer, two kinds of verditer are 
known in commerce—blue and green—the 
green is a bluish- green pigment, made by 
the decomposition of nitrate of copper 
with chalk; the blue is prepared from the 
solution of nitrate of copper, obtained in 
precipitating silver by copper. The first- 
named kind is also called Bremen green, 
from its having been first manufactured 
at Bremen. 

Verjuice, an acid liquor prepared 
from the juice of unripe grapes; a kind 
of vinegar made from the juice of green 
or unripe fruits, principally used in the 
manufacture of sauces. 

Vermeil, the name given by jewellers 
to crimson-red garnet. It is cut like the 
Dutch rose, and is set side by side, either 
as a border for other stones or in cluster¬ 
ed masses. 

Vermicelli, an article of food, con¬ 
sisting of small thread-like cylinders, 
made from a paste of wheat flour by forc¬ 
ing the paste through small apertures in 


an iron plate. The preparation is the 
same as macaroni, except that the cylin¬ 
ders are smaller. Imported from Italy— 
Naples being the place where it is made in 
greatest perfection. 

Vermilion, a pigment of a bright 
beautiful red color—the sulphide of mer¬ 
cury. It occurs in nature as an ore of 
quicksilver (cinnabar), and the pigment 
is prepared by chemists. It is often 
adulterated with dragon’s blood, red-lead, 
or chalk. 

Vermutii, a kind of wine bitters. 

Veronica, a medicinal herb. 

Vesno, a weight at Aleppo of lbs. 

Vessels. United States vessels em¬ 
ployed in commerce are of three classes— 
sailing vessels steam vessels, and barges 
and canal-boats. To the first class belong 
ships, barques, brigs, schooners, and sloops. 
To the second class, steamships, steam¬ 
boats, and steamtugs. The third class 
comprises barges and canal-boats. Of the 
first class are the ships or larger kinds of 
vessels, which make voyages across the 
Atlantic, to the Pacific, and to the East 
Indies; and the smaller ones are those 
which are more generally employed in 
trade with the West Indies, or as coasting 
vessels, or in the fisheries. Of the second 
class , the steamships are employed either 
to cross the seas, or to carry passengers or 
merchandise by sea, from one port to 
another, as from New York to Aspinwall, 
or from Baltimore to New Orleans; the 
steamboats are employed on the rivers, 
and the steamtugs in the bays, harbors, 
and rivers; while vessels of both classes, 
and of all kinds, are employed on the great 
Lakes. Of the third class , barges are 
chiefly employed as merchandise trans¬ 
ports in rivers; they are generally unrig¬ 
ged, and are towed by steamtugs ; canal- 
boats are employed on canals, and vary in 
size and construction, according to the 
width and length of the locks and the 
depth of water in the canals through 
which they pass. 

Ships or vessels possessed of the following 
marine papers, regularly and legally issued, 
and no other, are deemed and denominated 
ships or vessels of the United States, viz. : 
Registers , Enrolments , and Licenses. Re¬ 
gistered vessels are those wholly owned 
by citizens of the United States, and usu¬ 
ally employed in a foreign trade, and 
possessed of Certificates of Registry. Ves¬ 
sels entitled to such a Certificate of Re¬ 
gistry are :— 

Those built within the United States, 




5G8 


VESSELS. 


and wholly owned by citizens of the 
United States; 

Vessels built in the United States under 
foreign ownership, on being purchased 
and wholly owned by citizens of the 
United States ; 

Vessels built in a foreign country and 
wrecked within the waters of the United 
States, purchased and repaired by citizens 
thereof, at a cost equal to three-fourths 
of the cost of the vessel when repaired; 

Vessels captured in a war to which the 
United States is a party, by citizens there¬ 
of, lawfully condemned as a prize, and 
wholly owned by citizens of the United 
States; 

Vessels which have been adjudged to be 
forfeited for a breach of the laws of the 
United States, and owned by citizens 
thereof. 

Before a Certificate of Registry can be 
granted to any ship or vessel, she must be 
admeasured by the Surveyor of the port, 
and her tonnage ascertained and certified 
to the Collector ; also the Ship-Carpenter’s 
certificate, setting forth when, where, and 
for whom built, with dimensions and de¬ 
scription, and the owner’s oath and bond 
that the certificate shall not be sold, lent, 
or otherwise disposed of. 

The foregoing requirements having been 
complied with, the Collector makes a pro¬ 
per record thereof in a book kept for that 
purpose, and issues and grants an abstract 
or Certificate of such record or Registry. 
“A register is the highest evidence of 
nationality recognized by law. Under it a 
vessel may engage in any trade not speci¬ 
ally prohibited by law, and is entitled to 
every privilege enjoyed by any vessels of 
the United States, not by law specially 
reserved.” The special employments of 
the inferior documented vessels, such as 
the coasting trade, cod, whale, or other 
fisheries, may be engaged in by registered 
vessels, though no such authority is speci¬ 
fied in their papers.— Letter of Secretary 
of the Treasury to Collector at Gloucester , 
Mass., Feb. 9,1869. 

Vessels of twenty tons burden and up¬ 
wards, Enrolled-in pursuance of law, and 
having a License in force ; or if less than 
twenty tons, not being enrolled, but having 
a License in force, are deemed ships or 
vessels of the United States entitled to 
the privileges of ships or vessels employed 
in the coasting trade and fisheries. 

In order to the Enrolment of any ship 
or vessel, she is required to possess the 
same qualifications, and the same require¬ 


ments in all respects must be complied 
with, as are made necessary by law for 
the Registration of ships or vessels in the 
foreign trade. 

Vessels of less than twenty tons burden, 
not enrolled, but proved in the mode pre¬ 
scribed, to have the qualifications as to 
build and ownership required in the case 
of Registered and Enrolled vessels, in or¬ 
der to become entitled to the privileges of 
vessels of the United States qualified to 
carry on the coasting trade, or fisheries, 
must be Licensed therefor, in due form; 
and upon the necessary bond and oath of 
the owner or master, and all requirements 
of law having been complied w T ith, the 
Collector of the District is authorized to 
grant a License for carrying on the coast¬ 
ing trade, or cod, whale, or mackerel fish¬ 
ery, as may be required ; 

Vessels built in the United States and 
belonging wholly or in part to the citizens 
or subjects of foreign powers may be 
Recorded , and thus become entitled to the 
privileges of ships or vessels built and 
Recorded in the United States. 

Every boat, sloop, or other vessel of the 
United States, navigating the waters on the 
northern, northeastern, and northwestern 
frontiers, otherwise than by sea, is re¬ 
quired to be Enrolled and Licensed, and 
the same proceedings and requirements 
and forms are to be pursued and complied 
with as in the case of ships or vessels 
under the general law. And such ship or 
vessel may be authorized to be employed 
either in the coasting trade or foreign 
trade, or both. 

The provisions of the Coasting Act do 
not extend to any boat or lighter not being 
masted, or, if masted and not decked, 
employed in any harbor. But canal-boats 
or barges exceeding five tons burden, al¬ 
though without masts or steam power 
within themselves, when the usual prac¬ 
tice of such boats or barges is to come out 
of the canals, and trade by the aid of 
steamboats and propellers on navigable 
waters, require to be registered, enrolled, 
and licensed, and are governed by the 
same laws which regulate the coasting 
trade. 

Vessels not registered, enrolled, or li¬ 
censed under the laws of the United 
States, wholly owned by citizens thereof, 
cannot legally import goods, wares, or 
merchandise from foreign ports, and are 
subjected in the coasting trade to disabili¬ 
ties and exactions from which documented 
vessels of the United States are exempted; 



VESSELS. 


VICTORIA STONE. 


569 


both vessels and cargo on arrival from a 
foreign port are subjected to forfeiture, 
and coasters to the payment at every port 
at which they arrive in the United States 
of the same fees required of foreign ves¬ 
sels, and to a tonnage duty of one dollar 
per ton. 

In all vessels of the United States en¬ 
gaged in the foreign trade the officers and 
two-thirds of the crew must be citizens of 
the United States, or not the subjects of 
any foreign prince or State. 

Bills of sale, mortgage, hypothecation, 
or conveyance of any ship or vessel re¬ 
quire to be recorded in the office of the 
Collector of the port where such ship is 
registered. 

It is lawful for steamboats or other ves¬ 
sels duly registered to engage in trade be¬ 
tween one port in the United States and 
one or more ports within the same, with 
the privilege of touching at one or more 
foreign ports during the voyage, and land 
and take thereat merchandise, passengers 
and their baggage, and letters and mails. 

The Act of Congress of July, 18GG, re¬ 
lating to smuggling, declares, that the 
term ‘ ‘ vessel ” in that Act shall be held to 
include every description of water craft, 
raft, vehicle, contrivance used or capable 
of being used as a means or auxiliary of 
transportation on or by water. 

The number and tonnage of sailing ves¬ 
sels, steam vessels, barges, and canal-boats 
in the several customs districts of the 
United States on the 30th day of June, 
1870,* as reported by the Register of the 
Treasury, were :— 

Sailing vessels. .17,534 Tonnage..2,363,080 
Steam vessels.. 3,524 “ ..1,075,095 

Barges. 1,530 “ .. 240,410 

Canal-boats.... 6,410 “ .. 507,915 

There is no species of private property 
which is so much under the control of 
government as vessels engaged in com¬ 
merce ; nor is there any kind of private 
business which is so vigilantly supervised 

* For a detailed statement of the merchant vessels 
belonging to each of the districts and ports geographi¬ 
cally classified, see “ United States .” There is a dis¬ 
crepancy between the footings on page 555, and the 
summary statement here presented. The former 
appears as part of the Report of the Chief of the 
Bureau of Statistics, and the difference has been 
accounted for by the supposed greater care taken by 
this Bureau in excluding all vessels which were lost 
or broken up, or otherwise rendered unfit for service. 
The Report of the Bureau for the year ending June 
30th, 1871, shows a still further reduction in the 
sailing vessels and aggregate tonnage, to wit:— 
Sailing vessels, . .17,071 Tonnage,. .2,163,398 
Steam vessels,... 3,499 “ ..1,049.181 

Unrigged vessels, 8,757 “ .. 819,442 


by the government as that which is con¬ 
nected with ships or vessels engaged in 
foreign trade. Nor is there any other 
business which is subject to so many un¬ 
controllable uncertainties and to such un¬ 
avoidable disasters. The following is a 
record or the summing up of one year’s 
disasters to vessels throughout the world, 
as published in Lloyd’s Annual Report : 
Accidents happened to 11,711 vessels. Of 
these, ninety-eight vessels are still missing, 
and the other accidents are divided into 
341 vessels abandoned, 1,958 that had 
come in collision, of which, however, 492 
escaped without material injury, and 198 
were sunk ; 530 foundered, 3,381 stranded, 
of which 1,672 were got off ; 36 captured, 
18 suffered from piracy, 173 from fire, 
605 by bad stowage, 1,197 leaky, 743 loss 
of anchors or chains, 194 (exclusively 
steamers) machinery damaged or short of 
coal, 394 mutiny, 2,048 loss of sails, bul- 
works etc., and 40 waterlogged. Out of 
these 11,711 casualties 2,234 involved to¬ 
tal loss of the ship, and 1,946 total loss of 
cargo. The total number of lives re¬ 
ported lost is 2,644. Of the casualties, 
10,627 were of sailing vessels, and 1,084 
to steamers. In the latter case one-third 
were from collision, while the collisions 
of sailing vessels comprised only the pro¬ 
portion of 15 per cent, of the casualties. 
No steamer* suffered from piracy, but the 
proportion of damages to steamers by fire 
was about twice as great as to sailing ves¬ 
sels. Instances of mutiny appear to be 
almost as frequent in steamers as in sail¬ 
ing vessels. It is from leaks, loss of an¬ 
chors or chains or sails that sailing vessels 
exhibit a great pi’eponderance of mishaps. 

Vestings, fancy linen drills, heavy 
repped silk, figured worsteds, and other 
fabrics made specially for gentlemen’s 
vests—usually 27 inches wide. 

Vetdl, another name for tares, an 
extensively cultivated fodder plant in 
Europe. 

Yia9§, small glass bottles of various 
sizes for apothecary-stores. 

Vicliy waters, mineral waters of 
Vichy, in France. The springs are the 
property of the French government, and 
the bottles, when genuine, are labelled 
Propritte et controle de VEtat. They are 
imported into the United States in stone 
bottles. 

Victoria stoiae, silicated concrete, 
or kind of artificial stone made from a cer¬ 
tain form of silica mixed with hydraulic 
cement. 









570 


VICTUALLER. 


VULCANIZED INDIA RUBBER. 


Victualler, a vessel employed in car¬ 
rying provisions for other ships or vessels. 

Victualling, laying in stores; tak¬ 
ing in provisions. 

Vicuna wool, the long reddish 
combing wool or hairs of the vicuna, an 
animal of Peru, resembling the alpaca. 

Vidonia, a Spanish wine. 

Vierfass, a dry measure of Brunswick 
and Hanover, of of a bushel. 

Viertcl, a variable liquid measure—at 
Amsterdam, Lubec, and Hamburg, very 
nearly 2 gallons ; at Coblentz and Cologne, 
not quite H gallon; at Dresden, 52 gal¬ 
lons ; as a dry measure at Bremen and in 
Bavaria, a little more than half a bushel. 
Either as a liquid or as a dry measure the 
term has no definite signification beyond 
the town or city where it is used. 

Vierzel, a measure at Basel of 7£ 
bushels ; at Treves, £ of a bushel. 

Vinegar, an acid liquid, or dilute 
acetic acid. It is made from wine, beer, 
cider, etc., but more from pyroligneous 
acid. It is much used in the arts and 
manufactures, and for domestic consump¬ 
tion. The quantity manufactured in Eng¬ 
land, mostly from malt, is computed at 
3,000,000 of gallons annually; and as 
very little is imported, probably full that 
quantity is made in the United States. 

Violet color, a dark blue, inclining 
to red. 

Violet powder, a toilet powder, 
scented with violet. 

Violin strings, the best strings for 
musical instruments are made from the 
small intestines of sheep. Strings from 
the Neapolitan provinces are made from 
the intestines of Neapolitan sheep, proba¬ 
bly owing to their smaller size and greater 
leanness. The strings manufactured in 
Italy are noted for their strength, trans¬ 
parency, and clearness of tone. This man¬ 
ufacture is carried on in various towns in 
Italy—namely, Gubbio, Foligno, Bologna, 
Venice, Padua, Verona, and Bassano. It 
was introduced into France about the 
year 1707, by a Neapolitan nobleman, and 
his manufactory at Lyons is still said to be 
in operation. 

Virginia snakcroot, the roots of 
a medicinal plant growing in the Middle, 
Southern, and Western States—the aristo- 
lochia serpentaria. 

Virtu, objects of art or antiquity ; such 
as are curious, rare, and tasteful. 

Vis, a commercial weight of Masulipa- 
tam of 3£ lbs ; of Pegu, 3-Aur lhs. 

Visay, a weight at Madras of 3^ lbs. 


Vi lever oil, an aromatic essential 
oil obtained from the leaves of the cuscus 
grass. 

Vitriol. See Blue vitriol, Green vi¬ 
triol, and White vitriol. 

Vitriol, oil of, the old name of sul¬ 
phuric acid. 

Voie, a measure at Paris for coal, 
33-^oV bushels ; for plaster, 8i a 0 fi 0 - bushels. 

Volatile oils, oils distilled from 
plants, and possessing the odor of the 
plants from which they were procured— 
another term for essential oils. 

Voucliers, receipts, memoranda, en¬ 
tries or documents, the production of 
which prove or establish a fact. 

Voyage of importation. This 
phrase has peculiar significance to import¬ 
ing merchants. Damages to goods which 
“occur on the voyage of importation ,” are 
subject to an abatement of duties to the 
extent of such damage. The question, 
then, as to where and when the damage 
occurs, often becomes one of importance 
to determine ; and where and when the 
voyage commences and ends are also 
questions equally important. It was de¬ 
cided by the Treasury Department, May 
19, 1868, that damage occurring to goods 
shipped from Germany to the United 
States, via Liverpool, while in the har¬ 
bor of Liverpool, is considered as occur¬ 
ring during the voyage of importation— 
the continuity of the voyage not being 
broken by mere transshipment at an in¬ 
termediate port. This decision is in ac¬ 
cordance with the decision of the Depart¬ 
ment of July 6, 1866; and a subsequent 
similar decision was made in the case of 
goods shipped from Bristol, England, which 
in transshipment at Liverpool received 
damage. 

Voyage of transportation. If 

damage occur to goods during the voyage 
of transportation in bond, the application 
for allowance of duty must set forth that 
the damage arose from fire, wreck, or 
other casualty. No allowance on currants 
damaged by worms, and candied on account 
of the length of the voyage of transporta¬ 
tion. Letter from the Department to the 
Collector at San Francisco , Oct. 7, 1868; 
and to Surveyor at St. Louis. June 16, 
1869. 

Voyagenrs, men employed by the 
fur companies in transporting goods by 
the rivers and across the land in the 
Northwestern Territories and Canada. 

Vulcanized India rubber, ca¬ 
outchouc combined with sulphur by a pe- 





VULCANITE. 


VULPANITE. 


571 


culiar process which renders it soft, pli¬ 
able, and elastic; or by the same process 
made hard. Both kinds are largely used 
in the manufacture of an immense variety 
of useful and ornamental articles. 

Vulcanite, another name for ebo¬ 
nite, or hard vulcanized india rubber. It 


resembles horn in appearance, and is used 
for combs, knife and umbrella handles, 
etc., etc. 

Vulpanite, a mineral obtained near 
Bergamo, Italy, which takes a fine polish 
and admits of being cut for ornamental 
purposes. 



SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 

”W. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Wadding 

Ouate 

Watte 

Watte 

Bambagia 

Huata; bata 

Wafers 

Oublies 

Oblaten 

Ouwels 

Ostie 

Obleas 

Walnuts 

Noix 

Wallniisse 

Walnoten 

Noci 

Nueces 

Wardrobe 

Armoire 

Kleiderschrank 

Kleerkas [zijn 

Guardaroba 

Armario 

Warehouse 

Magasin 

Waarenlager 

Pakhuis; maga- 

Magazzino 

Almacen 

Warp 

CEuvre; chalne 

Kette 

Schering 

Ordito: catena 

Lizo; urdimbre 

Warranty 

Garantie 

Garantie 

Waarborg 

Garanzia 

Fianza garantia 

Wastcpaper 

Papier de rebut 

Makulatur 

Misdruk 

Carta straccia 

Papel inutil 

Watches 

Montres 

Taschenuhren 

Horologie 

Oriuolo 

Relojes 

Water 

Eau 

Wasser 

Water 

Acqua 

Agua 

Wax 

Cire 

Wachs 

Was 

Cera 

Cera 

Wearing apparel 

Habillements 

Kleidungsstiicke 

Kleederen 

Vestimenti 

Ropa 

Weft 

Trame 

Gewebe; schuss 

Weefsel 

Tessuto 

Trama 

Weigher 

Peseur 

Wager 

Weger 

Pesatore 

Pesador 

Weight 

Poids 

Gewicht 

Gewigt 

Peso 

Peso 

Weld 

Gaude 

Wau 

Wouw 

Guado 

Gualda 

Westphalia 

Westphalie [tales 

Westphalen 

W estf alen 

Vestfalia 

Westfalia [lea 

West Indies 

Indes occiden- 

Westindien 

West Indie 

Indie occidentali 

Indias occidenta- 

Whalebone 

Baleine 

Walfischbein 

W alvischbaarden 

Osso di belena 

Hueso de bellena 

Whale oil 

Huile de baleine 

Walfischthran 

Waltraan 

Olio di balena 

Aceite de bellena 

Whaler 

Baleinier 

Walfischfanger 

Walvischvaarder 

Pescatore delle 
balene 

Ballenero 

Wharf 

Chantier; quai 

Werft; Kai 

Werf; kaai 

Cantiere; molo 

Astillero; muelle 

Wharfage 

Droit de quai 

Werftgeld 

Kaaigeld 

Diritto di caren- 

Derecho de mu- 

Wheat 

Froment; bio 

Weizen 

Tarwe 

Formento [aggio 

Trigo [elle 

Whiskey 

Wiskey 

Whisky 

Whisky 

Orzo stillato 

Viskey 

White goods 

Toileries blancs 

Weisswaaren 

Linnen goed 

Roba bianca 

Roba bianca 

Whiting [ness 

Blanc d’Espagne 

Spanische Ivreide 

Wijting; witkalk 

Biancastro 

Blanco de Espafia 

Wholesale busi- 

Commerce en 

Grosshandel 

Groot handel 

Vendita all in 

Comercio por ma- 

Wine 

Yin [gros 

Wein 

Wijn 

Vino [grosso 

Vino [yor 

Woad 

Pastel 

Waid 

Weede 

Guado 

Pastel 

Wood 

Bois 

Wald; Holz 

Hout: hosch 

Legno 

Madera 

Woof 

Trame 

Schuss 

Inslag 

Tramo 

Tramo 

Wool 

Laine 

Wolle 

Wol 

Lana 

Lana 

Woollens 

De laines 

Wollen 

Wollen 

Di lana 

De lanas 

Worsted 

Etaim; laine fine 

Kamm wolle 

Wol tot kammen 

Lana filata [re 

Estambre 

Wrapping paper 

Papier d’enve- 

Packpapier 

Pakpapier 

Carta da involge- 

Papel de estraza 

Wreck 

Varec [loppe 

Wrack 

Wrak 

Caserna 

Navio naufraga- 
[do 




Waas, a Danish, and Norwegian 
weight of 39f lbs. In Sweden, for tin, a 
weight of 123J lbs. 

Wild, the name by which plumbago 
is commonly known in some parts of Eng¬ 
land—a Cumberland word, meaning the 
graphite or plumbago of the Cumberland 
mines. Wad is also known as an ore of 
manganese, and is used in the manufac¬ 
ture of glass, for coloring and glazing pot¬ 
tery, and as a coarse pigment in painting. 

Wadding, a soft, loosely woven stuff 
used by tailors ; a soft spongy web, made 


with a fleece of cotton prepared by the 
carding machine, and applied to tissue 
paper by a coat of size; used for interlining 
garments, window-curtains, etc. 

Waeg, a weight for coal at Antwerp 
of about 150 lbs. 

Wafers, adhesive discs cut from a 
thin sheet of paste made from fine flour, 
isinglass, white of eggs, etc., used in seal¬ 
ing letters. They are of different colors, 
but usually red, and the coloring solutions 
used, especially in the cheaper kinds, are 
generally poisonous. 




















WAGE. 


WAREHOUSE. 


573 


Wage, a weight of iron at Bremen of 
131-| lbs. ; at Leipsic, a general weight of 
45£ lbs. ; at Nuremberg, nearly 135 lbs. 

Waifs, goods found of which the own¬ 
er is unknown ; goods picked up at sea; 
goods picked up which were stolen and 
waived or scattered by a thief in his flight 
in order to effect his escape. 

Waistcoutiugs, a name for fancy 
worsted, worsted and cotton, or worsted 
and silk, woven in patterns for vestings. 

W'allaba limber, a valuable tim¬ 
ber wood of British Guiana. 

Wall paper, paper for covering the 
walls of rooms ; paper hangings ; flowered 
paper. It is put up in rolls, each roll con¬ 
taining about 12 yards. 

W r all street, a street in the city of 
New York, in which are located the United 
States Assistant Treasury Buildings, Uni¬ 
ted States Assay Offices, and Custom House, 
and which is occupied mainly by banks, 
bankers, money and merchandise brokers, 
underwriters, insurance offices, etc., etc. 
It is regarded as the great money centre 
of the United States, and as the grand 
focus of government and railroad bonds, 
and of the railroad and other corporate 
stocks and securities of the country. The 
operations of the stock exchange and of 
some of the leading banking institutions, 
though not directly transacted in Wall 
street, but in its neighborhood, are never¬ 
theless always spoken of and reported as 
transactions “in the street.” It is to 
the business of the stock brokers, and 
the transactions of the stock board, how¬ 
ever, that the street is indebted for its 
peculiar character and hazardous notorie¬ 
ty. Wall street is the bond and stock 
barometer of the United States, its scale 
being remarkably sensitive to trifling, and 
apparently quite inadequate influences, 
and its index often indicating very rapid 
and remarkable financial disturbances. 
These disturbances, being signalled from 
one end of the country to the other, often 
derange the financial condition of other 
money centres besides New York, and fre¬ 
quently carry bankruptcy and ruin to such 
operators as may have imprudently entered 
upon transactions in stocks which they are 
unable to manipulate under the pressure of 
changes in Wall street values. The street, 
to outsiders, is a mystery,—to the initiated 
it is full of interest and excitement; but 
even to them it is also full of peril. 

Walnut liusks or peels are much 
employed by French dyers for giving dun 
colors to cheap fabrics; in this country 


they have not been employed, as yet, for 
any purpose to such an extent as to give 
them commercial recognition. 

Walnuts, the fruit of the black wal¬ 
nut tree of the United States. The nuts 
are edible, and are sold by the bushel. 
The name walnut is also frequently, but 
incorrectly, given to the fruit of the shell- 
bark hickory. The nuts, more particularly 
of the French walnut tree, while green, are 
much used for pickling, and as an adulte¬ 
ration of Soy sauce. 

Walnut timber. As a cabinet wood 
this is esteemed more highly than any 
other which is found in the United States. 
The black walnut-tree, juglans nigra , 
abounds in the Middle and Western States, 
and acquires a great height and corre¬ 
sponding thickness. Single trees in Ohio, 
for the purpose of being sawed into ve¬ 
neers, are frequently sold, while standing, 
for several hundred dollars. The French 
walnut timber is also an esteemed cabinet 
wood. 

Walnut oil, a valuable drying oil 
expressed from the nuts of the French 
walnut-tree, the juglans regia. It is used 
for paints and varnishes, and from its 
light color is especially used for white 
paints. 

Walrus Ivory, a valuable, hard, 
close-grained ivory furnished by the teeth 
of the walrus. 

Walrus oil, an oil obtained from the 
blubber of the walrus, or sea-horse. 

Want punt, shells used as money or 
as a medium of commerce by the Ameri¬ 
can Indians, who run them on a string 
which they use as a belt. 

Waugliee c*anes, walking-sticks of 
the roots of a Chinese or Japanese palm, 
imported from China. 

Wantage, the difference between the 
actual contents found, and the capacity of 
a cask of liquids ; ullage. 

Waranana wood, the timber of 
the wild orange-tree of British Guiana, 
used for oars, staves, etc. 

Wardrobe, wearing apparel in use, 
or belonging to persons for their own use. 

Wares, that class of commodities 
which in commerce seems to have a place 
somewhat distinct from goods or merchan¬ 
dise. The term is most generally employed, 
however, as the terminal of certain kinds 
of manufactures, as tinware, glassware, 
earthenware, etc. 

W r arcliouse, a storehouse for goods; 
a place adapted to the reception and stor¬ 
age of merchandise. 



574 


WAREHOUSING. 


WATCH CHAINS. 


Warehousing, storing goods in a 
warehouse. A technical meaning is given 
to the term when it refers to foreign im¬ 
ported goods warehoused by an importer. 
Under the laws of the United States an 
importer may, on their arrival, have his 
goods sent to a United States bonded 
warehouse, there to remain without pay¬ 
ment of the duties until he sees proper to 
take them out, which must, however, be 
within the time limited by law. On the 
entry of the goods for warehousing, the 
importer obligates himself by a bond that 
within one year from the date of importa¬ 
tion the goods shall be regularly and law¬ 
fully withdrawn from the warehouse, and 
the legal duties and charges thereon be 
paid ; or, that within three years from the 
date of importation they shall be so with¬ 
drawn upon the like payment with ten per 
centum added upon the amount of such 
duties and charges ; or, that within three 
years from the date of importation, the 
goods shall be withdrawn for export beyond 
the limits of the United States. Merchan¬ 
dise in bond may be withdrawn from ware¬ 
house for consumption in any quantity not 
less than an entire package, or than one 
ton in weight if the merchandise be in 
bulk. No allowance is made to the im¬ 
porter for the leakage, evaporation, or de¬ 
terioration which occurs on goods that are 
warehoused. The duty is exacted on the 
goods as imported. If the goods are not 
withdrawn within the three years, they 
are advertised and sold by the government 
at public auction. 

The amount of foreign merchandise 
stored in bonded warehouses at the differ¬ 
ent ports of the United States, at any one 
time, may vary anywhere between $40,- 
000,000 and $100,000,000. On the 31st of 
July, 1871, the aggregate amount was 
$70,000,000 ; of which amount there was, 
in round sums, in the warehouses in 

Baltimore. $4,000,000 

Boston. 9,000,000 

New Orleans. 1,500,000 

New York. 48,000,000 

Philadelphia. 4,000,000 

San Francisco. 3,000,000 

Warehouseman, one who receives 
merchandise in his warehouse on storage, 
for which he receives a compensation. 

Warranty. If a party sell goods as 
his own, no express warranty of title to 
the goods is required ; it is implied ; but 
with regard to the quality of the things 
sold a warranty is not implied, except in 
cases where, by the custom of trade or the I 


nature of the contract, a warranty is al¬ 
ways understood. An express warranty is 
where the seller covenants that the thing 
which is the subject of the contract is as 
mentioned ; as that a horse is sound. An 
implied warranty is one which, not being 
expressly made, is implied by the fact of 
the sale ; as where one sells goods which 
are in his possession at the time of the 
sale. 

Warri warri, a kind of palm-leaf 
fan. 

Warp, the threads which, in the man¬ 
ufacture of a piece of woven cloth of any 
kind, extend lengthways on the loom, the 
woof crossing it by means of a shuttle. 

Washed, covered with a thin coat of 
silver or gold ; tinted or coated on the sur¬ 
face. 

Wash-leather, a name sometimes 
given to imitation chamois-skins. 

Waste, the refuse, chippings, rem¬ 
nants, etc., of manufactures, many of 
which are valuable and have a recognized 
place in commerce—as cotton waste, wool 
waste, fur waste, silk waste, etc., etc. 

Wastage, the shrinkage, loss in han¬ 
dling, etc., of merchandise. 

Waste-basket, a small basket used 
as a receptacle for the waste-paper at the 
counting-house desk. 

Waste-book, a book in which rough 
entries of current transactions are made 
before they are entered on the day-book 
or journal. 

Waste-paper, scraps and spoiled 
paper; clippings, old paper, old newspa¬ 
pers, etc., etc., sold as paper stock. 

Watches, pocket time-keepers or 
pocket instruments, constnicted to show 
the hour of the day. They are manufac¬ 
tured on a large scale in the United States, 
and of a quality which compares favorably 
with those from abroad. The imports of 
watches and watch movements are up¬ 
wards of two millions of dollars annually. 
The most noted manufactures in Europe 
are those of Geneva, Locle, Neufchatel, Co¬ 
penhagen, Paris, Liverpool, London, and 
Coventry. Those of the United States are 
Waltham, Roxbury, and Springfield, Mass.; 
Marion, East Newark. N. J.; Philadelphia, 
Pa.; and Elgin and Chicago, Ill. 

Watch eases. By a decision of the 
Secretary of the Treasury, watch cases are 
“ parts of watches,” and not “ watch ma¬ 
terials.” 

Watch chains. These are made of 
gold, silver, steel, or other metal; and the 
question whether or not they should be 










WATCH CRYSTALS. 


WAY-BILL. 


0 t J 


called jewelry has not been authoritative¬ 
ly decided. 

Watch crystals, the glass covers 
for the face of watches. 

Watch keys, keys for winding 
watches. 

Watch materials. Steel springs, 
watch hands, chain hooks, and the like parts 
of watches, are decided by the Secretary of 
the Treasury as being watch materials. 

Watch movements. By a deci¬ 
sion of the Treasury Department, these 
are ‘ 4 the entire watch in running order, 
except the outer case and crystals,” and 
are neither watch materials nor parts of 
watches. 

Water. Fresh water has no commer¬ 
cial significance except so far as the sup¬ 
ply which vessels going to sea are required 
to carry, and which in most seaports is 
supplied at merely nominal prices. A ton 
of water is reckoned at 224 gallons. 

Waterage, a term used in England 
for the money paid for carrying goods by 
water—as, the transportation charges on 
a canal. 

Water colors, prepared paints or 
colors ground up with various kinds of 
aqueous gums or sizes, in contradistinc¬ 
tion to oil colors. 

Water color paintings, drawings 
or paintings executed on various kinds of 
paper with water-color paints. 

Water glass, a kind of soluble glass, 
under which latter name it is more gener¬ 
ally known in commerce. It is used for 
covering surfaces with a coat resembling 
glass, and is employed by wall painters. 

Water-hog skins, the skins of an 
animal of South America, which lives on 
the margins of lakes and rivers. It is a 
rodent animal (of the beaver tribe), re- 
rembling the guinea-pig, but much larger. 
Thousands of the skins are imported at 
New York from Buenos Ayres. 

Watered silk, silk for ladies’ dresses, 
subjected to a process which gives a pecu¬ 
liar appearance to their surface as seen by 
reflected light. It is done by passing the 
silks in a damp state between rollers, some 
of which are variously indented or en¬ 
graved, or it may be produced by the pres¬ 
sure of one fold of the piece laid trans¬ 
versely or diagonally upon another and 
pressed between revolving cylinders. 

Water-logged, ships with so much 
water in the hold as to be unmanageable. 

Water-mark, a name, device, or 
letter wrought into paper during the pro¬ 
cess of manufacture. 


Watermen, persons engaged in na¬ 
vigating, or employed on vessels upon 
rivers or small lakes, in contradistinction 
to sailors so engaged on vessels on the sea. 

Water-proof clot 1 b, fabrics ren¬ 
dered impervious to water, as by the ap¬ 
plication of India rubber; or a mixed 
solution of soap and alum with some gela¬ 
tinous material. Closely woven woollen 
or worsted and cotton fabrics for cloaking 
are often so styled in trade language, but 
they are rather repellent than impervious. 

Water-poa, a valuable kind of cul¬ 
tivated fodder-grass. 

Water twist, a kind of cotton twist. 

Wattle, the trade name for the bark 
of a species of acacia growing in Australia, 
which is exported and used as a tanning 
bark. 

Wax, the substance which forms the 
cells of bees, known in commerce as bees¬ 
wax ; a mineral product called mineral 
wax or ozolerite, known in commerce as 
paraffine ; an adhesive resinous substance 
made of shellac, turpentine, etc., known 
in commerce as sealing-wax; a kind of wax 
made of rosin and other substances, known 
in the shoe-trade as shoemakers’ wax; 
various waxy substances obtained from a 
variety of plants, and known in commerce 
as vegetable wax; and Chinese insect 
wax, known also in commerce as white 
wax. 

AVax caildlcs, candles made by sus¬ 
pending the wicks upon a hoop over a 
caldron of melted bees’ wax, which is 
successively poured over them with a 
ladle till they have acquired the proper 
size, the candles thus consisting of a series 
of layers of wax. They are also made by 
being cast in moulds. Their beauty and 
high illuminating power render them su¬ 
perior to all other kinds. 

Wax clotli, cloth covered with a 
coating of wax. 

Wax flowers, flowers of wax made 
and colored to imitate nature. They are 
not the artificial flowers of commerce. 

Wax myrtle, the candleberry myr¬ 
tle, or bayberry of Cape Colony, Louisiana, 
and different places near the sea-coast 
throughout the United States. 

Wax paiiai, the corypha eerifera, and 
other palms of Brazil, or the ceroxylon an- 
dicola of New Granada. The secretion on 
the stems of some of these palms consists 
of about two-thirds of resin and one-third 
of wax. From others the wax is obtained 
from the leaves. 

Way-bill, a writing in which is set 



576 


WEAK. 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


down a description of the goods sent with 
a common carrier by land. 

Weak , not possessing the full amount 
of the reqiiired ingredients to bring it up 
to the commercial standard. 

Wearing apparel, garments for 
the person. 

Wel>, that which is woven; textile 
fabric. 

Wedge wood ware, a fine kind of 
pottery, named after the original manu¬ 
facturer, Josiah Wedge wood of England. 

Weft, in the manufacture of cloth, or 
textile fabrics, the threads or yarns which 
cross the warp or piece from selvage to 
selvage ; the woof of cloth. 

Weiclisel wood, a kind of wood 
resembling wild cherry, imported from 
Germany, and used for pipe stems. Named 
from the Weichsel river, on whose banks 
it grows. 

elgll, to ascertain the weight of; 
to lift the anchor of a vessel out of ground. 

W eiglaer, an officer of the customs 
whose duty it is to weigh foreign mer¬ 
chandise as it is unladen from the vessels; 
one employed to weigh commodities. 

Weigliiaig, the act of ascertaining 
the commercial weight of commodities by 
legal standards. 

Weigllt, the ascertained number of 
pounds avoirdupois or troy, or the number 
of grains, as the case may be, of any com¬ 
modity. 

Weights and measures. The 

eighth section of the first article of the 
Constitution of the United States gives to 
Congress the authority to fix the standard 
of weights and measures. 

The action taken by Congress on this 
provision of the Constitution appears to 
have been— 

1. The passage of an act, May 19, 1828, 
declaring the brass troy pound-weight pro¬ 
cured by the Minister of the United States 
at London, in the year 1827, for the use 
of the Mint, and then in the custody of the 
director thereof, shall be the standard troy 
pound of the Mint of the United States. 

2. A joint resolution (14th June, 1836) 
directing the Secretary of the Treasury to 
cause a complete set of all weights and 
measures adopted as standards for the use 
of the several custom-houses, and for 
other purposes, to be delivered to the gov¬ 
ernors of each State in the Union, for the 
use of the States respectively, to the end 
that a uniform standard may be established 
throughout the United States. 

3. The act of 30th August, 1842, declar¬ 


ing that whenever the word ton is used in 
the act in reference to weight, it shall be 
deemed and taken to be twenty hundred¬ 
weight, each hundred-weight being one 
hundred and twelve pounds avoirdupois. 

4. The act of July 28, 1860, declaring it 
lawful throughout the United States of 
America to employ the weights and meas¬ 
ures of the metric system, and directing 
the Secretary of the Treasury to furnish 
to each State, to be delivered to the Gov¬ 
ernor thereof, one set of the standard 
weights and measures of the metric sys¬ 
tem for the use of the States respectively. 

The foregoing appears to be about all 
the action which Congress has thus far 
taken on this important subject: a mere 
recognition of English weights, avoirdupois 
and troy, and a legalization of the metric 
weights and measures of France, if anj r 
one should see proper to use them. Fortu- 
nately for commerce, the sanction of the 
States and the practice of merchants, 
both conforming to the English weights 
and old English measures, have established 
a uniform, if not a perfect or even a very 
convenient system among all the States. 
The measures are the same throughout 
the Union—a yard, a gallon, or a bushel, 
their multiples and sub-divisions, mean 
precisely the same in Texas that they do 
in Maine; in California the same as in 
Pennsylvania. In weights, also, the pound 
and its parts and multiples are understood 
everywhere to be the pound avoirdupois. 
When the troy pound is used for special 
commodities it is always denominated troy 
pound, not pound. The ton appears to 
be the only commercial weight which varies 
in different States, and, as with many of 
the weights of the European continent, 
varies also in its employment with differ¬ 
ent commodities. So far as Congress 
recognizes the ton, it would seem to estab¬ 
lish it as 2,240 lbs. In Maryland, New 
York, and perhaps some other States, the 
ton is fixed by law at 2,000 lbs., but even 
in Maryland for coal it is 2,240 lbs., and in 
New York, in practice, it is 2,240 lbs. in 
almost all wholesale transactions with 
heavy goods. Under the head of “ Meas¬ 
ures” and “ Metric System” will be found 
a description of the measures adopted and 
in use in the United States. The denom¬ 
inations of the weights, as furnished to the 
States by the Secretary of the Treasury, 
in accordance with the resolution of Con 
gress above referred to, were— 

Nine avoirdupois brass weights of one, 

[ Continued on page 578.] 





WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


577 


The following- Table, of some of the more common foreign weights and measures 
which occur in the business of regular American importing merchants, shows the 
equivalents to our pounds, gallons, feet, and yards, from 1 up to 50 of the foreign 
denominations: — 


u 

& 

Turkish. 

French. 

Vienna. 

Berlin. 

Frank¬ 

fort. 

a 

Okas 

Kilogrammes 

Litres 

Metres 

Ells 

Ells 

Brab't Ells 

& 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 


Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Gallons. 

Feet. 

Yards. 

Yards. 

Yards. 

i 

2.829 

2.205 

.264 

3.281 

.852 

.729 

.765 

2 

5.657 

4.410 

.528 

6.562 

1.704 

1.459 

1.529 

3 

8.486 

6.615 

.793 

9.843 

2.556 

2.188 

2.294 

4 

11.314 

8.819 

1.057 

13.124 

3.409 

2.918 

3.059 

5 

14.143 

11.024 

1.321 

16.409 

4.261 

3.647 

3.823 

6 

16.972 

13.229 

1.585 

19.685 

5.113 

4.376 

4.588 

7 

19.800 

15.434 

1.849 

22.966 

5.965 

5.106 

5.353 

8 

22.629 

17.639 

2.114 

26.247 

6.817 

5.835 

6.117 

9 

25.457 

19.844 

2.378 

29.528 

7.669 

6.565 

6.882 

10 

28.286 

22.049 

2.642 

32.809 

8.522 

7.294 

7.647 

11 

31.115 

24.253 

2.906 

36.090 

9.374 

8.023 

8.412 

12 

33.943 

26.458 

3.170 

39.371 

10.226 

8.753 

9.176 

13 

36.772 

28.663 

3.434 

42.652 

11.078 

9.482 

9.941 

14 

39.600 

30.868 

3.699 

45.933 

11.930 

10.211 

10.706 

15 

42.429 

33.073 

3.963 

49.214 

12.783 

10..941 

11.470 

16 

45.258 

35.278 

4.227 

52.495 

13.634 

11.670 

12.235 

17 

48.086 

37.482 

4.491 

55.775 

14.487 

12.400 

13.000 

18 

50.915 

39.687 

4.755 

59.056 

15.339 

13.129 

13.764 

19 

53.743 

41.892 

5.020 

62.337 

16.191 

13.858 

14.529 

20 

56.572 

44.097 

5.284 

65.617 

17.043 

14.588 

15.294 

21 

59.401 

46.302 

5.548 

68.899 

17.895 

15.317 

16,058 

22 

62.229 

48.507 

5.812 

72.180 

18.747 

16.047 

16.823 

23 

65.058 

50.712 

6.076 

75.461 

19.600 

16.776 

17.588 

24 

67.886 

52.917 

6.340 

78.742 

20.452 

17.505 

18.352 

25 

70.715 

55.122 

6.605 

82.023 

21.304 

18.235 

19.117 

26 

73.544 

57.327 

6.869 

85.304 

22.156 

18.964 

19.882 

27 

76.372 

59.531 

7.133 

88.585 

23.008 

19.694 

20.646 

28 

79.201 

61.736 

7.397 

91.865 

23.860 

20.423 

21.411 

29 

82.029 

63.941 

7.661 

95.146 

24.712 

. 21.152 

22.176 

30 

84.858 

66.146 

7.926 

98.427 

25.565 

21:882 

22.940 

31 

87.687 

68.351 

8.190 

101.708 

26.417 

22.611 

23.705 

32 

90.515 

70.556 

8.454 

104.989 

27.269 

23.340 

24.470 

33 

93.344 

72.760 

8.718 

108.270 

28.121 

24.070 

25.235 

34 

96.172 

74.965 

8.982. 

111.551 

28.973 

24.799 

25.999 

35 

99.001 

77.170 

9.247 

114.832 

29.825 

25.529 

26.764 

36 

101.830 

79.375 

9.511 

118.113 

30.678 

26.258 

27.529 

37 

104.658 

81.580 

9.775 

121.394 

31.530 

26.987 

28.293 

38 

107.487 

83.789 

10.039 

124.675 

32.382 

27.717 

29.056 

39 

110.315 

85.990 

10.304 

127.955 

33.234 

28.446 

29.823 

40 

113.144 

88.194 

10.568 

131.236 

34.086 

29.176 

30.587 

41 

115.973 

90.399 

10.832 

134.517 

34.938 

29.905 

31.352 

42 

118.801 

92.604 

11.096 

137.798 

35.790 

30.034 

32.117 

43 

121.630 

94.809 

11.360 

141.079 

36.643 

31.364 

32.881 

44 

124.458 

97.014 

11.624 

144.560 

37.495 

32.093 

33.646 

45 

127.287 

99.219 

11.889 

147.641 

38.347 

32.823 

34.411 

46 

130.116 

101.424 

12.153 

150.922 

39.199 

33.552 

35.175 

47 

132.944 

103.628 

12.417 

154.203 

40.051 

34.281 

35.940 

48 

135.773 

105.833 

12.681 

157.484 

40.903 

35.011 

36.705 

49 

138.601 

108.038 

12.945 

160.765 

41.755 

35.740 

37.469 

50 

141.430 

110.243 

13.210 

164.046 

42.608 

36.469 

38.234 


37 
























578 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


WET DOCK. 


two, three, four, five, ten, twenty, twenty- 
five, and fifty pounds respectively; and 
One set of standard troy ounce-weights, 
divided deciraaily from ten ounces to the 
one-ten-thousandth of an ounce. 

The equivalents of the weights of the 
metric system with the denominations of 
the avoirdupois weights will he found 
under the head of “ Metric System.” 

The following tables exhibit the relation 
of the United States weights and measures 
to the chief commercial weights and meas¬ 
ures of Europe:— 

100 United States Gallons are equal to , in 
Great Britain, 83.33 imperial gallons. 
France, 378.62 litres. 

Netherlands, 378.62 kans. 

Hamburg, 52.30 viertels; 20 to 1 ahm. 
Denmark, 48.99 viertels ; 30 to 1 oxhoft. 
Prussia, 330.66 quarts ; 64 to 1 eimer. 
Sweden, 144.72 kannen ; 30 to 1 eimer. 
Russia, 30.81 wedros ; 1$ to 1 oxhoft. 
Turkey, 72.12 almudes. 

Austria, 6.70 eimers. 

Naples, 9.14 barile of 60 caraffi. 

Leghorn, 8.30 barile of 20 fiasche. 

“ 11.32 barile of oil. 

Genoa, 5.10 barile. 

Spain, 23.42 canteros of 8 azumbras. 
Portugal, 22.90 almudes of Lisbon. 

‘ ‘ 14.85 almudes of Oporto. 


100 United States Yards are equal to, in 
Great Britain, 100 yards; same as United 
States. 

France, 91.44 metres. 

Netherlands, 91.44 ells or metres. 
Hamburg, 159.58 ells. 

Denmark, 145.67 ells. 

Sweden, 154 ells. 

Prussia, 137.10 ells. 

Russia, 128.57 arshines. 

Turkey, 135.21 pikes. 

Austria, 117.35 ells. 

Naples, 43.27 canne of 8 palmi. 

Leghorn, 153.87 braccia. 

Genoa, 36.575 canne of 10 palmi. 

Spain, 107.83 varas. 

Portugal, 83.45 varas. 

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 

100 lbs. avoirdupois are equal to , in 
Great Britain, 100 lbs., same as U. S. 
France, 45.36 kilogrammes. 

Netherlands, 90.72 half ponden or kilo¬ 
grammes. 

Hamburg, 93.62 pounds of 16 ounces of 32 
loths. 


Denmark, 90.80 pounds of 32 lods. 
Prussia, 96.98 pounds of 16 ounces. 
Sweden, 106.71 pounds victuale weight. 
Russia, 110.78 pounds of 32 loths. 

Turkey, Constantinople, 35.35 okes of 40C 
drams. 

Austria, 80.96 pounds of 16 ounces. 
Naples, 141.41 pounds of 12 ounces. 
Leghorn, 133.58 pounds of 12 ounces. 
Genoa, 143.10 pounds of 12 ounces. 

Spain, 98.57 pounds of 16 ounces. 
Portugal, 98.82 pounds of 16 ounces. 


112 lbs. avoirdupois or 1 civi. are equal to, in 
Great Britain, 112 lbs, avoir., same as U. S. 
France, 50.80 kilogrammes. 

Netherlands, 101.60 half ponden. 
Hamburg, 104.35 pounds. 

Denmark, 101.69 pounds. 

Prussia, 108.62 pounds. 

Sweden, 119.50 pounds. 

Russia, 3.102 poods of 40 pounds. 

Turkey, Constantinople, 39.50 okes. 
Austria, 90.67 pounds. 

Naples, 0.5702 cantaro of 100 rottoli. 
Leghorn, 1.496 quintal of 100 pounds. 
Genoa, 1.0685 cantaro of 100 rottoli. 
Spain, 4.416 arrobas of 25 pounds. 
Portugal, 3.459 arrobas of 32 pounds. 


100 United States bushels are equal to 
97.087 English or imperial bushels. 

100 imperial bushels are equal to 103.031 
American bushels. 


100 United States gallons are equal to 
83.33 imperial gallons. 

100 imperial gallons are equal to 120 Uni¬ 
ted States gallons. 


Weld, or Wold, dyers’ weed; a 
plant, the reseda luteola , a native of Eu¬ 
rope, cultivated for the use of dyers; the 
stejns and leaves affording a yellow dye 
much employed by paper-stainers. 

Weldhores, a description of woollen 
goods, manufactured in Bradford. 

W r elsh flannel, a very fine and ex¬ 
pensive kind of hand-woven flannel, made 
from the fleeces of the sheep of the Welsh 
mountains. 

Welt shoulders, a name in the 
leather trade for curried leather, suitable 
for welts for boots and shoes. 

West India tea, the leaves of the 
goat-weed, capraria biflora, found in Cen¬ 
tral America and used for tea. 

Wet dock, a dock for vessels, so 
constructed that the water may be shut 
in and kept at the required level. 









WET DRIED RAISINS. 

Wet dried raisins, the name for 
raisins made from grapes collected after 
the rainy season sets in—inferior to those 
from grapes gathered in the dry season. 

Wet goods, cotton, woollen, and silk 
goods, which are injured by water in ex¬ 
tinguishing fires. After a fire, or when 
goods are damaged at sea, the wet goods 
are promptly disposed of, generally to a 
class of retail dealers who make a display 
of them at their store doors and on the 
side-walks, and by signs and placards of 
“ great bargains in wet goods,” get up 
such an excitement, that purchasers are 
frequently induced to pay more for these 
goods than the regular price of those which 
are uninjured. It is even said that in dull 
times some of these dealers actually wet a 
lot of goods purposely to get up this kind 
of an excitement. 

Wet salted hides, hides put up 
in salt brine or pickle, in contradistinction 
to dry salted. 

Wey, a wool weight of England of 182 
lbs. 

Whalebone, the laminated plates 
found in the mouth of the balsena or right 
whale. These plates are from three to 
twelve or fifteen feet long—when above 
six feet it is size-bone. It is said that 
from 250 to 300 of these plates or bones 
are found in the mouth of a full-grown 
whale, and that they weigh nearly a ton. 
It is used for the ribs of umbrellas, for 
whip handles, in millinery, and uphol¬ 
stery, and in various other ways. It is 
prepared for manufacture by boiling, and 
then dyed black. In England it is commer¬ 
cially known as whale-fins, and is distin¬ 
guished as Northern (Davis’s Straits), 
Polar, North-west, and Southern, and 
where the two first-named kinds sell for 
£470 per ton, the North-west is worth 
£420, and the Southern but £400. In 
New York it is always sold by the pound, 
and pretty much the same distinctions are 
made in the prices. 

Whalers, ships fitted out for and en¬ 
gaged in the whale fishery. The whalers 
in the sperm whale fishery belong to New 
Bedford, Fairhaven, Nantucket, Westport, 
and Edgartown; those fitted out for the 
right-whale fishery are from New London, 
Mystic, Stonington, Sag Harbor, Green- 
port, and Warren, R. I. California has 
also a few vessels engaged in the trade. 
Of the 300 vessels, however, which consti¬ 
tute the whaling marine of the United 
States, 206 belong to the New Bedford 
district, and of the 68,004 tons of tonnage 


WHEAT. 579 

42,000 belong to the same district. New 
London district is next in importance. 

Wli a I e-filis, the commercial name 
for whalebone in England; thus named 
originally in ignorance of the part of the 
whale from which they were taken. 

Whale Oil, sperm oil from the sperm 
whale, and the oil from the balsena oi 
right whale, or train oil. These oils, as 
they arrive in the whale-ships, are known 
commercially as crude oils, and acquire 
their commercial character as whale oils 
after undergoing a process of refining. 
The trade in these oils has for many years 
been on the decline, owing to the scarcity 
of whales in the old fishing-grounds, and 
probably also to the cheap substitutes for 
whale oils, for many purposes, found in 
the petroleum oils, deterring capital and 
enterprise from pushing the whaling trade 
to remoter seas. 

Wliarf, a landing-place constructed 
in a harbor or river, alongside of which 
vessels may conveniently receive or dis¬ 
charge their cargoes. 

Wharfage, the money paid, or the 
charges for the use of the wharf in landing 
goods upon, or loading a vessel from it. 

Wharfinger, the person in charge 
of a wharf, or one Avho owns or keeps the 
wharf, for receiving or shipping merchan¬ 
dise to or from it for hire. A wharfinger 
is responsible for ordinary neglect, and 
his responsibility begins when he ac¬ 
quires, and ends when he ceases to have 
the custody of the goods. A mere de¬ 
livery at the wharf, unless on express or 
implied assent on the part of the wharf¬ 
inger to take charge of them, does not 
make him liable. 

Wharp, a name for Trent sand. 

"Wheat. This is the most important 
of all the group of cereals. From the 
earliest antiquity it has been cultivated as 
a favorite food for man; and in all civil¬ 
ized countries it is regarded as an impor¬ 
tant constituent in the prime necessities 
of the human family. In its commercial 
aspect, too, it is, in this country at least, 
only second to one other agricultural pro¬ 
duct. Although there are several varieties 
of this grain, there are only two which are 
noted in commerce : the red and white; 
and of these note is made of the winter 
wheat, which is sowed in the fall of the 
year, and the spring wheat which is sowed 
in the spring, both of which are harvested 
about the same time in the summer. The 
winter wheat usually commands a little 
higher price than the spring, and the 





580 


WHEAT. 


WHEELSWARF. 


whits wheat is rather more highly esteemed 
than the red. The yearly product is not 
regular, but in the United States the 
average yield seems to be surely, though 
perhaps not regularly, increasing. Thus 
the whole amount raised in the respective 
years following, in round numbers, was— 

1850.bus. 100,000,000 

I860. “ 133,000,000 

1862. “ 181,000,000 

1865 partial failure of crop, ‘ ‘ 149,000,000 

1868 . “ 217,000,000 

1869 . “ 264,000,000 

From the vast extent of country in 
which wheat is grown, embracing both the 
Atlantic and the Pacific States, it is safe 
to estimate, for some years to come, the 
annual average yield at about 250 millions 
of bushels. Our ability to export wheat or 
wheat flour depends less upon the amount 
we produce than upon the state of the mar¬ 
kets abroad. The ordinary deficiencies in 
the crops of England and France are made 
up by their imports from Russia, Turkey, 
and Egypt, whence they can receive their 
supplies cheaper than from the United 
States. To make up extraordinary defici¬ 
encies, however, this country is generally 
called upon to contribute; but rarely more 
than about 25 per cent, of the imports of 
wheat or flour in either of these countries 
is from the United States, and the foreign 
demand seldom exceeds 5 per cent, of our 
yearly crop. 

The principal marts for wheat in the 
United States are Chicago, St. Louis, Buf¬ 
falo, and New York. The following is the 
classification of wheat adopted by the 
Merchants’ Exchange at St. Louis: — 
Choice white, No. 1 white, and No. 2 white; 
choice red, No. 1 red, No. 2 red, and No. 
3 red ; No. 1 spring, No. 2 spring, and 
No. 3 spring. 

All quotations made according to this 
classification are to be known as of bulk fall 
wheat in elevator; other quotations will 
be known as wheat in sacks. Choice white 
to be bright, sound, dry, plump, and well- 
cleaned pure white winter, to weigh at 
least sixty-two pounds per measured bush¬ 
el; No. 1 white to be sound, dry, well- 
cleaned, pure white winter wheat, to 
weigh at least sixty pounds per measured 
bushel; No. 2 white to be sound, dry 
white winter wheat, reasonably cleaned, 
and to weigh not less than fifty-nine 
pounds per measured bushel ; No. 1 red to 
be sound, well-cleaned, dry red or red and 
white mixed winter wheat, free from rye, 


to weigh at least sixty pounds per meas¬ 
ured bushel; No. 2 red to include all 
sound, dry, reasonably cleaned red or red 
and white mixed winter wheat below No. 

1 red, and weighing not less than fifty-nine 
pounds per measured bushel; No. 3 red to 
include dry red, white or mixed thin, or 
bleached winter wheat, free from must, 
weighing not less than fifty-seven pounds 
per measured bushel; choice red to be 
bright, sound, plump, dry, and well- 
cleaned red or red and white mixed winter 
wheat, to weigh at least sixty-two pounds 
per measured bushel. Rejected — all 
damp, tough, either very smutty or un¬ 
sound wheat of any weight; and all light, 
trashy, or dirty thin wheat, falling below 
No. 3 in wheat. 

The general classification in New York 
is white and red, the commercial varieties 
of which are denoted by the names of the 
States where the wheat is raised. 

Of the foreign wheats imported by Eng¬ 
land and France, that which comes most 
in competition with American wheat is 
from Russia, shipped from St. Petersburg, 
Odessa, Taganrog, and other ports on the 
Black Sea and the Sea of Azoff, and com¬ 
mercially distinguished as Russian , Aze- 
maia , and Kubanka. That which is called 
Russian is the lowest description of wheat 
shipped from St. Petersburg. It is small- 
grained and dingy colored, and though 
sound, is unfit for the manufacture of fine 
bread. The azemaia is what is called soft 
wheat; it has a larger grain than the Rus¬ 
sian, has a better color, and is one of the 
kinds which is largely exported to England. 
The kubanka is a large, semi-transparent 
grain, and is known as hard wheat; but 
its hardness has nothing of the flinty char¬ 
acter of the Spanish wheat, which it much 
resembles. When it was first taken to 
London the millers objected to it on ac¬ 
count of the difficulty of grinding it; but 
this difficulty was overcome, and it became 
a favorite wheat and in much demand. 
All the Russian wheats are well calculated 
for keeping, either for the granary or when 
made into bread; but the kubanka has 
this quality in a peculiar degree, and is in 
demand in England for mixing with other 
wheats that are old, stale, and out of con¬ 
dition. 

For the amount of wheat raised in Eu¬ 
rope and in the United States, see under 
head of “Grain.” 

Wheels war f, a cement made in 
Sheffield from the dust obtained from the 
abrasion of grindstones. 









WHETSTONES. 

WhclstOlies, stones used for sharp¬ 
ening- edged tools, generally a talky slate 
containing silica. 

Wlifpsticks, the stocks or handles 
for driving whips, of malacca, hickory, 
ash, etc., etc. 

Whiskey, a spirit distilled from grain. 
The name is a corruption of the Irish word 
usquebaugh. That which is known to the 
commerce of our country is chiefly made 
from rye or com. Whiskey is the chief 
spirituous or distilled liquor made in the 
United States, the annual production and 
consumption being about 75,000,000 of 
gallons. 

White, the color of snow. This word 
is used in trade to express a well-under¬ 
stood and defined color, without reference 
to its philosophical accuracy. 

Wliite cedar. Shingles and staves of 
this timber are held in the highest esteem. 
The white cedar, cupressus thy aides, grows 
in swamps and low grounds in the United 
States, southward from Massachusetts and 
Ohio. 

White copper, the Chinese alloy 
known as Packfong. 

Wliite corn. In commerce a distinc¬ 
tion is made between white and yellow 
corn ; the quotations usually being a few 
cents per bushel less for the white than 
for the yellow. 

White lisli, a fine fish caught in the 
lakes and called lake shad. They weigh 
from 3 to 8 and 9 lbs., and are salted and 
packed in barrels, and form the principal 
store fish of the Western States, taking 
the place of mackerel and shad in the 
Eastern States. 

White goods, a general name for 
a large class of British, French, and Swiss 
goods, embracing jaconets, cambrics, nain¬ 
sooks, mulls, lawns, brilliantes, India 
twills, dimities, skirtings, dress linings, 
quilts, piques, Swiss muslins, French or¬ 
gandies, tarlatanes, percales, madopolans, 
etc. 

White gunpowder, powder pre¬ 
pared from white sugar, chlorate of pot¬ 
ash, and ferrocyanide of potassium. It is 
very explosive, but too rapid and violent 
in its combustion for guns. 

White iron, a species of pig iron. 

White lead, a carbonate of lead, 
largely manufactured in England and the 
United States, and used as a base for oil 
paints. It is sold dry and in oil, and is 
commercially classed with paints. As 
ordinarily found in commerce, it is adul¬ 
terated with sulphate of barytes. 


WIDTH. 581 

White leaf, tin foil or leaf metal, 
made of tin alloyed with lead. 

White -oak Cheese, the name given 
to a kind of inferior cheese, made from 
skim-milk. 

White-oak timber, a valuable 
timber of the Atlantic States, used for 
heavy staves, headings, etc. ; also as a 
furniture wood, and building material for 
ships, bridges, houses, etc. 

While metal, an alloy of lead, bis¬ 
muth, and antimony, used for tea sets, 
spoons, etc. Also any of the soft, light- 
colored metals used for bearings in ma¬ 
chinery. 

White pine, the trade-name for 
white-pine timber —(pinus strobus ?), the 
most valuable timber for carpentry use of 
any found in the United States. The 
species of pine which furnishes this timber 
grows in sections of the Northern and 
Northwestern States, and in Canada. The 
tree, which is one of the largest and finest 
found in the forests of the United States, 
from the great and constant demand for the 
timber, is becoming scarce, and is now only 
found, in any considerable numbers, in in¬ 
convenient or inaccessible localities. 

White spruce, the abies alba , a 
valuable timber used for the masts of 
vessels, and largely for sawing into scan¬ 
tlings, fencing-boards, etc. 

White stone, the name given by 
lapidaries to colorless rock crystal when 
cut for jewelry. 

White vitriol, the old name for sul¬ 
phate of zinc. 

White-wood, the name given to 
the sawed stuff, boards, planks, etc., of 
the American tulip-tree ; and also some¬ 
times to the lumber of the bass-wood. 

White wax, beeswax bleached to 
whiteness ; also a name for Chinese insect 
wax. 

White wines, pale-colored wines, 
as sherry, Sauteme, etc., in contradistinc¬ 
tion to port, claret, Burgundy, etc. 

Whiting, ground chalk purified; 
Spanish white ; a kind of fish allied to the 
pollock. 

Whitten, a Swedish coin. 

Wholesale dealer, one who buys 
his goods from first hands, or at the place 
of their production, and in large amounts, 
and sells to other merchants or retailers, 
w T ho retail them out to consumers. 

Wickerwork, baskets or other tex¬ 
ture of osiers. 

Width, extent from side to side; as 
the width of cloth. 



532 


WIGS. 


WINES. 


Wigs, artificial coverings of human 
hair for the head. In England, the wigs 
of judges and barristers are mostly made 
of horse-hair, and those of coachmen, of 
mohair. 

Wlld-boar, a kind of black worsted 
stuff; a kind of camlet, usually about 30 
yards to the piece and 54 inches wide ; 
made at Bradford, England, and used for 
priests’ robes. 

Willow baskets, baskets made of 
osiers or willow in a great variety of shapes, 
sizes, and styles. Largely manufactured 
in the United States, and imported, also, in 
large numbers from Germany. 

Willow test, the prepared leaves of 
a species of willow, largely grown in the 
neighborhood of Shanghai, and extensively 
used by the poorer classes of Chinese as a 
substitute for the tea of their own country, 
and also, as is supposed, for mixing with 
different kinds of the true teas of China 
which are intended for export. 

Mr. Medhurst, the British Consul at 
Shanghai, says : “ The preparation of the 
willow leaf for mixture with tea is openly 
practised in the villages on the Hong-keu 
side of the Soo-chow Creek, and it has 
become an industry which claims an im¬ 
portant share of the attention of the vil¬ 
lages of that and other localities. The 
banks of the numerous creeks are planted 
with willow-trees, the young leaves of 
which are collected in April and May, very 
much in the way that the tea leaf is gath¬ 
ered. The produce is then collected in 
heaps on the hard threshing-floors of the 
hamlets, and is allowed to undergo a mild 
fermentation in the sun. The leaves are 
then manipulated, similarly to those of 
the ordinary tea plant. They are sorted 
into kinds, according to sizes, and after¬ 
wards roasted in common tea ovens. The 
appearance of the stuff, after this treat¬ 
ment, is not unlike that of the genuine 
article, and it is carried to Shanghai, and 
there intermixed with pure tea, at a ratio 
of from ten to twenty per cent. The cul¬ 
tivation and preparation of willow leaves 
were begun in Shanghai about the year 
1860, and have increased year by year. 
The poorer classes near Shanghai have for 
a long period consumed this leaf as an in¬ 
fusion in place of tea, the latter being too 
expensive for them to purchase.” 

As far as he can gather, its use is pro¬ 
ductive of no ill effect, but its flavor has 
not the slightest resemblance to any known 
tea. The cost of the article cannot ex¬ 
ceed 2d. per pound, but when mixed with 


tea, and so sold to foreigners, it must rep¬ 
resent a very large profit to the pro¬ 
ducers. 

Willow ware, baskets, wickerwork, 
chair bottoms, chairs, cradles, settees, and 
a variety of other articles made from the 
branches of the willow. 

Wilton carpets, a kind of carpet 
woven with loops like Brussels carpet, but 
differing from the latter in having the 
loops cut open, which gives the face an 
elastic, velvety pile. The name is derived 
from the place where this kind of carpet 
was first made—Wilton, in England. 

Wincey clotli, a heavy, plain, 
woven cotton and worsted fabric of vari¬ 
ous colors, used mostly for ladies’ under¬ 
skirts. 

Winchester busliel, the old Eng¬ 
lish measure, now superseded in England 
by the imperial bushel. It is the bushel 
of the United States, and contains 2150.42 
cubic inches. It derived its name from 
the fact that the standard measure, as 
given by King Edgar, was kept in the Town 
Hall at Winchester. 

Window £lnss, plate, sheet, or 
crown glass of various sizes, for windows. 

Windsor soap, a celebrated soap, 
particularly applicable for bathing pur¬ 
poses, made of mutton suet and lard or 
olive-oil. It is made largely in France as 
well as in England, where it originated, 
and an inferior kind is also made in this 
country. The fancy Windsor soaps, the 
violet, rose, benzoin, and palm, are modi¬ 
fied by essences or essential oils. 

Wines. Wines of various qualities and 
grades are now produced in the United 
States on a large scale, and the trade in 
them is rapidly on the increase; the States 
of Ohio, Missouri, and California producing 
most largely, and the last-named State 
taking the lead both in quantity and varie¬ 
ty. How far and at how remote a period 
these wines may sensibly diminish the de¬ 
mand for the French and Spanish wines, 
which have an established reputation in 
this country, remains to be seen. 

Among the wines best known to the com¬ 
merce of this country are the following : 

Port wine , the produce of a single well- 
defined district in the north of Portugal 
The returns of the vintages in this district, 
known as the Alto Douro, show an average 
production of wine of good quality of about 
7,000,000 of gallons, the principal exports 
of which are to England. The same dis¬ 
trict produces also about 2,000,000 of gal¬ 
lons of a quality which is only fit for dis 



WINES. 


583 


filiation. The Lisbon and Bucellas white 
wines are also Portugal wines. Of the for¬ 
mer frequent importations are made to 
this country. It is asserted that very lit¬ 
tle pure wine is ever exported from Portu¬ 
gal. It is generally so strongly brandied 
as to lose its character as a wine and be¬ 
comes rather a spirituous liquor. 

Sherry wine is produced in the vicinity 
of Xeres, not far from Cadiz, in Spain. It 
is very extensively used in England and in 
the United States, and also in Russia. 
The annual product, including what is 
known as San Lucas wine, is estimated to 
be 10,000,000 of gallons. There are a 
great many other wines produced in Spain; 
but with the exception of Malaga, of which 
over 2,000,000 of gallons are produced an¬ 
nually, our imports are very small. Very 
large quantities of a strong sweetish red 
wine, called Benicarlo , from the port 
whence it is shipped, is exported to Bor¬ 
deaux, where it is said to be mixed up 
with the poorer sorts of the wines of the 
Gironde, to which it gives color, body, and 
durability. 

Marsala wine is a wine which resembles 
sherry; it is the produce of, and by far 
the best wine of Sicily. The annual pro¬ 
duct is something over 2,000,000 of gal¬ 
lons. 

Madeira wine is a well-known wine, 
named from the place of its production. 
In the United States sherry has pretty 
much taken its place. The product is al¬ 
most 2,000,000 of gallons. 

Teneriffe wine , so called from the island 
of Teneriffe, resembles Madeira, but is in¬ 
ferior in body and flavor. 

Champagne is a French wine of the 
Department of Marne ; it has a universal 
reputation, and forms one of the principal 
productions of France. In good seasons 
the product of the champagne district is 
about 15,000,000 of bottles, but the aver¬ 
age is probably not over 10,000,000. The 
United States, England, Russia, and the 
East Indies are the principal consumers. 
France probably ranks next, then Germa¬ 
ny, Holland, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Por¬ 
tugal, and Africa. Our intelligent coun¬ 
tryman, Dr. Robert Tomes, who visited, 
and very thoroughly explored the Cham¬ 
pagne wine district a few years since, 
states that the chief manufacturers of this 
wine, whose names are so well known in 
the United States, may be presumed, for 
the most part, to export none but a genu¬ 
ine article. The manufacturer of repute 
would not venture to sell any other. ‘ k Only 


a few producers of less note are accused 
of making their so-called champagne wines 
of a grape that never ripened on the hills 
of Rheims or its neighborhood.” Rheims 
is the chief seat of the champagne trade, 
though Epemay, Chalons sur Ay, and 
Mareuil sur Ay, all within the same de¬ 
partment, are more or less engaged in its 
production, manufacture, and sale. Dr. 
Tomes visited the cellars of one of the 
principal houses at Epernay, and describes 
it as a palatial establishment above ground, 
and below, great cellars hewn out of the 
solid chalk, which underlies the thin soil 
of all that portion of the country that pro¬ 
duces the champagne grape. These are 
divided into seven vast compartments, 
which contain five subterranean passages, 
ten large and one hundred and seventeen 
small cellars, in which are arranged in 
order two millions and a half of bottles of 
champagne, beside scores of great hogs¬ 
heads, and many hundreds of barrels filled 
with wine. The establishment covers an 
area of twelve acres and a half. The total 
length of the vaults is nearly two miles. 

Claret icines are also wines of France, 
the produce of the Gironde. Of these 
Chateau Lafite, Latour, and Chateau Mar- 
gaux, in Medoc, and Haut Brion, in the 
Graves district, occupy the first rank. The 
wines most esteemed after those named 
are such as Rauzan and Durfort, in the 
Parish of Margaux, and the vineyards of 
Leoville and Larose, in the Parish of St. 
Julien ; Mouton, in the Parish of Panillac, 
and Gorsse, in the Parish of Coutenac. 
These afford wines of fine quality, which 
in favorable years are esteemed as equal 
to some of those first named. These par¬ 
ishes and that of St. Estephe produce the 
great majority of the third and fourth 
class wines, as well as those that are sold 
as ordinary clarets under the genuine 
names of their parishes. The American 
Committee on wines at the Paris Exposi¬ 
tion state, that the merchants of Bor¬ 
deaux and the fabricators and imitators 
are so adroit, that it seems impossible for 
the honest wine-grower of France to come 
into such relations with the wine-drinkers 
here as will secure to the latter the bene¬ 
fits, sanitary and moral, which the French 
people themselves derive from the pure 
juice of the grape, so abundantly produced 
in their country. It is not an unusual 
practice for dealers to buy of producers 
in the back country a coarse, deep-red 
wine, for 30 cents per gallon, mix, bot¬ 
tle, and send it abroad labelled with all 



584 


WINES. 


WIRE. 


the high-sounding names of Medoc, to 
sell at enormous profits to unsuspecting 
foreigners. Farther south than Bordeaux, 
in the country about Montpellier and 
Beziers, an inferior article, but perfectly 
pure, can be obtained of the producer at 
five and six cents per gallon, or one cent 
per bottle. 

The production of wine in France has 
of late years been very large; the 4,000,000 
of acres in cultivation yielding an average 
of 1,200,000,000 of gallons. 

Burgundy is also a French wine, named 
from the province in which it is produced. 
It is very highly esteemed, and “in rich¬ 
ness of flavor and perfume, and all the more 
delicate qualities of the juice of the grape, 
ranks as the first wine of the world.” The 
Romane, Conti, Chambertin, Clos Vou- 
geot, and Richebourg are the most cele¬ 
brated of the red wines of Burgundy. The 
Burgundy white wines, those of the Cote 
d’Or, are the wines of Montrachet, of 
Memsault, and those of Blaquay, and the 
Chablis wines of Lower Burgundy. 

The German wines are principally pro¬ 
duced on the banks of the Rhine and 
Moselle. The Rhine wines constitute a 
distinct order by themselves ; except those 
of inferior quality they are not, as many 
suppose, naturally acid. The Johannis- 
berger stands at the head of the Rhine 
wines. The vineyard is the property of 
Prince Metternich, and his wines, of which 
there are several qualities, command the 
highest prices. The Steinberger ranks 
next to the Johannisberger. 

Tokay is a Hungarian wine, so called 
from a town of the same name. There 
are three qualities, the best of which is 
one of the most delicious wines made. 
None but the inferior kinds are met with 
in general commerce. But the product of 
wine of all kinds in Hungary is second 
only in amount to that in France ; the 
qualities are various, but generally low- 
priced. 

The American wines best known in the 
trade of our country, are the still and 
sparkling Catawba wines of Ohio, Missouri, 
and New York; and the ports, hocks, and 
sweet and sparkling wines of California. 
There are various grades of these wines, 
and some of them have trade-names which 
are becoming familiar to the public. The 
commission of the Paris Exposition, to 
which we have before referred, says that 
“our American vineyards compare very 
well with those of France, and so do our 
cellars, presses, and casks.” The entire 


wine product of the countiy has reached 
about 10,000,000 of gallons ; and it only 
requires further experience in its manufac¬ 
ture, and longer and more careful culture 
of the grape, to enable the United States 
to successfully compete with the products 
of other countries, and to establish an ex¬ 
port trade in the article of wines, which, 
in amount and value, will at least be equal 
to what our tastes and inclinations may 
demand from abroad. 

Wine measure. The gallon is the 
only measure for wine or other liquids in 
the United States, though the French litre 
is also a legal measure. Barrels, hogs¬ 
heads, pipes, butts, tons, etc., are terms 
used in commerce for convenience, as 
expressing proximate quantities, which 
on gauging are always reduced to gallons. 
The sherry wine butt of England is 130 
gals. ; the wine bota of Spain is 127-§gals.; 
the wine pipe, or pipa of Spain, is 115 tV 
gals. 

Wine merchant, an importer or 
dealer in wines. 

Wine stone, a name for crude tartar 
or argols. 

Wine vinegar, vinegar made of 
wine. 

Winter’s bark, the aromatic medi¬ 
cinal bark of the drymis winteri, a large 
forest-tree growing in Peru and New Gre¬ 
nada. 

"Will ter green, the leaves of the 
wild plant which bears the partridge berry 
or mountain tea berry ; the pipsissewa. 

Winter iar<8 oil, commercial lard 
oil s -bi ^cted to the influence of a cold 
temperaoure and re-pressed, whereby it is 
made to bear a lower temperature without 
congealing. 

Winter-stock, that class of goods 
which a merchant finds adapted to his 
sales during the winter months, and with 
which his store is stocked or supplied for 
the demands of that season of the year. 
Also the stock which remains unsold at 
the close of the fall business, and which 
has to be held during the winter. 

Winter wheat, the wheat which is 
harvested from the grain sown in the fall 
of the year, usually of a slightly increased 
commercial value over spring wheat. 

Wire, a metallic substance formed to 
an even thread by being drawn through a 
series of progressively diminishing aper¬ 
tures in a plate of steel. Wire is made from 
gold, silver, platinum, or any ductile me- 
j tal, but chiefly from iron, steel, and cop¬ 
per. The sizes of wire are denoted by 



WIRE CLOTH. 


WOOL. 


585 


u 


rx, “ 


dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 

dia. 


numbers, which express their thickness 
according 1 to what is known as wire gauge. 
Iron wire is sold by the bundle, each bun¬ 
dle containing 63 lbs. 

No. 0. bundle, 71 yards, 0.331 inch dia 
“ 1. bundle, 91 yards, 0.300 “ dia. 

“ 2. bundle, 105 yards, 0.280 “ 

“ 3. bundle, 121 yards, 0.260 “ 

“ 4. bundle, 143 yards, 0.240 “ 

“ 5. bundle, 170 yards, 0.220 u 

“ 6. bundle, 203 yards, 0.200 “ 

“ 7. bundle, 239 yards, 0.185 “ 

“ 8. bundle, 286 yards, 0.170 “ 

“ 9. bundle, 342 yards, 0.155 “ 

“ 10. bundle, 420 yards, 0.140 “ 

“ 11. bundle, 529 yards, 0.125 il 
“ 12. bundle, 700 yards, 0.110 
“ 13. bundle, 893 yards, 0.095 
“ 14. bundle, 1,142 yards, 0.085 
“ 15. bundle, 1,468 yards, 0.075 
“ 16. bundle, 1,954 yards, 0.065 
“ 17. bundle, 2,540 yards, 0.057 
“ 18. bundle, 3,150 yards, 0.050 
“ 19. bundle, 4,085 yards, 0.045 
“ 20. bundle, 4,912 yards, 0.040 
“ 21. bundle, 6,416 yards, 0.035 
“ 22. bundle, 8,736 yards, 0.030 
Wire Clotll, a kind of cloth or fabric 
formed by interlacing the threads of wire. 

W ire gauze, a texture of finely in¬ 
terwoven fine wire. 

Wii *e rope, iron wire twisted and 
formed into ropes, for hoisting-ropes, 
bridges, standing rigging for ships, fences, 
and an almost infinite variety of other pur¬ 
poses. 

Wire thread, a silk thread covered 
with a kind of flattened gilt wire. . t, ^ J: 

Wtspel, a variable German grain mea¬ 
sure, ranging from 29£ bushels at Ham¬ 
burg to 70f bushels in Saxony; the 
general range in different German and 
Prussian towns being from 35 to 40 
bushels. 

Witney blanket, a superior kind 
of blanket. 

Woad, a dye plant, the isatis tinctoria , 
which yields, by the fermentation of its 
leaves, a durable blue coloring-matter, 
which is generally employed with a mix¬ 
ture of indigo. 

Wolf-skins, the skins of this animal 
are made into robes, and in Russia are 
used for cloak linings. They sell in the 
New York market at from $1 to $3.50 
each, according to size and quality. 

Wolfram, an ore of tungsten, in 
Cornwall called mock-lead. 

Woods. The woods of commerce are 
dye-woods, fancy and cabinet woods, and 


wood for fuel. In England under this 
head are classed not only all kinds of 
cabinet woods, but also deals and yellow 
and white pine, and generally all timber 
woods ; while in the United States the use 
of the term is commonly restricted to dye, 
fancy, and cabinet woods, and particularly 
to such as are sold by the ton. 

Wood nvid, pyroligneous acid. dis. 
tilled from oak, beech, ash, etc.; used by 
calico printers. 

Wood allies, the ashes of the hard 
woods, used and in demand by soap-boil¬ 
ers, and for fertilizing land. 

Woodcut, an impression taken from 
an engraving on wood. 

Wooden clocks, the name given 
to a kind of clock made in Connecticut, 
the works of which are chiefly of wood 
instead of metal. 

Wood engravings, pictures print¬ 
ed from engravings made on blocks of 
wood. 

Wood opal, a variety of opal which 
occurs in various vegetable forms—a kind 
of opalized vegetable substance found in 
Hungary. It is made into fancy boxes 
and other ornamental articles at Vienna. 

Wood till, the fibrous oxide of tin, 
of a brown or reddish-brown color, found 
in Mexico and Cornwall. 

Wooden ware, a general name for 
wooden buckets, bowls, tubs, chums, and 
such like household articles. 

Wood roof, a wild plant growing in 
Southern Europe, used in perfumery. 

Wood screws, metal screws, par¬ 
ticularly iron screws, used by carpenters, 
cabinet makers, etc., for insertion in 
wood. 

Wood type, large types for printing, 
cut out of blocks of wood. 

Wood vinegar, pyroligneous acid. 

Woody wool, a name given to the 
wool or wadding produced from pine- 
leaves ; Breslau in Silesia being the place 
of its chief manufacture. 

W r oof, the same as weft; the cross 
threads in a woven fabric. 

Wool. In commerce wool is under¬ 
stood to apply only to the fleeces of sheep. 
There are three distinct classes of wool: — 
1st, the short staple or cardiug wools; 2d, 
the long staple or combing wools ; and 3d, 
the coarse or carpet wools. Of the first class , 
which is also called clothing wool, are the 
Saxon and Silesian wools of Germany, a 
portion of the wools of Australia, of the 
Cape of Good Hope, Buenos Ayres, Russia, 
Canada, and the bulk of the wool pro- 






586 


WOOL. 


WOOLLEN RAGS. 


duced in the United States; all the 
above being of merino blood, immediate or 
remote. The qualities and values of these 
are about in the order in which they are 
inserted above, the Saxony wool being 
best adapted to the very finest qualities of 
broadcloths. Of the second class, which 
is also called worsted wool, and delaine 
wool, are the long, lustrous down combing- 
wools of Leicester, Lincolnshire, and Cots- 
wold; the soft combing-wools of Ram- 
bouillet, of France; the soft long-staple 
wool of Australia; the Cheviot wool of 
Scotland ; and the combing-wools of Can¬ 
ada, Ohio, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, New 
York, and Maine, and other parts of the 
United States, all derived from the Leices¬ 
ter or other English blood. The French and 
Australian are most esteemed for female 
dress-goods, such as merinos, cashmeres, 
thibets, etc. ; the Cheviot for the Scotch 
tweeds, and the English for worsted goods 
generally. The American wools of this 
class are of a medium quality. In the 
Tariff Laws of the United States the “ hair 
of the alpaca goat and other like animals ” 
is, for convenience, the duty being the 
same, classed with these wools. Of the 
third class, which are the coarser kinds, 
and adapted for carpets, and hence called 
carpet wools, are the Donskoi and other 
coarse Russian wools, the native South 
American, Cordova, Valparaiso, native 
Smyrna, and similar kinds of Syrian, 
Egyptian, and other wools. 

In the wool-trade the following terms 
are in use : dead wool, mixed, Spanish, 
pulled, washed, unwashed, hand-washed, 
scoured, washed fleece, greasy fleece, 
white fleece, colored fleece, lambs, hogs, 
etc., etc. 

The production of wool in England is 
estimated at about 250 millions of lbs. 
per annum, almost one-half of which is 
combing-wool; and her imports are almost 
as much more, 100 millions of pounds of 
which is from Australia, and 50 millions 
of pounds from the Cape of Good Hope. 
The production in the United States is 
over 120 millions of lbs., and is on the 
increase. Our imports, which are from 40 
to 50 millions of lbs., are chiefly from 
South America, Cape of Good Hope, and 
Canada. The production in the different 
States and Territories, for the year ending 
June 30, 1870, was as follows:— 


Pounds. 

Maine. 1,774,168 

New Hampshire. 1,129,442 

Vermont. 3,102,137 


Massachusetts. 

. 306,659 

Rhode Island.. .. 

. 77,328 

Connecticut. 

. 254,129 

New York. 

. 10,599,225 

New Jersey. 

. 336,609 

Peimsyl vania. 

. 6,567,722 

Delaware. 

. 58,316 

Maryland. 

. 435,213 

Ohio. 

. 20,539,643 

Indiana. 

. 5,029,023 

Illinois. 

. 5,739.249 

Iowa. 

. 2,967,543 

Kansas . 

. 335,205 

Michigan. 

. 8,726,145 

Minnesota. 

. 407,185 

Nebraska. 

. 74,635 

Nevada. 

. 27,029 

Wisconsin. 

. 4,929,647 

Kentucky. 

. 2,234,430 

Missouri.. 

. 3,649,390 

Tennessee. 

. 1,380,762 

Virginia. 

. 877,110 

West Virginia. 

. 1,598,541 

Alabama. 

. 370,773 

Arkansas. 

. 203,275 

Florida. 

. 37,562 

Georgia. 

. 846,947 

Louisiana. 

. 140,118 

Mississippi.. 

. 288,285 

North Carolina. 

. 795,667 

South Carolina.. 

. 156,314 

Texas. 

. 1,251,328 

California. 

. 11,391,743 

Oregon.. 

. 1,080,638 

Territories. 

. 1,204,590 


Total pounds.101,284,678 

Wool broker, a person who makes 
purchases or sales of wool for other par¬ 
ties, receiving a commission therefor from 
the party for whom he acts. 

Wool clippings, the least valuable 
portions of wool clipped from the fleece 
and known as pedlers’ wool. 

Wool-dyed, or “dyed in the wool,” 
where the wool itself, or the yarn, is dyed 
before weaving, in contradistinction to 
fabrics dyed in the piece. 

Woollen, made of wool. 

Woollens, cloths, flannels, blankets, 
hosiery, and other goods, more especially 
fabrics, made of wool. Also textile fabrics 
of wool or worsted, or of wool mixed with 
cotton, silk, or other material. 

Woollen draper, a dealer in wool¬ 
len cloths. 

Woollen rags, old, worn-out wool¬ 
len garments, flannels, stockings, clippings, 
and refuse of woollens, etc.—in demand 
for being converted into mungo and shod- 













































WOOL HATS. 


WURRIS. 


587 


dy. They are collected, packed in bales, 
and exported, chiefly to England, from all 
parts of the world where woollen garments 
are worn. See Shoddy. 

Wool cheap hats, the bodies 

of which are felted from wool. 

Woo! merchant, a wholesale deal¬ 
er in wool. 

Wool |>aek, a bale of wool of 240 lbs. 

Wool sale, a periodical sale of wool 
in large quantities at London. 

Wool waste. Three kinds of wool 
waste are quoted in the English wool 
markets : white stockings, pulled ; colored 
stockings, pulled; and moreens black, pul¬ 
led. The Secretary of the Treasury, in 
May, 1863, decided that “wool waste is 
not recognized as wool,” and therefore 
not subject to the same rate of duty. In 
March, 1867, he decided that “yarns of 
wool waste ” are dutiable as “ woollen 
yarns.” The first decision was correct. 

Wool weight. Wool is generally 
packed in bales which vary in weight. In 
South America it is sold by the aroba; in 
Russia, by th» pood; but in Australia, 
Cape of Good Hope, England, and the 
United States, by the lb. The English 
also use several other weights, all of 
which, however, express lbs. Thus:— 

1 clove equals 7 lbs. 

1 stone “ 14 lbs. 

1 tod “ 28 lbs. 

1 wey “ 182 lbs. 

1 sack “ 364 lbs. 

1 last “ 12 sacks, or 4,368 lbs. 

1 score “ 20 lbs. 

1 pack “ 12 scores or 240 lbs. 

Woolz, a species of steel imported 
from the East Indies, made from magnetic 
ore, and highly valued as a material for 
edge tools. 

\Vormwoml, the tops and leaves 
of artemisia absinthium , a bitter plant of 
the gardens, used as a drug. 

’Worsteds, fabrics made from the 
long-staple or combing-wools. 

Worsted goods, fabrics or stuffs 
manufactured from combing-wools, such 
as stuff dress-goods, serges, moreens, 
braid, Italian cloth, lastings, damask for 
furniture coverings, pew coverings, table 
covers, buntings, reins and girths, sashes, 
picture-cords and tassels, Ristori shawls, 
etc. 

Worsted yarn, yam made of the 
long-staple or combing wool,—wool which 
is combed instead of being carded. 


Worth, the value as expressed in 
money; as, worth so many dollars. The 
worth of an article may or may not be its 
selling price; hence, when the price of 
anything is asked, it is proper to say that 
it is so much—not that the article is 
worth so much. 

Woven, cloth or textile fabrics form¬ 
ed by interlacing the threads or yams 
with a texture, by means of shuttles or by 
machinery, which entwines the woof or 
weft with the warp, differing from fabrics 
produced by knitting or felting. 

Wrapping paper, paper of various 
kinds, colors, and qualities, used for en¬ 
veloping packages. 

Wreck, a ship or vessel dashed against 
rocks, or cast on shore, or disabled, or sunk 
by the force of winds or waves ; the ruins 
or remains of a vessel destroyed at sea. 

Wrecked goods, merchandise or 
goods taken from a wreck ; or, after the 
wreck of a vessel, such goods as are cast 
upon land, or such of them as are picked 
up while floating on the water. Goods 
taken from a wreck are dutiable, and can¬ 
not be landed or sold in the market until 
they are appraised and entered at the 
Custom-house. The mode of appraise¬ 
ment and entry is prescribed by the Act of 
Congress of March 1, 1823. 

Wreckers, persons employed in sav¬ 
ing property or lives from wrecks. Also, 
persons who visit wrecks for the purpose 
of plunder, or who cause a wreck by false 
lights, and the like. 

Wreck master, a person appointed 
by law to take charge of wrecked goods. 

Writing-kooks, another name for 
copy-books in the school-book trade. 

Writing fliaid, a kind of writing-ink 
which flows readily from the pen. 

Writing-ink, black ink, such as is 
used by book-keepers and clerks in the 
counting-room. Blue, purple, or other 
colored inks are sometimes used in corre¬ 
spondence, but none but black ink should 
ever be permitted in books of account, ex¬ 
cept only the technical use of red in book¬ 
keeping. 

Wrought iron, bar iron, or iron 
advanced beyond pig iron by refining, pud¬ 
dling, rolling, hammering, or other pro¬ 
cess. The term is used in contradistinc¬ 
tion to cast iron. 

Wurris, a powder obtained from the 
seeds of a species of euphorbia , and used iu 
Eastern Africa as a red dye for silk. 




588 


x. 


XYLOTILE. 


X. 


X, a numeral denoting 10, thus used 
occasionally with other numerals in the 
lumber trade, denoting the number of feet 
in a board ; and in certain places, in the 
wool, in flour, ale, and perhaps in some 
other trades, X denotes a certain grade, 
XX a higher grade, XXX a still higher 
grade, and so on. See also further uses 
of the letter X under the head Tin. 

Xsmtlnc acid, a yellow acid obtain¬ 
ed from potash. 

XaiiUaora’Bioea resins, two kinds 
of resinous substances, or balsams, red 
and yellow, obtained from different spe¬ 
cies of xanthorrhoea in New Holland. 

XeB>ecs, the name for a kind of small 
three-masted vessel without bowsprit, nav¬ 
igated principally in the Mediterranean. 

XyBoicline, a kind of preparation of 
collodion used by photographers; also a 
kind of blasting powder. 

Xylonite, another name for xylotile. 

Xylotile, in mineralogy a kind of fib¬ 
rous mineral; in commerce a kind of artifi¬ 
cial ivory, a patented compound prepared 
in England, and known also as parkesine. 
In the course of this work occasional note 
has been made of what appeared to be er¬ 
roneous, not to say absurd, decisions of the 
Treasury Department as to the commer¬ 
cial classification of certain kinds of mer¬ 
chandise ; these decisions always being 
made with the view of fixing a higher rate 
of duty on the article when imported. In 
the North American Review for July, 1871, 


appears the following in relation to the 
classification of xylotile, which further il¬ 
lustrates this tendency to forced construc¬ 
tions for the sake of additional duty. 
“ Xylotile has recently been imported in 
considerable quantities, for the purpose of 
being used for knife-handles in place of 
ivory, in the manufacture of table cut¬ 
lery. The secret of the composition of this 
ivory substitute is substantially as follows: 
Gun-cotton, which is ordinary cotton con¬ 
verted by treatment with nitric acid into 
an explosive substance, is dissolved in 
naphtha, and converted into a clear but 
very adhesive liquid, termed collodion. 
The collodion thus formed is mixed with 
zinc-white, ivory-dust, and various coloring 
materials, and through kneading, baking, 
and pressure there results a hard lustrous 
substance, resembling marble or bone, and 
capable of being sawed or worked as read¬ 
ily as either of the above-mentioned sub¬ 
stances. When first imported it was 
passed as an unenumerated material, at 
10 or 20 per cent, duty ; but after its use 
had become somewhat extensive, the duty 
was raised to 35 per cent., on the ground 
that it was a manufacture of cotton ,—a 
decision about as sensible as it would be 
to impose the same tariff on bread-stuffs, 
crackers, or macaroni as upon ice, for the 
reason that water is an essential constitu¬ 
ent of all ordinary breadstuffs, and under 
some circumstances assumes the form of 
ice.” 



SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 

Y. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Yam 

Yard 

Yarn 

Year 

Yeast 

Yellow 

Yellow wood 

Igname 

Anne; yard 

Fil 

Ann6e; an 
Levain 

Jaune 

Bois jaune 

Yamwurzel 

Elle 

Garn; Zwirn 

Jahr 

Hefe; Oberhefe 
Gelb 

Gelbholz 

Yamwertel 

El; plaats 

Garen 

Jaar 

Gist 

Geel 

Geel verfhout 

Braccio 

Filo 

Anno 

Fermento 

Giallo 

Ziallo-legno 

Name 

Yarda; vara; ana 
Hilo 

Ano 

Levadura 

Amarillo 

Fustete 


Y. 


Yacca wood, a cabinet wood of Ja¬ 
maica. 

Yachts, used and employed exclu¬ 
sively as pleasure vessels, are entitled to 
be enrolled as American vessels, and to be 
licensed to proceed from port to port of 
the United States without entering or 
clearing at the Custom House, but they 
are not allowed to transport merchandise 
or carry passengers for pay. They are 
required to use a signal of the form, size, 
and colors prescribed by the Secretary of 
the Navy, and at all times to permit the 
naval architects of the government to ex¬ 
amine and copy the models. Licenses are 
not granted to yachts of less than 20 tons 
burden. 

Yacluni, a weight in Mysore of 150 
lbs. 

Yah-hair, the hair of a species of 
wild ox found in Thibet, which is made 
into cordage, sacking, etc. 

Yak-tail*, the tails of the Thibet 
yak, largely exported to Nepaul, where 
they are prepared and sold as a kind of 
fur skin. 

Yanis, the large thick tubers of the 
dioscorea sativa , cultivated for food in Af¬ 
rica and the East and West Indies. The 
roots grow to a great size, and are mealy, 
palatable, easy of digestion, and, either 
roasted or boiled, furnish a substitute for 
bread. 

Yankee soap, a name for “yellow 
soap,” derived from its having been first 
largely manufactured in the United States. 

Yapak, a name for wool in Turkey. 


Yap on tea, see Yewpon. 

Y ard, the unit or standard measure 
of length and surface, from which, in 
England and the United States, all other 
measures of extension are derived and as¬ 
certained. It is divided into three equal 
parts called feet, and each foot into 
twelve equal parts called inches; for 
measures of cloths and other commodi¬ 
ties commonly sold by the yard, it is di¬ 
vided into halves, quarters, eighths, and 
sixteenths. King Henry I. of England is 
said to have corrected what he called the 
false ell or yard of the merchants, making 
the extent of his own arm the true stand¬ 
ard. 

Yard-measure, a tape or metallic 
ribbon measure of 36 inches, usually en¬ 
closed in a round box, from which it may 
be conveniently drawn, and returned 
again by means of a crank or self-acting 
spring. 

Yarcl-St iek, a stick of 36 inches in 
length, with the half, quarter, eighth, 
and sixteenth of a yard marked thereon, 
usually by a brass-headed nail; used in 
retail stores for measuring cloths and 
other piece goods. 

Yarn, fibrous material, as wool, wor¬ 
sted, cotton, flax, hemp, jute, coir, etc., 
spun and prepared for weaving, for knit¬ 
ting, for cordage, or for sewing threads. 
Owing to the great perfection of spinning 
machinery, and the large amount of capi¬ 
tal invested in the business in that coun¬ 
try, England spins more woollen and cotton 
yams than all other countries combined, 

















590 


YARN. 


YELLOW DYES. 


and the latter are among- the most impor¬ 
tant of her exports. 

The quality of cotton yarns is expressed 
in England by counts or numbers, denot¬ 
ing the number of hanks in a pound, sig¬ 
nifying coarseness or fineness. This rule 
cf numbering is very simple, being the 
number of hanks, each 840 yards long, re¬ 
quisite to form one lb. in weight. Thus 
No. 40 denotes yams of which 40 hanks 
weigh one pound. 

COTTON-YARN MEASURE. 

54 inches — 1 thread. 

4,320 inches = 80 threads = 1 lea, or rap. 
30,240 inches = 560 threads = 7 lea = 1 
hank, 840 yards. 

1 spindle of 18 hanks is 15,120 yards. 

A reel is 54 inches in circuit. 

The “ number” of a yam is the num¬ 
ber of hanks, of 840 yards each, of that 
yarn weighing one pound, thus : — 

Of No. 60 yam, 60 hanks, 840 yards long, 
weigh 1 lb. 

Of No. 70 yarn, 70 hanks, 840 yards long, 
weigh 1 lb. 

Of No. 80 yam, 80 hanks, 840 yards long, 
weigh 1 lb. 

Twisting the yarn to make thread has 
the same effect as dividing the yam into 
as many parts as there are strands. If 
there are 60 hanks in a pound of yam, 
there will be only ten hanks when that 
pound of yarn is divided into six parts, 
and these parts or strands are twisted into 
thread : thus, 1 lb. of No. 60 yam (or 60 
hanks of 840 yards each—50,400 yards of 
yam) is changed by twisting into 1 lb. of 
No. 30 sz^r-cord thread, measuring 8,400 
yards, which is precisely 10 hanks of 840 
yards each. 

Linen yam is estimated in England by 
the number of leas or cuts, each of three 
yards, contained in a pound weight; but 
in Scotland, by the number of pounds in 
a spindle, or 48 leas; thus, No. 48 in Eng- 
gland is called 1 lb. yam in Scotland. 

LINEN YARN MEASURE. 

90 inches, 1 thread. 

10,800 inches, 120 threads, 1 lea or rap. 
108,000 inches, 1,200 threads, 10 leas or 
raps, 1 slip. 

2,160,000 inches, 2,400 threads, 200 leas 
or raps, 1 bundle. 

A heer of 2 cuts, or 240 threads, 600 yds. 
A spindle of 24 heer, 14,400 yds. 

A bundle of 4 1-6 spindles, 60,000 yds. 

A reel is 54 inches in circuit. 

The hank of worsted yarn is frequently 


counted at 840 yards, the same as cotton, 
but more generally at 560 yards, or 7 leas 
of 80 yards each. The worsted reel is 30 
inches in circuit. 

Yarrawarra, a valuable timber 
wood of New South Wales. 

Yarrow, a medicinal herb; known 
also as milfoil. 

Yawl, a decked boat, carrying two 
masts, of which one is at the extreme 
stem; also, a boat usually rowed with 
4 or 6 oars. 

Year. In the State of New York it 
is enacted that whenever the term year 
occurs in any contract it shall be taken to 
consist of 365 days; half a year, 182 days, 
and a quarter of a year, 92 days. 

Yellow crystals, the name under 
which a kind of yellow dye is imported, 
manufactured from a substance produced 
from coal tar, but different from aniline. 

Yeast, a substance which rises in the 
form of froth to the surface of beer dur¬ 
ing the process of fermentation. It is al¬ 
so produced during the fermentation of 
other liquids. Its principal use is for 
leavening bread. It is believed to be 
a fungous plant which has the power 
of propagating itself when brought into 
contact with certain other substances. 
It is of different qualities, according to 
the nature of the liquor in which it 
is generated; and though there is lit¬ 
tle difference to the naked eye, prac¬ 
tised yeast merchants distinguish several 
varieties, which, according to their re¬ 
spective energy and activity, are employed 
for different purposes. Each barrel of beer 
produces about 11 lbs. of yeast. 

Yeast powders, carefully prepared 
preparations of soda and phosphates, etc., 
in the form of powders, used as a substi¬ 
tute for yeast in leavening bread. 

Yellow, a brilliant color which in silks 
and dress goods affords a great variety of 
shades. 

Yellow bark, the calisaya bark, one 
of the most valuable kinds of cinchona. 

Yellow berries, Avignon, Persian, 
or French berries, imported in large quan¬ 
tities for the use of dyers. 

Yellow candle, a trade name fora 
description of Russia tallow, the best 
quality bearing the mark P. Y. C., or Pe¬ 
tersburg Yellow Candle. 

Yellow-dock root, the root of the 
yellow dock, rumex crispus , a common 
plant or weed growing wild in the fields 
or road-sides; a valuable drug. 

Yellow dyes, coloring substances 




YELLOW DYE-TREE BARK. 

either vegetable or mineral, used for dye¬ 
ing or imparting a yellow color. 

Yellow «lye-tree bark, the bark 
of a berberin tree which grows in Sierra 
Leone, and other parts of Western Africa, 
which yields a yellow dye, and is also a drug. 

Yellow flag, a dag hoisted in the 
rigging or at the masthead of a ship to 
denote sickness on board, or that she is 
under quarantine regulations. 

Yellow ladies’ bedstraw, a Eu¬ 
ropean plant, the galium verum , which 
when bruised is used to color cheese yel¬ 
low, and also affords a yellow dye. The 
American species of this plant is used by 
the Indians for staining their feathers and 
other ornaments red. 

Yellow metal, malleable brass, or 
brass intended to work well under the ham¬ 
mer or roller, composed of about 70 parts 
copper to 30 of zinc, made into bolts, 
nails, etc., and sheathing for the bottoms 
of vessels. The quotations are for Muntz , 
Taunton , and old yellow metal. 

Yellow earth, a fine kind of clay 
colored by iron, and used as coarse yellow 
pigment. 

Yellow ochre, an earthy variety of 
brown iron ore found in Gloucestershire, 
England, in France, Bavaria, and in other 
localities, which, being prepared by grind¬ 
ing and washing, is used as a yellow pig¬ 
ment. It is imported dry and in oil. 

Yellow orpimcnt, yellow arsenic 
or sulphuretted oxide of zinc, used as a 
yellow pigment. 

Yellow parilla, a medicinal plant, 
the roots of which are known in commerce 
as Texas sarsaparilla. 

YcIIobv pine, a valuable species of 
lumber much used for flooring and beams 
in house-carpentry and ship-building. The 
principal supplies are from Georgia. 

Yellow resin, the yellow rosin of 
commerce. 

Yellow root, the roots of hydrastis 
canadensis, also called yellow puccoon and 
orange root. It affords a yellow coloring 
substance, and with indigo imparts a fine 
green to silks and cottons. It is also used 
as a drug. The plant grows abundantly 
in the Northern and Western States. The 
drug roots of a shrub, the xantliorriza tinc- 
toria, are also called yellow root. 

Yellow Sanders wood, the fra¬ 
grant wood of a species of santalum, 
which grows in the Sandwich and Feejee 
Islands, and on the coast of Malabar; 
much used by the Chinese as a perfume 
in their temples, sick-chambers, etc. 


YOKAHAMA. 591 

Yellow soap, the common rosin 

soaps of commerce. 

Yellow tea, the name for a kind of 
tea, joltai chai , brought overland from 
China to Russia, consisting of the blos¬ 
som, not the leaf of the plant. It has a 
delicacy and bloom of which no other tea 
can boast, is very expensive, and is seldom 
seen out of China except in Russia. 

Yellow wax, unbleached beeswax. 

Yellow wood, a handsome furni¬ 
ture wood of South Africa, a species of 
podocarpus. 

Yen, a weight in Annam of a little 
more than 13f lbs. 

Yereuin fibre, the fibre of several 
species of calotropis. 

Yerva mate, the common name in 
Paraguay for Paraguay tea. 

Yet til, a Mysore weight of 7^ lbs. 

Yewpon, or yapan, or yopon, pro 
nounced yewpon, the ilex cassine or South 
Sea tea plant, a shrub growing in the 
southeastern parts of the United States, 
particularly in the eastern counties of 
North Carolina, and abundantly in Texas. 
The leaves are used as a substitute for 
Chinese tea, and the infusion is regarded 
as a pleasant and wholesome beverage. 

Yew-tree timber. This timber is 
used in Spain, Italy, and England, for 
bows, handles of articles of furniture, 
chairs, etc. It is a hard, tough, durable 
wood, and some of it is of a pale yellow¬ 
ish-red color, handsomely striped and dot¬ 
ted. 

Yin, a Chinese weight of 2J lbs. 

YokalliUlia, a commercial city of 
Japan, where foreigners are permitted to 
reside, and to engage in business and carry 
on trade. The city was not established or 
in existence till Commodore Perry’s visit 
in 1854. It now rivals Nagasaki in trade, 
and bids fair to become one of the most 
populous commercial cities of the empire 
of Japan. 

The exports for 1870 were, of 


Silk, to England.5,230 bales. 

“ “ France.4,080 “ 

“ “ the United States.... 245 “ 

“ “ other countries. 45 “ 


Total bales.9,(500 

Value.$6,400,000 

Tea, to England. 25,500 lbs. 

“ “ New York.10,000,000 “ 

“ “ San Francisco. 2,500,000 “ 

Value.$3,600,000 















592 


YOLK. 


YUSDROW. 


Silk waste, 2,845 piculs, value.. $384,000 


Cocoons, 320 piculs, value. 27,000 

Silkworms’ egg's, 1,300,000 car¬ 
toons, value.2,500,000 

Various goods. 500,000 


Total value of merchandise exported, 
say $13,500,000. 

During the same period the exports of 


coin were— 

To San Francisco.$1,073,730 

Europe. 2,251,500 

India. 1,249,513 

China.10,419,5(54 

Other parts.. 2,096,671 


The imports of merchandise for the 
year amounted to about $18,000,000, and 
of coin from the United States and Eu¬ 
rope, about $4,500,000; from China, $1,- 
600,000; and from other parts, about 
$3,000,000. The largest items in their 
imports consisted of gray shirtings, cotton, 
cotton yam, woollen goods, cloths, blan¬ 
kets, nails, sugar, rice, peas, oil, salt, etc., 
etc. 

Yolk, the natural oily or soapy-greasy 
substance in the fleece of wool. 

Y’laiig Y’lang, an expensive essen¬ 


tial oil or essence obtained from a species 
of spirea, used in the manufacture of per¬ 
fumery. 

Yorkshire grit, a polishing-stone 
found in Yorkshire, England. 

York shilling, the one-eighth part 
of a dollar, or 12| cents, the dollar of the 
State of New York prior to the adoption 
of the Federal currency being 8 shillings. 
The word shilling is still much used in 
New York State, owing, no doubt, to its 
being a natural and binary division of the 
dollar. 

Yonfts, Russia leather; another name 
for juffs. 

Ypres lace, a name for the finest kind 
of the Valenciennes lace. 

Yu, a Chinese dry measure of very 
nearly 3| bushels. 

Yucca fibre. The leaves of some 
species of yucca, treated like hemp or flax, 
afford a fibre which is used in the manu¬ 
facture of cloth or cordage. 

Yucca starch, the glue or starch 
made at Carthagena from the stems of 
yucca gloriosa. 

Yusdrow, a weight at Constantino¬ 
ple of ~iq of a pound. 











593 


SYNONYMS, OR EQUIVALENTS 

OF WORDS IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL LANGUAGES. 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Dutch. 

Italian. 

Spanish. 

Zaffre 

Zaffres 

Zaffer 

Zaffer 

Zafra 

Zafra 

Zinc 

Zinc 

Zink 

Zink 

Zinco 

Zinco 

Zollverein 

Zollverein 

Zollverein 

Tolverbond 

Unione doganale 

Asociacion ger- 
manica de adu- 

Zurich 

Zurich 

Zurich 

Zurich 

Zurigo 

Zurigo [ana 


Znbra, the name for a kind of small 
vessel which is employed on the Bay of 
Biscay. 

Zaffire, a residuum of calcined cobalt, 
employed, like cobalt, in the manufacture 
of earthenware and china, for painting 
the surface of the pieces a blue color. 

Zahma, a kind of tares grown in 
Spain. 

Zak, a Dutch dry measure which, in 
Holland, is 2 bushels; in Leyden, 
about 1|- bushel. 

Zante c air rants, a species of small 
grapes, largely cultivated in Zante, Cepha- 
lonia, and Ithaca, and when dried are ship¬ 
ped to all parts of the world. Our princi¬ 
pal supplies are from Zante, but currants 
from any of the Ionian Islands would be 
called Zante currants in this country. 

Zante wood, a name for the rims 
cotinus , a species of sumach. 

Zarnie, yellow orpiment in its native 
state, varying in color from warm yellow 
to greenish yellow. 

Zebec, a kind of vessel employed on 
the Mediterranean ; another name for the 
Xebec. 

Zebra rugs, hearth-rugs made of 
the hides of the zebra. 

Zebras, a name given to a kind of 
Paisley shawls, with black and white trans¬ 
verse stripes, made for the Turkish mar¬ 
ket. 

Zebra wood, a beautiful furniture 
wood of Demerara, Brazil, and Rio Ja¬ 
neiro. The color is orange-brown, vari¬ 
ously mixed. It is shipped in logs and 
planks as large as 24 inches. 

38 


Zebu, a money of Japan, 21 of which 
are equal to one bus. 

Zedoary, the roots of the kcempfeira 
rotunda , which grows in Malabar and Cey¬ 
lon. There is another kind, known as 
the long-root zedoary. Both are used in 
medicine, and both come from the East 
Indies. 

Zelillng, a weight of Baden, equal to 
771 grains. 

Zero, the commencement of a scale, 
marked with a 0, for nothing. 

Zentiier, the centner, or German 
quintal, in Hanover equal to 103 lbs. 

Zephyr cloth, a .kind of kersey¬ 
mere made in Belgium. 

Zephyr shawls, a kind of thin 
light worsted and cotton shawls. 

Zephyr worsted, very soft, loose¬ 
ly twisted woollen or worsted yams, usu¬ 
ally of bright colors, chiefly imported 
from Berlin and other parts of Germany, 
and used for embroidering or other fancy 
work. 

Zerla, a wine measure in Brescia, It¬ 
aly, of 13^ gallons. 

Zilie, or spelter, a blueish-white met¬ 
al which exists in abundance in various 
localities, and in consequence of its light¬ 
ness and cheapness is used for a great va¬ 
riety of purposes, particularly in the man¬ 
ufacture of brass, bell-metal, and other 
alloys, and for cornices, roof-gutters, etc., 
etc. It occurs in commerce in the form 
of cakes, blocks, or pigs, and in plates 
and sheets. The imports are about 5,000 
tons per annum, chiefly from Germany 
and England. Sheet zinc comes in vari 






















ZINC ORES. 


ZOLLYEREIN. 


594 : 

ous sizes, but the more usual sizes are 
sheets 84 inches long by 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 
34, 36, and 40 inches wide; the thickness 
of the sheets is indicated by Nos.; thus, 
No. 8 equals No. 28 wire gauge; No. 9, 
27 ; No. 10, 26 ; No. 11, 25 ; and No. 12, 
24^ wire gauge. 

Zinc ores. The most important ores 
are calamine and blende. 

Zinc paint, zinc white, a substitute 
for white lead. 

Zinc White, a white powder ob¬ 
tained from zinc, which forms a valuable 
paint when mixed with the requisite pro¬ 
portions of oil and turpentine, and is said 
to be less injurious to painters than white 
lead. 

Zircon, a rare mineral, or gem, 
which occurs in three varieties : 1st, the 
colorless or slightly smoky, the jcirgoon ; 
2d, the bright red, or hyacinth; 3d, the 
grayish or brownish, called zircombe. The 
zircon is only used in jewelry when of a 
fine color and transparent. 

Zit-si varnish, a valuable natural 
lacker or varnish obtained from a tree 
called zit-si, growing in the Burmese Em¬ 
pire, on the banks of the Irrawadi. It is 
said to be procurable in great quantities 
from Munipoor, and the drug is conveyed 
to Sylhet, where it becomes a regular and 
extensive article of merchandise. 

Z lot, a Russian silver coin worth about 
10 cents. 

Zofoer, a dry measure of Baden, equal 
to 42./ bushels. 

Zollhans (German). Custom-house. 

ZoilvcrciaB, from two German words 
— zoll ) duty, and verein , union. The use of 
this compound word is, however, entirely 
restricted to the German Customs League, 
a confederation formed by a number of 
the German States to facilitate their com¬ 
mercial transactions with each other and 
with foreign countries. Formerly each of 
the States had its own system of custom¬ 
houses, tariffs, revenue laws, moneys, 
weights, etc., which frequently differed 
very widely from its neighbors, to the se¬ 
rious embarrassment of commerce. It is 
the object of the Zollverein to consolidate 
all of these under one general system. 
Prussia was the first to propose this bene¬ 
ficent measure, and to her principally are 
the German States indebted for the ex¬ 
tension of its benefits and the gradual per¬ 
fection of its plans. In the year 1865 the 
Zollverein or Tariff League was composed 
of the following States: — 

Prussia, Bavaria, Hanover, Saxony, Wiir- 


temberg, Duchy of Baden, Duchy of Hesse, 
Electorate of Hesse, the Thuringian States, 
Duchy of Brunswick, Oldenburg, Nassau, 
Frankfort, Luxemburg. In 1867 a new 
Zollverein treaty was made between tho 
States of the North German Confederation 
and the South German States, viz. : Bava¬ 
ria, Wiirtemberg, Baden, and Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, the scope of which extends to the 
whole of Germany except Austria. Schles¬ 
wig and Holstein, also, were formally ad¬ 
mitted into the League in November, 1867, 
and the Duchy of Lauenberg in January, 
1868. The city of Hamburg and town of 
Altona are excepted, and remain as free 
ports. In March, 1868, commercial trea¬ 
ties were concluded between the Zollverein 
and Austria, and also with Spain. 

Prior to the establishment of the Zoll¬ 
verein, or commercial league, each of the 
petty States of Germany endeavored to 
procure a revenue for itself, or to advance 
its own industry by taxing or prohibiting 
the productions of those by which it was 
surrounded, and customs-officers and lines 
of custom-houses were spread all over the 
country. Instead of being reciprocal and 
dependent, everything was separate, inde¬ 
pendent, and hostile ; the commodities 
admitted into Hesse were prohibited in 
Baden, and those prohibited in Wurtem- 
berg were admitted into Bavaria. 

The disadvantages and baneful effects 
of such obstacles to the free intercourse of 
trade in Germany were precisely such as 
would be felt in this country if each of our 
States were empowered to establish tariffs 
and customs regulations independent of 
the others,—Philadelphia admitting the 
products of Ohio and Indiana, and pro¬ 
hibiting those of Maryland and Virginia; 
Baltimore admitting goods from Boston, 
excluding those of Philadelphia; New York 
custom-house inspectors overhauling the 
trunks and personal effects of passengers 
from San Francisco, St. Louis, or Charles¬ 
ton, and for their civilities charging, or 
receiving therefor, a moderate gratuity! 
Happily for this country its commerce is 
regulated by national, not by State laws, 
and the United States Zollverein or Cus¬ 
tom League is one of the clearly expressed 
provisions of the Constitution. The dis¬ 
crepancies in the weights and measures of 
the German States, the equalization of 
which was one of the objects contemplated 
in the formation of the Zollverein, still ex¬ 
ist. Their reduction to a common stand¬ 
ard is a desideratum in the commercial 
world, and the speedy action of the gov- 



ZOLLVEREXN. 


ZUCCA. 


595 


emment of the German Empire on this 
important subject is looked for by the 
mercantile community in this as well as in 
other countries. The probabilities are, 
that notwithstanding their great incon¬ 
venience, and the innumerable perplexi¬ 
ties to which they give rise, even after 
legislation shall have reduced them to 
uniform denominations, and to one com¬ 
mon system, the old names and the old 
systems will long continue in practice, and 
years may elapse before the changes will 
be practically acknowledged in the traffic 
of the country. 


Zorilla, a small animal of the weasel 
family, and one of the varieties of the 
skunk species. It is found in California 
and Texas, and its fur-skin is the handsom¬ 
est and most esteemed of any of this spe¬ 
cies of animal. 

Zucea, a liquid measure of Corsica 
of 3-jV gals. 

Zurich manufactures, the fine 

silks, cotton fabrics, ribbons, and leather 
made at Zurich, a city of Switzerland. 

Zwolle clotlis, the name given to 
the woollen cloths manufactured at the 
town of Zwolle in the Netherlands. 



APPENDIX 


TARIFFS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. 

Prepared from the latest Tariff laws of the respective countries, as received and 
published by the Bureau of Statistics at Washington. 

PAGE 

United States. 504 

Great Britain. 597 

Belgium. 598 

Netherlands. 601 

Spain. 604 

France... 609 

German Zollverein . 616 

Austria. 622 

Portugal. 627 

Italy. 634 

Russia. 640 

Denmark. 650 

Sweden. 654 

Norway. 658 

Switzerland. 663 

China. 666 

Japan. 668 

Dutch East Indies.*. 669 

Ceylon. 671 

Victoria. 671 

New South Wales. 673 

New Zealand. 673 

Hawaiian Islands. 675 

Island of Jamaica. 676 

British Columbia. 677 

British Honduras. 678 

Island of St. Croix. 679 

Island of Madeira. 679 

Argentine Republic. 680 

Turkey. 680 

































APPENDIX 


TARIFFS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. 


GREAT BRITAIN. 

ARTICLES SUBJECT TO IMPORT DUTIES. 


[Amended by General Order May 31, 1869.] 

£1 computed at $4.84 gold United States. The gallon is the imperial gallon. 


Almond paste.pound. $0.02 

Beer and ale.barrel. 4.84 

Cards, playing...doz. packs. 0.91 

Cherries, dried...pound. 0.02 

Chiccory, or substitute.cwt. 6.42 

Chiccory, roasted or ground.pound. 0.08 

Chloroform. do. 0.73 

Cocoa..... do. 0.02 

Cocoa husks and shells.cwt. 0.49 

Cocoa paste or chocolate.pound. 0.04 

Coffee. do. 0.06 

Coffee, roasted or ground. do. 0.08 

Collodion.(Imperial) gallon. 5.80 

Comfits, dry.pound. 0.02 

Confectionery. do. 0.02 

Currants.cwt. 1.69 

Dice.pair. 5.08 

Essence of spruce.percent. 10 

Ether.gallon. 6.05 

Figs.cwt. 1.70 

Ginger, preserved.pound. 0.02 

Malt.quarter. 6.05 

Marmalade.pound. 0.02 

Milk, condensed.cwt. 1.22 

Pickles in vinegar.gallon. 0.02 

Plate of gold.oz. troy. 4.12 

Plate of silver. do. 0.36 

Plums.cwt. 1.69 

Plums preserved in sugar.pound. 0.02 

Prunes.cwt. 1.69 

Raisins.do. 1.69 

Spirits, viz.:— 

Brandy.gallon. 2.52 

Geneva... do. 2.52 

Rum, of and from any foreign country, being 

the country of its production.gallon. 2.46 

Rum, not from the country of its prod’ct’n do. 2.52 

Tafia, from any French colony.do. 2.52 

Rum and spirits, of and from a British pos¬ 
session in America.gallon. 2.46 

Rum and spirits, unenumerated. do. 2.52 

Rum, shrub, liquors, and cordials of and from 

a British possession in America.gallon. 2.46 

Perfumed, to be used as perfumery only do. 3.39 
Cologne water, the flask (30 flasks contain¬ 
ing not over 1 gallon).each. 0.13 

Cologne water, when not in flasks, to be charg 

ed as “perfumed spirits”.gallon. 3.39 

Cologne water, unenumerated.gallon. 3.39 

Succades, including all fruits and vegetables, 
preserved in sugar, not otherwise enumer¬ 
ated.pound. 0.02 


Sugar, viz: Candy, brown or white, refined 
sugar, or sugar rendered by any process equal 
in quality thereto, and manufactures of re¬ 
fined sugars.cwt. $2.9C 

Sugar, white-clayed sugar, or sugar rendered by 
any process equal in quality to white-clayed, 
not being refined or equal in quality to re¬ 
fined.cwt. 2.74 

Sugar, yellow muscovado and brown-clayed 
sugar, or sugar rendered by any process equal 
in quality to yellow muscovado or brown-clay¬ 
ed, and not equal to white-clayed.cwt. 2.54 

Sugar, brown muscovado sugar, or sugar ren¬ 
dered by any process equal in quality there¬ 
to, and not equal to yellow muscovado or 

brown-clay ed.cwt. 2.32 

Sugar, any other sugar not equal in quality to 

brown muscovado.cwt. 1.94 

Sugar-cane juice.do. 1.94 

Sugar molasses.do. 0.87 

Tea (without any allowance for draft).. pound. 0.12 
Extract of essence of tea is prohibited. 

Tobacco, unmanufactured, viz. : Stemmed or 
stripped, containing 10 pounds or more of 
moisture in every 100 pounds’ weight there¬ 
of.pound. 0.72 

Tobacco, unmanufactured, containing less than 
10 pounds of moisture in every 100 pounds’ 

weight thereof.pound. 0.84 

Tobacco, unstemmed, containing less than 10 
pounds of moisture in every 100 pounds’ 

weight thereof.pound. 0.84 

Tobacco, unstemmed, containing more than 10 
pounds of moisture in every 100 pounds’ 

weight thereof.pound. 0.72 

Tobacco, manufactured, viz.: Cigars.... do. 1.21 

Tobacco, cavendish and negrohead. do. 1.09 

Tobacco, snuff, containing more than 13 pounds 
of moisture in every 100 pounds’ weight there¬ 
of.pound. 0.93 

Tobacco, snuff, not containing more than 13 
pounds of moisture in every 100 pounds weight 

thereof.pound. 1.09 

Varnish, containing alcohol or spirits... gallon. 2.90 

Vinegar. do. 0.03 

Vinegar, pickles preserved therein. do. 0.01 

Wine, and lees of -wine, containing less than 26 
degrees of proof spirit.. gallon. 0.24 

Wine, and lees of wine, containing 26 and less 

than 42 degrees. . .. .gallon. 0.62 

And an additional duty of 6 cents per gallon for 
every degree of strength beyond 41 degrees. 

































































TAEIFF—BELGIUM 


Royal Decree of March 30, 1866. 


Rates reduced to American gold dollars—the f ractions of cents not taken into account. 


ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS. 

Animals—Horses.each 

Fillies.do. 

Oxen,cows, heifers,calves.. 100 kil. wt. 

Sheep and swine.each 

Others not specified. 

Embalmed for museums. 

Meats, fresh, salted, or smoked.100 kilogs. 

Skins—Large and small, green, salted, or dry.. 
Parchment and vellum, raw or finished. 
Of goat or sheep, tanned or tawed in 

white.100 kilogs. 

Tanned, curried, Hungarian style, and 

waxed.100 kilogs. 

Otherwise prepared or finished. .100 kil. 

Manufactures of skins or hides.per cent. 

Wool, raw, combed, carded, or dyed; woollen 

rags and yarns unfit for manufacture. 

Horse-hair, and all crude animal matter not 

enumerated. 

Feathers—Of birds, all kinds. 

Prepared for toilet.per cent. 

Silk, in cocoons. 

Wax—Raw or bleached (animal and vegetable). 
Manufactured (sealing-wax, candles, sta¬ 
tues, &.c.). 

Animal lards and fat; train-oil. 


Cheese.100 kilogs. 

Butter, fresh or salted. do. 

Honey. do. 

Fish—Shell-fish, except casters. 

Fresh, dry, salted, or smoked; also 

oysters.100 kilogs. 

Preserved. do. 

Coral and pearls. 

Manures. 


Animal oils for medicinal use, and all others... 
Ivory. 

VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 

Not otherwise specified. 

Breadstuffs—All cereals.100 kilogs. 

Flour, grits, and hulled barley, 
100 kilogs. 

Bread, biscuit, macaroni, vermi¬ 
celli, &c.100 kilogs. 

Potatoes and vegetables not speci¬ 
fied, green or dry. 

Rice in husk.100 kilogs. 

Rice, hulled. do. 

Seeds. do. 

Fruits—Almonds. do. 

Lemons, oranges, and figs.. do. 

Prunes and raisins. do. 

All fruits not otherwise specified. 

per cent. 

Fibrous materials for spinning. 

Sugar—Raw. 

Refined, candy.100 kilogs. 

Refined, loaf. do. 

Refined, of No. 19 and above, do. 

Syrup—For distilleries. 


Syrup—Of less than 50 per cent, sugar. 

100 kilogs. 

Other ..... 

Cocoa—Raw.100 kilogs 

Prepared. do. 

Coffee—Roasted. do. 

Other. do. 

Cassia—Fistula (drug). 

Pepper and other spices; also vanilla. 

per cent. 

Tea.100 kilogs. 

Tobacco—Unmanufactured, not stemmed. 

100 kilogs. 

Stemmed. do. 

Manufactured. do. 

Cigars. do. 

Vegetable oils, resinous and bituminous; also, 

medicinal. 

Oils for perfumery.per cent. 

Wood—For coopers, masts, spars, and all dye- 

woods . 

For building or cabinet-work, oak and 

walnut.cubic metre 

For building or cabinet-work, other, not 

sawed.cubic metre 

For building or cabinet-work, sawed, 
over5 centimetres thick, .cubicmetre 
For building or cabinet-work, sawed, 5 
centimetres or less thick, .cubic metre 


Various kinds.per cent. 

All manufactures of wood. do. 


MINERAL PRODUCTS. 

Metals, minerals, and earths, not otherwise 

specified. 

Salt. 

Salt, refined.100 kilogs. 

DRUGS, MEDICINES, CHEMICALS. 

Drugs of all kinds. 

Alcoholic waters.per cent. 

Chemical products—Salts of soda carbonates. 

100 kilogs. 
Salts of soda, sulphates and 

sulphites.100 kilogs. 

All chemical products not otherwise specified.. 
Acetate of copper, and chemical products con¬ 
taining alcohol.hectolitre 

Gunpowder and fulminating powder. 100 kilogs. 

MANUFACTURES. 

Metals—Of gold or silver..per cent. 

Coin, broken articles; in powder, bars, 
ingots, mass or foil, drawn or lami¬ 
nated, spun on thread silk. 

Of copper and nickel, articles bronzed, 

gilded, &c.per cent. 

Copper, drawn, laminated, wire, wire 
on thread or silk, gilded or silvered. 

100 kilogs. 

Foreign copper or nickel coins. 

100 kilogs. 


$2.51 

1.17 

0.19 

0.07 

Free. 

Free. 

0.23 

Free. 

Free. 

0.97 

2.93 

5.85 

10 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

10 

Free. 

Free. 

10 

Free. 

1.95 

0.97 

2.34 

Free. 

0.19 

1.95 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 


Free. 

0.11 

0.23 

0.23 

Free. 

0.19 

0.29 

0.11 

3.90 

1.17 

2.93 

10 

Free. 

Free. 

11.03 

10.31 

10.31 

Free. 


$2.93 

Free. 

2.93 

5.85 

3.41 

2.57 

Free. 


15 

17.55 


1.G4 
2.57 
8.1C 
50.31 


Free. 

10 


Free. 

0.19 

0.58 

1.17 


1.76 

5 

10 


Free. 

Free. 

7.94 


Free. 

. 10 

0.58 

0.29 

Free. 

11.70 

2.93 


5 


Free. 

10 


1.95 


11.70 









































































TARIFF—BELGIUM. 


599 


Metals—Manufactured articles of tin, lead, and 

zinc.percent. 10 

Tin, lead, and zinc, raw, in wire or 

laminated.Free. 

Iron and steel—pig, cast, old pieces... 

100 kilogs. $0.09 

Iron castings. do. 0.39 

Iron, drawn, beaten, or laminated; 

steel, in bars or wire... .100 ldlogs. 0.19 
Manufactured articles of iron or steel. 

100 kilogs. 0.78 
Sheet iron, unmanufactured do. 0.58 

Sheet iron, manufactures of. .per cent. 10 
Arms, fire and other, and other war 

materials.Free. 

Machines, cast.100 kilogs. 0.39 

Machines, steel or iron. do. 0.78 

Machines, wood.per cent. 10 

Machines, copper, or other material... 

100 kilogs. 2.34 

Instruments, surgical, mathematical, 

and chemical.Free. 

Instruments, musical.percent. 6 

Watches, chronometers, for marine use. Free. 
Watches, gold, silver, Mothers, per cent. 5 

Apparatus for ships, including iron 

cables, anchors, &c.Free. 

Ships, new or old, of all kinds.Free. 

Clay, Stone, Glass :— 

Pottery—Common articles.ICO kilogs. 0.29 

Fine and porcelain.per cent. 10 

Bricks, squares, t.i!es, tubes for drain¬ 
ing, &c., of baked earth.Free. 

Stone-work—Sculptures, building stones, also 
polished or ornamented, filter¬ 
ing stones, &c.Free. 

Other stone-work, polished or 

sculptured.per cent. 10 

Slates, for roofing and tiles. .1,000 0.78 

Diamonds and precious stones, 

set..percent. 10 

Glassware—Common.100 kilogs. 0.19 

Mirrors, glasses, window-panes, &c. 

per cent. 10 

Broken glassware..Free. 

Yarns :— 


Cotton yarns—Unbleached and bleached, mea¬ 
suring per Yi kilogramme :— 
20,000 metres or less. .100 kilogs. 
20,000 to 30,000 metres do. 
30,000 to 40,000 metres do. 
40,000 to 05,000 metres do. 

Over 65,00 metres.... do. 
Cotton yarns—Dyed or warped, measuring per 
X kilogramme:— 

20,000 metres or less.. 100 kilogs. 
20,000 to 30,000 metres do. 
30,000 to 40.000 metres do. 

40,000 to 65,000 metres do. 

Over 65,000 metres... do. 
Woollen yams—Not twisted nor dyed do. 

Twisted or dyed. do. 

Linen yarns—Of hemp and jute, measuring per 
kilogramme:— 

Not twisted nor dyed, 20,000 me¬ 
tres or less.100 kilogs. 

Twisted or dyed, 20,000 metres or 

less.100 kilogs. 

Twisted or dyed, over 20,000 

metres.100 kilogs. 

Not twisted or dyed, over 20,000 

metres..100 kilogs. 

Silk, spun. 

Yarns of cow and other animal hair. 

Tissues :— 

Of cotton, plain, twill, ticking, not bleached— 
lst-dass, weighing 11 kilogs. or more, per 100 
square metres, of 35 threads or less 
100 kilogs. 


2.93 

3.90 

5.85 

7.80 

1.95 


4.87 

5.85 

7.80 

9.75 

1.95 

3.90 

5.85 


1.95 

2.92 

5.85 


3.90 

Free. 

Free. 


9.75 


lst-class, weighing 11 kilogs. or more, per 100 
square metres, of 36 threads or 

more.100 kilogs. $15.60 

2d-class, weighing 7 to 11 kilogs., exclusive, per 
100 square metres, of 35 threads or 

less...100 kilogs. 11.70 

weighing 7 to 11 kilogs., exclusive, 
per 100 square metres, of 36 to 43 

threads.100 ldlogs. 19.50 

weighing 7 to 11 kilogs., exclusive, per 
100 square metres, of 44 threads or 

more. t .100 kilogs. 39.00 

3d-class, weighing 3 to 7 kilogs., exclusive, per 
100 square metres, of 27 threads or 

less...100 kilogs. 15.60 

weighing 3 to 7 kilogs., exclusive, 
per 100 square metres, of 28 to 35 

threads.100 kilogs. 23.4C 

weighing 3 to 7 kilogs., exclusive, 
per 100 square metres, of 36 to 43 

threads.100 kilogs. 37.05 

weighing 3 to 7 kilogs., exclusive, per 
100 square metres, of 44 threads or 

more..100 kilogs. 58.50 

Of cotton, plain, twill, ticking, bleached— 
lst-class, weighing 11 kilogs. or more, per 100 
square metres, of 35 threads or 

less.100 kilogs. 11.21 

weighing 11 kilogs. or more, per 100 
square metres, of 35 threads or 

more..100 kilogs. 17.94 

2d-class, weighing 7 to 11 kilogs. per 100 square 

metres, of 35 threads or less. 

100 kilogs. 13.46 

weighing 7 to 11 kilogs. per 100 square 

metres, of 36 to 43 threads. 

100 kilogs. 22.43 

weighing 7 to 11 kilogs. per 100 square 

metres, of 44 threads or more. 

100 kilogs. 44.86 

3d-class, weighing 3 to 7 kilogs. per 100 square 

metres, of 27 threads or less. 

100 kilogs. 17.94 

weighing 3 to 7 kilogs. per 100 square 

metres, of 28 to 35 threads. 

100 kilogs. 26.91 

weighing 3 to 7 kilogs. per 100 square 

metres, of 36 to 43 threads. 

100 kilogs. 42.60 

weighing 3 to 7 kilogs. per 100 square 

metres, of 44 threads or more. 

100 kilogs. 67.27 


Of cotton, &c., dyed— 

lst-class, weighing 11 kilogs. or more, per 100 
square metres, of 35 threads or less. 

100 kilogs. 14.63 

weighing 11 ldlogs. or more, per 100 
square metres, of 36 threads or more. 

100 kilogs. 20.48 
Of cotton, &c., dyed— 

2d-class, weighing7 to 11 kilogs., exclusive, per 
100 square metres, of 35 threads 

or less.100 kilogs. 16.58 

weighing 7 to 11 kilogs., exclusive, per 
100 square metres, of 36 to 413 threads 

100 kilogs. 24.38 

weighing 7 to 11 kilogs., exclusive, per 
lOO square metres, of 44 threads or 

more.100 kilogs. 43.88 

3d-class, weighing 3 to 7 kilogs., exclusive, per 
100 square metres, of 27 threads 

or less.100 kilogs. 20.48 

weighing 3 to 7 kilogs., exclusive, per 
100 square metres, of 28 to 35 threads 

100 kilogs. 28.08 

weighing 3 to 7 kilogs., exclusive, per 
100 square metres, of 36 to 43 threads 

100 kilogs. 41.93 

weighing 3 to 7 kilogs., exclusive, per 


















































600 


TARIFF—BELGIUM. 


100 square metres, of 44 threads or 


more.100 kilogs. $63.38 

Tissues of cotton, plain, warped, ticking, 

printed.percent. 15 

Cotton velvet, bleached.10U kilogs. 16.58 

Cotton velvet, dyed or printed. do. 21.45 

Cotton, other, bleached. do. 11.70 

Cotton,, other, dyed or printed. do. 16.58 

Piquet, figured, damask, brilliant, weighing 3 

kilogs. per 100 square metres.per cent. 15 

Laces of cotton. do. 5 

All other. do. 10 

Tissues of wool—shawls, scarfs, cashmeres (In¬ 
dia) .per cent. 5 

All other. do. 10 

Or, at importer’s option, 100 

kilogs. 50.70 

Linen tissues—Laces, &c.percent. 5 

All other. do. 10 

Silk tissues—Tulle, lace. do. 5 

All other.100 kilogs. 58.50 

Tissues not otherwise specified.per cent. 10 

Woollen felts (for hats, &c.). do. 10 

Mixed tissues as material of chief value.Free. 

Sail-cloth.Free 

BEVERAGES, LIQUORS, ETC. 


Distilled beverages—Brandy (in casks) of 50 
degrees or less, Nether- 
land manufacture, hec¬ 
tolitre 9.25 

Distilled beverages—Other fabrication, 50 de¬ 
grees or less.. hectolitre 8.27 
Distilled beverages—Above 50 degrees, from 
Netherlands...each de¬ 
gree above 50 0.19 


Distilled beverages—Above 50 degrees, other. 

each degree above 50 $0.17 

Liqueurs, in bottles.hectolitre 16.58 

Other alcoholic liquors. do. 11.70 

Fermented beverages—Wines, in casks do. 0.09 
Wines, in bottles do. 0.29 
Beer and other, in casks 

hectolitre 1.17 
Beer and other, in bot¬ 
tles.hectolitre 1.37 

All manufactured articles, generally classified 

as “fancy goods” (Mercery).per cent. 10 

Manufactures and tissues of Indiarrubbcr do. 10 
COMFITS AND PRESERVES. 

In brandy and sugar.100 kilogs. 11.70 

Others. do. 1.95 

PAPER AND ITS MANUFACTURES. 

Paper prepared for medicinal purposes. Free. 

Paper for cigarettes, artificial flowers, orna¬ 
ments, polishing paper.(Merceries, art. 7.) 

Covers for books, gilded or silvered, paper 

printed, and all typographical products.Free. 

Wall paper.100 kilogs. 1.56 

All other. do. 0.78 

Manufactured articles not otherwise specified. 

per cent. 10 

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS. 

For industrial use.per cent. 5 

Soap, perfumed or not.100 kilogs. 1.17 


EXPORTS. 

All merchandise, &c.Free. 

IN TRANSIT. 

Gunpowder.Prohibited. 

All other merchandise, &c.Free. 







































TARIFF OF THE NETHERLANDS 


[100 kilogrammes = 220.46 pounds U. S.; 1 litre = 1.0567 quart U. S. ; 1 hectolitre = 2.6417 gallons U. S. 

the florin computed at 41 cents gold.] 


Alabaster, Aluminum.per cent. 

Almonds.100 kilogs. 

Balloons, Baskets and basket-work .per cent. 

Beans.hectolitre 

Beer, likewise malt extract and mead. 100 litres 
Britannia metal, in plates, manufactured, .per 

cent. 

Bran.100 kilogs. 

Bronze and manufactures of.per cent. 

Brushes, Buttons. do. 

Camphene.litre 

Candles, tallow.100 kilogs. 

wax, stearine, and spermaceti.... per 

cent. 

Canes.per cent. 

Canned meats and fruits, &c.100 kilogs. 

Cards and card-paper, Carriages.percent. 

Carpets, hangings, &c. do. 

Cement.1000 kilogs. 

Cheese of all kinds, with exception of spiced pot 

cheese brought in by land.100 kilogs. 

Chemicals, varnishes, perfumeries, and all 
other sorts of liquids which contain spirits or 
strong waters, likewise ethers and chloroform 

litre 

Chocolate prepared with sugar.100 kilogs. 

Cider.100 litres. 

Clocks, pendules, with or without glass... .per 

cent. 

Clothes, new or old.per cent. 

Coal tar.100 kilogs. 

Colors, mixed with oil, with exception of print¬ 
ing-ink..per cent. 

Confectionery and sweetmeats.100 kilogs. 

Cooper’s work .per cent. 

Copper, hammered or flattened, plates, sheets, 

nails, and wire, red or yellow copper.100 

kilogs. 

Copper basins, kettles, and all manufactures of, 

not otherwise enumerated .100 kilogs. 

Copper work, lackered, painted, gilded or not, 
plated or bronzed, gilded copper wire, and 
gilded copper nails, with exception of copper 
or bronze medals, old copper, dross of cop¬ 
per, and filings.percent. 

Cordage and tackling.100 kilogs. 

Cordage of wire. do. 

Cork, cut and modelled. do. 

Corn and pulse of all kinds; beans, vetches, 
peas, lentils, spelt, shelled or not.. hectolitre 
All sorts of shelled or broken corn, not other¬ 
wise enumerated .100 kilogs. 

Corn-bread, biscuits, and every kind of flour, 

groats, and bran.100 kilogs. 

Crayons and holders.percent. 

Currants.100 kilogs. 

Cutlery, Drawing boxes.percent. 

Earthen ware, china, and porcelain.. do. 

Earthen crucibles. do. 

Eloine (or oleine).100 kilogs. 

Fancy articles..... .per cent. 


5 

$1.64 

5 

0.61 

1.23 

5 

0.16 

5 

5 

0.23 

1.23 

5 

5 

10.25 

5 

5 

0.31 

2.05 


0.37 

10.25 

1.23 

5 

5 

0.23 

5 

10.25 

5 


0.41 

1.64 


5 

0.21 

0.30 

1.41 

0.61 

0.16 

0.16 

5 

0.61 

5 

5 

1 

0.23 

5 


Felt for manufacture.per cent. 

Fish, hermetically sealed.100 kilogs. $10. 

Fruits, fresh or preserved, not otherwise spe¬ 
cified .per cent. 

preserved in spirits or pickled. do. 

preserved in syrup or sugar. .100 kilogs. 7. 
in hermetically sealed cans.. do. 10. 
green or dried, not otherwise enumer¬ 
ated.per cent. 

Furs in any way dressed, Game. do. 

Game in hermetically sealed cans.. .100 kilogs. 10. 

Gems (imitation).per cent. 

Ginger, sugared.100 kilogs. 2. 

Glass and glassware of all kinds, looking- 

glasses, silvered or not.per cent. 

Gloves, Gold lace. do. 

Gold wire. do. 

Gold or silversmith’s ware, and partly finished, 
with exception of coin, gold or silver metals, 
or counters, and goldsmiths’ and silver¬ 
smiths’ ware unfit for use.per cent. 

Gold leaf in books, gold wire and silver wire. 

per cent. 

Gunpowder.100 kilogs. 2. 

Gutta-percha and India-rubber, manufactured. 

per cent. 

Gut strings for musical instruments.. do. 

Hair, spun or manufactured, perukes or curls. 

per cent. 

Hair-powder.100 kilogs. 0. 

Hail-shot. do. 0. 

Hats and felts, for hats of all kinds..per cent. 

Hemp (dressed). do. 

Hides and leather, sole leather and saddle 

leather.per cent. 

tanned hides and leather of all 
sorts not enumerated; those of 
sea dogs and other sea animals, 

parchment.per cent. 

pelts tanned or in any way 
dressed; leather for saddlers, 
shoemakers, coffcrmakers, and 
all other sorts not otherwise 

enumerated.per cent. 

Russia leather.. do. 

Honey.100 kilogs. 6. 

Horns.per cent. 

Instruments, mathematical, philosophical, op¬ 
tical, musical, etc.percent. 

Iron, Iron work, founded, forged, or laminated, 
not otherwise enumerated ; also anvils..per 

cent. 

Iron anchors, chains, and capstans for ships. 

per cent. 

Iron cables and nails.100 kilogs. 0. 

Ivory manufactured.per cent. 

Juice of citrons and lemons.100 litres 1. 

Lead, laminated, not oth’wise enu’.. 100 kilogs. 0. 

Lentils.100 kilogs. 0. 

Liquids containing spirits.per litre 0. 

Macaroni and vermicelli.100 kilogs. 0. 


1 

25 

5 

10 

38 

25 

5 

5 

25 

5 

46 

5 

5 

3 


1 

34 

5 

28 

61 

61 

37 

82 




































































602 


TARIFF—NETHERLANDS. 


Machinery for manufactures and agriculture. 

per cent. 5 

Marbles, plain or carved. do. 5 

Matches, chemical. do. 5 

Mats and matting, with exception of muscovy 

mats.per cent. 5 

Meats of all sorts not specially enumerated, and 

sausages.100 kilogs. $2.46 

Meats preserved in any other way.. do. 3.28 

Mutton, pork, and bacon, salted.... do. 0.41 

Mutton preserved in any other way. do. 0.51 

Meats in hermetically sealed boxes.. do. 10.25 

Mel ado. do. 6.15 

Mercery (fancy goods).per cent. 5 

Milliners’ articles, artificial and toilet flowers 

and feathers.per cent. 5 

Mineral water in bottles.per hundred 0.21 

in stone bottles. do. 0.10 

Molasses containing more than 10 per cent. 

sugar.100 kilogs. 6.25 

10 per cent, or less sugar. 

100 kilogs. 1.64 

Mortar.ton 0.05 

Mortar, unquenched (quick-lime).ton 0.10 

Mustard, artificial.100 kilogs. 10.25 

Nails, gilded.percent. 5 

Oil, salad oil, beech, poppy oil, and all other 
for the table or cooking purposes, oleine, pho¬ 
togene oil, and all other sorts of rock oil. 

100 kilogs. 

All sorts of seed oil and sesame oil.100 

kilogs. 

Bergamot, lemon oil, oleum neroli, laven¬ 
der, rose, and all sorts of perfumed oils, 
in original state, not being perfumery 

per cent. 

Oil-seed.hectolitre 

Oil-seed cakes, viz.: rapeseed, hempseed, lin¬ 
seed, poppyseed cakes, likewise linseed meal. 

100 kilogs. 

Ordnance stores:— 

All sorts of guns, fire-locks, carbines, pis¬ 
tols and cases, pikes, halberds, swords, 
sabres, bayonets, and all kinds of small- 
arms, cuirasses, helmets, hilts for swords 
or sabers, mounted or not, likewise balls 
for pistols or guns, and cartridge paper. 

per cent. 5 

Cannon or gun metal.100 kilogs. 3.06 

Cannon of iron. do. 0.51 

Cannon-balls. do. 0.30 

Ammunition.per cent. 5 

Packthread.100 kilogs. 1.23 

Paints. per cent. 5 

Paper of all sorts: music paper, wall paper, 
chintz paper, brown paper, blue sugar paper, 
registers white or lined, card paper, paste¬ 
board, papier mache, and paper hangings. 

per cent. 5 

Pastry.100 kilogs. 10.25 

~~ 0.45 

5 

0.61 


0.23 

0.51 


1 

0.04 


0.06 


Patent oil. do. 

Peels of citrons and oranges preserved.per cent. 

Pepper and pepper powder.100 kilogs. 

Perfumery, paint, lavender oil, Macassar oil, 

and all other sorts not particularly enumer¬ 
ated.per cent. 

Pickles and sauces.100 kilogs. 

Platina manufactured, also platina wire.. 100 

kilogs. 

Plaster, articles in.percent. 

Potato flour, manufactures of, not otherwise 
enumerated.100 kilogs. 

Poultry.per cent. 

Poultry preserved in hermetically sealed 
boxes.100 kilogs. 

Prunes dried. do. 

Raisins not specified. do. 

Raisins, currants, black; Samos and Benia. 

100 kilogs. 


5 

10.25 

0.04 

5 

0.82 

5 

10.25 

0.61 

0.82 

0.10 


Ruddle.per cent. 

Saffron... do. 

Sail-cloth.the roll 

Salt, refined, and residue .100 kilogs. 

Seeds, cole, rape, flax, vetch, dari, and hemp, 
and others not specially enumerated.. hecto¬ 
litre 

Silk, manufactured, for sewing, stitching, &c. 

per cent. 

Silver wire. do. 

Silver manufactured as galloon, and all silver¬ 
smith work.per cent. 

Syrup containing more than 10 per cent, sugar. 

100 kilogs. 

less than 10 per cent. do. 
an inferior quality than 10 per 
cent.100 kilogs. 

Ships and boats intended to remain in the 
country.per cent. 

Shoes, whether of India-rubber or leather, and 
all shoemakers’ work.per cent. 

Soap, hard and soft, also pourberine, and other 
sorts of soap powder..100 kilogs. 

Soap, perfumed. do. 

Spelter or zinc, laminated plates and sheets, 
■ware and nails.... 100 kilogs. 
utensils, lackered, painted or 
not.per cent. 

Spices—nutmegs, saffron, vanilla, mace, cloves, 
cinnamon, &c.per cent. 

Spirits, 50 per cent, alcohol, 15 degrees.. .hec¬ 
tolitre 

Starch.100 kilogs. 

Steel work, with exception of steel bars, steel 
wire, and rails.per cent. 

Stones, hewn, also polished or carved. do. 

Stone cement or luff.1000 kilogs. 

Straw and chip made in braids for hats.per ct. 

Straw in leaves, also ornaments.per cent. 

Sugar, refined and mixed.100 kilogs. 

Tea... do. 

Textile fabrics, cloths of wool, kerseymere, silk, 
cotton, hemp, flax, oakum, bark, and all 
other sorts not enumerated, either raw, white, 
or bleached, gummed, waxed, dyed, or print¬ 
ed, pure or mixed, lace, cord, ribbon, tulle, 
table linen, damask, diaper, whether check¬ 
ered or striped, with dyed yam or not; 
damasks, cambrics, lawns, stockings, trou¬ 
sers and any other sorts of cloths woven or 
knit, not otherwise enumerated.per cent. 

Thread, sewing.100 kilogs. 

Timber or wood for ship-building and building, 
imported along sea-coast with unbroken car¬ 
go, not sawn.the ton of 11$ cubic ell. 

Same, sawn. 

Timber for ship-building and building, not 
otherwise enumerated, not sawn., .per cent. 

Same, sawn... do. 

Timber, wainscoting.100 ps. 

pipe staves. do. 

cask staves. do. 

Bpars, poles, or oars, and wood for can¬ 
dy boxes.per cent. 

furniture wood, mahogany, walnut, 
cedar, guaiacum, palm, and other 

sorts not enumerated, unsawn. 

per cent. 

other sorts not enumerated, sawn. 

per cent. 

wooden work, except wooden shoes. 

per cent. 

Tin, and all manufactures of. do. 

Tobacco not manufactured, stemmed or strip¬ 
ped .100 kilogs. 

unstemmed. do. 

manufactured, snuff, etc... do. 
Cigars. do. 

Toys..per cent. 


5 

5 

$0.12 

4.92 


0.04 


6.10 

3.28 

1.64 

1 

5 

1.84 

2.46 

0.12 

5 

5 

1.43 

0.41 

5 

5 

0.31 

2 

5 

14.35 

10.25 


5 

4.10 


0.10 

0.31 

1 

3 

3.07 

1.64 

0.41 


5 

5 

0.29 

0.61 

4.92 

16.40 

6 








































































TARIFFS—NETHERLANDS. 


003 


Types.100 kilogs. $2.87 

Utensils manufactured of wood, iron, copper, 
steel, or other, likewise tools for agricul¬ 
ture .per cent. 5 

Umbrellas and parasols. do. 5 

Yarnish .litres. 0.37 

Vegetables in hermetically sealed boxes, 

100 kilogs. 10.25 

pickled.percent. 5 

Vinegar and ligneous acid, all sorts, of two de¬ 
grees or inferior strength, as ascertained by 

the Dutch hydrometer, scale B.100 litres. 1.23 

Vinegar, all other sorts of higher strength, 

100 litres. 8.20 

Watches, gold, silver, and all other.. .per cent. 5 

Wax and manufactures of. do. 5 

Weavers’ combs. do. 1 

Whales’ fins . do. 5 

Whetstones. do. 5 

Wool-cards made of iron wire. do. 1 

Yams manufactured of hemp, flax, or oakum, 

100 kilogs. 4.10 


Yarns—sail twine.100 kilogs. $0.41 

thread for packing and sealing, and all 
kinds not otherwise enumerated, 

100 kilogs. 1.23 

of cotton, twisted, dyed or not, with ex¬ 
ception of those which, dyed or not, 
are warped for weaving, and with ex¬ 
ception of the unbleached double 

twisted.percent. 3 

of wool mixed with cotton, twisted, 
dyed or not, sulphured or not, with 
exception of the double twisted, not 

dyed or sulphured.percent. 3 

Zinc plates.100 kilogs. 0.12 

manufactures of.per cent. 

II.— Exports. 

Rags of cotton, wool, linen, paper, pulp of 

paper, and others.100 kilogs. 2.05 

Wool, of unmixed woollen rags. do. 1.02 

All other articles. Free. 


9 






















604 


TARIFF—SPAIN. 


TARIFF, 

Tariff of July 12, 1869, in 

The decree of July 12, 1869, accom¬ 
panying the new tariff, contains the fol¬ 
lowing provisions: — 

All duties exceeding 15 per cent., hut 
not reaching 20 per cent., will be reduced 
to 15 per cent, on the 1st of July, 1875. 

The remaining extraordinary duties 
reaching 20 per cent, and upwards will 
receive three gradual reductions till they 
fall to 15 per cent., to wit: The first 
on the above-stated 1st of July, 1875; 
the second on the 1st of July 1878, and 
the third on the 1st of July, 1881. 

The duties, however, on articles which 
are already fixed at or below 15 per cent., 
or on articles which, either by reason of 
their high value or large consumption, 
may bear a higher charge, will suffer such 
a reduction or not, as the exigencies of the 
times may require. 

The premium of 13 escudos and fooir 
now allowed to builders of ships of over 
400 tons, will be continued, as also a 
drawback to ship-builders of whatever 
materials they may import for that pur¬ 
pose. 

Articles free of duty. —Mineral waters 
(except the vessels they are in) ; trees, 
vine-shoots, and plants; lime; herba¬ 
riums or scientific collections of plants ; 
mineral, loose or in collections for study ; 
mineral of copper, gold, silver ; models of 
small size of whatever class ; samples of 
tissues; antiquarian specimens ; gold, sil¬ 
ver, and platinum, in worn-out table ser¬ 
vice, bars, coin, pieces, powder or ingots; 
gold, silver, and platinum, manufactured 
and stamped in Spain ; pearls and precious 
stones ; silk in cocoons, waste of cocoons, 
and silk seed; gypsum, toilet articles; 
bed and table linen; books, toys, portable 
instruments, theatrical wardrobes, plate 
and service, carried by passengers with 
their baggage, sufficiently marked to be 
recognized as used, and in quantities pro¬ 
portioned to the standing, profession, and 
circumstances of the passenger. 

Articles conditionally free of duty. —Na¬ 
tional wiijes and empty vessels returning 


—SPAIN. 

force from August 1, 1869. 

from foreign countries, with their num¬ 
bers, kind, and dimensions expressed in 
the entry, also the quantity and class of 
the wines, and the number and date of 
their invoice. 

Pipes and casks of metal, imported with 
merchandise, if re-exported again within 
three months. 

Corals, if collected by Spaniards and 
brought directly by national ships. 

Works of fine arts executed by Span¬ 
iards in foreign countries, and those ac¬ 
quired by the government, academies, or 
other corporations for museums, galleries, 
or studios. 

Rosaries, relics, and other similar ar¬ 
ticles from holy places. 

Carriages, cattle, trained animals, col¬ 
lections of wax and other analogous fig¬ 
ures, provided the owner guarantees that, 
in case he should not re-export them 
within six months, he will pay the regular 
duties. 

Spanish cattle and carriages returning 
from foreign countries, reimported within 
six months after leaving this country. 

Spanish books returned from foreign 
countries. * 

National objects and articles returning 
from foreign exhibitions; the furniture, 
carriages, equipages, and effects of the 
diplomatic corps ; the furniture of Spanish 
residents abroad, or of strangers coming 
here with the intention of establishing 
themselves in Spain, will be admitted free 
of duty. 

Goods arriving under foreign flags. — No 
discrimination will be made in duties on 
goods whether arriving under foreign flags 
or by land. 

Special duties .—Cotton containing seed 
will pay only half the duty indicated; rice, 
with its husk, half the duty indicated; 
flour, the duty of the grain from which it 
is made, with an additional 50 per cent, 
upon the same duty; the quantity of ex¬ 
terior cloth in ready-made clothing will be 
determined, and the clothing will be 
charged with the duty of the material, 




TARIFF—SPAIN. 


605 


with an additional 50 per cent, upon the 
same; materials embroidered by hand or 
machine, with the precious metals or their 
imitations, will pay the corresponding duty 
of the fabric from w r hich they are made, 
with an addition of 50 per cent, upon the 
same; textures of linen, wool, and silk, 
interwoven with cotton, will pay the same 
duty as pure and unmixed linen, wool, and 
silk, respectively; textures of wool and 
silk, or waste of silk, the warp of which is 
composed of one of those two materials, 
will pay duty upon one-fifth of their 
weight like silk, and four-fifths like wool; 
textures of linen and silk the warp of 
which is composed of one of those two 
materials, and textures of cotton and silk 
whose warp is entirely of cotton, will pay 
duty on four fifths of the weight as tissues 
of linen or cotton, as the case may be, and 
one-fifth as silk stuff, excepting plush and 
satin, which will pay three-fifths as cotton 
and two-fifths as silk; textures of linen 
and wool with a warp composed of one of 
those two materials, will pay duty on 
three-fifths of their weight as woollen, and 
on two-fifths as linen stuffs; textures of 
linen and cotton with a warp entirely of 
cotton, will pay duty on half their weight 
as cotton textures, and on the other half 
as linen; textures having a warp of linen, 
wool, silk, or cotton, and containing on 
the other side of the tissue one, two, or 
more of these materials, will be subject to 
the duties previously stated, and will be 
considered as being composed of linen, 
wool, silk, or cotton—that is to say, of the 
material of its mixture which pays the 
highest duty. 

Packing. —Articles dutiable by weight 
will pay duties on their weight, including 
packages, likewise oils, lards, meats, fish, 
pickled tripe, and all those which cannot 
be separated from the packages without 
injury. 

Tare. —The following tare will be calcu¬ 
lated on the gross weight of merchandise : 

On steel in cases, 10 per cent.; on cotton 
in spools, 40 per cent.; on sugar in boxes and 
barrels, 14 per cent.; on cinnamon in bags, 
8 per cent. ; on cinnamon in cases, 20 per 
cent.; on extract of meat, “Liebig,” in 
canisters, 70 per cent. ; on yam and fila¬ 
ments, 3 per cent.; on tin in cases, 10 per 
cent. ; on phosphor incased in tin and 
wood cases, 50 per cent. ; on crockery in 
cases and barrels, 30 per cent. ; on crock¬ 
ery in crates, 16 per cent.; on fancy laces 
packed in wood, 10 per cent.; on paste 
and similar articles, 10 per cent.; on glass 


and window-glass in cases or barrels, 40 
per cent. ; and on glass and window-glass 
in crates, 20 per cent. 

Ad valorem duties .—Ad valorem duties 
will be levied according to the value of 
goods stated in the invoice by the owner. 
Should, however, such value be found 
too low by the officers of the customs, 
and an augmentation of the same resisted 
by the owner, the administration will 
name the appraiser, who, together with 
one named by the owner and a third one 
named by the bureau of agriculture and 
commerce, will decide the valuation. 
These appraisers will be chosen whenever 
possible from merchants and manufactur¬ 
ers dealing in or producing the article in 
question. In places where there is no 
bureau of commerce and agriculture, the 
third appraiser will be named by the jus¬ 
tice of the peace. 

Exports and re-imports. —Merchandise 
not named in the tariff of exports can be 
exported absolutely free of duty. Goods, 
materials, and effects exported to trans- 
Atlantic provinces of the kingdom, will 
always be readmitted free again, provided 
the identity of the goods is certified. 
Goods, materials, and effects (national) ex¬ 
ported and re-imported from foreign coun¬ 
tries, will be considered as foreign goods, 
subject to the general tariff, excepting those 
stated under division II. By the designa¬ 
tion argentiferous lead or litharge will be 
understood lead containing in each 400 
kilogrammes more than 30 grammes of 
silver. 

Prohibited articles .—Arms and muni¬ 
tions of war, except by permission of the 
government; hydrographic charts, such as 
published by the navy department; maps 
and plans of Spanish authors, with unex¬ 
pired copyrights of the same, except with 
their permission; books and publications 
in Spanish secured by copyrights; mass 
and prayer and other liturgical books of 
the Catholic church; obscene paintings, 
figures, and all other objects calculated to 
offend the public morals; preparations of 
medicine or remedies the composition of 
which is a secret, or has no published 
formula; salt (common), till the first of 
January, 1870; but from that date it may 
be imported, subject to duties designated 
in the tariff; tobacco, except in a manner 
prescribed by the rules of the governmental 
monopoly. 

GENEEAL TAEIFP OF SPAIN'. 

The numbers of the tariff prefixed by the letter 
“a” indicate those duties which exceed 15 per cent. 



606 


TARIFF—SPAIN. 


without reaching 20, and which, from the 1st of July, 
1875, will be reduced to 15 per cent. 

Those prefixed by letter “6” are duties of and 
above 20 per cent., which, from the 1st of July, 1875, 
will suffer three periodical reductions, so as to fall by 
the 1st of July, 1881. to 15 per cent. 

Those without prefixture are duties the reduction 
of which, after the 1st of July, 1875, may or may not 
take place, according to the exigencies of the times. 

French weights and measures .—1 hectogramme = 
0.2204 pound U. S.; 1 metre = 3 2808 feet U. S.; 
100 kilogrammes = 220.46 pounds TJ. S.; 1 escudo 
computed at 50 cents, gold, U. S. 


Class T. — Stones, Earths, Minerals, and Glass. 
Marbles, precious stones, and alabasters, coarse 

or in polished pieces.100 kilogs. $0.07 

6 The same of all classes, cut in squares, plates 
or steps, of whatever size, whether polished or 

not....100 kilogs. 0.75 

6 The same wrought into statues, bas-reliefs, 
and utensils of all kinds with ornaments, foli¬ 
age, and chisel embossments, not enumerated 

elsewhere.100 kilogs. 1.50 

All other stones and earths employed in the 

arts.100 kilogs. 0.01 

Coal, mineral, and coke.ton of 1,000 kilogs. 0.25 

Tar, pitch, asphaltum, bitumen, and petroleum, 

crude.100 kilogs. 0.05 

Petroleum and all other mineral oils rectified, 

also benzine.100 kilogs. 1.10 

Minerals.ton of 1,000 kilogs. 0.05 

b Glass, common, ordinary, and hollow. 100 kls. 1.60 

b Glass and crystal imitations. do. 9.00 

b Glass and crystal, smooth. do. 3.50 

b The same overlaid with quicksilver, and crys¬ 
tals for eye-glasses and watches.. .100 kilogs. 16.00 
Clay in fine square tiles, bricks, tubes, and 

similar articles.100 kilogs. 0.30 

b Crockery of flint and fine clay. do. 7.50 

a Porcelain. do. 10.50 


Class IT.—Metals and all Articles of which 
Metals form the Principal Part. 

Gold in jewelry, also with stones and 

pearls.hectogramme. 

Silver in jewelry, also with stones and 

pearls.hectogramme. 

Gold, silver, or platina worked in other 

articles.hectogramme. 

6 Steel in bars, plates, and carriage- 

springs.100 kilogs. 

6 Iron, unwrought. do. 

b Cast iron in tubes of all kinds. do. 

b Cast iron manufactured in ordinary 

articles. do. 

b Cast iron manufactured in fine articles, or if 
lined or glossed with porcelain, or ornamented 

with other metals.100 kilogs. 

b Iron bars and rails. do. 

b Iron plates of six millimetres thick¬ 
ness . do. 

b Iron forged in bars of whatever form do. 
b Iron bars of whatever form up to 

144 millimetres. do. 

a Iron wire. do. 

b Iron nails and screws, also with 

heads of brass.'.. do. 

6 Iron tubes. do. 

b Iron ordinary articles, also when overlaid with 
lead, tin, or zinc, or when painted or varnish¬ 
ed, and tubes when covered with plates of 

brass.100 kilogs. 

b Iron manufactured in fancy articles, in con¬ 
nection with porcelain and adorned with other 
metals, and articles of steel not otherwise 

specified.100 kilogs. 

Iron and steel in pieces not yet adapted for use 
(including bars).100 kilogs. 


5.00 


0.70 

0.40 

3.00 

0.50 

0.93 

1.50 


3.50 

1.60 

1.80 

2.20 

2.60 

1.60 

4.00 

2.60 


4.50 

5.50 
1.00 


b Tin plate..100 kilogs. $3.75 

b Tin plate, manufactures of. do. 12.50 

Needles, pens, and parts of watches, and simi¬ 
lar articles of iron or steel.per kilog. 0.60 

Knives, carving-knives, razors, and 

penknives.. do. 0.20 

Scissors. do. 0.45 

Side-arms and blades of the same- do. 0.40 


b Fire-arms, cannon, and other field- 

pieces. do. 1.00 

Copper of the first fusion, also old 

copper.100 kilogs. 2.50 

Copper and brass in bars and ingots. do. 4.50 

a Copper plates, nails, and wire. do. 10.00 

b Copper tubes and large pieces partly manu¬ 
factured, like braziers, casks, etc., and boiler 

bottoms.100 kilogs. 14.00 

Brass wire. do. 6.00 

Bronze, unmanufactured. do. 2.00 

Composition metals manufactured, and all mix¬ 


tures of common metals containing copper 

and tin.100 kilogs. 25.00 

Gold foil in leaves.kilogramme. 1.75 

& Gold manufactures. do. 7.00 

Silver foil in leaves. do. 0.22 

b Silver-plated ware. do. 1.85 

Tin in ingots.100 kilogs. 5.00 

Tin manufactures. do. 10.00 

Lead in blocks, plates, sheets, tubes, balls, 

and small shot.100 kilogs. 0.30 

a Lead manufactures. do. 1.60 

Zinc in bars or blocks. do. 1.20 

b Zinc plates, nails, and wire. do. 3.00 

Zinc in manufactured articles. do. 5.00 

All metals and compositions not specified in 

plates, blocks, nails, etc.100 kilogs, 0.30 

The same when manufactured in 

other forms. do. 7.50 

Wire, woven.kilogramme. 0.10 

b Wire-work. do. 0.20 


Class III.—Articles of Pharmacy, Perfumery , 
and Chemical Industry. 

Oil of cocoanut, palm, grains, and seeds; lin¬ 
seed and drying oils.100 kilogs. 

Dyewood and tanning bark. do. 

Granza or madder-root. do. 

Flaxseed and other oily seeds. do. 

Other vegetable products not specified do. 
Animal products used for medical 

purposes. do. 

Ferruginous and other natural earths 

for painting. do. 

Anil and cochineal. do. 

Extracts of dyes. do. 

b Garancine, and the mixture of same with 

madder-root.kilogramme. 

Varnishes.100 kilogs. 

Colors in powder or mass. do. 

a Colors prepared, and inks. do. 

a Aniline and all other artificial 

colors. kilogramme. 

Acids: muriatic.100 kilogs. 

nitric.... do. 

sulphuric. do. 


Alum. do. 

Brimstone. do. 

Saltwort, natural and artificial. do. 

Alkalies, carbonates, caustics, and 

ammonia salts. do. 

Chloride of lime... do. 

Chlorate of potassa and sulphate of 

soda. do. 

Chlorate of sodium (common salt )... do. 

Glues and albumen. do. 

Phosphorus.kilogramme. 

Nitrate of potassa.100 kilogs. 

Nitrate of soda. do. 

Oxide of lead. do. 


1.60 

0.05 

4.00 

0.20 

2.00 

1.10 

1.02 

9.00 

1.50 

0.15 

2.50 

1.50 
5.00 

0.50 

0.30 

1.00 

0.45 

0.30 

0.25 

0.20 

0.75 

0.50 

0.10 

0.65 

2.00 

0.10 

0.75 

0.20 

1.00 























































































TARIFF—SPAIX. 


C07 


Sulphate of iron.100 kilogs. $0.30 

All other chemicals not expressed. .kilogramme. 0.02 
Articles prepared exclusively for medicinal pur¬ 
poses, ad valorem.per cent. 20 

b Starch.100 kilogs. 2.00 

Fecula, for industrial use. do. 0.25 

b Soap. do. 3.75 

Stearine and sperm, in lumps. do. 5.00 

b Stearine and sperm, manufactured, do. 10.00 

b Perfumery and essences.kilogramme 0.30 

Powder, blasting. do. 0.06 

Powder, hunting. do. 0.25 

Explosive mixtures, analogous to 
powder. do. 0.03 

Class IV.—Cotton and its Manufactures. 

Cotton, raw.100 kilogs. 0.30 

b Cotton yarn, single or double threads, for 
weaving, bleached, unbleached, or dyed, up 

to No. 85, inclusive.kilogramme. 0.25 

b Same, No. 36 and above.kilogramme 0.35 

i Cotton yarn for sewing or embroidering, of 
three or more threads, bleached, unbleached, 

or dyed.kilogramme 0.50 

6 Textures smoothly pressed, unbleached, white 
or colored, in pieces or handkerchiefs, having 
25 threads in the square of 6 millimetres, 

warp and woof.kilogramme 0.60 

b Same, above 26 threads. do. 0.53 

Textures printed, worked transversely on the 
loom, having 25 threads per square of 6 milli¬ 
metres in warp and woof.kilogramme 0.80 

b Same, above 26 threads.. do. 0.73 

Textures, transparent, like muslins, batistes, 

linens, and gauzes of all kinds.kil. 0.60 

b Quilts and piquds.do. 0.90 

b Velvets and other articles of double texture do. 0.70 

b Illusions (cotten tulles).do. 1.00 

b Crochet in all forms, including borders.. .do. 0.60 

b Edgings of all classes.do. 1.25 

6 Knit goods in pieces, undershirt, and draw¬ 
ers.kilogramme 0.52 

b Knit stockings, socks, gloves, and other arti¬ 
cles.kilogramme 1.05 

Class V.—IIemp, Linen , Agave, and like 
Manufactures. 

Agave and similar substances.100 kilogs. 0.20 

Hemp, raw and dressed. do. 2.00 

Flax, raw and dressed. do. 0.50 

Threads of agave and the like. do. 1.50 

Threads of hemp and flax. do. 5.50 

b Threads twisted, double, or more. do. 24.50 

6 Cordage. ho. 4.00 

b Textures, simple, to 10 threads, inclusive, kil. 0.25 
b Textures, simple, from 11 to 24 threads, inclu¬ 
sive .kilogramme 0.50 

& Textures, simple, above 25 threads do. 0.85 

6 Textures, transversely worked... do. 0.40 

b Laces. do. 2.50 

b Fringes. do. 1.00 

b Carpets. do. 0.05 

Class VI. — Wool, Horsehair , and Hair Manu¬ 
factures. 

Horsehair and other hair.100 kilogs. 0.40 

a Wool, ordinary. do. 5.60 

Wool of all other kinds, and long wool for 

worsted.100 kilogs. 2.50 

Wool combed and prepared for worsted fa¬ 
brics.100 kilogs. 6.00 

Worsted thread in crude and oily state.kil. 0.37 

Worsted thread cleaned and bleached.do. 0.52 

Worsted thread dyed. .. ..do. 0.60 

b Carpets.100 kilogs. 35.00 

b Blankets.kilogramme 0.45 

b Textures of pure wool or mixed with cotton, 
plain or crosswise, also flannels, felts, and 
plushes.kilogramme 1.00 


b Cloths, fine, cassimeres, and fine woollen stuffs. 

kilogramme $1.60 

b Cloths, common, and all branches of woollen 

drapery.kilogramme 1.25 

b Textures, coarse and hairy, whether mixed 

with cotton or not.kil. 0.30 

Textures of bristles and horsehair.do. 0.50 

b Textures of bristles and horsehair, netted.do. 0.80 

Class VII.—Silk and its Manufactures. 

Silk, crude and spun, without being twisted .kil. 0.30 

Silk, twisted, of 4 threads, inclusive.do. 1.25 

Silk, twisted, of more than 4 threads.do. 1.75 

Silk waste, spun but not twisted.do. 0.10 

Silk waste, twisted, of 4 threads, inclusive.. do. 0.30 
Silk waste, twisted, of more than 4 threads.do. 0.90 

Textures, plain and crosswise.do. 3.50 

Satins and plushes. do. 5.25 

Textures of (ao-called) half silk, of silk waste, 
also of crude silk, and of the remnants of 

mixed silk.kilogramme 1.80 

Tulles. do. 4.50 

Laces and edgings. do. 5.50 

b Fringes and dress trimmings .... do. 3.00 

Class VIII.—Paper and its Manufactures. 

Paper (printing).100 kilogs. 2.00 

& Paper, writing and for lithographs. do. 5.00 

b Paper, cut, prepare^., and ruled... do. 10.00 

b Books, whether bound or not, and other publi¬ 
cations in Spanish...,.100 kilogs. 8.00 

Books in a foreign language. do. 2.00 

Prints, maps, and designs.kilogramme 0.25 

b Paper printed on its natural ground. 100 kilogs. 5.50 
b Paper printed on glossy and brilliant ground. 

100 kilogs. 10.00 

Paper with gold, silver, wool, or glass do. 40.00 

Paper, brown, blotting, and ordinary, for pack¬ 
ing .100 kilogs. 2.50 

All other. do. 8.00 

Class IX.—Timber and Vegetable Products 
used for Industrial Purposes. 

Staves.millimetre 1.50 

Boards, planks, and beams.cubic metre 0.30 

Masts and ship timber.percent. 1 

Wook for cabinet-makers, in logs or pieces. 

100 kilogs. 0.10 

Wood for cabinet-makers, in boards. do. 0.50 

b Hogsheads or staves for the same. do. 2.00 

a Wood, common, if worked, turned, or not, 
painted or varnished, and frames moulded, 

varnished, or gilded.100 kilogs. 3.50 

a Wood, fine, manufactured into furniture and 
other articles, turned, carved, polished, and 
varnished ; also articles of common wood, if 
ornamented with finer woods, or by tapestry, 
excepting those covered with silk tapestry; 

also gilt frames.100 kilogs. 7.00 

b Wooden articles of the same kind, when gilt, 
or having inlaid work of mother-of-pearl or 
other fine material, or mouldings of metal, or 

tapestries of silk.100 kilogs. 20.00 

Charcoal, wood, and other vegetable fuel. 

ton, 1,000 kilogs. 0.10 

Cork.100 kilogs. 0.10 

Hoops, window and other blinds, fence work. 

100 kilogs. 0.25 

Catstail, feathergrass, vegetable mane, rush, 
and other analogous materials_100 kilogs. 0.05 

Class X. — Cattle , Hides , etc. 

b Horses—geldings.each 20.00 

Horses of all other classes, and mares.do. 3.00 

Mules.do. 3.00 

Asses.do. 0.50 

Cattle. do. 1.00 

a Sheep and goats. do. 0.10 

& Swine......... .....do. 0.50 













































































608 


rAKIFF—SPAIN. 


Hides and skins, untanned.100 kilogs. $1.50 

b Hides and skins, tanned.kilogs. 0.25 

b Patent leather. do. 0.50 

Leather for coverings and ornaments... do. 0.10 

b Gloves of leather. do. 4.00 

& Shoes. do. 1.75 

b Articles for belt and harness making.. do. 0.50 

b Feathers and manufactures of the same. 

per cent. 20 

Animal oils and grease.100 kilogs. 0.80 

Amber, tortoise-shells, bones, ivory, mother-of- 

pearl, coarse or polished.kilogramme 0.01 

Wax, crude. do. 0.02 

b Wax, manufactured. do. 0.15 

Guano and other manures.100 kilogs. 0.01 

Guts. do. 1.50 

Other substances not manufactured. do. 0.10 


Class XI. — Instruments, Machines , Apparatus , 


and Implements. 

b Pianos.each 50.00 

Watches, gold, for the pocket.each 1.50 

Watches, silver, for the pocket.each 0.40 

Time-pieces of all other classes.per cent. 20 

Instruments, scientific. do. 10 

b Levers.100 kilogs. 5.50 

Machines, agricultural.per cent. 1 

Engines. do. 2 

Other machines, complete, for all kinds of in¬ 
dustry.percent. 6 

Detached pieces.. do. 10 

Apparatus, insulated, tensors, copper wires, 
posts, and other pieces for electric tele¬ 
graphs....percent. 8 

Coaches of four seats, new or old.each 200.00 


Buggies of two seats, omnibuses with more than 

15 seats, and diligences, new or old_each 150.00 

Carriages with two or four wheels, without 
folding, but with whatever other seats; om¬ 
nibuses up to 15 seats, inclusive, and car¬ 
riages not otherwise specified, new or old.each 62.50 
Carriages for railroad travel, and wagons of all 
classes for the like service, and freight cars. 

per cent. 25 

b Cargoes of lumber within the space of 100 


tons (of 1 cubic metre).metric ton 6.50 

b Cargoes from 101 to 300 tons. do. 5.00 

b Cargoes above 300 tons. do. 2.50 

b Cargoes of iron casks, of whatever size do. 2.50 

Articles saved from wrecked ships_per cent. 8 


Class XII.—Articles of Food. 


b Birds, alive or dead, and small game..kilog. 

Meats, corned, salted, or jerked_100 kilogs. 

Meats, otherwise preserved. do. 

a Butter. do. 

a Hogs’ lard. do. 

a Cod-fish. do. 

Fish, fresh or salted. do. 

b Fish, pickled. do. 

Cockles and shellfish. do. 

b Rice, cleaned. do. 

« Oats. do. 

a Barley, rye, and maize. do. 

a Wheat. do. 


a Leguminous seeds, dry (peas, beans, etc.) 

100 kilogs. 


Vegetables. do. 

Fruits. do. 

Sugar, raw, produced and imported directly 
from Spanish American provinces. 100 kilogs. 

Sugar, raw, from other countries... do. 

Sugar, refined, and candy, produced and im¬ 

ported directly from Spanish-American pro¬ 
vinces. . .. .100 kilogs. 

Sugar, refined, from other countries do. 

Cocoa and similar substances. do. 

Cocoa of Guayaquil.. do. 

Coffee produced and imported directly from 
Spanish-American provinces .... .100 kilogs. 


0.05 

0.50 

1.00 

8.00 

3.20 

3.50 

0.20 

1.60 

0.50 

1.60 

0.52 

0.45 

0.60 

0.60 

0.25 

0.50 

3.80 

4.72 


5.40 

6.45 

16.20 

11.25 

03.7 


Coffee from foreign countries.100 kilogs. $5.00 

Cinnamon (called the Ceylon) and others simi¬ 
lar.kilogramme 0.25 

Cinnamon of all other kinds. do. 0.12 

Cloves. do. 0.10 

Pepper. do. 0.05 

Tea. do. 0.30 


Oil (table).100 kilogs. 

Spirits, alcohol, produced in and imported di¬ 
rectly from Spanish-American provinces. 

hectolitre 

Spirits, alcoholic, from other countries do. 


Liquors (sweet).litre 

b Beer and cider.hectolitre 

b Wines, sparkling.litre 

b Wines of all other classes.do. 

a Seeds not stated, and all kinds of tares. 

100 kilogs. 

Forage and bran. do. 

Pickles and preserves.kilogramme 

b Chocolate. do. 

b Sweetmeats. do. 

Eggs.100 kilogs. 

b Vermicelli and like preparations; bread, bis¬ 
cuit.100 kilogs. 

b Cheese.kilogramme 

a Honey.100 kilogs. 


5.00 


1.50 
3.75 
0.20 

2.50 
0.20 
0.10 


0.32 

0.10 

0.20 

0.20 

6.20 

0.75 

2.80 

0.05 

0.95 


Class XIII.—Fancy Goods, 
b Jewelry of amber, coral, precious stones, etc., 

except gold and silver.,_kilogramme 4.00 

b Jewelry of other materials....... do. 2.00 

W alkin g-canes.per 100 5.00 

b Buttons of shell, ivory, mother-of-pearl, and 
those with metallic letters, arms, and the 

like. kilogramme 0.40 

b Buttons of all other classes, except lace but¬ 
tons.kilogramme 0.20 

b Cartridges without projectiles or balls for fire¬ 
arms not prohibited.100 kilogs. 15.00 

b Cartridges with projectiles and balls do. 12.00 
b Primings or capsules for unprohibited fire¬ 
arms.100 kilogs. 35.00 

b Brushes, tooth and other.kilogramme 0.40 

b Felts of all kinds.100 kilogs. 0.15 

Gum-elastic and gutta percha, crude do. 1.00 
Gum-elastic in sheets, threads, and tubes. .Ml. 0.15 

Gum-elastic, manufactured. .do. 0.37 

b Oil-cloths for wrappers of packages.. 100 kils. 6.50 

b Oil-cloths of all other kinds.kilogramme 0.20 

b Toys and trinkets, except those made of 
shell, ivory, mother-of-pearl, and gold and 

silver. kilogramme 0.30 

b Ivory, amber, jet, shell, and coral manufac¬ 
tured in forms not specified.Mlogramme 2.50 

b Articles made of paste, imitations of original 
substances of meerschaum and other articles. 

Mlogramme 0.50 

b Umbrellas and parasols of silk.each 0.50 

b Umbrellas and parasols of other materials do. 0.30 

a Trimming articles of silk.Ml. 2.50 

b Trimming articles of other materials.do. 0.90 

b Hats and bonnets of straw.do. 3.00 

6 Hats of other classes.each 0.40 

b Bonnets of other classes.do. 0.20 

b Hats and bonnets of all classes made by hand¬ 
work of milliners.each 1.50 

India-rubber textures mixed with other arti¬ 
cles.Ml. 0.60 

a India-rubber textures mixed with 6traw.. do. 0.40 
b All other articles of small ware not specified. 

per cent. 20 


EXPORTS. 

Cork from the province of Gerona. .100 kilogs. 1.50 
Old rags of linen, cotton, and hemp, and all 
manufactures of the same materials. 100 kils. 0.80 

Sulphuret of lead.100 kilogs. 0.25 

Lead, argentiferous . do. 0.20 

Litharge, argentiferous. do. 0.16 



























































































TARIFF—FRANCE. 


609 


FKANCE. 


The French Tariff is voluminous and 
complicated. A “General Tariff” pro¬ 
vides for one set of rates, a “ Special” or 
‘ ‘ Treaty Tariff ” for another set of rates. 
One rate for articles imported in foreign 
vessels, another rate if imported in French 
vessels. Some articles admitted absolute¬ 
ly free, others only free when brought 
from particular countries, or imported in 
French vessels. Some articles absolutely 
prohibited, others only prohibited from 
certain countries, or when brought in 
foreign vessels. A large part of the Gen¬ 
eral Tariff, which, especially for manu¬ 
factured goods, imposes high rates of duty, 
is practically a dead letter. The Treaty 
Tariffs with Great Britain, Belgium, Italy, 
and other European powers admit the im¬ 
portation into France of vai’ious manufac¬ 
tures, particularly those of metals and 
textiles, at rates which, compared with 
the General Tariff, are merely nominal. 
Whether or not these substantially free- 
trade treaty-tariffs will be continued, is a 
question which is now (1872) being dis¬ 
cussed. In the month of December (1871), 
M. Thiers, the President, presented the 
subject to the consideration of the legisla¬ 
tive body in the following words:— 

“Some months before the fall of the 
late government, the Corps Legislatif it¬ 
self, perceiving the mistakes of the empire 
without daring to speak of them, and at¬ 
tempting unsuccessfully to repair them, 
directed an inquiry into the treaties of 
commerce, whose denunciation was loudly 
called for. It appeared from that inquiry 
that the mercantile marine was ruined; 
that the iron manufacture was deeply in¬ 
jured ; that cotton thread, and cloths and 
linen thread, had suffered greatly; that 
the mixed tissues of Roubaix were almost 
destroyed, and that agriculture was suf¬ 
fering in some of its most essential pro¬ 
ducts, that of wool especially. The con¬ 
clusion generally drawn was, that upon all 
those points some remedy must be applied 
for a state of things which was becoming 
worse from day to day, and particularly 
with respect to the mercantile marine, 


which the foreign warehouses were caus¬ 
ing to disappear. The war, which effaced 
all ruin by those of its own creation, caus¬ 
ed this state of things to be forgotten for 
a moment; but peace having been re-es¬ 
tablished, it has again presented itself be¬ 
fore our eyes, much modified, it is true, by 
the revival of labor; but modified only for 
the moment, unfortunately not for always. 
We could, indeed, denounce these treaties, 
subject, be it understood, to your judg¬ 
ment—you who represent the Sovereignty 
—but it was our duty to negotiate in order 
to prepare for such denunciation. Im¬ 
mense interests in our workshops, in our 
agricultural districts, in our ports, awaited 
and still await that determination. How¬ 
ever, we have not adopted it. Our motive 
for abstaining to do so consisted in the 
spirit of propriety, which should charac¬ 
terize every solid and prudent government. 
We would not constitute ourselves the au¬ 
thors of an industrial reaction by substi¬ 
tuting a prohibitory system for one of ab¬ 
solute free trade. We propose, while leav¬ 
ing to foreign trade all the freedom com¬ 
patible with the public welfare, to insure 
to our manufacturers—to those who during 
three-quarters of a century have made the 
fortune of France—the protection of ade¬ 
quate tariffs in order that they might not 
perish under the unlimited competition of 
foreigners: sufficient stimulants to prevent 
them from falling into a state of indolent 
security, but not sufficient to reduce them 
to the position of abandoning production ; 
such is the economical policy which we 
shall propose to you.” 

By reference to the article “Exports,” 
it will be seen that the number of articles 
imported into France from the United 
States is very limited, and chiefly com¬ 
posed of raw or unmanufactured commodi¬ 
ties. On these, moderate duties only are 
imposed. The Schedule of Rates, as pre¬ 
sented below, are those contained in the 
General Tariff, and imported in American 
or other foreign vessels. Occasional note 
is made of the difference of the rates when 
the imports are made in French vessels. 





TARIFF.—FE AX CE 


The following are admitted free of duty, imported in foreign or in French vessels. 


FREE ARTICLES. 

Asses, goats, kids, dogs, game, bees, leeches, and 
all animals not enumerated; meats, except pork ; 
hair, raw, all sorts ; silk in cocoons, unbleached, 
floss in mass; waste of wax not worked; eggs, and 
silk-worms’ eggs, milk, fresh butter, honey, rennet, 
blood tor manure, cod-fish eggs of French fisheries, 
lobsters, oysters fresh from French fisheries, sea shells, 
coral crude, pearls, millepedes, crabs’ eggs, bears’ 
marrow and bladder, goats’ blood dried, bone, deer 
horns, shavings of horn and ivory, elks’ feet, grain 
and flour, except wheat, potatoes, molasses for dis¬ 
tillation ; absinthe, mistletoe, orange leaves and 
flowers, citron bark and their varieties; lichens not 
for dyeing, wood for fuel, oak for building, masts, 
spars, osiers, roots for hoops, brush for brooms, cork¬ 
wood from country of production, barberry and 
fustic in sticks for dye-woods, calabashes, reeds from 
producing country, hemp, flax, jute, and other spin¬ 
ning materials not enumerated, bark of linden-tree 
for cordage; madder, root or ground; turmeric, 
orchanet, sponge-laurel root, tanning bark, ground or 
not; shell of walnut, yellow weed, sumach, husks for 
dyeing, green vegetables, onions and like bulbs, yeast 
of beer, truffles, mushrooms, alkaline plants, refuse of 
pressed grapes, roses, olive husks, and oil-cake; rock 
crystal, mill-stones, touchstone, lime, plaster, raw or 
prepared, slate for building, sand, sulphur, bitumen, 
solid or fluid, plumbago, jet, amber, iron ore, orna¬ 
mental feathers, quills for writing, flock wool, trees 
for planting, agaric, carding thistles, peat, diamonds, 
rough agates, steel filings, copper ore, lead ore, tin 
ore, mineral zinc and filings, nickel ore or speiss, 
cobalt ore, antimony ore, mineral arsenic, minerals 
not enumerated, acids not enumerated, oxides of 
uranium and copper, oxides and salts and other 
compositions of cobalt, very impure tartrate and 
sulphate of potassium, liquid acetate of iron, carbon¬ 
ate of lead, kermes, coarse pastel paste, recinoides, 
Prussian blue, carmine, blue or green ashes, mountain 
green, bone black, lead pencils, blay-fish scales, colors, 
paste or liquid, glue, albumen, gelatine, meat ex¬ 
tracts, crushed apples or pears, mineral waters, wool 
from Europe in French vessels, fresh river fish, cactus 
figs, grain for seed, foulard handkerchiefs, product 
of India, books printed in France, parchment and 
vellum, raw or finished coral not set, prepared hair, 
empty ale barrels, common brooms, articles for mu¬ 
seums not for sale. 

DUTIABLE ARTICLES. 

frV?" The rates of duty are expressed in United 
States gold dollars. In the reduction of francs and 
centimes to dollars and cents, no note is taken of 5 
mills or under,—amounts over 5 mills are reckoned 
as 1 cent. 

The following are admitted at the same rates in 
foreign or in French vessels:— 

Horses and colts. each $4.87 

Mules. “ 2.92 

Oxen and bulls . “ 0.58 

Cows and heife»>. “ 0.19 

Calves, sheep, hogs. “ 0.05 

Lambs and pigs. “ 0.02 

Game, bees, dogs, leeches, and all animals not 

enumerated. Free. 


The duty on the following articles is the rate under 
the general tariff, and in foreign vessels, which usu- I 


ally is 10 per cent, higher than when imported in 
French vessels. Where the difference is more than 10 


per cent., both rates are given:— 

ANIMAL PRODUCTS. 

Duty per 100 kilogrammes. 

Pork, butchered and lard. $0.10 

Skins, raw, fresh, or dry, and furs. 0.49 

Horse-hair. 0.58 

Wool, raw from Europe in French vessels.Free. 

combed. 15.60 

dyed, of all sorts. 22.42 

waste, cow hair or wool. 0.58 

Hair, combed. 2.14 

Bed feathers. 10.72 

Silk, dyed, all sorts, in French vessels free ... 0.05 

floss, combed. 2.14 

spun, single, bleached, measuring per kilo¬ 
gramme 80,500 metres or less. 15.83 

single, died, measuring per kilog. over 

80.500 metres/..25.05 

Thread, of waste, measuring per kilogramme 

30,000 metres single. 5.36 

measuring over 30,000 metres, same as 
spun silk. 

Wax, not worked, from countries where pro¬ 
duced, French vessels 0.19. 0.58 

Wax, worked, exclusive of candles and tapers. 0.86 

Lard, and fat of skins. 0.39 

Cheese, white, soft. 1.29 

others. 3.22 

Butter, salted. 0.52 

Guano. 0.35 

Fish, fresh stockfish. 2.14 

Codfish, and other sea. 8.58 

River fish, prepared. 1.06 

Codfish eggs of foreign fisheries. 0.10 

Oysters, foreign. French vessels 0.29. 0.97 

pickled. 1.29 

Fish oil. 1.56 

Spermaceti, in French vessels 0.39 .. 0.78 

pressed. 4.29 

refined.10.72 

Whalebone, sea-dog skins, French vessels free. 0.39 

Sponges. 10.72 

Cantharides, ambergris, civet, musk, castor... 0.43 

Elephants’ teeth, French vessels free. 0.58 

Tortoise shells, “ “ “ . 0.97 

Mother-of-pearl, raw. 0.78 

cleaned. 1.56 

Horns of cattle, prepared or in leaves. 0.63 

BREADSTUFFS. 

Duty per 100 kilogrammes. 

Grain and flour, except wheat.Free. 

Wheat. 0.10 

Wheat flour. 0.19 

Navy bread, biscuit, semoule, grits. 0.29 

Vegetables, dry, their farinas, in Fr. ves. free.. 0.49 

Canary seed, millet, and flour of, in Fr. ves. 

free. 0.10 

Rice, hulled, French vessels 0.10. 0.39 

not hulled, “ “ 0.05. 0.33 

Sago, and exotic feculm. 0.48 

TABLE FRUITS, ETC. 

Duty per 100 kilogrammes. 

Fresh citrons, oranges, etc. 2.14 

Cocoa nuts, other exotics, in Fr. ves. free. 0.78 
























































TARIFF—FRANCE. 


611 


Oarib beans, Fr. ves. 0.05.$0.39 

Pistachio n uts. 3.43 

Dry raisins, Fr. ves. 0.05. 0.39 

Other, not enumerated. 3.43 

Preserved cucumbers. 3. 77 

Olives. 17.74 

Capers. 12.17 

Other, preserved in brandy.20.55 

“ in sugar or honey. 4.29 

“ without sugar or honey .. 2.14 

SUGAR, TEA, COFFEE, SPICES, ETC., ETC. 

Duty per 100 kilogrammes. 

Sugar, foreign, from countries not in Europe, 

raw, below No. 13.$8.58 

raw, from No. 13 to No. 20. 8.97 

similar to refined, powdered, above 

No. 20. Prohibited. 

Molasses, foreign . _. Prohibited. 

for distillation, from countries out of 

Europe. 0.39 

Syrups, bon-mots, comfits. 8.53 

Confectionery, in sugar or honey. 4.28 

not with sugar or honey. 2.14 

Cacao, in Fr. ves. 4.87. 7.80 

Coffee, “ “ 9.83. 11.8C 

Cloves. 21.64 

ground. 7.41 

Canella and lignum cassia. 8.77 

Nutmegs in the shell.21.45 

not in the shell.31.20 

Mace.31.59 

Pepper. 11.89 

Tea, from country where produced, in Fr. ves. 

7.80. 19.50 

from elsewhere, in Fr. ves. 19.50. 19.50 

Vanilla. 41.73 

Tobacco, in leaf for the government, Fr. ves. 

free . 1.95 

for private account. Prohibited. 

VEGETABLES, GUMS, ETC. 

Duty per 100 kilogrammes. 

Gums, pure, Fr. ves. free. $0.58 

Resins, exotic, “ “ ... 2.53 

Balsams: benzoin, storax. 0.48 

styrax, fluid, Fr. ves. 0.39.... 0.43 

copaiva, and not enumerated, Fr. 

ves. 2.92. 5.85 

Oils, vol. or essential: rose. 8.58 

muscat, mace, lig. cassia, sassafras, anise, 
cajeput, chamomile, valerian, bitter al¬ 
mond. 1-07 

orange, lemon, etc. 0.86 

all other. 0.16 

Oils, fixed: olive, pure, palm, cocoanut, toulu, 

and illipe. 0.58 

other. 1-36 

aromatic. 0.21 

Gums, special: camphor, Fr. ves. free. 0.39 

caoutchouc aad gutta-percha, Fr. ves. 

free. 0.58 

manna. 16.87 

aloes. 3.90 

opium.41.48 

licorice.10.20 

kino, and other dried veg. gums. 0.39 


MEDICINAL ARTICLES. 

Duty per 100 kilogrammes. 

Roots: sarsaparilla, Fr. ves. free. 

licorice, “ “ . 

other, including ginger, Fr. ves. free... 

Cassia, not prepared, Fr. ves. free. 

as comfits. 

Tamarinds, pulps, Fr. ves. free. 

comfits. 

Myrobolan. 

Anise, Chinese, Fr. ves. 3.90. 

Follicles of senna, “ free. 

Other med. fruits, “ “ . 


$0.78 

0.39 


0.97 

3.90 

8.58 

2.34 


4.28 


13.18 

6.05 

3.90 

3.90 


WOOD. 

Wood for building, of 80 millimetres thickness, 

per cubic metre , in Fr. ves. free.$0.02 

for building, of less than 80 millimetres 
square, 100 feet length, per cub. metre 0.19 

Shingles, per 1,000, Fr. ves. 0.02. 0.39 

Veneers, “ “ 0.02. 0.29 

Poles, “ “ 0.05. 0.05 

Staves, “ “ 0.02. 0.29 

Corkwood, per 100 kilogrammes. 0.19 

Cabinet woods, sawn to less than 2 decimetres 

thick, Fr. ves. free, per 100 kilogrammes_ 1.17 

Boxwood, “ “ .... 0.19 

Fragrant woods, Fr. ves. free, per 100 kilogs... 0.58 
Dyewoods, ground, and cocoanut shells, per 100 
kilogrammes. 0.58 

SPINNING MATERIALS. 

Hemp, flax, jute, and others not enumerated.. Free. 
Cotton, raw per 100 kilogs., in Fr. ves. free.... 0.58 

with seed, per 100 kilogs., in Fr. ves. free 0.15 
in sheets, corded and ground, 1.95. 3.32 

DYEING AND TANNING MATERIALS. 

Duty per 100 kilogrammes. 

Lichens for dyeing saffron, Fr. ves. free. 0.58 

Carthamine flowers, Fr. ves. free.. 1.17 

Buckthorn and roncow, Fr. ves. free. 0.39 

Gall-nut, salonia, dry myrobolan, Fr. ves. free. 0.78 

VARIOUS PRODUCTS. 

Duty per 100 kilogrammes. 

Vegetables, salt or preserved. 0.64 

Hops. 9.65 

Chicory root, dry. 0.21 

green. 0.05 

Junk. 0.19 

Herbs, fodder, hay, straw. 0.10 

Marble, rough, in Fr. ves. 0.19. 0.48 

Marble slabs. 0.48 

sculptured or manufactured. 8.58 

Alabaster, raw. 0.49 

sculptured, ad valorem, 15 per cent. 


Rock crystal, manufactured or set as jewelry, 

Prohibited. 


Clays, earths, stones, etc., for arts and trades, 
in Fr. ves. generally free. 0.19 

METALS. 

Duty per 100 kilogrammes. 

Gold, silver, and platina ore, Fr. ves. free. 0.19 

in bars, powder. 0.02 

in sheets, beaten (silver) $4.29, gold and 

plat. 5.35 

flattened or spun (wire) Fr. ves. 97.50.. .100.90 

Iron ore. Free. 

pig. 0.78 and 1.36 

cast. Prohibited. 

rolled in bars and plates, of 458 millimetres 
or more, length multiplied by width.... 2.14 

of 213 millimetres to 458 in length. 2.57 

of less than 253 millimetres in length.... 3.00 
in square bars of 22 millimetres and more 

on each face. 2.14 

of 15 to 22 millimetres on each face. 2.57 

of less than 15 millimetres on each face.. 3.00 

in round bars of 15 millimetres or more 

diameter. 2.57 

of less than 15 millimetres diameter. 3.00 

in rails, as above, according to dimensions. 


wrougnt iron in piates. j lumutbcu,. 

Sheet iron, black. 4.29 

tinned. 8.58 

Iron wire, also covered with other metal. 6.43 

Metallic wire, white, for instruments.14.82 

Steel in bars. 6.43 

sheet. 10.73 

in plates, not polished or tempered, no 
matter how wide, but of more than 1 

millimetre thickness. 10.73 

in plates, not polished or tempered, of 1 
millimetre or less thickness, 15 centi¬ 
metres wide or more. 17.94 





































































































612 


TABIFF—FRANCE. 


Steel in plates, not polished or tempered, no 
matter how wide, but less than 15 centi¬ 


metres thick.$22.96 

in plates, polished or tempered, except 

saws. 1.06 

Steel wire, all, for instruments. 14.82 

Wrought iron scrap. 1.72 

Cast iron scrap. 0.86 

Filings of iron. 0.15 

Copper ore, per ingots. 0.05 

drawn or beaten, in bars or sheets. 3.40 

spun wire, gilded or not gilded. 20.95 

wire polished for instruments. 20.95 

others. Prohibited. 

wire, for embroidery. 20.95 

with tin, in ingots. 0.05 

filings and old broken pieces. 0.04 

Lead ore, free ; crude, in bars. 0.05 

alloyed with antimony. 5.58 

sheets. 5.15 

Tin ore, free; in plates. 12.76 

Bismuth. 0.05 

Zinc mineral, free; cast and broken ware. 0.05 

drawn. 10.72 

Nickel ore or speiss free; pure or alloyed. 0.05 

bars or wire. 20.95 

Antimony ore free; metallic. 5.58 

Cobalt ore free; vitrified, powder. 6.44 

Arsenic, mineral. Free. 

Mercury. 0.97 

Manganese. 0.19 

Minerals not enumerated. Free. 

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS. 

Duty per 100 kilogrammes. 

Bromine . 8.58 

Iodine, crude and refined. 0.87 

Acids; citric, of 35° or more, per 1 kilog . 0.10 

citric, of less than 35 degrees, per 1 

kilogramme . 0.31 

sulphuric (spirit of vitriol) per 1 kilog.. 9.00 
nitric (aqua fortis, sp. of vitriol), per 

100 kilogrammes . 19.23 

hydrochloric (muriatic spirits of salt).. 0.06 

phosphoric and arsenic. 13.18 

tartaric and oxalic.13.65 

benzoic. 0.48 

boracic. 0.05 

other. Free. 

Alkalies; potassium. 0.78 

soda, crystallized. 4.08 

other. 5.67 

Salt; raw, by the Atlantic and Channel. 0.43 

not white, by the Mediterranean. 0.19 

refined, by the Atlantic and Channel.... 0.63 

white, by the Mediterranean. 0.19 

Sal ammoniac, crude. 0.10 

refined. 0.21 

Nitrate of potash, and of soda. 0.78 

Hydrochlorate or muriate of potash. 0.05 

Sulphate of magnesia. 14.82 

of soda, impure, 0.39; pure, anhydric. 1.50 

of soda, pure crystallized. 0.28 

of soda, impure crystallized. 0.24 

of barytes, 0.19 ; of iron. 1.17 

of copper and zinc. 6.64 

of iron, double and copper. 3.96 

Alum, burned or calcined. 18.95 

other. 5.45 

Oxalate of potassa. 14.82 

Chromate of lead. 15.83 

of potassium. 31.20 

Borax; raw, native, 0.97; artificial. 10.67 

part refined, native or artificial. 13.65 

refined. 37.25 

Tartrates; crystals of tartar. 5.36 

pure (cream tartar). 6.43 

sal vegetal and de seignette.14.82 

Acetates of copper, crude, dry, 2.78; wet. 6.63 

crystallized. 8.79 


Acetates of iron, concentrated. $8.58 

of lead, potassium, and soda. 14.82 

Arseniate of potassium... 14.82 

Chemical products not enumerated. Prohibited. 

COLORS AND DYESTUFFS. 

Duty per 100 kilogrammes. 

Cochineal, outside of Europe. 2.92 

Lac, Fr. ves. free. 1.95 

Indigo, pastel paste as indigo and other, Fr. 

ves. free. 5.46 

Catechu, annatto. 0.78 

Orseille, violet.41.43 

blue in paste.20.95 

Extract of dye-woods; black, violet, red, yel¬ 
low . Prohibited. 

Tannin, liquid or concrete veg. extracts. 0.39 

Prussiate of potash. 43.48 

Garencino. Prohibited. 

Ultramarine. 0.52 

Ink, liquid, writing or printing. 12.76 

Varnish, vermilion. 8.89 

other. 17.28 

Black, for shoes. 25.66 

animal, of ivory..'.13.18 

German printers’ black. 1.36 

Spanish, and of soot. 0.58 

Crayons, simple or stone. 2.14 

Lead pencils, enclosed in white wood.20.95 

in cedar. 41.43 

VARIOUS COMPOSITIONS. 

Duty per 100 kilogrammes. 

Petroleum, from producing countries, in Fr. 

ves. 0.58. 0.97 

Coal oil. 2.28 

Cigars and tobacco, for government use, in Fr. 

ves. free. 2.92 

for private use. Prohibited. 

Chocolate and cocoa. 31.20 

Soap, other than perfumery. .... Prohibited. 

Chicory, ground.... Prohibited. 

Starch. 4.50 

Wax, except candles. 0.86 

Candles, ad valorem 5 per cent. 

Fish glue. 8.77 

Compounded medicines, distilled water contain¬ 
ing alcohol. 31.20 

distilled water, not containing al¬ 
cohol. 20.95 

extract Peruvian bark. 0.92 

kermes, mineral. 0.92 

other. Prohibited. 


Perfumeries:— 

perfumed vinegar.20.95 

liquid paste. 5.35 

liquid soap, powder, ball, etc.34.07 

powder for the hair. 5.25 

for the teeth.38.16 

pomatum, all sorts. 25.66 

paint (for the skin) rouge.20.55 

white. 3.64 

odorous pastils for burning. 2.53 

Mustard, prepared. 5.35 

Prepared sauces. 0.42 


BEVERAGES. 

Duty per hectolitre. 

Fermented ordinary wines in barrels or bottles 

and liquors. 0.05 

vinegar. 0.39 

Cider, or fruit wine. 0 39 

Beer. 1.19 

Mead, orange juice. 4.87 

Distilled brandy of wine, cherries, molasses, 
rice, and all others, hectolitres of pure al¬ 
cohol. 4.87 

Distilled liquors. 29.25 

POTTERY, GLASS. ETC. 

Pots of clay, of earth, coarse. 1.29 

of ordinary crockery. 10 52 

of sandstone common, tools of trade. 2.14 



































































































































TARIFF—FRANCE. 


013 


/ 


Pots table or kitchen utensils.$3.20 

of sandstone, fine. Prohibited. 

of pipe clay, fine pottery. Prohibited. 

porcelain, common. 34.07 

fine. 67.17 

Glass; spectacles and watch crystals, raw. 2.14 

cut and polished. 41.44 

broken. 1.19 

bottles, filled, duty on liquid they con¬ 
tain extra. 0.03 

bottles empty. Prohibited. 

glassware not enumerated. Prohibited. 

Vitrifications, in mass or tubes. 0.64 

in beads, 0.22; cut for jewelry, 

1.29; enamelled. 0.42 

Mirror glass, with surface of 50 decimetres or 
less, and less than 3 millimetres 
thick, per square metre, not sil¬ 
vered.1.95. Silvered, 2.14 

Of 50 to 100 deci’tres. not silvered. 2 
Of 100 to 200 
Of 200 to 300 
Of 300 to 500 
Over 500 

The rates of duty on mirror glass of the same sur¬ 
face, but of 3 millimetres or more in thickness, are 
obtained by adding 50 per cent, to the above figures 
respectively. 

Smaller mirrors without regard to thickness per 
100 kilogs., not silvered, 19.20; silvered, 20.25. Glass, 
raw, tinned or polished, window glass, and other 
glass articles are only imported under treaty tariffs, 
the duty on which is 10 per cent, ad valorem. 


’tres, not silvered 

[, 2.92 

do. 

3.21 

do. 

do. 

3.64 

do. 

4.00 

do. 

do. 

5.20 

do. 

5.72 

do. 

do. 

6.49 

do. 

7.15 

do. 

do. 

7.80 

do. 

8.58 


YARNS. 

UNBLEACHED. BLEACHED. DYED. 
Single Single Single, 

twisted. twisted. twisted. 


Of flax or linen, 
measuring per 
kilog. 6,000 met. 

or less. 8.15 

6,001 to 12,000 m.10.30 
12,001 to 24,000 

metres.16.86 

24,001 to 36,000 

metres.26.07 

36,001 to 72,000 
metres.34.26 


9.44 

11.54 

12.95 

12.36 

14.82 

12.76 

14.00 

17.05 

14.82 

18.09 

1-7 

00 

22.09 

28.33 

22.72 

27.92 

34.67 

33.85 

44.50 

33.24 

42.44 

46.44 

43.89 

59.24 

41.43 

53.71 


All yams mixed, flax predominating, as pure linen 
yarns. 

The rates of duty on the above-named yams under 
the treaty with Great Britain and other European 
countries are from 60 to 70 per cent, less than the 
above; and in all cases they are higher by ten per 
cent, than when imported in French vessels. 

Yarns of abaca and other fibrous substances not 
enumerated:— 

Unbleached, 100 kilogrammes.$12.76 

Bleached, do. . 17.05 

Dyed do. . 16.86 

Yarn of jute, pure, unbleached, measuring per 

kilogramme 3,700 to 4,200 metres.$12.76 

Bleached and dyed, 3,700 to 4,200 metres. 16.86 

Cotton and woollen yarns are admitted, under a 
Treaty Tariff with Great Britain and other powers, 
at different rates according to the fineness of the 
thread. The classification is, Yam measuring so 
many metres per half kilogramme, or per kilo¬ 
gramme, and the rate of duty is so much per 100 kilo¬ 
grammes. Thus:— 

Cotton yarn measuring per half kilogramme 20,500 
metres or less, per 100 kilogrammes, unbleached, 
$3.20; bleached, $3.68; dyed, $8.58: the rates ad¬ 
vancing up to yam measuring 170,500 metres or 
over per half kilogramme, the duty on which, per 
100 kilogrammes, is $61.90; bleached, $70.68; 
dyed.$66.78 


Woollen yarns, pure, measuring per kilogramme from 
10,001 metres to 15,000 metres, single, per 100 kilo¬ 
grammes, $3.20; the rates advancing up to yarn 
measuring over 100,500 metres, the duty on which, 

per kilog., is.$20.92 

Woollen yarns mixed, wool predominating, same as 
yams of pure wool; yam of alpaca, lama, vigonia, 
etc., mixed with wool to any extent, or with other 
material in minor quantities, same as yams of pure 
wool. 


The following rates are under the General Tariff. 


Yarn , hair of the goat, 100 kilogs...$4.29 

Cow and other cattle. 1.92 

Dog . 0.22 

Chamois, pure or mixed, same as yam 

of pure wool; other. Prohibited. 

Tissues of pure cotton, nankeens, produce of 

India, in Fr. ves. $19.00 . 22.00 

All other. Prohibited. 

Lace, manufactured by hand or other¬ 
wise, ad valorem.5 per cent. 

Tulle, with lace work.5 “ 

All other and all other cotton tissues, 

Prohibited. 

Tissues of horsehair, pure, haircloth . 8.79 

lace.31.20 

hats.each, 0.05 


braids, tresses and other, 

Prohibited. 


Tissues of wool: carpets direct from the Ori¬ 
ent, per cent. 0.15 

velvet, by the ports of Dun¬ 
kirk and Lille, 100 kilogs.. 48.75 
by other ports, and other car¬ 
pets.61.90 

Carpets, pure or mixed, not backed with can¬ 
vas.100.90 

knotted chain, other than linen or flax. 100.90 

linen or flax. 61.90 

Fringes and ribbons, pure white. 39.29 

dyed, and mixed wool and 

hair. 45.52 

Blankets, hosiery, ready-made clothing, and ar¬ 
ticles not enumerated are prohibited under 
the General Tariff, but are admitted under 
the Treaty Tariffs at a moderate rate of duty 
—say.10 or 15 per cent. 


Tissues of silk:— 

Velvets, lace, and blonde, etc., not provided for in 
the General Tariff, may generally be imported under 
the Treaty Tariffs.—Velvets at a specific duty of about 
$20 the 100 kilogrammes, and the others at ad valorem 
rates of 10 and of 15 per cent. 

Handkerchiefs, product of India, foulards.free. 

others, unbleached, 100 kilogs. 1.56 


printed. “ . 2.92 

Crape, plain. “ . 4.87 

embroidered or figured, “ . 7.80 

Other, not produced in Europe (direct import). 0.48 

pure, plain. 3.43 

figured or embroidered. 4.07 

embroidered with gold or silver, pure, 

per kilogramme. 6.64 

imitation. Prohibited. 

mixed with thread. 2.78 

with gold or silver, fine. 3.64 

imitation. Prohibited. 

mixed with thread. 3.64 

imitation. Prohibited. 

silk covers,—tapestry. 63.07 

gauze of pure silk. 6.64 

mixed with gold or silver. 13.18 

tulle. Prohibited. 

millinery.237.40 

silk cashmere. Prohibited. 

lace work and ribbons ........ 159.4G 






























































614 


TARIFF—FRANCE. 


Linen tissues, per 100 kilogs. - 
Plain having in the chain 
per space of 5 millimetres:— 


Unbleached. 

White. 

Dyed. 

Less than 5 threads. 

$11.70 

$17.15 

$17.55 

8 threads. 

15.60 

22.62 

22.62 

9 to 11 threads incl. 

24.57 

37.24 

28.47 

12 threads. 

28.08 

41.12 

32.56 

13 to 16 incl. 

39.19 

59.67 

42.12 

16 threads. 

52.06 

80.08 

56.35 

17 “ . 

55.96 

89.11 

61.81 

20 “ . 

66.69 

110.56 

73.60 

above 20. 

91.06 

159.31 

104.71 

Table linen, 16 threads or 
less. 

51.76 

81.31 


17 threads. 

55.96 

89.11 


18 and 19 threads. 

57.91 

93.01 


20 threads. 

66.69 

110.56 


More than 20 threads. 

91.06 

159.31 


Batiste and lawn. 

4.87 

5.35 


Handkerchiefs, as linen ac¬ 
cording to description. 
Lace, 5 per cent. 

Tissues of abaca, jute less 
than 8 threads. 

16.24 

22.38 


8 threads. 

18.91 

26.29 


12 threads, or more, like other linen tissues. 


Tissues of hair: — 

Cassimeres, not European, 100 kilog. 


. 10.72 

Trimmings, of castor. 



. 81.45 


All other. 


of other hair 


41.43 
.j Prohibited. 


0.48 
10.72 
20.95 

31.20 
.Prohibited. 

,rl 


at • 
H g 

gs 


PAPER AND MANUFACTURES OF PAPER. 

Duty per 100 kilogrammes. 

Pasteboard in sheets or pulp. 31.20 

in sheets, glazed, for pressing cloth. 16.86 

papier-mach6. 41.40 

albums. 31.20 

paper, white, or ruled for music... 18.91 

wrapping, colored. 16.86 

colored, in reams for binders. 16.86 

Books, in dead or foreign languages, Treaty 
tariff free. 

in French, printed in Canada.. 
in French, scientific memoirs.. 

m French, other works. 

in French, reprinted from Fr 

editions. 

pirated copies. 

Engravings and lithographs, pictures. 1 . 61.90 

Engraved music, geographic charts... > § 'p g 61.90 

Printed or engraved cards. ) £ h ** 01.90 

Playing cards, prohibited, Treaty Tariff 15 per cent. 

and 0.09 per package. 

VARIOUS MANUFACTURES. 

Prepared skins 

of lamb and goat, with hair or 

dressed.... Per 100 skins. 0.49 

tanned. “ 0.58 

of swan or goose, for fans. “ 122.74 

Russian leather. “ 16.86 

tanned, simply, of goat......... Per 100 kilogs. 2.14 

hog-skin. “ 41.40 

other, large... “ 10.42 

other, small.. “ 24.95 

tanned, curried, for boot-legs. “ 41.40 

tanned, curried, other. “ 20.95 

in alum, Hungarian style...... “ 8.58 

tawed. “ 10.72 

other. Prohibited. 

Gloves, pocket-books, cigar cases, etc ... .Prohibited. 

Saddles. Prohibited. 

Furs.15 per cent. 

Pelt hats. . .each 0.29 

sheathing.100 kilogs. 20.95 

other. do. 81.40 

Corset whalebone.. do. 2.92 


Hats of straw, bark, fibres, palm 

leaf, etc.100 kilogs. $2.14 

Braids and plaits, of white cord for 

mats. do. 

Braids of esparto, or bark, only for 

cordage.. do. 

Canes and reeds, prepared or worked. do. 

Basket-work woven. . sq. metre. 

other, of whatever material, 

peeled. 100 kilogs. 
do. material, 

split or cut. do. 

Fishing-nets. 5.32 

Cork manufactured.10 per cent. 

Fris of Florence, manufactured. 41.40 

Cordage, of hemp, abaca, jute, aloe, and other. 5.36 

of cocoa fibre, esparto. 106 

Jewelry. •• .100.90 

Plated ware. Prohibited. 

Clock w r ork:— 

w r atches, of silver, gold, or metal, each from 

0 29 to. 1.17 

watches without case, and clock move¬ 
ments.10 per cent. 

Printing type, 

new, French.100 kilogs. Trea. tar. 1.56 


0.43 

0.43 

2.72 
0.87 

2.73 
4.68 


old. 


German. 
other languages 


1.56 

1.56 

0.58 


41.43 

10.72 

20.95 

1.05 


Machines, etc., per 100 kilogs. 

steam engines, stationary_ “ 1.29 5.25 

marine. “ 2.58 7.49 

locomotives, with¬ 
out tender. “ 2.14 8.58 

for spinning. “ 2.14 8.5S 

weaving. “ 1.29 3.20 

carding. “ 1.29 6.43 

paper factory, 

printing. “ 1.29 6.43 

agricultural.... “ 1.29 3.20 

railroad cars (cast wheels). 4.29 

machines not enumerated, weighing 100 kilo¬ 
grammes or less. 13.79 

others, not enumerated, according to weight, 

and over 5,000 kilogs. 4.29 

Detached portions of machines :— 

machine card clothing. 41.43 

shuttles and combs for weaving.....41.43 

parts of agricultural machines. 3.20 

Detached pieces, cast, weighing:— 

25 kilogs. or less. 16.66 

25 to 50 kilogs. 13.79 

51 to 100 kilogs.'.. 11.74 

101 to 200 kilogs. 9.65 

201 to 1,000 kilogs. 7.49 

1,000 to 2,500 kilogs. 6.35 

2,500 to 5,000 kilogs. 4.29 

over 5,000 kilogs. 3.20 

detached pieces, wrought, weighing :— 

5 kilogs. or less. 20.95 

5 to 25 kilogs. 16.86 

25 to 50 kilogs. 14.83 

over 50 kilogs.12.76 

detached pieces of steel.30.22 

copper.41.43 

cylinders for printing. 15 pr. ct. 

chemical instruments.10 pr. ct. 

optical and mathematical instruments. .30 pr. ct. 
Tools , agricultural:— 

scythes. 25.05 

sickles and others. 16.86 

hackles, iron or copper points. 16.86 

hackles, steel points. 41.43 

files and rasps, ordinary.15.83 

polished, 17 centimetres or more. 37.33 

length of less than 17 centimetres.46.58 

Saws :— 

circular, over 20 centimetres diameter .... 36.30 
circular, 20 centimetres or less.41.43 




































































































TARIFF—FRANCE. 


615 


Sates :— 

others, of length, 146 centimetres or more. $22.96 
others, of length, 146 to 50 centimetres.... 36.30 
others, of length, 50 centimetres or less... 41.43 


Tools of pure iron. 10.72 

Tools of pure steel.36.30 

copper or brass.31.20 

Woven metals : of iron. 15.83 

steel. 31.20 

copper or brass.31.20 

Needles (for sewing) of less than 5 centimetres 

length. 1.06 

Needles of 5 centimetres or more. 0.43 

Fishhooks.41,43 

Pens of metal, not gold or silver...86.00 

Cutlery .. Prohibited. 

Arms for war.Prohibited. 

commerce, swords, Sic. 81.40 

fire-arms . 41,43 

Ammunition , gun-powder.Prohibited. 

caps, for war.Prohibited. 

projectiles.Prohibited. 

caps for hunters.10 pr. ct. 

fuses for mining.10 pr. ct. 

fire-works for amusement.. ..10 pr. ct. 


Manufactures of metal :— 
castings not polished: 

chairs for railroads, plates, Sic., cast 

in open air. 

cylindric tubes, plain or grooved col¬ 
umns, gas retorts, Sic., and other 
articles without ornament or finish. 

hollow ware not included above.I Prohib- 

castings, polished or turned.[ ited.* 

the same, tinned, varnished, Sic. 

iron, blacksmiths’ work. 

locksmiths’ work. 

nails by machine. 

hand. 

wood, bolts, screw-nuts. 

tubes, straight or curved, of more than 25 

millimetres diameter.$7.49 

tubes, straight or curved, of 25 mils. 

or less. 10.72 

others.Prohibited. 

household utensils and other articles not enume¬ 
rated, of iron or sheet-iron, polished or paint¬ 
ed.Prohibited. 

same, enamelled or varnished.Prohibited. 

all articles of steel.Prohibited. 

Manufactures of other metals:— 

of copper, pure or alloyed, simply turned— 

ordinary. 20.95 

fine. 41.43 

other.Prohibited. 

of zinc and other metals not named. Prohibited. 
Manufactures of India-rubber, caoutchouc, and gutta¬ 
percha :— 

simply moulded pure.. .100 kilogs. 4.29 

mixed.do.9.75 10.72 

combined, or applied on other materials, except 

tissues in pieces. 41.43 

Carriages , with springs, painted, furnished..Prohib¬ 
ited. 

others (see also machines).15 pr. ct. 

sea-going vessels, sailing or steam, armed and 

equipped, wooden.ton 0.39 

iron. ton 9;?2 

to be taken to pieces, plated.0.117 

to be taken to pieces not plated. 0.048 


Ship apparatus :— 

sails, made, 100 kilogs. Like tissues of which 
made. 

anchors of 250 kilogrammes and more, 100 

kilogs. 3 - 20 


* But admitted under Treaty Tariffs at merely 
nominal duties. 


anchors of less than 250 kilogs.. .100 kilogs. $2.14 


anchor drags of any weight. do. 1.95 

cables, iron, for marine. do. 8.03 

other. do. 10 per ct. 

Fancy articles:— 

billiard balls and combs of: 

ivory.kilog. 0.86 

wood, horn, bone, Sic., varnished or 

ornamented.Prohibited. 

combs of shell.kilogs. 1.0ft 

other.Prohibited. 

toys.100 kilogs. 16.86 

Fancy goods, common.100 kilogs. 20.95 

fine. do. 41.43 

Buttons:— 

of tissues, cotton, pure or mixed.20.95 

except with wool or silk, figured.41.43 

other. As tissues of which made 

not of tissues, common. 20.95 

fine.41.43 

Aricles of toilet.12 pr. ct. 

Artificial flowers.12 pr. ct. 

Umbrellas and parasols; silk...each 0.39 

oil cloth.."....each 1.45 

Manufactures of wood :— 
household articles. 

oars, rough. metre length 0.0078 

finished. do. 0.0117 

boxes of white-wood.100 kilogs. 6.63 

button-moulds. do. 2.78 

wooden shoes; ordinary. do. 2.57 

painted or varnished. do. 5.35 

turners’work. do. 0.86 

walnut wood for rifles.100 kilogs. 15 pr. ct. 

handles for tools. do. 15 pr. ct. 

articles not enumerated.... do. 15 pr. ct. 

Musical instruments:— 

fifes, flageolets...each. 0.12 

flutes, triangles.do. 1.45 


guitars, lyres, violins, trumpets, Sic. 0.58 

clarionets.each. 0.78 

hurdy-gurdies. do. 0.97 

violoncello.do. 1.45 

harmoniums, hand organs.do. 3.51 

harps.do. 7.02 

pianos, square.do. 58.50 

other.do. 78.00 

church organs...do. 78.00 

Clothes of linen, sewed... .same as tissues. 

new, sewed garments and others for 

use of travellers.30 pr. ct. 

others.as the material. 

old.100 kilogs. 11.01 

II. EXPORTS. 

Rags of wool, linen.100 kilogs. $0.78 

Old cordage. do. 0.78 

Pasteboard. do. 2.34 


The law of May 8,1869, contains the following pro¬ 
vision :— 

From July 1, 1869, all wines containing more than 
14 per cent, alcohol, besides the import duty of 25 
centimes ($0,049 gold) per hectolitre (26.42 gallons), 
are subject to an extra duty of 25 francs per hectolitre 
for every additional per cent, alcohol. 

The National Assembly, by law of July 8, 1871, 
decreed the following changes in import duties :— 


Sugar, former rate increas¬ 
ed 30 per cent. 

Sugar, from molasses, pro- 

Kilogs. 

Francs. 

Cent. 

cbde barytique.). 

Molasses, not destined for 
distillation, containing 

less than 50 per cent. 

100 

15 

0 

sugar. 

Waste sugar from the man- 

100 

18 

60 

ufacture syrup, Sic. 

100 

10 

0 






































































































616 


TARIFF—GERMAN ZOLLVEREIN. 



Kilogs. 

Francs. 

Cent , 

Coffee from countries other 




than Europe (including 
French possessions). 

100 

150 

0 

Coffee, and otherwise. 

100 

170 

0 

parched or ground.. 

100 

200 

0 

Chiccory parched or ground 
Tea from countries other 

100 

55 

0 

than Europe. 

100 

200 

0 

Tea otherwise. 

Cocoa in beans, from coun- 

100 

250 

0 

tries other than Europe 
(including French posses- 
' sions). 

100 

100 

0 

Cocoa, otherwise. 

100 

120 

0 

Chocolate and cocoa ground 
Pepper, pimento, cloves, 

100 

160 

0 

cinnamon, cassia, lignea, 
nutmegs not shelled, from 




countries other than Eu¬ 
rope (including Fx-eneh 
possessions). 

190 

200 

0 

Pepper, pimento, cloves, 




&c., otherwise. 

Nutmegs shelled, and mace, 

100 

240 

0 

from countries other than 




Europe (includ’g French 
possessions)... . 

100 

300 

0 


Nutmegs shelled, and mace, 



Kilogs. 

Fra?ics. 

Cent. 

otherwise. 

100 

350 

0 

Vanilla, all. 

Wines, not from liqueurs, 
hectolitre. 

1 

4 

0 


5 

0 

from liqueurs..hectolitre. 


20 

0 

Spirits, brandies, in bottles 
(fluid).hectolitre. 


30 

0 

in barrels (of pure alcohol) 
per hectolitre. 


30 

0 

Other spirituous liquors (of 
pure alcohol) per hec¬ 
tolitre. 


30 

0 

Liqueurs.hectolitre. 


35 

0 

Tobacco and cigarettes, as 
far as permitted for pri¬ 
vate importation. 

1 

36 

0 

Petroleum, rock-oil, &c., 
crude, from countries 
other than of Europe... 

100 

20 

0 

Petroleum, rock-oil, &c., 
crude, otherwise. 

100 

25 

0 

Petroleum, refined, coun¬ 
tries other than Europe 

100 

32 

0 

otherwise. 

100 

27 

0 

Petroleum essence from 
countries other than 
Europe. 

100 

40 

0 

otherwise. 

100 

45 

0 


GERMAN ZOLLVEREIN. 

Tariff ‘ as published May 23, 1870, on the basis of the laws of May 17, 1870, October 
12, 1807, May 25, 1868 (duty on salt), July 1, 1867 ( general tariff ), and 
of June 26, 1869 ( duty on sugar). In force from October 1 , 1870. 


(1 centner = 50 kilogrammes = 110.23 pounds United States; 1 thaler taken at 72 cents gold.) 


The following articles are free of duty 
under the conditions described :— 

1. Products of agriculture and stock of 
any farm crossed by the frontier line of 
the Zollverein, if the dwelling-house and 
farm buildings are situated within the 
boundary. 

2. Household furniture and effects, 
wearing apparel and linen in use, machi¬ 
nery and tools used in trade by the owner 
in his own business; also new clothing 
and effects of foreigners who are going to 
marry and settle in this country. 

3. Household furniture and effects im¬ 
ported, which are part of an estate inher¬ 
ited. 

4. Clothing and other effects of travel¬ 
lers, teamsters, and navigators for their 
own use; also tools of journeymen me¬ 
chanics, articles and instruments of travel¬ 
ling artists, for use in their profession, ar¬ 
ticles of this kind if sent in advance or after 


their owner; provisions for consumption 
on the journey. 

5. Carriages and boats serving for the 
transportation of passengers or freight, 
and entering for this purpose only; the 
boats including the furniture in use on 
board, if the vessel belongs to foreign citi¬ 
zens, or of domestic vessels, if they bring 
back the same furniture previously carried 
out; carriages of travellers, on special per¬ 
mit, if they did not serve as means of 
transportation at the time of their impor¬ 
tation, and are proved to have been in use 
and to be destined for further use ; horses 
and other animals, if proved to belong to 
a carriage or wagon used for transporta¬ 
tion, or being saddle-horses of travellers. 

6. Barrels, sacks, etc., empty, entering 
with a view of being returned with oil, 
grain, etc., or which return, after having 
before passed out with contents, in both 
cases retaining their identity, and, under 
























TARIFF—GERMAN ZOLLVEREIN. 


61'i 


circumstances, with security for the duties 
of import. 

7. Patterns and samples in cuts or parts, 
only to be used as such. 

8. Works and articles of art destined 
for institutions and collections ; also other 
articles for libraries and scientific muse¬ 
ums of public institutions ; natural collec¬ 
tions for botanical and other institutions. 

9. Antiquarian articles, if in their nature 
of value by their antiquity only, and fit for 
no other purpose than collection. 

1. WASTE. 

Waste from manufacture of iron, iron filings, 
etc.; of glass and earthenware ; of wax; 
of salt works, the brine; of soap factories, 
the lye; of tanneries, the leather parings 
and old pieces of leather; also, all waste of 
leather fit only for the manufacture of glue Free. 
Blood of butchered animals, liquid or dry; 
animal tendons; husks; swill; bran ; coal 
ashes; manure, animal and other soaked 
ashes; refuse of tan-pits and sugar refin¬ 
eries; bakers 1 clay.Free. 

Artificial manures and dung salts are admit¬ 
ted free of duty. 

Rags of all kinds, unbleached and bleached ; 
other material for the manufacture of pa¬ 
per ; written and printed paper; old fish¬ 
ing nets; old rope and tow; lint.Free. 

Waste not specially enumerated is treated 
as the raw material from which it is made. 

2. COTTON, AND MANUFACTURES OF COTTON. 

Cotton, raw, carded, combed, dyed; cotton 

wadding.Free. 

Cotton yarn, unmixed, or mixed with linen, 
silk, wool, or other animal hair: Single and 

double thread, raw.per centner $1.44 

Bleached or dyed. do. 2.88 

Triple or more thread, raw, bleached, or 

dyed.per centner 4.32 

Manufactures of cotton alone, or mixed with 
linen or metal wire, not with silk, wool, or 
other hair named under No. 41 :— 

Raw (of raw yarn) and bleached heavy 

goods, also finished.per centner 7.20 

All goods not included in 1 and 3; ho¬ 
siery, fringes, button material; also if 
mixed with metal thread, .per centner 11.52 
All light tissues, as jaconet, lace, and all 
embroideries, and all other muslin, net 
lace, gauze, not included in 2: Bleached 
and finished. .per centner 18.72 

3. LEADS AND MANUFACTURES OF LEAD (also 

alloyed with antimony). 

1. Crude lead, in blocks, moulds, etc. ; old lead Free. 

2. Litharge of lead, silver and gold, vermil¬ 
ion. Free. 

Lead in plates, printing type.Free. 

Coarse manufactures of lead, as tubes, shot, 
wire, etc.; also in connection with wood or 

iron, not polished or varnished.Free. 

Fancy manufactures of lead; also mixed with 
other materials, if not belonging to class 
20..per centner 2.88 

4. BRUSH AND SIEVE MAKERS’ MANUFACTURES. 
Coarse, in connection with wood or iron, not 

polished or varnished ; also dust brooms of 

feathers.. • •• Free. 

Fancy, in connection with other materials, 

if not belonging to class 20.per centner 2.88 

5. DRUGS, CHEMICALS, AND DYESTUFFS. 

Ethers of all kinds, chloroform, collodium, 

etheric oils, except those enumerated here- 
; essences, extracts, tinctures, and 


waters containing alcohol or ether for trade 
or medicinal use ; all varnishes except oil 
varnish; painters’ colors, inks, Chinese 
ink; pencils and crayons for draw¬ 
ing ..per centner $2.40 

Oil of juniper and of rosemary... do. 1.44 

Caustic natron ; oxalic potash, yellow, white, 

and red.per centner 0.72 

Soda, calcined; bicarb, of natron do. 0.48 

Alum, chloride of lime; oil varnish do. 0.36 

Potash, raw, natural, or artificial; crystal¬ 
lized soda.per centner 0.18 

All raw products for medicinal or industrial 
use, not otherwise enumerated in the tariff Free. 
Albumen; ammoniac, carbonate and sul- 
phuret; arsenic acid ; barytes, sulphate of 
and ground ; benzoic acid ; Berlin blue; 
copper colors, blue and green; white lead ; 
sugar of lead; borax and boracic acid; 
bromine; bromide of potash; cadmium, 
yellow; chloride of calcium and of mag¬ 
nesium ; chromate of mineral and metallic 
salts; chromate of potash; citric acid; 
iron liquor; iron vitriol, green; English 
plaster; stuffs for dyeing and tanning, not 
specially enumerated; dyewood and tan¬ 
ning barks ; fireworks ; gelatine ; ground 
chalk; copper and iron vitriol, mixed; 
glycerine; verdigris, raw or refined; 
spirits of hartshorn; iodine; salts of io¬ 
dine ; indigo carmine arid carmine of 
cochineal, cassell yellow; kermes, min¬ 
eral ; putty; bone carbon; bone dust; 
copper vitriol; litmus; liquorice juice; 
glue; metallic oxides not specially enum¬ 
erated ; sugar of milk; mineral waters, 
artificial or natural, including bottles or 
jars; wafers; oxalic acid and oxalic pot¬ 
ash ; orseille and persio ; salmiac and spir¬ 
its of salmiac; saltpetre, crude or refined ; 
muriatic acid ; Dutch pink ; shoe and other 
blacking ; sulphur; sulphate of arsenic ; 
sulphuric acid; sulphate of potash and 
muriate of potash ; sulphate and carbonate 
of magnesia ; sulphate of natron (glauber 
salts); sulphuric natron; sealing wax; 
smalts; powder glass; ultramarine; wag¬ 
on grease; wine yeast, dry or paste; lees 


of wine; tartar and tartaric acid; oxide of 
zinc; vitriol of zinc; combustibles.. Free. 

Chemical preparations for industrial or medi¬ 
cinal use; acids, salts, and all drugs and 
dyestuffs*not included under other sections 
of the tariff.Free., 


6. IRON AND STEEL, AND MANUFACTURES OF. 

Pig iron of all sorts ; scrap iron ..per centner 0.06 
Wrought iron and bar iron, loop iron, rails, 
single and double T-iron, raw and cement¬ 
ed steel, cast and refined steel, iron steel 
wire of more than three-quarter lines (one- 
sixteenth inch) in diameter, iron wrought 
for heavy parts of machinery and for axle- 
trees, if weighing above fifty pounds each 

separate part.per centner 0.42 

Note. Raw steel, by sea, for steel factories, 

by special permit.per centner 0.24 

Raw steel in blocks, loop iron, containing 

dross, &c.per centner 0.29 

Wrought and bar iron and steel of one-half 
line (one-twenty-fourth inch) or less thick¬ 
ness, or of more than seven inches wide, is 
taxed as sheet iron. 

Manufactured iron in bars, wheel-ties for 
railroad cars, ploughshare iron, black sheet 
iron, raw plates of steel, unpolished iron or 
steel wire of three-quarter lines (one-six¬ 
teenth inch) or less diameter. ..per centner 0.60 
Varnished sheet-iron ; polished plates of iron 
or steel.per centner C.% 




























G18 


1 AKJLEIf —GERMAN ZOLLVEREIN. 


Manufactures of iron or steel:— 

Heavy castings in stoves, plates, rails. 

per centner $0.39 

Heavy articles of wrought or cast iron, of 
iron and steel, sheet iron, steel or iron wire ; 
also in connection with wood not polished, 
viz.:— 

Axes, sword-blades, files, hammers, hac¬ 
kles, planes, coffee roasters and mills, 
locks, vices, ordinary knives for use in 
trades, scythes, prop-irons, curry¬ 
combs, tower clocks, clothiers and 
tailors’ scissors, tongs, and similar 

articles.per centner 0.96 

Fancy articles:— 

Of fine cast iron, polished iron or steel, in 
connection with other materials, if not 
belonging to class No. 20; as fine cast¬ 
ings, varnished articles of iron, knives, 
knitting and crocheting needles, scis¬ 
sors, sword cutlery, etc., except those 

enumerated next.per centner 2.88 

Sewing needles, steel pens and pens of 
other metal, watch furnishings and 
clockwork not of gold or silver, fire-arms 
of all kinds, ornaments not classified 
under No. 20.per centner 7.20 

7. CLAY, ORES, AND PRECIOUS METALS. 

Clays and raw mineral substance, also burned 

or ground ; ores, prepared or unprepared, 
not specially taxed; precious metals, as 
coin, in bars or pieces, exclusive of foreign 
silver coins.Free. 

8. FLAX AND OTHER VEGETABLE MATERIAL, 
exclusive of cotton, raw, dried, broken hac- 


kelled, or as waste.Free. 

9. GRAIN AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRO¬ 

DUCTS. 

Cereals, also if malted ; leguminous plants.. Free. 
Seeds and berries :— 

Anise, coriander, fennel, cumin.Free. 

All other seeds, including oil seed ; fresh 
berries, including juniper berries, of all 

kinds; groundnuts.Free. 

Garden vegetables and fodder, fresh; flower 
roots, potatoes, carrots, fresh ; fruit, fresh ; 
living plants, also in pots or other vessels; 
hay, straw, reeds.Free. 

10. GLASS AND MANUFACTURES OF GLASS. 

Green hollow glass.Free. 


White hollow glass, not assorted, not cut, or 
only with finished stoppers, bottoms, or 
brims ; window and plate glass in its natu¬ 
ral color (green, partly or entirely white); 
also ornaments for chandeliers, buttons, 

pearls, enamel of glass.per centner 0.48 

Massive white glass, pressed, cut, assort¬ 
ed .per centner 1.92 

Mirrors:— 

1. Plates, uncut. do. 0.36 

2. Plates, fine, covered, cut.. .. do. 2.88 

Colored, painted, or gilded glass, without 

distinction of form; articles of glass 
combined with other materials not be¬ 
longing to class No. 20.per centner 2.88 

Note. Glass metal, also glass tubes and 
sticks for making pearls and blowing 
glass.Free. 

11. Hair of animals, exclusive of those named 
in No. 41; also manufactures of animal or 
human hair, feathers, or bristles:— 

Hair, inclusive of human hair, raw, combed, 
boiled, dyed, made in curls; feathers 
(quills), raw and finished ; also combined 
with the materials named in No. 22; feath¬ 
ers, dyed, if not included in No. 18; bris¬ 
tles; oilcloth; coarse felt.Free. 

Coarse foot-rugs.....per centner 0.36 


Other tissues, also mixed with other materials 

if the entire web is of hair; other felt. 

per centner $5.76 

(Tissues not of hair are classified as silk, cot¬ 
ton, etc., manufactures.) 

12. Hides and skins, green, salted, or dry, 
for conversion into leather; raw sheep, 
lamb, or goat skins, with wool on ; raw 
skins of rabbit or hare; of seal and sea dog.. Free. 

Fur skins .Free. 

13. Wood and other vegetable and animal ma¬ 


terial, and manufactures thereof, exclud¬ 
ing tortoise shell. 

Firewood, including brushwood; charcoal, 
bark and tanning bark; tan cake.Free. 

Timber and all wood for building and manu¬ 
facture ; coopers’, turners’, and cabinet 
makers’ wood in any shape, planed but not 
polished ; also material for carriages.Free. 

Coarse articles of coopers’ work with iron 
hoops ; brooms of brushwood, basket-mak¬ 
ers’ work, horn plates, and bone plates not 
prepared.Free. 

Wood cut in veneers ; plates of cork ; cork 
soles and corks; cane for chairs, painted 
or split.Free. 


Household furniture ; other cabinet-makers’, 
turners', coopers’, and wagoners’ work, 
painted, etched, varnished, polished, or in 
part consisting of other than precious met¬ 
als ; tanned lea ther; window-glass in its 
natural color; split whalebone. .per centner 0.72 

Fancy manufactures of wood, also if carved; 
fine basket-makers’ work, all articles made 
of vegetable or animal material carved, ex¬ 
cept of tortoise shell; also in connection 
with other materials not included in No. 

20 ; wood-bronze, lead and red pencils.... 

per centner 2.88 

Upholstered and carved furniture of all 

kinds.per centner 2.40 

14. Hops..... do. 1.20 

15. Instruments, machines, vehicles. 

Instruments without regard to the material 

they are made of:— 

Musical.per centner 1.44 

Astronomical, surgical, optical, mathemati- 
ical, chemical (for laboratories), philo¬ 


sophical . Free. 

Machines:— 

Locomotives, tenders, boilers, per centner 1.08 
Others, the chief material of weight 
being:— 

a. Wood.per centner 0.36 

b. Cast iron.do. 0.36. 

c. Wrought iron or steel.. do. 0.60 


d. Of other (not precious) metals 

per centner 0.96 

Eollers of common metals, for printing 
or finishing tissnes:— 

a. Engraved. Free. 

b. Not engraved. Free. 

Cards (for carding cloth) and card- 

clasps.per centner 4.32 

Carriages and Sleighs:— 

Railroad cars.of value, 10 per cent. 

Other carriages and sleighs, with leather 

or upholstery work..each 36.00 

Sea and river ships :— 

Wooden. Free. 

Iron.of value, 8 per cent. 

Anchors and chains, and all movable, not 
belonging to the ship’s equipment, are 
taxed separately. 

16. Almanacs are taxed specially on account 
of stamped duties prescribed. 

17. India-rubber and gutta-percha and 
manufactures thereof :— 

Caoutchouc in the original form of bottles, 








































TARIFF—GERMAN ZOLLVEREIN. 


CIO 


etc.; gutta percha, raw, purified, or not re¬ 
fined. Free. 

Caoutchouc-thread, not mixed with other ma¬ 
terials, spun over or with cotton, flax, or 
woollen yarn (raw, not bleached nor dyed), 
so that the original material remains visi¬ 
ble; India-rubber plates, caoutchouc solu¬ 
tion. Free. 

Shoes, saddlery, etc., and other articles of ca¬ 
outchouc, not varnished, dyed, or printed, 
also if mixed with other materials, if not 

included in No. 20.per centner $2.88 

Articles of varnished, painted, or dyed caout¬ 
chouc,, also mixed with other materials not 
included in No. 20; also fancy shoes thread- 

covered with tissue.per centner 5.04 

Tissues of all kinds, covered or saturated with ' 

caoutchouc.per centner 10.80 

Printed cloth of caoutchouc for factories, and 
earding-leather (artificial) for card facto¬ 
ries, by special permit obtained, per centner 1.44 
Tissues of india-rubber thread mixed with 

other spinning material.per centner 10.80 

Manufactures of gutta-percha are treated like 
those of caoutchouc. 

18. Clothes and underclothes, ready 

MADE ; ALSO MILLINERY. 

Of silk or floss silk, also mixed with thread of 

metal..per centner 28.80 

Others not enumerated:—gents’ silk hats, 
trimmed or not, artificial flowers, prepared 

ornamental feathers.per centner 21.60 

Of cloth covered or saturated with caoutchouc 
or gutta percha, or of india-rubber thread 
in connection with other spinning material 

per centner 10.80 

Gents’ hats of felt, wool, or other animal hair, 

trimmed or not.per centner 10.80 

Linen shirts, etc. do. 7.20 

Clothes and linen in use, if not designed for 
sale. Free. 

19. Copper and other metals (not pre¬ 
cious metals), not specially named, 

COMPOSITIONS OF OTHER THAN THE PRE¬ 
CIOUS METALS AND MANUFACTURES 
THEREOF. 

Crude or in old pieces, also copper and other 
coins admitted in any State of the Zollve- 

rein. Free. 

Wrought, in bars or sheets; also wire. 

per centner 1.26 

Plated in sheets and wire.per centner 2.88 

Manufactures, viz.:— 

Coppersmiths and brass founders’ work, as 
boilers, smoothing irons, buckets, 
weights, pulleys, hooks, faucets, trowels, 
lamps, chandeliers, snuffers, mortars, 
latches, tubes, locks, screw-bolts and 
nuts, dishes, hinges for doors, windows, 
carriages, etc.; scales and similar arti¬ 
cles, also in connection with wood or 
iron, not polished or varnished, also wire 

tissues.per centner 1.92 

All other similar articles not classified under 
No. 20.per centner 2.88 

20. Fancy goods, hardware, etc. 

Articles wholly or partly of precious metals, 

genuine pearls, corals, or diamonds, watch¬ 
es, gold and silver leaf.per centner 36.00 

Articles wholly or partly of tortoise shell; of 
metal gilded or silvered, or plated with gold 
or silver ; clocks and parlor clocks, except 
of wood; imitation of gold and silver leaf; 
ornaments of toilet and other fancy arti¬ 
cles wholly or partly of aluminium, or of 
other not precious metals of fine work¬ 
manship, more or less gilded, silvered, or 
varnished, or veneered ; also in connection 
with alabaster, ivory, email, imitation dia¬ 


monds, lava, mother-of-pearl; carved work, 
cameos, cast ornaments, spectacles, and 
opera-glasses; fans, fancy articles of wax, 
wigs, umbrellas and parasols; pearls of 
wax, articles made of cotton, linen, silk, 
wool, or hair tissues in connection; ani¬ 
mal or vegetable carved material (metal, 

.glass, caoutchouc, gutta-percha, leather, 
leather cloth, paper, paste, straw, or clay) 
not specially taxed.per centner$10.80 

21. Leather and manufactures of leath¬ 
er. 

Leather of all kinds except classified under 
b; parchment, boot-leggings.. .per centner 1.44 
Brussels and Danish glove leather; cordovan, 
morocco, Turkey leather, and all painted 

or enamelled leather.per centner 3.60 

Goat and sheep skins half tanned, or tanned 

but not painted or otherwise finished. 

per centner 0.36 

Coarse articles made by shoemakers, saddlers, 
trunkmakers, etc., of tanned, red, or black 
leather ; also in connection with other ma¬ 
terials not included in No. 20. .per centner 2.88 
The same articles made of packing linen, 
sail-duck, or unpainted oil-cloth, are sub¬ 
ject to this duty. 

Fancy articles of leather; cordovan, Turkish 
leather, morocco, Brussels or Danish leath¬ 
er, white, tanned, or varnished leather and 
parchment; also in connection with other 
materials not classified under No. 20 ; fine 

shoes of all sorts.per centner 6.04 

Gloves. do. 9.60 

22. Linen yarn and manufactures of flax 

AND OTHER VEGETABLE SPINNING MATE¬ 
RIAL EXCEPT COTTON. 

Haw yarn:— 


Of flax or hemp. a. By machine 


per centner 

0.36 

b. By hand.. 

do. 

Free. 

Of jute or other vegetable matter 

do. 

0.36 

Yarn, bleached or dyed. 

do. 

1.20 

Thread, raw, bleached, or dyed.. 

do. 

2.88 

Rope-makers’ work, unbleached; 

coverings 



of loose fibres.per centner 0.36 

Gray packing linen and sail-cloth do. 0.48 


Haw linen, ticking; rope-makers’ work 
bleached.per centner 2.88 

In Prussia raw unbleached linen, if passing 
in between Leobschutz and Seidenburg, 
going to bleacheries or market. Free. 

In Saxony, between Ostritz and Schandau, 
by special permit. Free. 

Linen, bleached, dyed, printed, etc., made of 
bleached yarn; also ticking, table-cloth, 
towel-cloth, batiste and linen.. per centner 7 20 

Tapes; braiding, fringe, gauze, cambric, 
strings, hosiery, and all linen tissues mixed 
with metallic wire.per centner 7.20 

Linen lace... do. 28.80 

23. Candles. 

Of tallow or stearine, and all other do. 1.08 

24. Literary work and works of art. 

Paper, written (records and manuscripts), 

books in all languages, lithographs and en¬ 
gravings of any kind; woodcuts, photo- 1 
graphs, maps and charts; music.Free. 

Engraved plates of metal; woodcuts; litho¬ 
graphers’ stones, with designs or letters, all 
used for printing.. Free. 

Paintings and drawings; statues of marble 
and other stones, or of metal of at least 
natural size; medallions. Free. 

25. Colonial goods, groceries, confec¬ 
tionery, AND OTHER ARTICLES FOR CON¬ 
SUMPTION. 

Beer of all kinds, also mead.per centner 0.48 





































620 


TARIFF—GERMAN ZOLLYEREIN. 


All sorts of brandy, arrack, rum, cognac and 

other liquors in barrels or bottles. 

per centner 

Yeast of all kinds, excluding lees of wine :— 

Yeast powders.per centner 

Other. do. 

Vinegar, all in barrels. do. 

Vinegar in bottles. do. 

Wine and must, also cider in barrels and 
bottles:— 

1. From countries not treating the Zollverein 

like most favored nations.per centner 

2. From other countries. do. 

Butter. do. 

Butter in pieces of less than three pounds... 
Meat, fresh or prepared; ham, pork, sausage ; 

extract of meat...per centner 

Fresh meat and large game. 

Fruit (southern), also leaves:— 

Fresh oranges, lemons, etc.per centner 

[If desired per 100 pieces, 0.48.] 
Dried dates, figs, currants, almonds, peach 
kernels, raisins, laurel leaves, orange 

peel, etc.per centner 

Chestnuts, macaroni, etc. do. 

Spices of all kinds, not specially named. 

per centner 

Herrings.per ton 

Honey.per centner 

Coffee, raw and substitutes. do. 

Cocoa, beans and shells... do. 

Cocoa shells. do. 

Chiccory, roasted and ground.... do. 

Caviar and its substitutes. do. 

Cheese of all kinds. do. 

Confectionery; cake of all kinds; fruits, 

vegetables, spices, and other eatables 
(mushrooms, fowls, crabs, etc.), preserved 
in bottles or boxes; prepared fish; olives; 
pies; prepared mustard; soup; sauces, 
etc.; chocolate and its substitutes; parched 

coffee.per centner 

Preserved with sugar, vinegar, oil in bottles 

or boxes; preserved vegetables, mushrooms, 

poultry, fish, etc. ; mustard prepared. 

per centner 

Fruit, seeds, berries, leaves, flowers, blos¬ 
soms, mushrooms; vegetables, dry, baked, 
powdered, boiled or salted, not enumerated 
already; nuts, dried ; juices of fruit; ber¬ 
ries and turnips preserved, not in sugar... 
Farina; vermicelli; powders; starch; ar¬ 
rowroot ; sago and its substitutes ; tapioca 

per centner 

Mill-ground grain, grits, flour; ordinary bak¬ 
ers’ products; starch. 

Oysters and tortoises, and other sea shell 

animals.per centner 

Rice. do. 

Salt, cooking. do. 

Sugar in loaves, candies, lump or white, pow¬ 
dered and solutions.per centner 

Unrefined sugar. do. 

Syrup. do. 

Molasses for distillation. 

Tobacco:— 

In leaf, unmanfetd., also stems.per centner 
Manufactured:— 

Smoking tobacco in rolls or stripped leaves ; 
cut; prepared for snuff; dust and waste 

per centner 

Cigars and snuff. do. 

Tea. do. 

26. Oils, not otherwise enumerated; lards. 
Oil:— 

Of all kinds in bottles; olive oil in barrels 

per centner 

Olive oil, if mixed with 1 pound oil of tur¬ 
pentine, or % pound oil of rosemary.... 


$4.32 

6.04 

7.92 
0.96 

1.92 


2.88 

1.92 

0.96 

Free. 

0.36 

Free. 

1.44 


2.88 

0.36 

4.68 

0.72 

0.24 

4.20 

4.20 
1.44 
0.48 
7.92 

1.20 


5.04 


3.60 


Free. 


0.36 

Free. 

1.44 

0.36 

1.44 

3.60 

2.88 

1.80 

Free. 

2.88 


7.92 

14.40 

5.76 


0.60 

Free. 


Other oil in barrels.per centner $0.36 

Palm oil and cocoanut oil.Free. 

Lards:— 

Fish, blubber, paraffine, spermaceti; stea- 

rine and acid of.per centner 0.36 

Other fish oils. do. 0.24 

Other animal fat (lard). Free. 

Waste in the manufacture of oil.Free. 

27. Paper and manufactures of paper. 

Gray blotting or packing paper; pasteboard ; 

artificial parchment; paper for polishing; 

slate paper; fly paper (poisoned). Free. 

Paper not sized, common.per centner 0.48 

All other paper (lithographed, printed, ruled, 

with devices, formulas, etc.).. .per centner 0.72 
Gilded and silvered paper; wall paper; arti¬ 
cles of paper, asphaltum, or similar materi¬ 
al.per centner 0.96 

Manufactures of paper not included in class 
No. 20.per centner 2.88 

28. Furs. 

Lined furs, caps, gloves, covers and trim¬ 
mings.per centner 15.84 

Finished sheep-skins, or angora-skins; covers 
not lined; fur lining and trimming. Free. 

29. Gunpowder . Free. 

30. Silk and manufactures of silk. 

Silk cocoons, reeled or spun; floss silk, 
combed, spun, or in thread, all not dyed; 

also waste pf dyed silk. Free. 

Silk and floss silk, dyed.per centner 2.88 

Manufactures of silk or floss silk; also if con¬ 
taining metallic thread.per centner 28. SO 

Manufactures of silk mixed with cotton, lin¬ 
en, wool, and other animal hair (41). 

per centner 21.60 

Laces of coarse silk or waste, used for clean¬ 
ing, etc. Free. 

31. Soap and perfumeries. 

Green, black, and other barrel soap. 

per centner 0.60 

Hard soap, common. do. 0.60 

Fine soap in cakes, balls, etc.... do. 1.44 

Perfumeries of all kinds. do. 2.40 

If the wrappers are of a material subject to 
higher duty, the latter is imposed. 

32. Playing Cards. 

Playing cards of every size and form, under 
observation of the stamp laws in force in 
every State.per centner 7.20 

33. Stonp and manufactures of stone. 

Stones, rough and hewn; flintstones; mill¬ 
stones, also with iron hoops; polished 
slates, whetting-stones. Free. 

Precious stones, also imitations cut; pearls, 
corals, not set; articles of serpentine stone, 

gypsum. Free. 

Manufactures of part precious stones and 
other materials not belonging to class 

20.per centner 5.76 

Manufactures of other stones (statues ex¬ 
cepted) : 

In combination with other materials; 
also wood or iron not polished or 

varnished.per centner 0.12 

All other similar articles, polished or 
varnished; also of meerschaum, not 
included in 20...per centner 2.88 

34. Coal, brown coal, peat, etc . Free. 

35. Manufaciures of straw, cane, and 

BAST. 

Matting of bast, straw, reed; straw-binding 

(ribbons); brooms. Free. 

Plaitings of straw (excluding ribbons), 

covers.per centner 2.88 

Hats of straw, cane, bast, reed, whalebone, 
palm-leaf, &c.:— 

Not trimmed.per piece 0.05 

Trimmed. do. 0.10 




































































TARIFF—GERMAN ZOLLVEREIN. 


621 


36. Tab, pitch, resin of all kinds; asphalt, 
tars, and mineral oils, crude or refined; 
also benzine, carbolic acid; turpentine, and 

oil of turpentine or resin. Free. 

37. Animals and animal products (not 
otherwise enumerated):— 

Animals, all living, not otherwise taxed; 

fowls, small game, fish, lobsters, &c. Free. 

Eggs and milk. Free. 

Bee-hives with living bees. Free. 

Bladders, entrails, wax, sponges, and other 
animal products, not otherwise enumer¬ 
ated. Free. 

38. Earthenware. 

Floor-stones, tiles, tubes, melting-pots, pipes, 

and ordinary earthen crockery.Free. 

Other earthenware, exclusive of porcelain: 

One color or white.per centner.. $1.20 

Painted, gilded, silvered, printed.. do.... 1.44 

White porcelain.do.... 1.20 

Colored porcelain, painted, gilded, not 
classified under No. 20. .per centner.. 2.88 

39. Cattle, etc. 

Horses, mules, and donkeys; fillies following 

the dam. Free. 

Cattle, oxen, cows, young cattle, calves.Free. 

Swine:— 

Fattened or not.each.. 0.48 

Sucklings. do 0.07 

Sheep and goats. Free. 

40. Wax cloth, taffeta, muslin. 

Coarse, not printed (for packing), per centner 0.48 
All other (manufactures are treated as leath¬ 
er manufacture).per centner 1.44 

41. Wool and manufactures of wool. 

Wool, raw, carded, dyed. Free. 

Yarn (pure wool or mixed, not with cotton): 


Single, dyed or undyed; double, undyed 

and wadding.per centner $0.36 

Double, dyed, and triple, dyed or undyed.. 

per centner 2.88 

Manufactures, also mixed with cotton, linen, 
or metallic thread :— 

Embroideries, lace, tulle.per centner 21.60 

Printed goods of all kinds. do. 18.00 

Not printed goods, fringe, buttonware (also 

with metallic thread).per centner 14.40 

Not printed cloth or felt, hosiery, carpets.. 

per centner 7.20 

Cloth, selvage. do. Free. 

42. Zinc and manufactures of zinc. 

Zinc ore, old zinc. Free. 

In sheets. Free. 

Coarse articles of zinc (also in connection 
with wood or iron not polished or var¬ 
nished) :— 

Zinc wire. Free. 

Fancy articles of zinc and other material, 
varnished, not classified under No. 20 

per centner 2.88 

34. Tin and manufactures of tin. 


In blocks, bars, etc., old tin. Free. 

In sheets. Free. 

Coarse manufactures (wire tubes, plates, 

boilers. . Free. 

Fancy articles (described in 42). .per centner 2.88 
44. All articles not classified . Free. 


EXPORTS. 

Rags and other waste fit for the manufacture 
of paper:— 

1. Not of pure silk, waste of paper. 

per centner 1.22 

2. Old junk. do. 0.24 

No other export duties. 


































TARIFF.—AUSTRIA. 


(Duties expressed in United States gold dollars.) The rates of duty are per centner in 

all cases except when otherwise stated. 

(1 centner = 50 kilogrammes = 110.23 pounds United States; 1 foot = 1.03713 foot United States; 1 florin 

computed at 48 cents, gold.) 


Note.—T are is allowed, according to packing, from 4 to 24 per cent. 


I .—Colonial Goods , Fruits , dec. 

Cacao, raw. 

ground... 

Spices, common, as cardamom, cubebs, gLvger, 

pepper, pimento. 

fine, as cinnamon, cassia, cloves, mace, 

nutmegs, vanilla. 

Coffee, green. 

roasted .. 

substitutes.,. 

Sago, tapioca, arrow-root, revalenta arabica.. 
Tropical fruit:— 

Dates, almonds, currants, &c. 

Raisins, currants, dried. 

Lemons, citrons, oranges, figs, dried. 

Fresh figs, chestnuts, cocoanuts; lemon and 
orange-peel, dried; lemons, olives, and 

oranges, pickled. 

Tea. 

Sugar: Refined, in loaves or crushed. 

Raw; also Melado. 

for refining. 

Syrup. 

II .—Tobacco and its Manufactures . 

Tobacco, raw, viz., in leaves, stems, &c. 

manufactured for smoking, in rolls, 
or stripped leaves; snuff and cigars 
The importation of tobacco and cigars is al¬ 
lowed by special permit, and subject to a 
special tax for license. 

III .—Products of the Field and Garden. 
Vegetables—Potatoes, turnips, roots, mush¬ 
rooms, onions, and flower roots; dry chic- 

cory. 

Vegetables prepared, dried, or preserved in 

vinegar, in bbls. 

Grains and leguminous seeds:— 

Wheat. 

Rye, spelt, buckwheat, millet, maize. 

Barley, malt, oats, beans. 

Peas, lentils, &c. 

Flour and other products of the mill:— 

All kinds of flour, shelled or split grains, 

groats, &c.. 

(Flour of maize requires special permit.) 
Gum of starch ''dextrine) and bogomma.... 
(Grains and flour, vegetables, &c., imported 
from Switzerland, pay half rates.) 

Fruit—as apples, apricots, pears, currants, 
cherries, melons, plums, peaches, straw¬ 
berries, and other. 

Prepared, dried, or preserved, not in sugar. 

Hazelnuts. 

Chestnuts. 

Plants and vegetable matter not otherwise 
enumerated:— 


$3.84 

5.04 

3.84 


7.56 

3.84 

5.04 

3.84 

2.52 


2.52 

0.10 

1.26 


0.38 

7.56 

6.31 

4.53 

3.02 

1.51 


5.04 

12.60 


Free. 

0.38 

0.16 

0.12 

0.08 

0.12 


0.38 

0.38 


Free. 

0.38 

0.38 

0.38 


Grass, hay, straw, needles of pine, &c., 


moss, reeds, grains in the ear; carding- 

thistles, plants, young trees. Free. 

Hops. $1.36 

Clover-seed, and other, for field or garden.. 0.12 

Oil-seeds: rape, hemp, poppy, and linseed. 0.02 
Castor-seed, kernels of apricots, peaches, 

plums. 0.38 

Sesame... 0.12 

Mustard-seed and powder—as mustard 
ground (not in bladders, bottles, or jars), 
anise, caraway-seed, coriander, fennel... 0.38 

Seed of forest trees, of red beet, dried. 0.38 

Rice, hulled. 0.38 

not hulled. 0.12 

imported from Sardinia. 0.12 


IV.— Animals. 

Fish (shell and other), fresh, living or not; 

lobsters, snails, &c. 0.36 

(Fresh fish, &c., brought by citizens from 
border streams or the sea, free.) 

Herring, salted, and stock-fish. 0.72 

Fish, prepared, salted, dried, smoked, pickled; 

also oysters, turtles, &c... 0.96 

Imported from countries not under special 

treaty. 0.72 

Cattle:— 

Oxen, bulls.each. 2.01 

Cows.do. 1.00 

Young cattle. do. 1.00 

imported from Poland, Russia, 
Moldavia, or Sardinia, .each. 0.20 

Calves.do. 0.20 

Sheep and goats. do. 0.12 

Lambs and kids. do. 0.05 

Swine. do. 0.50 

Sucking-pigs below 10 kilogs. do. 0.08 

below 5 kilogs. from Sar¬ 
dinia. do. 0.04 

Butchered; also if still in the skin.As meat. 

Game, large, living; deer, fawn, chamois, wild 

boar, &c.each. 0.75 

Horses, colts. do. 1.00 

fillies. do. Free. 

Mules, donkeys. do. 0.50 


V .—Animal Products not enumerated in any 


other class. 

Bristles. Free. 

Hair of dogs, deer, cattle, goats, &c., raw. Free. 

prepared, combed, dyed. 0.38 

Feathers, not enumerated; also quills and or¬ 
namental feathers, raw. 0.3S 


Hides and skins, raw, green or dry ; also salt¬ 
ed, common—such as cattle, buffalo, horse, 
ass, camel, badger, dog, pig, chamois, deer, 
reindeer, rhinoceros; also sheep and com¬ 
mon goat, hare, rabbit, and fish-skins, raw. Free, 





























































TARIFF. - 

Hides and skins, other, raw, not enumerated. $0.38 
Furs, inside prepared; also tanned, white, or 


dyed, but not lined or otherwise finished... 1.26 

Meat, fresh. 0.38 

prepared, salted, smoked, pickied!!!."! 1.26 

, sausages. 3.88 

Honey. 0.50 

Cheese. 2.16 

Animal products not otherwise specified, such 

as guts, bladders, sinews, and animal waste. 0.38 

Wax, white or yellow. 1.44 

VI.— Oils, Lard , dec. 

Butter, fresh or salted. 1.26 

fresh from Italy, not above 4 pounds.. Free. 

Hogs’ lard, goose grease, spermaceti. 1.26 

Stearine and stearic acid. 2.01 

Train-oil. 0.25 

Other lairds, not perfumed. 0.38 

Oils, in bottles or jars.. 6.31 

Oil of olives.1.21 

from Dalmatia.* 0.65 

mixed with turpentine. 0.38 

cocoanut, palm-oil. 0.38 

Other oils, not perfumed. 0.64 

VII .—Beverages and Provisions. 

Beer, in bottles or jars. 2.40 

in barrels. 0.72 

Vinegar, in bottles. 3.88 

in ba rrels or pipes. 0.38 

Distilled liquors:— 

Brandy, arrack, rum. 3.88 

Liquors, punch essence. 6.31 

Wine, of grapes or fruits, in bottles. 6.31 

in barrels or pipes.. 5.04 

Provisions:— 

Bread and ship biscuit. 0.38 

Chocolate and its substitutes, comfits and 

confectionery. 7.56 

Fruits, spices, vegetables, and other similar 
articles of food (mushrooms, &c.), poultry, 
sea-animals, &c., prsrvd. in bottles, cans, 
salted, or prsrvd. in sugar, honey, oil, &c. 7.56 

Jellies, sauces, pies, and similar articles of 

food. 7.56 

Capers. 3.88 

Mustard, prepared; also powdered, in bot¬ 
tles, <fcc. 3.88 

Vermicelli, macaroni, wafers, and other pre¬ 
parations from breadstuffs. 1.26 

VIII .—Materials for Fuel , Building , or 
Manufacturing. 

Wood, for fuel.100 Vienna cubic feet. 0.20 

imported by land or canal.. do. 0.03 

for manuft., common ; also in trunks, 
one metre m length or more ; staves 
for barrels, and other roughly pre¬ 
pared wood... ICO Vienna cubic feet. 0.38 

imported by land or canal. .'.do. 0.07 

foreign, for manufacture, in blocks, 

boards, or posts. Free. 

Amber.... 0.38 

Cocoanut shell, arica. Free. 

Meerschaum. Free. 

Ivory, coral, raw. 0.38 

Tortoise-shell and mother of pearl, raw. Free. 

cut. 0.38 

Reeds, canes (except reed for chairs, if split or 

dyed), animal teeth, whalebone. Free. 

Coal—Charcoal, bituminous, and brown coal; 

peat. Free. 

Minerals not classified : — 

Tiles, bricks, graphite, chalk of all kinds, 
crude; lithographic stones; also if en¬ 
graved . Free. 

Grinding and whetstones, touchstones, 
flints, centner, gross. 0.38 


AUSTRIA. 623 

All other stones, cut or polished; slates, 
framed or not; slate pencils ; chalk, cut 
or prepared ; brimstone-paper and cloth; 

glass and sand-paper. $0.38 

All other stones ground, or mortar. 0.38 


IX .—Medicines and Perfumeries , Materials 
for Dyeing and Tanning , Chemicals. 

Ambergris, musk-seed, castoreum, pomegran¬ 
ate, orange and rose flowers, beans of Igna¬ 
tius, pechurim and tonca beans, coloquin- 
tida, balsam copaiva, gums, ammoniac, 
assafeetida, benzoic, dragons’ blood, guaiac, 
jalap, myrrh, storax, frankincense, cam¬ 
phor, cantharides, manna. Also the fol¬ 
lowing oils: Amber oil, hartshorn, caout¬ 


chouc oil, laurel oil: opium, patchouly, 
orange flower water, scammonium, liquorice 
extract, and the following roots: ipecacu¬ 
anha, jalap, rhatany, rhubarb, saloop ; sar¬ 
saparilla, snake, seneca, and turpeth root.. 2.52 

Oils ethereal, not otherwise specified; per¬ 
fumed vinegars, oils or balsams, musk. 

civet. 3.60 

Materials for dyeing and tanning:— 

Dye-woods in sticks. Free. 

Boots for dyeing, common, ground or not; 
bablah, divi-divi, catechu, yellow oak; 
valonia, gall-nuts, quercitron, sumac, 

acorns. Free. 

Madder, ground or not; woad and welt...'. 0.05 

Safflower. 0.05 

Dye-woods, ground. 0.25 

Cochineal, indigo. 0.38 

Extracts of madder, garancine. 0.38 

Avignon berries. 0.38 

Lacyde, Orleans, sepia, crude. 0.38 

Extracts of dye-woods or tanning barks; of 
safflower, curcumae, cochineal, sumac, 

yellow oak, &c. 0.72 

Orseille, prepared, and persio. 0.72 

Colophonium, tar. Free. 

Benzine, rock-oil, naphtha, petroleum. 0.36 

Turpentine, bird lime. 0.20 

Oil of turpentine. 0.36 

Rosin, resinous gum and vegetable exudation. 0.38 


Chemicals: 

Arsenic, arsenious acid, sulphur arsenic; 
borax, raw; boracic acid; iron, liquor; 
solution of iron; mineral waters, natural 
or artificial; potash, saltpetre, raw; nitrate 
of potash; sulphur in rolls or ground ; sul¬ 
phur flor.; ore of antimony ; argols, raw 


or refined; also dregs of wine, dried. Free. 

Vitriol from iron. 0.12 

Muriate of potash, sulphuric acid; muriatic 

and nitric acid ; aqua regia; soda. 0.20 

Saltpetre, refined; vitriol from copper and 
zinc; lemon juice in barrels; kermes 
mineral; sulphate of barytes (powdered). 0.36 

Alum; sal ammoniac; spirit of hartshorn ; 
combination of vegetable, vinegar, and 

iron, lead or chalk. 0.72 

Borax, refined, chlor-calcium; chromate of 
potash ; verdigris; sandix; vermilion; 
bicarbonate of potash; Dutch pink; 
smalt; glass powder; zaffre and other 

combinations of cobalt; tartaric acid_ 0.73 

Oxide of lead and zinc; sugar of lead; 

prussiate of potash; chromic acid of lead. 1.2C 
Caustic soda; oxalic acid and oxalate of 

potash. l.Sd 

Cooking salt, all.. 0.2C 

(Importation permitted by special license, 
and with a tax on consumption of $2.50 per 
centner; foreign salt, for chemical pur¬ 
poses, can be imported free, under supervi¬ 
sion of its use.) 







































































024 


TARIFF.—AUSTRIA. 


X.— Metals , Rato and Partly Worked. 

Ore, of lead, galena, and zinc; of iron, cop¬ 
per, tin, gold, silver, cobalt, nickel, Ac_ Free. 

Lead, in broken pieces; ashes of lead ; filings; 

type metal. $0.36 

Litharge. 0.48 

Lead in sheets; printing type; stereotype 

plates. 1.44 

Lead cast, as boilers, tubes, plates, bails, shot, 

and wire. 1.68 

Iron, pig and broken pieces, scrap or filings.. 0.20 

pig iron for manufacture. 0.12 

puddled iron (wrought or drawn be¬ 
tween cylinders), in bars not fashioned 1.00 

Iron rails. 1.20 

Steel, raw or cement steel; cast and refined 

steel. 1.20 

Sheet iron, black; plates unpolished. 1.68 

Steel in sheets, and plates unpolished. 1.68 

Tires for wheels. 1.68 

Iron in sheets or plates, polished; tinned, 
varnished; steel plates polished; iron wire 

and steel wire not polished. 1.92 

Iron, wrought, in bars, assorted. 1.92 

prepared for parts of machines or car¬ 
riages (axletrees, Ac.), of more than 
1 centner (50 kilogs.) weight; plough¬ 
shares, anchors, and cable chains.... 1.68 

Steel wire polished and strings. 2.40 

Castings, coarse, as boilers, kettles, stoves, 
wheels, tubes, grates, of more than 25 lbs. 
weight, and parts of machines of over 100 

lbs. weight. 0.48 

Quicksilver. Free. 

Zinc, crude and waste. Free. 

in sheets... 0.96 

in tubes, wire, and coarse articles in 

connection with wood. 1.20 

Metals, not precious, as— 

Copper, brass, nickel, tin, etc., raw, in 
blocks, bars, lumps, broken pieces, and 

waste. Free. 

Tin drawn into sheets and wire, and cast 
tin. 1.44 


Copper, brass, nickel, packfong, aluminium, 
and other metals, not precious, and metal 
compositions, drawn, laminated, and in 
coarse castings, such as bells, tubes; the 
piece weighing above 25 pounds, and cast¬ 


ings of above 100 pounds. 2.88 

Inland cloth printing establishments import 

copper cylinders engraved at. 0.36 

Precious metals, in broken pieces, and coin : 

Gold, crude, in lumps, bars, sheets, powder, 

as gold in worn-out plate, Ac. Free. 

Silver, as gold. Free. 

Coins, all current, having legal circulation 
in Austria; also medals of gold or silver. Free. 
XI. —Textile Materials. 

Cotton, raw or waste. Free. 

combed. . 0.25 

Flax, hemp, Manila, Chinese grass, vegetable 

wool, and sea grass; raw or waste. 0.02 

Wool (sheep), raw, combed, and waste. Free. 

bleached, dyed. 0.38 

Silk, cocoons. Free 

raw, not spun (grezze). 0.38 

waste, not spun. 0.38 

raw, spun, organzine, trame, sewing silk, 

also if mixed with other materials.... 3.88 

waste, spun; also if mixed with other 

materials. 3.88 

white or dyed, and waste, spun and 
dyed; also if mixed with other ma¬ 
terials. 7.56 

XII.— Yarns. 

Cotton yams, pure or mixed with linen or 
wool: — 


Not bleached or dyed, single or double_ $2.52 


Bleached, triple or more, not dyed; also 

wicks, waxed or not. 5.04 

Dyed, all. 6.31 

Linen yarns of flax, hemp, etc.:— 

Raw, not bleached, dyed, or twisted. 0.36 . 

Machine thread raw, not twisted, bleached, 

or dyed. 1.26 

Bleached, dyed, not twisted. 3.88 

Twisted. 6.31 

Woollen yams, wool, and other animal hair:— 

Carded, raw, not dyed or twisted (single).. 0.48 

Wool, wadding. 0.48 

Combed, raw, not dyed or twisted. 2.16 

Dyed, double, triple, or more. 6.31 


XIII.— Tismes. 

Cotton tissues: also if mixed with linen or 
India-rubber thread, but not mixed with 


silk or wool:— 

Common, raw, unbleached, close tissues, 

‘not* dyed or printed; not velvety ; nets, 

marly, and wicks. 17.28 

Medium, finished and bleached, dyed of one 
or more colors; printed and velvety; 
hosiery, button goods, ribbons, and stock¬ 
ings. 29.76 

Fine, all loose tissues, n. o. s. 43.20 

Fancy, i. e., bobbinet, tulle lace, embroi¬ 
dered tissues mixed with gold or silver 
thread, fine or imitation, and with glass 
thread. 126.00 


Linen tissues of flax, hemp, Manila, New Zea¬ 
land flax, sea grass, Chinese grass, Ac., 
Ac., not mixed with India-rubber thread, 
silk or wool:— 

Cordage, rope-makers’ work and nets, not 


bleached. 0.48 

Cordage bleached: gray packing linen .... 0.72 

Common tissues, not otherwise enumerated, 
raw, unbleached, not printed; also fire- 

buckets of sail cloth. 4.80 

Common tissues, bleached, dyed of one or 
more colors, close printed, figured; not 

otherwise enumerated. 17.28 

Medium—button-cloth, ribbons, stockings, 
and all tissues of more than one hundred 
threads (loom) per Vienna current inch.. 33.60 
Fine—batiste, gauze, lawn, and other open 
woven tissues not otherwise enumerated.. 36.00 

Fancy—lace edgings, embroidered tissues 
and articles mixed with gold or silver, fine 
or imitation, or with spun glass. 126.00 


Tissues of wool or other animal hair; also 
mixed with India-rubber thread, not with 


silk:— 

Very common—oil-cloth, sieve bottoms, 
plaitings of horse hair, not combined with 
other materials; hat clippings, carpets of 
calf, dog, or cow hair; tarred felt, felt 

soles and shoes, etc., unbleached. 3.88 

Common—fulled, not printed ; not velvety; 
felt goods not printed (exclusive of hats 
or caps), and carpets not otherwise enum.. 1.72 

Medium—all velvety or close tissues, not pro¬ 
vided for; not printed; hosiery, haber¬ 
dashery, button maker’s cloth. 25.92 

Close woven goods, printed. 36.00 

Fine—all loose tissues not embraced under 
other provisions, also shawls and scarfs.. 43.20 

Fancy—lace, embroidered woven goods and 
wares, mixed with gold and silver thread, 

fine or imitation, or with spun glass. 126.00 

Tissues of silk, pure or mixed:— 

Fine—of silk, pure, mixed with gold or 
silver thread; fine or imitation, or with 

spun glass; all lace and embroideries_ 126.00 

Common—mixed; all not included before 
in other provisions. 49.44 



























































TARIFF. —AUSTRIA. 


625 


Oil-cloth, waxed muslin, or taffeta, and tissues 


covered with gutta-percha or caoutchouc : 

Coarse oil-cloth, for packing, not printed.. $0.72 

™ e waxed muslin, painters’ linen, waxed 

taffeta, and all other. 5,76 

Tissues covered with or penetrated by 

gutta-percha, &c. 12.00 

Clothing and millinery:— 

Common—all prepared of ordinary cotton, 
linen, or woollen goods; common felt hats 

and shoes. 37.80 

Fine—all made of fine cotton, linen, or 
woollen goods, or of common silks; felt 

hats and caps... 75.60 

Fancy—all made of fancy cotton, linen, or 
wooden goods, or of fine silks; artificial 


flowers; trimmed bonnets of all kinds... 126.00 


Fine leather (glove-leather, cordovan, or 
morocco), dyed, lackered, gilded, 
stamped ornaments, parchment. 

3. Manufactures of leather:— 

Shoemakers’ and saddlers’ work of com¬ 
mon leather, bellows; 

Articles of caoutchouc, not dyed, painted, 
varnished, or with stamped ornaments; 
All the above in connection with wood, 
but not with precious metals; 

Trunk and wallet-makers’ work of ordi¬ 
nary leather; also in connection with 
other than the precious metals, if not 
classified as fancy goods; 

Mattresses, hunting-bags, travelling-bags. 

4. Fancy articles of leather and India-rub¬ 
ber ;— 


XIV. —Manufactures of Bristles, Bast , Co- 
coanut Fibres, Grass, Heed, and Paper. 
Brush and sieve makers’ work:— 

Common articles of bristles; of feathers; 
also in connection with wood or iron; 
wooden shoes, sieves with bottoms of 
cane or iron, not varnished, painted, or 

polished. 

Fine—all others; also in connection with 
other material, unless by this means they 
come under some other class (leather and 
fancy goods excluded); hair brushes, 

feather brushes, horse brushes, &c. 

Articles of bast, fibres, grass, cane, straw, 
etc.:— 

Very common—foot-mats and other mats 

not dyed ; brushes and brooms.. 

Cane for chairs; raw, split. 

Common—mats dyed; articles for domestic 
use, as baskets, plates, &c. ; also in con¬ 
nection with wood not polished, dyed, or 

varnished. 

Cane for chairs ; split, d 3 'ed. 

Medium—covers and articles not otherwise 
enumerated ; hats (of straw or bast not 

included) not trimmed. 

Fine—tissues mixed with silk, horse-hair, 

or other material. 

Fancy—hats of bast or straw not trimmed. 
Manufactures of paper:— 

Paper for blotting and packing; also paper, 
if dyed or varnished, covered with gra¬ 
phite (asphalt or tar), pasteboard, and 

asphaltic felt. 

Common paper: all not specially enumer¬ 
ated; not glued. 

Fine—all glued paper; colored lithographic 
paper; paper printed or ruled for accounts, 
bill headings, etc. ; paper medicinally pre¬ 
pared, oiled, waxed, or covered with gutta¬ 
percha ; chalk paper. 

Finest—gilded, silvered, or bronzed ; press 

ed or perforated; ribbed. 

Wall paper. 

Playing cards (stamp duties extra). 

Articles of paper not included above. 

XV .—Manufactures of Leather. 

1. Furs:— 

Articles not in connection with other ma¬ 
terial; covers; white skins of Angora 
or sheep; finished sheep-skins; coarse 

fur caps. 

Finished—furs, caps, gloves, lined covers 
Articles of leather and India-rubber:— 

2. Leather:— 

Common leather. 

Sheep and goat-skins, tanned, not dyed 

or prepared. 

Dyed coarse, in yellow or red (from Tur¬ 
key imported into Hungary). 

40 


2.04 


7.20 


0.12 

0.36 


1.20 

1.20 


4.80 

28.80 

126.00 


0.36 

1.32 


2.64 

6.00 

6.00 

15.12 

6.00 


5.04 

36.00 


2.64 

0.48 

0.48 


All not enumerated above (gloves exclud¬ 
ed), such as pocket-books, whips, stock¬ 
ings, and all articles of fine leather; 

All the above, in connection with other 
materials, if not classified as fancy 
goods; 

Hunting bags and shoemakers’ work of 
tissues, saddlery, and harness work, 
with buckles and rings of precious or 

other metals. 

Gloves of leather; also (if cut only) not 
sewed; also in connection with woven 
goods. 

XVI .—Manufactures of Bone , Ivory, Wood, 
Glass, Stone, and Clay. 

Of bone—Whalebone, split.. 

Articles of bone, also in connection with 
other materials not belonging to fancy 

articles of leather and India-rubber. 

Of wood and other hard vegetable material:— 
Very common—coopers’ work, rough, not 
painted; turners’, cabinet-makers’, and 
wagoners’ work, all coarse; turners’ 
lathes, weavers’ looms, coarse basket- 

work, coarse toys and utensils, etc. 

Common veneers. 

Fine household furniture; all articles of 
bone, wood, if in connection with bast, 
cane, fibre, straw, and basket work, or 
with iron (not steel), brass, common 
leather; window-glass in its natural color, 
painted, varnished, polished, or otherwise 

ornamented. 

Fancy—fine basket-work and toys; wooden 
clocks and clock-boxes; fine turned or 
engraved articles of wood, and all other 
not included in previous classification; 
also if in connection with other materials, 
if they belong not to fancy articles of 
leather or India-rubber; also upholstered 

furniture. 

Articles of glass:— 

Common glass, hollow, of green, black, or 
yellow, natural color, not pressed, cut, or 

polished. . 

Common white hollow glass, not cut. pol¬ 
ished, pressed or assorted; window and 

table glass, green or white. 

Medium fine—pressed, cut, polished, as¬ 
sorted ; buttons, beads... 

Fine—1. All colored, painted, gilded, or 
silvered; cameos of paste; imitation dia¬ 
monds not set. 

2. Mirror-glass, cut, silver-lined or not, 
each piece not over 284 Vienna square 

inches. 

Fancy—all manufactures of glass or 6mail, 
in connection with other materials not 
classified as fine articles of leather, India- 
rubber, or fancy goods. 


$6.24 


5.76 


12.00 

27.88 

1.20 

7.20 

0.12 

0.36 


1.20 


5.76 

0.36 

1.08 

3.48 

5.04 

5.04 


7.2f 










































626 


TARIFF.—AUSTRIA, 


Mirrors, framed or not, over 284 sq. inches. 

Articles of stone—sculptures, models, orna¬ 
ments of stone or baked earth, cement, and 
other mixtures, exclusive of amber and 
agate:— 

Diamonds; corals—worked, cut: pearls— 

all not set. 

Sculptures of stone, over 10 lbs. in weight; 
also in connection with wood not dyed or 
polished, or with plates of other than the 

precious metal. 

Other work of stone, over 10 lbs. in weight, 

as above. 

Fine work in stone, also stoneware; also in 
connection with wood or other than the 
precious metals, not silvered or gilded... 

Pottery—porcelain and other manufactures of 
clay or earth:— 

Very common pottery, glazed or not; cruci¬ 
bles . .. 

Common—stoneware, of one color, or white, 
not gilded; pottery, in connection with 
wood, polished, varnished, painted, &c. ; 

jars with covers of tin. 

Medium—1. Stoneware, of more than one 

color, painted, gilded, or silvered. 

2. Porcelain, white, with colored or gilded 

border. 

Fancy—porcelain painted or gilded; fine 
pottery of all kinds, not classified as fancy 
goods . 


$7.20 


5.76 


0.48 

0.48 

5.76 

0.12 

2.16 

2.8S 

2.88 

7.20 


XVII.— Manufactures of Metal. 

1. Lead:— 

Toys, also those in part of lead, varnished, 
painted, not gilded or silvered: all articles 
in connection with other material not be¬ 
longing to fancy goods. 5.76 

2. Iron:— 

Very common—not polished or varnished.. 2.40 

Common—axes, saws, scythes, planes, files, 
rasps, common knives, large scissors, 
sieve-bottoms of wire, &c.: all articles of 
the same, in connection with wood, except 

fancy ware. 2.88 

Fine—all articles polished, varnished (ex¬ 
cept sewing needles), not gilded or silver¬ 
ed ; all articles of iron in connection with 
other materials (excluding fancy goods); 
cow-bells of sheet-iron, knives, and scis¬ 
sors; wire and net-work (exclusive of 
sieve-bottoms); hooks and eyes, weavers’ 
cards, arms and parts of arms (exclusive 


of guns). 7.20 

Writing pens, watch materials, guns of all 

kinds. 7.20 

Crochet needles, knitting needles, steel 

beads. 7.20 

Sewing needles. 12.20 


Manufactures of aluminium, copper, brass, 
packfong, tombac, zinc, tin, and other, not 
precious metals, not included above, and 
not gilded or silvered, fine; nor covered 
with gold lace, exclusive of ornaments for 
men or women:— 

Articles of zinc or tin, common; kettles, 
plates, dishes, pots, and other kitchen 


utensils. 2.40 

Kitchen utensils and the like, of other than 

the precious metals. 3.60 

Fine articles, that is, all not included above; 
also all in connection with other materials 
not specified as fancy goods of leather. 
India-rubber, etc. 7.20 


(This includes, also, bronze powder, gold 
and silver leaf, pearls of metal, leonine 
wire, plated wire, and sheets of copper or 
brass.) 


XVIII.— Vessels and Vehicles. 

Ships, boats, &c., of wood, parts of iron ot 

copper... 

Ships of iron and steamships. 

Carriages, sleighs, &c. :— 

Wagons and sleighs for freight. 

Carriages and sleighs for passengers, with*- 

out leather work or upholstery. 

Carriages and sleighs, finished. 

Railroad cars. 

XIX.— Instruments , Machines , Fancy Goods. 
Instruments: Astronomical, surgical, mathe¬ 
matical, musical, optical, exclusive of eye 
and opera glasses; philosophical and chemi¬ 
cal for laboratories, of any material:— 

Musical. 

Not enumerated. 

Machines:— 

Of cast iron. 

Of wrought iron or steel. 

Of other metals not precious. 

Fancy goods, that is, all articles of gold, silver, 
and other precious metals; diamonds, 
pearls, corals, amber; of common metals, 
gilded or silvered, fine (exclusive of plated 
or silvered wire, copper or brass sheets), not 
being articles of clothing or millinery:— 
Very fine—diamonds and pearls set; arti¬ 
cles in connection with woven materials, 
corals, pearls, glass, hair, tortoise shell, 
&c.; also watches of gold and silver.. 
Fine—gold and silver leaf, fine; jewelry, 
not included above; articles of platina 
or other precious metals; articles of 
metal gilded or silvered, fine ; also in 
connection with other materials; watch¬ 
es of gold or silver; articles partly of 
woven materials not belonging to cloth¬ 
ing or millinery. 

Common—wall-clocks, not of wood ; arti¬ 
cles of other than the precious metals 
covered with gold or silver lace; imita¬ 
tion jewelry; articles of wax; opera 
and eye glasses (set), not in frames of 
precious metal; musical strings of gut 

covered with silk. 

Other musical strings. 

Very common. 

XX .—Chemical Products , Dyestuffs , Fire¬ 
works , dec. 

Medicines, prepared, such as mixtures, pills, 
powders, artificial balsams; plasters, salves, 
tinctures; medicinal vinegars, honey, or 
wines; comfits, pastes; all medicinal pre¬ 
parations in capsules; all essences marked 
with labels as medicinal; hair dyes, extracts, 

mithridates. 

(If put up in a form which, in its nature, 
belongs to fancy goods, the duty as for lat¬ 
ter is applied.) 

Fish glue, farina, hair powder, starch, paste, 
substitutes of gum, boneblack, wagon grease, 

shoe blacking.centner, gross. 

Chemical products and dyes—inks, inkpow- 
ders, varnishes, polishes, perfumeries, colors 
for painting, lead pencils; all colors in 

shells, paste, or boxes. 

Chemical products and manufactures, not 
specially enumerated — fireworks, yeast, 
pastiles, sealing-wax; wax dyed; lemon 
juice in bottles, chloroform, sulphuric ether, 
preparations of quicksilver, cinnabar, can¬ 
dles, soaps. 

Candles and soaps :— 

Candles of wax, wax in sticks. 

Candles of stearine and spermaceti. 

Candles of tallow . 

Pitch torches.. „. .. . 


$0.2t 

2.51 


1.26 


7.56 

•50.40 

144.00 


4.80 

2.16 

1.20 

1.92 

3.60 


126.00 


48.00 


24.00 

14.40 

7.20 


7.20 


0.36 


7.20 


2.40 

3.84 

2.52 

1.51 

0.36 












































TARIFF.—PORTUGAL. 


627 


Soap, not perfumed. $1.51 

Italian. 1.26 

perfumed. 7.56 

Fireworks, Ac., fulminates:— 

Sulphured thread and matches, fuse, Ac., 

centner, gross. 0.36 

Caps, copper, for fire-arms. 7.68 

Gunpowder (uuder special conditions). 12.60 

Guncotton, explosive acids. 126.00 

XXI.— Books, Works of Art , Ac. 

Book, scientific charts, and music. 1.51 

Pictures on paper, from lithographs in copper, 

wood, or stone; also photographs. 3.88 

Paintings, on wood or metal, not varnished ; 


on canvas; also original sketches and draw¬ 
ings on paper, not multiplied by engraving 


or printing; plates for printing pictures, of 
other than the precious metals or of wood. $0.38 

XXII.— Waste and Refuse. 

Salt manures. Free. 

All vegetable and mineral waste. Free. 

All rags, and other waste for manufacture of 

Paper . Free. 

All bones, horns, and other animal waste; 

also torn pieces of leather. Free. 

EXPORT. 

Hides and skins, common.centner, gross. 1.20 

Waste, all, as above; old cordage, old nets, 

waste paper.centner, gross. 1.44 

Waste, Ac., if exported from Hungary or 

military frontier.centner, gross. 0.96 

Bones, horns, and other animal matter, 

centner, gross. 0.36 


PORTUGAL. 

Tariff of Imports. 


Rates of duties expressed in United States gold coin. 


Class I.—Living Animals. 

Cows.each $0,367 

Sheep and goats.Free. 

Swine. each 0.118 

Horses.do. 2.484 

Mules.do. 1.138 

Asses.do. 0.615 

Leeches. 0.108 

Living animals not enumerated.Free. 

Class II.—Animal Products. 

Meat—Fresh, dry, or in any way prepared, 

kilog. 0.081 

Hides and skins, raw or prepared :— 

Of animals mentioned under No. 1, green, 

kilog. 0.005 

Of animals mentioned under No. 1, dry, 

kilog. 0.007 

For manufacturing hats.Free. 

Not enumerated.per cent. 20 

Brazil chamois in bark.kilog. 0.01 

Tanned sole leather. do. 0.037 

Tanned cowhides. do. 0.054 

Not specified. do. 0.216 

Tanned in various manners:— 

Furs of every color or finish. do. 0.81 

Parchment, raw and in sheets. do. Free. 

Not specified. do. 0.216 

Tanned, colored, morocco, varnished do. 0.378 

Manufactures of fur or leather:— 

Simply cut furs. do. 1.62 

Simply cut, not enumerated. do. 0.648 

For apparel, with its additions. do. 6.48 

Gloves, finished or not.pair 0.108 

Garters, suspenders, including ornaments 

and garnishing.kilogs. 2.70 

Wine bags, leather bottles, flagons, bottles, 

and similar articles.each 0.216 

Not specified, including ornaments, Ac. 

kilog. 1.08 

Leather waste, scraps, or remnants.. Free. 

Hair—Raw.Free. 


Hair—Prepared. do. $0,216 

Manufactured. do. 5.40 

Horsehair—Raw or prepared. do. 0.022 

Manufactured mattresses, includ¬ 
ing covering. .kilog. 0.108 

Manufactured, not enumerated, 

kilog. 0.213 

Bristles—Raw or prepared. do. 0.022 

Crude.Free. 

Feathers—Quills for writing. do. 0.054 

Manufactures of ornamental feath¬ 
ers.kilogs. 2.70 

Other manufactures, not specified. 

kilog. 0.054 

Hard materials—Teeth of seahorse. do. 0.216 

Teeth of elephant, manufac- 

t tures of.kilog. 5.40 

Other teeth not enumerated. Free. 
Bones, bone-dust, or calcined. Free. 
Bone, manufactured.. .kilog. 3.24 
Horns, raw, leaf, or scrapings, 

hoofs.Free. 

Horns, manufactured, of rhi¬ 
noceros and deer.... kilog. 0.081 
Horns, manufactured, not 

specified .kilog. 3.24 

Hoofs, buttons manufactured 

of.kilog. 0.81 

Hoofs, manufactured, not spe¬ 
cified .kilog. 1.62 

Nerves (sinews). Free. 

Guts—Salted or dry.kilog. 0.081 

In cord. do. 0.54 

In leaf and blood dried.Free. 

Fat—Tallow, raw, strained, and residue .... Free. 

Tallow candles, ordinary.kilog. 0.032 

Tallow candles, stearine. do. 0.054 

Not specified. do. 0.054 

Wax—Raw, clean and residue, yellow... do. 0.010 

Raw, clean and residue, white.... do. 0.032 

Manufactures of do. 0.054 



































































TARIFF.—PORTUGAL. 


028 


Milk, &c.—Milk .5 per cent. 

Butter.kilog. $0,149 

Cheese, fine. do. 0.162 

Cheese, ordinary. do. 0.081 

Honey. do. 0.005 

Eggs and albumen, dried. Free. 

Musk.kilog. 16.20 

Hartshorn shavings.Free. 

Not enumerated.per cent. 5 

Substances for perfumeries. do. 20 

Materials for dyeing—Cochineal.kilog. 0.03 

Not enumerated... .per 

cent. 20 

Manures. Free. 

Waste and products of animals not specified. 

per cent. 5 

Class III.—Fisheries. 

Fish, Fresh water.kilog. 0.037 

Sardines, sea. do. 0.004 

Sea, not enumerated. do. 0.036 

Preserved in oil. do. 0.075 

Shellfish. do. 0.002 

Coral, raw or in pieces.Free. 

Cut, not polished.Free. 

Polished or manufactured.kilog. 0.216 

Sponges. do. 0.108 

Pearls.per cent. 1 

Shells.Free. 

Mother-of-pearl, cut or uncut.Free. 

Buttons, manufactured of.kilog. 0.54 

Manufactures not specified. do. 0.81 

Tortoise-shell—Raw. do. 0.216 

Pieces.Free. 

Manufactures.kilog. 5.40 

Claws. Free. 

Whalebone—Raw.kilog. 0.005 

Cut or prepared. do. 0.432 

Manufactures of. do. 0.648 

Oils—Of cod-liver, and similar. do. 0.010 

Others not specified. do. 0.005 

Fish lard. do. 0.008 

Spermaceti—Crude.Free. 

Purified.kilog. 0.016 

Manufactured. do. 0.054 

Products of fisheries not enumerated and raw. 

per cent. 5 

Class IV.—Wool and Hair. 

Wool—Raw, washed or not.per 100 kilogs. 0.005 

Dyed.kilog. 1.62 


Woollen yarn for embroidery, white. 

kilog. 1.62 

Woollen yarn for embroidery, dyed. 

kilog. 2.70 

Woollen yarn not specified, white, do. 0.729 

Woollen yarn not specified, dyed. do. 1.188 

Hair, raw.Free. 

Tissues of wool:— 

Loose and transparent, thread and lace- 

work, one or more colors.kilog. 1.08 

Loose and transparent, merino, one or more 

colors.kilog. 2.70 

Loose and transparent, not specified. do. 1.62 

Thick, of short wool, baize, one color do. 0.486 
Thick, of short wool, baize, stamped, do. 0.432 
Thick, of short wool, linseys, white., do. 0.S1 
Thick, of short wool, linseys, colored not 

specified.kilog. 0.486 

Thick, of long wool or velvety. do. 0.81 

Thick, damasked. do. 1.08 

Thick, shorn, lustre. do. 0.486 

Thick, shorn, not specified. do. 1.08 

Thick, not specified. do. 1.62 

Mesh or network, one or more colors, do. 1.494 

Ribbons, one or more colors. do, 1.728 

Shawls, of cashmere, one color, or with 

stamped trimming.kilog. 1.752 

Shawls, merino, one or more colors.. do. 4.072 


Shawls not specified, one or more colors.. 

kilog. $3,521 


Mixed. (See note, page 633.) 
Shawls of cashmere or other hair.., 


Manufactures of wool and of hair .— 



0.37$ 

. do. 

2.70 

. do. 

0.81 

. do. 

2.70 


0.010 


0.432 


0.27 


0.005 


0.27 


1.728 


1.76 


1.728 

. do. 

1.76 

as tis- 

1.728 


Free. 

.kilog. 

0.081 

. do. 

1.08 

. do. 

2.70 

. do. 

5.40 

. do. 

8.10 

. do. 

6.80 


Free. 

. kilog. 

6.70 

. do. 

1.16 

. do. 

5.40 

. do. 

6.804 

, do. 

8.10 

. do. 

6.804 

, do. 

6.800 

. do. 

: times 

5.40 


sues of the same material. 

Class V.— Silk. 


Tissues:— 

Laces and shawls of lace or thread. 


Bolting cloths.Free. 

Shaw'ls not specified.kilog. 

Handkerchiefs, pocket. do. 

Handkerchiefs not specified. do. 

Tissues not classified, plain. do. 

Tissues not classified, worked. do. 

Manufactures of silk—Girdles. do. 

Mesh or network. do. 

Hosiery not specified. do. 

Other articles not specified pay three times 
the duties as tissues of which made. 

Class YI.—Cotton. 

Cotton—Cotton seed.Free. 

Cotton, raw.100 kilogs. 0.005 

Cotton wadding .per kilog. 0.216 

Cotton yarn, single, raw. do. 

Cotton yarn, single, white. do. 

Cotton yarn, single, dyed. do. 

Cotton yarn, twisted. do. 

Tissues of cotton :— 

Loose and transparent, lace. do. 

Of ordinary thread. do. 

Marline and gauze webbing. do. 

Barege. 

Cambrics, not finished. do. 

Cambrics, others not enumerated.... 

Others not specified, plain. do. 

Others not specified, worked. do. 

Close-worked:— 

Sail cloth. do. 

Dutch. do. 

Muslin, white. do. 

Muslin, stamped or printed. do. 

Not specified:— 

Raw, of 11 threads warp, in 5 millimetres. 

kilog. 0.108 

Raw, of 12 threads warp, in 5 millimetres, 

or more.kilog. 0.162 

White, of 11 threads warp, in 5 millimetres. 

kilog. 0.135 

White, of 12 threads warp, in 5 millimetres, 

or more. kilog. 0.189 

Stamped or dyed (printed). do. 0.594 

With wool, close-worked :— 

Linsey, one color. do. 0.594 

Linsey, of more than one color. do. 0.81 

Covers. do. 0.594 

Moleskins, dyed. do. 0.243 

Moleskins, pressed. do. 0.459 


do. 

0.145 

do. 

0.216 

do. 

0.243 

do. 

0.324 

do. 

2.70 

do. 

0.595 

do. 

0.162 

do. 

0.648 

do. 

0.216 

do. 

0.756 

do. 

1.183 

do. 

1.62 

do. 

0.108 

do. 

0.162 

do. 

0.297 

do. 

0.594 












































































































TARIFF. —PORTUGAL. 


629 


Velvety tissues—Shag.kilog. $0,594 

Velveteen and corded vel¬ 
veteen.kilog. 0.243 

Cotton velvets. do. 0.486 

Closely woven—Damasked. do. 0.432 


Braided, corded, or plain quiltings., do. 0.864 
Braided, corded, or plain floss silk and caps. 

kilog. 1.188 

Braided, corded, or plain serge, raw, do. 0.216 
Braided, corded, or plain counterpanes.do. 0.594 
Braided, corded, or plain, raw or white, not 


specified.kilog. 0.459 

Printed or stamped, not specified_ do. 0.594 

Ribbons. do. 0.486 

Shawls and laces of tissues, printed or 

pressed.kilog. 0.756 

Shawls and laces not specified, as tissues of 
which made. 

Carpets.kilog. 0.216 

Cotton wicks. do. 0.54 

Manufactures of cotton:— 

Mesh work, Scotch. do. 1.404 

Mesh work not specified. do. 1.188 

Hosiery not specified. do. 1.188 


Other manufactures not enumerated, double 
duty—pay as tissues of which they are 


made. 

Class VII.—Flax. 

Flax, raw:— 

Abaca and jute.100 kilogs. 0.009 

Not specified.per kilog. 0.004 

White. do. 0.129 

Combed. do. 0.648 

Yarns, single, raw. do. 0.27 

Yams, single, white. do. 0.39 

Yams, single, dyed. do. 0.54 

Yarns, twisted, raw. do. 1.08 

Yams, twisted, white. do. 1.62 

Yams, twisted, dyed. do. 2.16 

Yams, glossy (glazed thread). do. 0.864 

Tow, raw. do. 0.009 

Tow, twisted. do. 0.324 

Lint for the treatment of wounds.Free. 

Linen tissues:— 

Loose and transparent— 

Lace, network, and half lace.kilog. 2.70 

Marline and gauze webbing. do. 0.216 

Not specified. do. 1.62 

Close woven and corded :— 

Hessian, glossed. do. 0.07 

Sail cloth, unbleached. do. 0.162 

Sail cloth, dyed. do. 0.27 

Dutch. do. 0.27 

Canvas, unbleached. do. 0.484 

Canvas, half bleached, for sails. do. 0.27 

Canvas, bleached. do. 0.594 

Sackcloth, unbleached. do. 0.484 

Sackcloth, bleached. do. 0.594 

Others. do. 1.08 

Damasked cloth. do. 0.81 

Tape. do. 0.54 

Carpets of flax. do. 0.27 


Shawls and lace, as corresponding tissues. 

Articles not classified, closely woven, do. 0.54 
Manufactures of linen:— 

Laces and needlework in Scotch thread. 

kilog. 1.404 

Other meshwork and needlework not speci¬ 
fied.kilog. 1.188 

Passementerie. do. 1.08 

All manufactures of linen not specified pay 
double the duties fixed on the tissues of 
which they are made. 

Clabs VIII.— Timber. 

Timber....kilog. 0.002 

Squared, common, sawed, to 2.75 centime¬ 
tres thick.metre 0.010 


Squared, common, sawed, from 2.75 to 5.50 

centimetres.metref 0.021 

Squared, common, sawed, from 5.50 to 8.25 

centimetres.metre 0.032 

Squared, common, saw r ed, 8.25 centimetres 

and more.metre 0.043 

In veneers, for cabinet work.kilog. 0.162 

In veneers, not specified. do. 0.010 

Rafters and beams.metre 0.021 

Small beams and pieces.do. 0.108 

Shingles.each 0.021 

Rods and bars.do. 0.043 

Staves for casks, dry.hundred 0.108 

Staves to 80 centimetres length... do. 0.108 


Staves from 80 to 150 centimetres length. 

hundred 0.162 

Staves from 105 to 127 centimetres length. 

hundred 0.27 

Staves from 127 to 157 centimetres length. 

hundred 0.356 

Staves above 157 centimetres length, do. 1.35 
Ship’s masts or spars, from 11 to 18 cents 
each according to length. 

Bow3.Free. 

Manufactures of wood— 

Boards of ordinary wood, white or painted. 

kilog. 0.021 

Small articles for table use, instruments of 
art, lineal measures and measures of ca¬ 


pacity .kilog. 0.54 

Picture frames, all kinds.per cent. 30 

Oars, plain or finished.each 0.047 

Sticks, goads.do. 0.047 

Articles complete or incomplete, not speci¬ 
ally enumerated.per cent. 35 

Bark, raw, aud saw dust.Free. 

Bark, prepared.kilog. 0.032 

Coal.Free. 

Class IX.—Breadstuffs.* 

Oats, rye, and barley. 10 kilogs.+0.043 

Flour, of barley, oats, millet, and rye. do. +0.054 

Flour, of wheat, common. do +0.059 

Flour, of wheat, refined. do. +0.686 

Millet, in the grain. do. +0.043 

Baked bread, biscuits. do. +0.702 

Wheat, in the grain. do. +0.54 

Other cereals not classified. do. +0.432 

Crains for seed. kilog. 0.027 

Rice, not hulled. do. 0.010 

Rice, half prepared (not cleaned) . do. 0.013 

Rice, hulled. do. 0.016 

Canary seed and pannicle. do. 0.013 

Chestnuts.Free. 

Dried vegetables—Beans. do. 0.005 

Not specified. do. 0.016 

Roots—Potatoes. do. 0.005 

Salep roots. do. 0.010 

Not specified.Free. 

Barley grits...kilog. 0.021 

Flour of mandioca. do. 0.005 

Farina. .... do. 0.010 

Starch. do. 0.008 

Maize. do. 0.054 

Biscuits. do. 0.081 

Barley, for seed.Free. 

Grain breadstuffs not specified, not shelled or 

for seed.kilog. 0.008 

Class X.—Articles called Colonial Goods. 

Sugar—Not refined.kilog. 0.081 

Refined. do. 0.135 

Molasses.kilog. 0.021 

Comfits, in juice. do. 0.075 

Comfits, dry, and sweet cakes. do. 0.135 

Vanilla and fragrant beans. Free. 


Cacao and shells, from Portug. Possess. . kilog. 0.005 


* Duties on cereals are regulated by special law. 
+ Municipal duties for the port of Lisbon. 





































































































630 


TARIFF.—PORTUGAL. 


Cacao and shells, from other parts.kilog. $0,021 

Chocolate. do. 0.108 

Coffee—in the shell, from Portuguese 

Possessions. do. 0.015 

in the shell, from other countries do. 0.060 
shelled, from Portuguese Pos¬ 
sessions. do. 0.018 

shelled, from other countries... do. 0.075 

Tea. do. 0.496 

Spices:— 

Cummin seed. do. 0.054 

Pepper. do. 0.081 

Guinea pepper. do. 0.027 

Not specified. do. 0.108 

Proserved, mustard. do. 0.27 

Preserved, others not specified.... do. 0.108 
Tobacco, in leaves or rolls:— 

Prom Cape Verde. do. 0.108 

From Brazil. do. 0.162 

Prom other countries. do. 0.216 


Manufactured and cigars, double duties, 
as tobacco in leaves or rolls. 


Class XI.—Various Vegetable Articles. 
Fruit:— 

Fresh, from Europe. kilog. 

Fresh, exotic. do. 

Dry, from Europe.. do. 

Dry, exotic . do. 

Pot-herbs, green or dry, and green vegetables 

Preserved fruits, in spirits. do. 

Preserved fruits, pickled or in vinegar., do. 

Preserved pot-herbs or vegetables. do. 

Preserved in hermetically sealed vessels, do. 

Forage.Free. 

Plants and seeds for agriculture. Free. 

Fibrous materials, raw:— 

Of the cocoanut, twisted. 

Of the cocoanut, not twisted.Free. 

Indian hemp.Free. 

Black rush .per 100 kilog. 

Esparto, and others not specified.... do. 

Lnmahuma.. do. 

Vegetable gums—Gums. .per kilog. 

Resins, copal. .•. do. 

Resins, gomma laca, and dragon’s blood.. 

Resins, colophonium, turpentine.Free. 

Resins, naphtha, tar, and pitch.kilog. 0.004 

Resins not specified. do. 0.013 

Resinous gums.5 per cent. 

Natural balsams.5 per cent. 


0.010 

0.002 

0.032 

0.016 

Free. 

0.075 

0.037 

0.037 

0.135 


0.003 


0.005 

0.008 

0.005 

0.027 

0.027 

Free. 


Oils, liquid—Oil of Florence.kilog. 

Not specified.decalitre. 


0.108 

0.54 


Oils, fixed—Concrete. Free. 

Oils, volatile—Of turpentine.. 

Not specified. 

Gums— Camphor, raw. 


, kilog. 

0.108 

. do. 

0.216 


0.043 


0.010 


Free. 

.kilog. 

0.005 

. do. 

0.54 

. do. 

0.027 

. do. 

0.054 

. do. 

0.162 

. do. 

0.648 


Free. 


Free. 


Free. 

kilog. 

0.010 

. do. 

0.054 

. do. 

0.086 


Free. 


Medicinal articles 


Not specified.5 per cent. 

Substances for perfumeries:— 

Roots, hulls, and shells. Free. 

Fruits and seeds.kilog. 0.054 

Not specified.20 per cent. 

Dyestuffs: Wild saffron.kilog. 0.032 

Saffron, alkanet, orchilla weed, sumac... Free. 


Roots, hulls, and shells, red, whole. Free. 

Roots, hulls, and shells, red, powdered. 

kilog. $0,004 

Roots, hulls, and shells, not specified do. 0.001 

Berries. Free. 

Gall-nuts.kilog. 0.010 

Not specified.20 per cent. 

Fruits and seeds for distilling.kilog. 0.054 

Oleous seeds. do. 0.001 

Yeast. Free. 

Dry materials for use in the arts. Free. 

Vegetable materials, not classified.5 per cent. 

Class XII.—Metals. 

Gold—Ore, powder, and broken pieces.Free. 

Beaten and laminated, in leaves... .kilog. 2.16 
Beaten and laminated, not specified, do. 54.00 

Drawn (wire). do. 54.00 

Manufactures: gold medals. do. 0.054 

gold coin. do. Free. 

Gold lace work. do. 21.60 

Jewelry, not specified. do. 54.00 

Jewelry, with gems or pearls (extra) 

1 per cent. 

Goldsmiths’ work.kilog. 54.00 

Plating—Sponge or powder.Free. 

Laminated or drawn.kilog. 2.70 

Manufactures of platina.'.. do. 21.60 

Silver—Ore or broken pieces. Free. 

Beaten and laminated, in leaves.kilog. 1.08 

Beaten and laminated, not specified., do. 5.40 

Wire. do. 5.40 

Manufactures— 

Plate, also, if gilded. do. 16.20 

Medals. do. 0.054 

Coin. Free. 

Lace work..kilog.10.80 

Jewelry, not specified. do. 32.80 

Jewelry, with gems or pearls (extra) 

1 per cent. 

Silversmiths’ work, not specified.kilog. 32.80 

Iron—Pig. do. 0.002 

In bars. do. 0.003 

Balls... do. Free. 

Laminated. do. 0.003 

Laminated and tinned. do. 0.003 

Laminated and galvanized... do. 0.004 

Drawn into wire. do. 0.037 

Drawn into wire, covered with silk, 

cotton, or paper. do. 0.324 

Wire, in pieces. do. 0.054 

Manufactures of cast iron—Nails.... do. 0.108 

Castings not specified. do. 0.081 

Varnished, tinned, or enamelled, not 

specified. do. 0.135 

Plain or varnished, each piece weigh¬ 
ing over 135 kilogrammes, not speci¬ 
fied.kilog. 0.032 

Manufactures of wrought and sheet iron:— 

Cables, chains, anchors.kilog. 0.010 

Shovels. do. 0.081 

Nails, plain. do. 0.108 

Nails, with brass heads. do. 0.216 

Plain articles, not specified. do. 0.189 

Polished or varnished articles, not 

specified.kilog. 0.27 

Tinned, including ornaments, not spe¬ 
cified.kilog. 0.405 

Of Flanders sheet iron, not speci¬ 
fied.kilog. 0.432 

Manufactures of wire:— 

Pins, clasps, hackles. do. 0.135 

Nails. do. 0.108 

Articles not specified. do. 0.054 

Steel—In bars. do. 0.004 

In springs for vehicles, laminated... do. 0.027 

Not specified, laminated.... do. 0.162 

Wire. do. 0.054 



















































































































TAIU1T. —PORTUGAL. 


031 


Manufactures—Cutlery, with handles— 

Of mother-of-pearl, ivory, tortoise, and 


unicorn.kilog. $0,378 

Of whalebone, or other hard animal 

material; also of horn.kilog. 0.324 

Of wood or metal. do. 0.27 

Inlaid with gold or silver. do. 0.54 

Clasp-knives, with wooden han¬ 
dles. do. 0.108 

Scissors. do. 0.54 

Various articles— 

Iron tools. do. 0.081 

Not specified. do. 0.162 

Copper—Ore, and in balls.Free. 

Pure, cast.kilog. 0.002 

Pure, beaten and laminated, in pigs, for 

manufacture.kilog. 0.021 

Pure, beaten and laminated, not specified. 

kilog. 0.002 

Pure, wire. do. 0.054 

Alloyed with zinc (brass)— 

Balls.Free. 

Cast.kilog. 0.002 

Beaten and laminated, in pigs, 

for manufacture. do. 0.027 

Beaten and laminated, not spe¬ 
cified . do. 0.002 

Wire...... do. 0.054 

Alloyed with pewter (bronze)— 

Cast and Balls.Free. 

Otherwise.As brass. 

Alloyed with nickel (argentine)— 

Cast and Balls. Free. 

Otherwise.As brass. 

Copper plates. Free. 

Manufactures of copper, pure or alloyed :— 

Of wire.kilog. 0.054 

Fancy articles. do. 2.16 

Buttons, plain. do. 0.54 

Buttons, fancy. do. 0.81 

Nails. do. 0.216 

Articles gilded, not otherwise specified 

kilog. 0.54 

Articles not specified. do. 0.27 

Lead—Balls. Free. 

In pigs.kilog. 0.003 

In bars and sheets. do. 0.003 

Alloyed with antimony. Free. 

Manufactures: Small shot. ...kilog. 0.032 

Others, not specified. do. 0.054 

Pewter—Old broken pieces.Free. 

Blocks.kilog. 0.002 

Alloyed for soldering. Free. 

In bars and sheets.kilog. 0.002 

Manufactured. do. 0.216 

Zinc—Cast and old broken pieces. Free. 

Beaten, laminated.kilog. 0.010 

Manufactured. do. 0.075 

Antimony—Metallic . Free. 

Sulphurate.kilog. 0.001 

Manufactured. do. 0.043 

Quicksilver. do. 0.002 

Metals—Not classified, crude.Free. 

Manufactures—as manufactures of copper. 

Minerals—Of manganese.kilog. 0.003 

Not specified.... . Free. 

Sulphur: Crude. Free. 

Refined, sublimated.kilog. 0.001 

Raw materials for arts, building, &c.:— 

Cement. kilog. 0.000 

Chalk, crude. do. 0.000 

Chalk, calcined. do. 0.002 

Heavy spar (carbonate of barytes)... do. 0.005 

Earth, for dyes, ochres, etc. do. 0.005 

Stones, for millstones. do. 0.000 

Others, not specified.. Free. 

Combustibles, fossils, and similar products.... Free. 
Diamonds, raw. .per cent. % 


do. 

0.734 

do. 

1,08 

do. 

0.377 

dc. 

1.188 

do. 

1.62 

do. 

1.62 

do. 

1.62 

do. 

1.188 


Diamonds, set...1 per cent. 

Minerals, raw, not classified.. Free. 

Manufactures of alabaster, jasper, asbestos, and 

similar, of plaster, moulded.kilog. $0. CIO 

Not specified.... do. 0.001 

Class XIV. 

Liquors, fermented—Beer.decalitre. 0.734 

Cider. do. 

Wine. do. 

Vinegar.... do 

Distilled—Spirits alcohol, 33 degrees. 

Spirits alcohol, above 33 degrees. 

Geneva. do. 

Liqueurs. do. 

Beverages not enumerated. do. 

Glass and crystal:— 

In polished plate of more than 756 square 

centimetres, tin covered.6 sq. cent. 0.002 

Not covered. do. 0.001 

In polished plate to 756 square centimetres, 
tinned or not, including boxes and 

frames.kilog. 0.054 

In plate, not polished, of any kind... do. 0.172 

All articles more or less finished, blown, 
moulded, engraved, of any form or 

color.kilog. 0.172 

Vessels of ordinary glass, black and 

green. do. 0.005 

Jewelry and pieces for jewelry. do. 0.054 

Artificial gems and false pearls. do. 0.54 

Broken pieces. Free. 

Crockery—Of clay, ordinary.kilog. 0.021 

Of clay, fine. do. 0.108 

Of stone, ordinary. do. 0.002 

Of stone, fine. do. 0.081 

Of porcelain. do- 0.324 

Dutch tile. do. 0.054 

Bricks. do. 0.010 

Not specified. do. 0.001 

Utensils of glass, crystal, or crucibles, for 
scientific use, for the arts, or chemical 
laboratories, complete or detached, also 
separate pieces for instruments and 

apparatus.kilog. 0.001 

Class XVI.—Paper and its Applications. 
Paper: For writing, all kinds and colors..kilog. 0.108 

For printing, any color. do. 0.032 

For drawing... do. 0.037 

For mapping. do. 0.054 

Silvered, without distinction. do. 0.010 

Gilded, ordinary. do. 0.010 

Gilded, fine. do. 0.021 

Waste paper. Free. 

Pasteboard.kilog. 0.038 

Playing cards. do. 0.108 

Charts. do. 0.27 

Maps, printed. do. 0.108 

Music, printed, lithographed, or manuscript 

kilog. 0.032 

Engravings. do. 0.054 

Maps, geographical. Free. 

Books in foreign languages. Free. 

Books, in Portuguese, by authors living in 

foreign countries. Free. 

Books, in Portuguese, by authors living in 

Portugal.kilog. 

Books, reprinted from Portuguese lan¬ 
guage, if not 20 years since their last 

edition.kilog. 

Books, blank. do. 

Books, bound. do. 

Rags, &c., for manufacturing paper.Free. 

Class XVII.—Chemical Products. 

Brome and Iodine. Free. 

Phosphorus. kilog. 0.108 

Hydrog. of iron.5 per cent. 

Acids—Boracic. Free. 

Sulphuric.kilog. 0.005 


0.108 


0.108 

0.162 

0.054 



















































































































632 


TARIFF. —PORTUGAL. 


Acids—Chlorhydric.kilog. $0,081 

Arsenic. Free. 

Acetic. Free. 

Citric.kilog. 0.135 

Tartaric. do. 0.135 

Palmitic, crude or manufactured.... do. 0.054 

Stearic, or oleic. do. 0.054 

Not specified. do. 0.216 

Alkalies, caustic, solid or solutions. do. 0.756 

Alkaloids and their salts. do. 0.216 

Metallic oxides—Of magnesia. do. 0.054 

Of iron. do. Free. 

Of zinc. do. 0.005 

Of tin. do. 0.027 

Of lead. do. 0.005 

Of bismuth. do. 0.756 

Of antimony and mercury. do. 0.054 

Salts—Azote of potassium. do. 0.013 

Azote of soda.Free. 

Azote of ammonia, baryte, and strontia. 

kilog. 0.054 

Azote of lead. do. 0.135 

Azote of copper.Free. 

Azote of bismuth.kilog. 0.756 

Azote of crystallized silver. do. 6.48 

Chlorates. do. 0.135 

Hypochlorates, solid or liquid. do. 0.027 

Sulphates. do. 0.002 

Sulphates and hyposulphates. Free. 

Carbonates—Of potassium, crude.kilog. 0.005 

Of potassium, refined. do. 0.054 

Of soda, crude, natural. Free. 

Of soda, crude, artificial.kilog. 0.021 

Of soda, refined, dry. do. 0.021 

Of soda, crystallized. do. 0.013 

Of ammonia. do. 0.054 

Of magnesia. do. 0.054 

Of lead. do. 0.027 

Borate of soda. Free. 

Chlorates—Of ammonium.kilog. 0.012 

Of tin. do. 0.027 

Of mercury. do. 0.54 

Of soda. Free. 

Iodine.kilog. 0.216 

Chromates of potassium. do. 0.010 

Ferro-cyanite of potassium. Free. 

Acetates:—Of potassium.kilog. 0.27 

Of iron. Free. 

Of lead.kilog. 0.002 

Of copper. do. 0.054 

Citrate of magnesia. do. 0.54 

Oxalate (bi) of potassium. do. 0.135 

Tartrate (bi) of potassium, crude, refined, or 

white. Free. 

Sulphurates:— 

Of mercury.kilog. 0.027 

Not specified. Free. 

Ethers.kilog. 0.027 

Chloroform. Free. 

Glycerine. Free. 

Creosote. Free. 

Chests filled with chemical re-agents and spe¬ 
cimens for study. Free. 

Chemical products not specified.10 per cent. 


Class XVIII. —Various Products and Com¬ 
positions. 

Compound medicines:— 

Mineral waters, artificial and natural. 


kilog. 0.010 

Distilled waters, alcoholic. do. 0.27 

Distilled waters, not alcoholic. do. 0.054 

Salves and liniments. Free. 

Plasters and cere-cloth... Free. 

Not specified, including tare.5 per cent. 

Perfumeries—Cologne water.kilog. 0.324 

Aromatic spirits. do. 0.27 

Aromatic pomatum. do. 0.54 


Tooth powder.kilog.$0.27 

Balsamic preparations. do. 0.54 

Aromatic vinegars. do. 0.324 

Pastils, and odoriferous sticks.Free. 

Not specified.20 per cent. 

Products for dyeing—Carmine. Free. 

Extracts of saffron, in paper.kilog. 0.032 

Extracts, liquid, or in mass, of roots, 

barks, &c. 0.001 

Extracts, other liquid, or in mass. Free. 

Cudbear.kilog. 0.021 

Indigo. 0.013 

Lacs, of Brazilian pau.5 per cent. 

Lacs, others not specified.kilog. 0.010 

Not specified.20 per cent. 

Colors and paints:— 

Ashes, blue and green.kilog. 0.135 

Ultramarine.do. 0.054 

Blue of cobalt. Free. 

Prussian blue. Free. 

Chromic yellow.kilog. 0.054 

Boneblack and soot.do. 0.010 

Ink, writing.do. 0.054 

Ink, Chinese. Free. 

Ink, for printing and lithographing.Free. 

Blacking.kilog. 0.081 

Varnishes.do. 0.010 

Not specified, powdered, prepared with 
water, paint or oil, and miniature colors 

5 per cent. 

Soap. .kilog. 0.027 

Wash-balls.do. 0.162 

Sealing-wax.do. 0.137 

Wafers.do. 1.08 

Phosphorus matches, including packing. 

kilog. 0.054 

Fish-baits. . Free. 

Gelatine and fish glue.kilog. 0.032 

Other glues not specified. do. 0.005 

Artificial fireworks. Free. 

Artificial teeth. Free. 

Fulminating preparations for mines. Free. 

Fulminating preparations not specified., .kilog. 0.27 
Gunpowder.Prohibited. 


Class XIX. —Manufactures of various Mate¬ 
rials. 

Side arms, complete or in parts.15 per cent. 

Fire arms, for artillery and ordnance. 

1 per cent. 

Portable arms, complete or in parts.30 per cent. 

Instruments, apparatus, and detached por¬ 
tions :— 

Surgical, of India-rubber.kilog. 0.027 

Surgical, others, not specified.20 per cent. 

Mathematical, astronomical, and for 

schools.5 per cent. 

Utensils for chemistry, complete or in parts, of 

agate. Free. 

Others, not specified.5 per cent. 

Agricultural machines and implements, com¬ 
plete or in parts.kilog. 0.002 

Machines for industry, complete or in parts :— 

Cranes of iron/.kilog. 0.010 

Apparatus for distilling, also of copper 

kilog. 0.021 

Forms for types. 


Others not specified, if provided with 

declaration of their use.kilog. 0.002 

Owse (thread of linen).do. 0.021 

Type and ornaments for printing.do. 0.027 

Engravings in wood and stereotype plates.Free. 

Linen prepared for pnnting.Free. 

Models of machines, apparatus or instruments, 
of vehicles, architectural constructions, 

and plastic arts. Free. 

Articles of any kind for museums and collec¬ 
tions. . Free. 


























































































































TARIFF. —PORTUGAL. 


Pictures painted in oil or water-colors, frames 


not included.5 per cent. 

< eludes—Wagons for carrying goods.. .each §12.42 
Carts—stretchers and ambulances for the 

sick. .each. 2.16 

Carts—others not specified. do. 75.60 

Carriages. do. 248.40 

Sedans and litters. do. 5.94 

Time-pieces—Watches, pocket, gold_do. 1.188 

pocket, silver or other 

each. 0.647 

not specified_20 per cent. 

Materials for watches and other timepieces. 

each set 0.216 

Pieces of watch furniture.kilog. 0.216 

Music boxes.each 0.248 

Hats—Of straw, fine, plain. do. 0.972 

Of straw, fine, ornamented.do. 2.16 

Of straw, ordinary. do. 0.108 

Of felt, varnished. do. 0.972 

Not specified, for men. do. 0.972 

Not specified, for women, plain. do. 1.08 

Not specified, for women, trimmed... do. 2.16 

Hat felts. do. 0.324 

Caps and bonnets. do. 0.432 

Head-dresses for women.do. 2.16 

Umbrellas, parasols, rain-hoods:— 

Of silk. do. 1.404 

Of other material.do. 0.972 

Frames, complete.do. 0.864 

Frames, in parts. kilog. 1.900 

Shoes, or uppers. pair 0.864 

Caoutchouc and gutta-percha :— 

Woven with silk.kilog. 2.16 

Woven with other materials.do. 1.08 

Manufactured pipes or tubes. Free. 

Manufactured, not specified.kilog. 0.027 

Trunks and portmanteaus.each. 1.836 

Travelling bags.kilog. 1.08 

Game-bags for hunting.each. 0.54 

Oil-cloth, of silk.kilog. 0.54 

Of other tissues, for floor.do. 0.054 

Of other tissues, for other uses. do. 0.81 

Manufactures of oil-cloth.do. 1.08 

Matting—Of Esparto, braids.do. 0.001 

Of Esparto finished.do. 0.005 

Of straw, common. do. 0.108 

Of straw, fine. do. 0.216 

Mats—Of osier. do. 0.108 

Of palm-leaf. do. 0.001 

Of black rush.do. 0.021 

Of straw, braids and pieces.do. 0.54 

Of straw, not specified. do. 1.08 

Musical instruments—Harps.each 10.80 

Pianos. do. 24.84 

Not spefd., complete or in pts.25 per cent. 

Ships—New, or ready for sea, or which be¬ 
come nationalized.cubic metre. 9.72 

Steamships, to the year 1870. Free. 

Vessels condemned or unseaworthy, which 
must be dismantled when rebuilt, and 

nationalized.cubic metre. 2.70 

Cordage, of hemp—Cables, shrouds, and cords, 

tarred or not, new or old.kilog. 0.072 

Cables, shrouds, and cords, tarred, fit 

only to be untwisted. Free. 

Of hemp thread, tarred for coarse cloth or 
shrouds.kilog. 0.054 


Of hemp thread, for sailcoth.do. 0.108 


633 

Marline, thread, tarred or not, and sound¬ 


ing-lines.kilog. §0.108 

Fuses (gun-matches).do. 0.021 

Of cocoanut fibre, new. do. 0.086 

Of cocoanut fibre, old. Free. 

Of Esparto.kilog. 0.021 

Of black rush, new.do. 0.021 

Of black rush, old. . Free. 

Of Indian hemp, new.kilog. 0.864 

Of Indian hemp, old... Free. 

Mercery (fancy goods):— 

Brushes, with handles of mother-of-pearl, 

ivory, &c.kilog. 1.62 

Brushes, not specified.do. 1.08 

Cases for sewing and toilet.20 per cent. 

Fans...kilog. 1.08 

Artificial flowers, arranged or separate. 

kilog. 12.96 

Lead-pencils, fine, in wood.do. 0\54 

Lead-pencils, ordinary. do. 0.054 

Lead-pencils, in stone.do. Free. 

Painters’ brushes, fine. Free. 

Painters’ brushes, common.kilog. 0.40 

Handmills. with wooden box.each 0.216 

Galvanized chains. do. 0.108 

Canes, plain. do. 0.108 

Canes, ornamented.do. 0.216 

Toys.kilog. 0.27 

Fancy goods not specified. 0.40 

II. EXPORTS AND RE-EXPORTS. 

Cereals of Portugal. Free. 

Bark for tanning.kilog. 0.032 

Gold in any state. do. 5.40 

Silver in any state. do. 0.54 

Beverages, fermented:— 

Of aloe.decalitre. 0.015 

Beer, cider, and mead. do. 0.007 

Wine, port. do. 0.062 

Wine, not specified. do. 0.007 

Vinegar. do. 0.003 

Beverages, distilled:— 

Brandy.decalitre. 0.015 

Gin. do. 0.015 

Liquors. do. 0.015 

Not specified. do. 0.015 

Broken glass.kilog. 0.027 

Rags. do. 0.032 

Sarro of wine or crude tartar, including 

cream of tartar.kilog. 9.027 

Merchandise not specified :— 

Exported. % percent. 

Re-export.1 per cent. 


Note. —The rates to which tissues of silk, mixed 
with other materials, are subject, are as follows :— 

1. Mixed tissues in which the warp or filling are 
entirely silk, pay duty as silk. 

2. Mixed tissues, in which the warp or the filling 
is half or more than half silk, and the other of differ¬ 
ent material, they are charged with a mixed duty; 
half of the duty as if they were of silk entirely, and 
half the duty as if they were of the other material 
entirely. 

3. Mixed tissues, in which, the warp or filling is 
composed less than half of silk, pay one-quarter of 
the duty of same silk tissues, and three-quarters of 
the duty on the other material. 

4. Tissues mixed with gold or silver pay twenty- 
five per cent, above the duties fixed for the rt aterial 
of which they are made. 































































































GENERAL TARIFF.—ITALY. 


[Duties computed in gold dollars, United States.] 


Class I. 


Beverages ami oils. 


Mineral water, natural and artificial. 

100 kilogs. $0.19 

Wine in casks or skins.hectolitre. 0.97 

in bottles.bottle. 0.29 

Vinegar, in casks or bottles.hectolitre. 0.64 

Beer, in barrels. do. 1.40 

in bottles.bottle. 0.01 

Cider of sour grapes.hectolitre. 1.56 

Juice of orange and like fruits (100 bottles=1 

hectolitre). hectolitre. 1.56 

Brandy in pipes or casks, simple of 22 de¬ 
grees or less....hectolitre. 0.97 

Brandy simple, above 22 degrees.... do. 1.95 

compound. do. 11.70 

in bottle, simple.bottle. 0.019 

compound. do. 0.117 

Kirschenwasser, in barrels or casks. hectolitre. 1.95 

in bottles. do. 11.70 

Rum and Tafia, in barrels or casks.. do. 1.95 

in bottles.bottle. 0.117 

Oils, fixed—Olive.100 kilogs. 1.95 

Of sesame, and others not enum¬ 
erated, for domestic use or burn¬ 
ing ...100 kilogs. 1.95 

Of linseed, hempseed, palm, co- 
coanut, beech-seed, and others 
not specified, not for food or 

burning.100 kilogs. 0.97 

Oils, volatile—Of canella, cloves, rose, sassa¬ 
fras, etc.kilogs. 0.58 

Of camphor, crude or refined.. 

100 kilogs. 7. SO 

Of caoutchouc. do. 3.90 

Others not enumerated.kilogs. 0.117 


Class II. 

Colonial products, vegetables, gums, medici¬ 
nal articles, and chemical products ; colors, 
paints, miscellaneous articles, and per¬ 


fumery : 

Cocoa, ground.100 kilogs. 

bark and shell. do. 

Coffee. do. 

Canella, fine (of Ceylon).kilogramme. 

common (of Goa).100 kilogs. 

broken pieces. do. 

.Cassia, lignea. do. 

Confectionery and preserves in sugar or honey 

100 kilogs. 

(Cloves. do. 

Treacle (molasses). do. 

Nutmegs, unshelled. do. 

shelled.kilogramme. 

Pepper and pimento.100 kilogs. 

Syrups for drinking. do. 

Farina..—. do. 

Tea .kilogramme. 

Vanilla... do. 

Saffron. do. 

Sugar, refined, loaf, or powdered.. .100 kilogs. 

not refined. do. 

Vegetable gums—Pure, of Europe.. do. 

foreign.. do. 


9.75 

1.95 

9.75 

0.23 

9.75 

1.17 

9.75 

7.80 

19.50 

1.17 

6.82 

0.39 

7.80 

5.85 

1.95 

0.58 

0.48 

0.48 

4.87 

3.51 

0.76 

2.93 


Resins, indigenous—Crude.100 kilogs. $0.19 

Purified. do. 0.97 

Foreign and resinous gum: 

Copals, natural lac, and resinous lac do. 0.39 

Not specified. do. 2.93 

Resinous balsams, as benzoin, storax, and 

others not enumerated.100 kilogs. 2.93 

• Other gums—Bitter gum of the lemon tree... 

100 kilogs. 0.19 
Crude caoutchouc, terra japonica 

100 kilogs. 1.56 

Manna. do. 5.85 

Opium.kilogramme. 0.48 

Aloe, sarcocolo, storax, and others 

not specified.100 kilogs. 2.93 

Licorice. do. 2.93 

Medicinal—Herbs, leaves, and flowers do. 0.07 

Fruits and seeds—Cassia, natural or paste.... 

100 kilogs. 1.17 
Tamarinds in pulp or pre¬ 


served .100 kilogs. 5.85 

Mustard-seed in the grain. 

100 kilogs. 1.17 

Roots of—Ipecacuanha, rhubarb... do. 5.85 

Licorice .. do. 0.58 

Other medicinal roots. 1.95 

Lemon peel. 1.95 

Agaric. Free 

Leeches.100 kilogs. 5.85 

Musk.kilogramme. 5.85 

White of the whale, crude.100 kilogs. 0.97 

refined. do. 1.17 

Medicinal articles not enumerated.. do. 1.95 

Compound medicines: 

Medicinal waters. do. 1.95 

Not enumerated.kilogs. 0.19 

Chemical products: 

Acids, arsenic, white.100 kilogs. 1.17 

benzoic.kilogs. 0.39 

boracic. 100 kilogs. 0.29 

citric, tartaric, oxalic, and phos¬ 
phoric .100 kilogs. 1.56 

gallic, impure, or tincture of gall-nut 

100 kilogs. 0.78 

hydrochloric. do. 0.39 

nitric. do. 0.78 

oleic. do. 0.97 

sulphuric (vitriolic, or spirits and oil 

of vitriol).100 kilogs. 0.19 

stearic. do. 0.97 

not enumerated... do. 1.75 

Alkali, ammonia, potash pure or caustic, 

pure soda.100 kilogs. 0.97 

Oxide of iron, lead, tin, zinc. do. 0.39 

Salts—Acetate of iron, lead, copper, and alu¬ 
minium.100 kilogs. 0.39 

Carbonate of baryta. do. 0.39 

magnesia. do. 1.56 

lead. do. 1.95 

potassia (commercial pot¬ 
ash) .100 kilogs. 0.09 


soda (natron and artifi¬ 
cial soda)... 100 kilogs. 0.09 

Chloride and hypochloride of potassa. 

100 kilogs. 1.95 













































































TARIFF. 

Chloride of calcium, soda, and manganese.... 

lOOkilogs. $0.39 

Nitrate of silver.kilogramme. 0.78 

soda... Free. 

potassium.100 kilogs. 1.95 

Sea salt.Prohibited. 


Mineral salt (crystal). 


7.80 

Sulphate of aluminium and soda. 

do. 

0.39 

baryta. 


0.195 

iron, manganese, copper, zinc, bi- 


sulphate of zinc, 

iron, copper, 


and vitriol. 


0.39 

magnesia. 


0.23 

soda. 


0.19 

Tartar-emetic. 


Free. 

Sulphur of mercury. 

. kilogramme. 

0.19 

Chemical products: 



Cadmium, crude. 


1.95 

Antimony. 


1.95 

Iodine. 


1.95 

Bromine. 


1.95 

Borax, crude. 


1.95 

Kermes, mineral. 


1.95 

Not enumerated. 

do. 

1.95 

Colors—Ink, liquid colors,, or in powder or 


paste. 


11.70 

writing. 



Bed chalk, simply sawn or cut. 



100 kilogs. 

1.17 

compound. . 


9.75 

Black, bone black and white calcined 



100 kilogs. 

0.97 

other. 


0.97 

Prussiate of potassium, red or yellow. 



100 kilogs. 

1.95 

Colors in bladders, boxes, etc., and 


others not enumerated. ..100 kilogs. 

1.95 

Varnish of all sorts. 


1.95 

Articles for dyeing and tanning: 



Cochineal .. 


1.56 

Indigo. 

do. 

1.17 

Kermes, in grain or powder. 


1.56 

Paste of kermes and gualdo... 


2.93 

Bark for tanning, unground.... 


Free. 

ground . 


0.30 

Articles for dyeing or tanning not enumerated 



100 kilogs. 

0.39 

Orchil. 


0.39 

Extract of madder. 


0.39 

Turmeric (powdered). 


0.39 

Diverse articles and perfumeries: 



Starch . 


1.95 

Wax, yellow, crude. 


2.19 

refined. 


4.38 

white, crude. 


3.90 

refined. 


7.80 

Waste of candles. 


2.93 

Sealing wax. 

.kilogramme. 

0.19 

Chicory, unground. 

... 100 kilogs. 

0.48 

ground. 


<{.tW 

Chocolate. 

do. 

9.75 

Fulminating powder. 

.kilogramme. 

1.17 

Soap, all, common .. . 

... 100 kilogs. 

1.95 


perfumed. do. 11.70 

S] ecial preparations, mustard... do. 2.93 

sauces. do. 5.85 


Sponges, common. do. 3.90 

fine.kilogramme. 0.195 

Perfumery, civet cat, amber gray, all other.. 

lOOkilogs. 11.70 

Class III. 

Fruits , seeds , kerbs , plants , and forage. 

Fruit, fresh table.100 kilogs. 0.19 

oranges, bergamots, lemons.. do. 0.97 

citrons, citronettes. do. 0.01 

carobs. do. 0.29 

grapes.hectolitre. 0.48 


-ITALY. 635 

Fruit, not enumerated.lOOkilogs. $0.19 

dry or cooked dates. do. 2.34 

pistacchi, in shell do. 1.76 

shelled do. 5.85 

not enumerated do. 1.56 

preserved, in acid or salt.... do. 1.56 

in oil. do. 2.93 

inspirits. do. 3.90 

olives, green. do. 0.97 

almonds, in shell. do. 0.97 

shelled. do. 1.95 

nuts in shell. do. 0.19 

shelled. do. 0.58 

not enumerated. do. 0.58 

capers preserved. do. 1.56 

Oily seeds.,. do. 0.19 

Agaric. do. 1.17 

Teasels and forage. Free. 

Truffles and mushrooms.lOOkilogs. 2.93 

Green vegetables. Free. 

Preserved vegetables.. 100 kilogs. 1.56 

Hops. do. 0.59 

Alkaline plants. Free. 

Living plants, slips, and cuts of trees, for agri¬ 
culture. Free. 

Chiccory root, green.100 kilogs. 0.09 

dry. do. 0.58 

Seeds, various. do. 0.19 

Class IV. 

Bee-hives, with living bees. Free. 

Guts, raw. Free. 

cured. .lOOkilogs. 0.58 

Butter. do. 0.39 

Game and venison. Free. 

Candles, tallow.100 kilogs. 0.97 

stearine. do. 1.95 

Meat, fresh, and poultry. do. 0.97 

salt or smoked. do. 3.90 

extract of. do. 1.95 

Fish glue. do. 1.95 

Marl and manures.. Free. 

Fat from skins.100 kilog. 0.975 

Oil from fish... do. 0.075 

other. do. 0.195 

Cheese. do. 2.73 

Milk. do. 0.39 

Honey. do. 0.97 

Eggs. Free. 

Class V. 

Fish—Fresh, dried, salted, or smoked. 

100 kilogs. 0.78 

in oil. 1.95 

Class VI. 

Animals. 

Horses.each. 3.90 

Mules. do. 1.17 

Oxen. do. 2.93 

Cows. do. 1.56 

Heifers and young bulls.do. 0.975 

Sheep. do. 0.048 

Cattle under one year old. do. 0.39 

Goats, etc.do. 0.047 

Pigs, over 20 kilogrammes.do. 0.39 

less than 20 kilogrammes. do. 0.097 


Class VII. 
Skins and hides. 


JC U-L r', .......O-- 

Skins with hair, bear, lion, panthers’ skins... 

lOOkilogs. 2.93 
not enumerated.. do. 1.95 

Small furs. do* 5.85 

Prepared skins, not yet tanned.... do. 3.90 

tanned. 7.80 

Various kinds of leather J. 

Lambskin colored.100 kilogs. 7.80 




















































































































630 


TARIFF.—ITALY. 


Morocco. ..100 kilogs. $13.65 

Japanned. do. 19.50 

Parchment.per kilog. 0.19 

Manufactures of fur : 

Pistol holsters and horse trappings, plain... 

kilogramme. 0.39 

Same, ornamented with gold or fine silver.. 

each. 0.78 

Muffs of fur—Fancy.each. 0.78 

Common.each. 0.39 

Saddlery and other manufactures of leather: 

Saddle frames and pack-saddles.each. 0.10 

Pistol holsters.pair. 0.10 

Trimmings, plain.100 kilogs. 7.80 

oi^iamented. do. 11.70 

Horse trappings, woven or upholstered. 

kilogramme. 0.39 

Saddles.each. 1.95 

Saddlery not enumerated.100 kilogs. 9.75 

Buskins, boots, shoes, slippers, etc.pair. 0.097 

Breeches of leather.each. 0.78 

Leather gloves; also if simply cut.pair. 0.029 

Bags for wine or oil. 700 kilogs. 2.34 

Portmanteaus.each. 0.39 

Not enumerated.100 kilogs. 9.75 

Class VIII. 

Hemp , flax , and their manufactures. 

Hemp—Raw, green, or dry. Free 

Flock, tow, and stubble. Free. 

Hemp, etc., raw.100 kilogs. 0.097 

combed. do. 0.487 

Cordage—Rope tarred or not. do. 0 58 

Of Esparto; bark, etc... do. 0.297 

Nets, new, or yet serviceable do. 2.34 
Yarn of hemp or flax: 

Single, unbleached, or bleached. 100 kilogs. 195 

dyed. do. 5.85 

Twisted, unbleached, or bleached do. 3.90 

dyed. do. 5.85 

Cloth of hemp or linen, or mixed with cotton 
and wool: 

Bleached or unbleached, of 6 threads warp, 

in 5 millimetres.kilogramme. 0.04 

Same.100 kilogs. 

Of pure thread warp, in 5 millimetres, raw 

or bleached.kilogs. 0.10 

Same.100 kilogs. 

Mixed with cotton or wool: 

Unbleached, bleached, not included above.. 

kilogramme. 0.10 

Dyed. do. 0.19 

Pressed. do. 0.19 

In colors, and all other. do. 0.14 

Embroidered in cotton, linen, or wool. 

kilogramme. 0.48 

Oiled, painted, or varnished_ do. 0.14 

Upholstery, buttons, lace (like cloth, according 
to description). 

Galloons and ribbons of thread, unbleached, 

bleached, or dyed thread_kilogramme. 0.19 

Tulle. do. 1.56 

Linen carpet. do. 0.07 

Dresses, linens, and other articles not enu¬ 
merated, old, one-half the duty on material. 

Same, new, as on principal material of 
which made. 

Thread of jute: 

Measuring, per kilogramme, 20,000 metres 

or less, single, bleached, and dyed. 

100 kilogs. 1.95 

Measuring, per kilogramme, 20,000 metres 

or less, twisted and dyed.100 kilogs. 3.90 

Measuring, per kilogramme, 20,000 metres 

or more, single, bleached or dyed. 

100 kilogs. 3.90 

Measuring, per kilogramme, 20,000 metres 
or more, twisted and dyed.100 kilogs. 5.85 


Tissues, galloons, tapes, etc., of jute, all kinds, 
as linen tissues. 

Class IX. 

Cotton and its manufactures. 

Cotton, raw. Free 

carded or gummed.100 kilogs. $0.97 

Cotton yarn: 

Of not more than 20,000 metres per % kilo¬ 
gramme .100 kilogs. 2.93 

Of 20,000 to 30,000 metres per % k.lo- 

gramtne. 100 kilogs. 3.90 

Of over 30,000 metres per % kilogramme.. . 

100 kilogs. 4.87 
Unbleached, twisted, all kinds... do. 4.87 

Bleached or dyed, all kinds.100 kilogs. 5.85 

Tissuesof cotton, also mixed with hair or wool: 
Unbleached, weighing 7 to 11 kilogrammes 
or more per 100 square metres, and hav¬ 
ing 35 threads or less than 5 square milli¬ 
metres .100 kilogs. 9.75 

Bleached, as above. do. 11.12 

Others, unbleached. do. 12.68 

bleached. do. 14.43 

printed or dyed. do. 17.55 

Pressed. do. 19.50 

Embroidered in linen, cotton, or wool, do. 39.00 

Oiled, painted, or varnished .... do. 9.75 

Millinery: 

Buttons, laces, as their tissues. 

Galloons and ribbons.kilogramme. 0.117 

Cotton carpet. do. 0.139 

Same.100 kilogs. 

Tulle; Berlin tricot.kilogramme. 0.39 

Cotton velvet. do. 0.145 

Clothes, etc., of cotton, new, as principal ma¬ 
terial of which made. 

Same, old, one-half of above. 

Class X. 

Wool, Horsehair , Hair , and their Manufactures. 

Wool, undyed. Free. 

dyed.100 kilogs. 0.58 

Horsehair, dyed or not. do. 0.39 

curled or twisted. do. 0.58 

coarse. do. 0.78 

Hair of all kinds. do. 0.19 

Yam of wool or hair, natural... kilogramme. 0.07 

dyed. do. 0.11 

Mattresses of all kinds.100 kilogs. 1.95 

Felts, tarred, or for soles, etc. do. 0.97 

for hats. do. 2.93 

Tissues of wool or hair, also mixed with linen 
or cotton, pressed and carded or not.kilog. 0.27 
Same, embroidered in cotton or wool.. do. 0.58 
Same, cravats and other articles sold by piece, 
value of $9.75, as tissues pressed, carded, or 
not. 

Same, cravats and other articles sold by piece, 
of greater value than $9.75... kilogramme. 0.58 

Tissues of horsehair.100 kilogs. 4.87 

Other. do. 7.80 

Millinery and lace, as tissues, according to 
descnption. 

Buttons of horsehair, wool, or hair.... kilog. 0.39 
Galloons and ribbons of hair ; also mixed.do. 0.39 
Woollen carpets and other, of hair or rags.do. 0.097 

All other carpet. do. 0.195 

Same, of wool.do. 0.39 

Clothes, etc., new, as tissues of which made, 
old, one-half the above. 

Class XI. 

Silk and its Manufactures. 

Silk, dyed.kilogramme. 0.58 

spun. do. 0.39 

other. Free. 

Tissues of pure silk, or silk mixed with gold 

or silver.kilogs. 1.95 

of linen mixed with silk. do. 1.56 












































































TARIFF.—ITALY. 


637 


kilogs. 

$0.78 

do. 

0.58 

do. 

1.95 

do..58-1.56 

or 


do. 

1.95 

do. 

0.97 

do. 

1.36 

do. 

1.95 

do. 

1.17 

do. 

0.39 

do. 

2.34 


Tissues, oiled ..kilogs. 

mixed with other material. do. 

Ribbons, of silk or velvet. do 

mixed with other materials.. i 
Tissues, laces, in gold or silver, real or 

imitation. do. 

Handkerchiefs (foulard), plain. do 

pressed or dyed. do. 

Buttons, of gold and silver thread. do. 

of silk, pure. do. 

mixed. do. 

Tulle, lace, etc., pure or mixed. do 

Clothes, new' or old, as above, full, and one-half duties 
of material. 

Class XII. 

Cereals. Flour and Preparations from Breadstuffs. 

Grains of all kinds.100 kilogs. 0.14 

Chestnuts, potatoes, rice. Free. 

Flour.100 kilogs. 0.24 

Bran. do. 0.14 

Macaroni and similar preparations of wheat . Free. 

Ships’ bread and biscuit. Free. 

Vegetable matter not enumerated (see class 3) Free. 
Class XIII. 

Timber and Manufactures of Wood. 

Wood for fuel. Free. 

Cabinet wood, not sawn.100 kilogs. 0.39 

sawn in planks or boards of one 
centime thickness or less. 

100 kilogs. 2.34 
sawn in tables of greater thick¬ 
ness..100 kilogs. 0.97 

sawn in planks or squares, 

joined.100 kilogs. 0.39 

Wood, inlaid, for flooring ; building wood, raw, 

saw T n, or simply squared. Free. 

Wood, in parts, for boxes, buckets, sieves, etc. 

100 kilogs. 0.58 

Staves for coopers’work.millimetre. 0.05 

Casks, finished,'bound in iron or wood.. .hec¬ 
tolitre of capacity. 0.09 

not finished...5 ct. 

Furniture of common wood, varnished, plain 

100 kilogs. 1.95 

Same, carved, with ornaments of metal or 

veneered.100 kilogs. 9.75 

Furniture of ebony or other costly wood. do. 9.75 

Wood stakes and poles. do. 0.01 

Common brooms. do. 0.19 

Oars.pair 0.09 

Corkwood.100 kilogs. 0.01 

manufactured. do. 1.95 

Utensils and various articles of wood, com¬ 
mon. 100 kilogs. 1.17 

Same, not enumerated (Switzerland, free; 

100 kilogs. 1.56 

Class XIV. 

Paper and Books. 

Paper, white or colored.100 kilogs. 1.95 

painted, gilted, etc., and wall. do. 5.85 

lithographed, printed. do. 11.70 

Playing cards.pack 0.04 

for Taroc. do. 0.07 

Geographical charts.100 kilogs. 5.85 

Pasteboard of any quality. do. 1.56 

Books, bound in pasteboard, leather, or parch¬ 
ment .100 kilogs. 2.93 

bound in silk, velvet, gilded-kilog. 0.19 

Manuscripts, scientific and business cards.... Free. 

Printed or written music.100 kilogs. 2.93 

Class XV. 

Hardware, fancy Goods, etc. 

Arms, bayonets.160 kilogs. 3.90 

Barrels of guns.each. 0.19 

pistols. do. 0.06 

Firelocks, guns, using ball. do. 0.39 

Shot guns. each barrel. 0.58 


Pistols.barrel. $0.29 

Blades, sabre and sword, gilded, Damascus. 

each. 0.08 

common... 100 kil. 4.68 

of steel.each. 0.44 

of silver.do. 1.17 

gilded, do. 1.75 

of other metal, 

plain, do. 0.29 

gilded, do. 0.58 

Trunks and travelling bags..do. 0.39 

Caps.do. 0.10 

Military caps (Keppy).do. 0.19 

Canes and reeds, raw. Free. 

prepared, not mounted. 

100 kilogs. 0.19 

for weavers. do. 0.19 

common, other. Free. 

Caoutchouc and gutta-percha, crude, solid, li¬ 
quid .100 kilogs. 0.48 

manufactured. do. 4.87 

worked into threads.kilogramme. 0.19 

in belts for machinery, raw.100 kilogs. 0.7£ 

Hair. do. 0.1!, 

wigmakers’ work.kilogramme. 0.39 

Hats, of straw, value of 5 lira or less_each. 0.05 

above 5 lira.do. 0.19 

not of straw, for men’s use.10 ct. 

trimmed, for women’s use. 

each. 0.78 

Printing type, new or old.100 kilogs. 0.97 

Bonnet frames. do. 0.11 

Fancy Goods. 

Chemical matches.100 kilogs. 9.75 

Articles of wood, including children’s dolls, 
if not ornamented in gold or silver. .100 kil. 7.80 

Sewing needles, and fish-hooks. 9.75 

Manufactures of animal horn.100 kilogs. 9.75 

Pins, metallic, exclusive of gold or silver. do. 9.75 

All other fancy goods, common .... do. 9.75 

fine. do. 19.50 

Except under treaty tariff, metallic tissues, 

iron and steel.100 kilogs. 9.75 

Same, copper and cotton. do. 9.75 

Coral, crude or cut. Free. 

prepared, and set in gold.kilogramme. 1.56 

Artificial flowers. do. 2.34 

Basket makers’ work, common_100 kilogs. 0.97 

fine. do. 3.90 

mats. do. 0.39 

Machines and parts thereof:— 

Weavers’ combs and spindles, on which 

to make them.100 kilogs. 0.97 

Cards and fixtures for carding .. do. 0.97 

Steam, stationary and hydraulic engines. 

100 kilogs. 0.58 
Agricultural and industrial machines.do. 0.39 

Same, not enumerated.1 ^ ct. 

Carriages and wagons, by travellers.5 ^ ct. 

Same.each. 1.95 

Carriages and wagons, commercialarticles.do. 0.97 

Steam machinery, locomotives, and marine. 

100 kilogs. 0.78 

Ships, barges, boats.. Free. 

Elephants’ and wolfs’ teeth.100 kilogs. 1.95 

Articles of fashion.kilogramme. 2.93 

Articles for museums. Free. 

of uncertain classification.10 ^ ct. 

Clockwork :— 

Pocket watches, common, in gold case .each. 0.39 

with case of other metal_do. 0.19 

repeating. do. 0.78 

Mental clocks ; also if with pendulum. do. 0.39 

Music boxes. do. 0.39 

or 5 ^ ct. 

Movements for pocket watches. do. 0.058 

for mental clocks.100 kilogs. 9.75 

for tower, church clocks etc. do. 8.90 























































































638 


TARIFF.—ITALY. 


Clocks in cases, as manufactures of mate¬ 
rial of which made. 

Same, of alabaster, bronze, crystal, wood, 

each. $0.19 
or 5 ^ ct. 

Watch furniture.100 kilogs. 9.75 

Walebone, cut. do. 11.70 

Parasols and umbrellas, covers of silk... each. 0.19 

of other material.each. 0.09 

furniture of .. 100 kil. 3.90 

Feathers, ornamental, crude_kilogramme. 0.19 

prepared. do. 5.85 

for beds.100 kilogs. 1.95 

Musical instruments:— 

Organs, church.100 kilogs. 1.95 

portable.each. 0.78 

or 5 ^9 ct. 

Piano-fortes. do. 1.36 

Not enumerated. do. 0.39 

Instruments, surgical, mathematical, astrono¬ 
mical, chemical, etc.100 kilogs. 3.90 

Tissues:— 

For hats of straw, bark, or Esparto. do. 4.87 

For other purposes of straw.do. 4.87 

of bark or Esparto.do. 0,39 

Braid of straw, bark, Esparto, etc. :— 

For hats, fine.do. 19.50 

coarse.do. 2.93 

For cordage, etc. do. 0.39 

Fans, fine, value over 5 lira.each. 0.19 

or 5 ct. 

Class XVI. 

Metals and their manufactures. 

Iron, ore, pig, and old. Free. 

manufactured with or without other me¬ 
tal.100 kilogs. 0.78 

manufactured for iron gates.. do. 0.097 

of first fusion in bars, etc., of any form 

or diameter.100 kilogs. 0.78 

wire-work. do. 1.36 

rails. do. 0.195 

of second fusion, simple. do. 1.95 

beams, bars, or wagon 

tires.100 kilogs. 1.17 

with other metal. do. 2.34 

anchors, anvils, mallets, ploughs, and 

ploughshares.100 kilogs. 1.17 

cannon. do. 1.17 

in plates of 4 millimetres thickness or 

more.100 kilogs. 0.78 

in plates of less thickness and also in 

tubes.100 kilogs. 1.56 

Tinned iron, not manufactured.... do. 1.56 

manufactured, also-in connection 
with other metals.. .100 kilogs. 2.93 

Steel, in bars or pieces. do. 2.34 

in sheets or plates. do. 2.34 

wire and manufactures from do. 3.90 

Carriage and other springs. do. 2.93 

Tools, for the use of arts, trades, and agri¬ 
culture, of iron, or steel, or both. 100 kilogs. 1.56 
Knives, for use in the arts and trades, with 
wooden handles, not ornamented .100 kilogs. 1.50 
Graphite (carb. of iron) and plumbago .do. 0.78 

Copper and brass: 

Mineral. Free. 

In pigs, bars, or ingots.100 kilogs. 0.78 

In plates. do. 1.56 

Wire. do. 2.34 

Manufactured, not with iron_ do. 2.93 

with iron. do. 3.93 

Copper and brass, gilded or silvered: 

In pigs, bars, or ingots. do. 5.85 

In plates. do. 9.75 

Spun with thread or silk. do. 16.57 

Manufactures of. do. 19.50 

Bronze, in bars, plates, or blocks.. do. 0.78 


Bronze, manufactured into bells, cannon, etc. 

100 kilogs. $2.93 
into various articles, 
not gilded. 100 kilogs. 9.75 
into various articles, 

gilded.100 kilogs. 19.50 

Copper coins having legal circulation. Free. 

Filings of copper, brass, and bronze..*. Free. 

Lead, ore. Free. 

in pigs or bars.100 kilogs. 0.097 

in sheet and other mannfactures not 

specified.100 kilogs. 1.17 

with antimony in bars or blocks.do. 1.17 

shot, musket, and pistol balls... do. 3.90 

Tin, in bars or blocks. 0.195 

in plates or sheets. 1.56 

Tinware, also alloyed with antimony. .100 kil. 2.93 
bismuth (for mirrors), pewter ves¬ 
sels.100 kilogs. 1.95 

Nickel mixed with other metals : 

In ingots or blocks. do. 0.78 

In sheets or wire..-. do. 5.85 

Manufactures of. do. 19.50 

Zinc, ore. Free. 

first fusions, crude, called Saumons, 

bars.100 kilogs. 0.19 

in old pieces. do. 0.19 

In sheets. do. 1.17 

Pipes and tubes, and other coarse man¬ 
ufactures .100 kilogs. 1.17 

Zinc, other manufactured articles, not gilded 

100 kilogs. 5.85 

gilded. do. 9.75 

Regulus of antimony. do. 2.93 

Arsenic, crude. do. 1.95 

Cobalt (zuffre). do. 0.19c 

other compositions. do. 0.192 

Manganese ore. do. 0.192 

Mercury (native). do. 3.90 

Modern statues of natural size, of bronze. 

100 kilogs. 2.93 

of other metal, as manufac¬ 
tures of such metal. 

Class XVII. 

Gold , Silver , and Manufactures of. 

Gold and silver, crude, in mass, bars, or dust. Free. 

leaf of gold.kilogramme. 1.56 

of silver. do. 0.78 

laminated. do. 0.58 

spun with silk . do. 1.17 

Articles and vessels of gold.hectogram. 1.95 

silver.kilog. 2.34 

silver, gold plates (ver- 

miel).kilog. 4.68 

Jewelry, of gold.hectogram. 3.12 

of silver.kilogram. 3.90 

ofvermiel. do. 5.55 

in platina, copper, and other metals, 
as manufactures of such metal. 

Precious stones.1 ^ct. 

Gold and silver coins. Free. 

Class XVIII. 

Stone , Clay , etc. 

Rock crystal, rough.100 kilogs. 1.95 

manufactured.1 ^ ct 

Marble, rough, squared, or pulverized. Free. 

in slabs of 150 centimetres.each. 0.04 

longer.do. 0.06 

Sculptured, modelled, polished, or otherwise 
finished:— 

Tubs, of any dimension.each. 1.95 

Balustrades or pillars for balconies_ do. 0.05 

Millstones for vermicelli. do. 0.39 

Marble sculpture, etc., mortars. a«. 0.02 

square stones of 25 centimetres or less! 

100 kilogs, 0 91 

over 25 centimetres. do. 1.56 






















































































TARIFF. 

over 41 centimetres.100 kilogs. $2.34 

over 61 centimetres.As tables. 

Steps, cornices, bases for balconies, and 

door pillars per decimetre length. 0.02 

slates, polished, of 150 centimetres.each. 0.03 

longer. do. 0.39 

billiard balls.100 kilogs. 1.95 

other manufactures.5 $ ct. 

Alabaster, raw or pulverized. Free. 


sculptured, modelled, polished.5 ct. 

Manufactures of stone trimmed with marble. 5 ct. 


Modern statues in stone. 


5 ct. 

Stones and materials, whetstones.. 


0.02 

millstones. 


0.20 

lime and calc. 

. 100 kilogs. 

0.02 

bricks. 


0.39 

tiles. 


0.58 

pipes for drainage. 


0.19 

others. 


Free. 

Stone and clay for the trades and arts.100 kil. 

0.48 

others not specified 


Free. 

Sulphur, crude. 

100 kilogs. 

0.4 

refined, sublimated. 

do. 

1.17 

Bitumen, solid or fluid, coal. 


Free. 


Class XIX. 

Vessels, glass, and crystal manufactures. 
Vessels of square stone, glazed or varnished. 

100 kilogs. 0.15 

Crucibles, oil jars, and other common articles. 


100 kilogs. 0.19 

Various utensils. do. 0.58 

Earthenware, squares for paving.. do. 0.39 

vessels, white. do. 1.56 

gilded painted, etc. do. 2.34 

Porcelain, white. do. 3.12 

gilded, painted, etc. do. 4.87 

Manufactures of glass and crystal: 

Plate, not polished, glass.100 kilogs. 1.56 

crystal. do.. 2.93 


Plate, polished, not silvered or tinned do. 2.93 
silvered or tinned... do. 4.87 
Articles of crystal, not painted but polished. 

100 kilogs. 2.93 
do. do. polished and painted, do. 2.93 
Black bottles, common.100 kilogs. 0.29 


of 1 litre. 

do. 

0.39 

of larger capacity.. 

do. 

1.17 

Bottles of any form or color. 

do. 

1.56 

Articles polished, not cut or painted. 

do. 

1.56 

• cut, painted and polished. 

do. 

2.93 

Concave glasses, white. 

do. 

1.56 

Window glass. 

do. 

1.56 

Glass in mass. 

do. 

1.56 

cut into imitation diamonds or 


crystals.100 kilogs. 

9.75 


Class XX. 

Tobacco. 

Tobacco, in leaf.Prohibited. 

Snuff, of Spain.kilogramme 2.34 

other.Prohibited. 

I. EXPOKTS. 

Class I.—Wine in casks.hectolitre. 0.19 

in bottles.each. 0.01 

Oil of olives.100 kilogs. 0.19 

other. . do. 0.05 

Acid of citron or lemon, concentrated.do. 0.19 

crude.do. 0.03 

Other articles of this class. Free. 

Class II.—Aloe and other gums.. .100 kilogs. 0.58 
Mustard seed. do. 0.29 


-ITALY. 639 

Licorice root.100 kilogs. $0,195 

Boracic acid. do. 0.39 

Salt, sea.ton. 0.04 j 

rock.do. 0.04 

Lees of wine.100 kilogs. 0.04 

Dyestuffs and tanning material, crude, not 

ground.100 kilogs. 0.04 

Dyestuffs and tanning material, ground, 

100 kilogs. 0.09 

Other articles. Free. 

Class III.—Fruits, green.100 kilogs. 0.05 

dry. do. 0.19 

oleous, almonds. do. 0.29 

almonds shelled. do. 0.58 

nuts, &c. do. 0.07 

seeds. do. 0.19 

other articles. Free. 

CLASS IV.—Meat, fresh, including game. 

100 kilogs. 0.39 

Salt or smoked.. do. 0.39 

Lard. do. 0.195 

Cheese. do. 0.78 

Eggs. do. 0.195 

Other articles. Free. 

Class V.—Free. 

Class VI.—Oxen. each. 0.97 

Cows.do. 0.78 

Heifers.do. 0.39 

Calves under 1 year.do. 0.19 

Pigs, over 20 kilogs.do. 0.19 

other.do. 0.10 

Class VII.—Furs, raw.100 kilogs. 0.39 

dressed. Free. 

Class VII.—Vegetable filament, on stem, by 

land.100 kilogs. 0.09 r 

Vegetable filaments, raw, flock, stubble, 

waste.100 kilogs. 0.19 

Vegetable filaments, combed. do. 0.39 

Class IX.—Free. 

Class X.—Wool in mass.100 kilogs. 1.17 

Class XI.—Silkworm eggs.100 kilogs. 1.95 

Silk, waste of. do. 1.56 

crude. do. 6.63 

Class XII.—Grains.100 kilogs. 0.69 

Chestnuts. do. 0.09 

Bice, not hulled. do. 0.09 

hulled. do. 0.19 

Flour. do. 0.14 

Bread and biscuit. do. 0.19 

PesIc do F re e 

Class XIII.—Charcoal.100 kilogs. 0.09 

Fire wood. do. 0.20 

Other wood, squared.4 p. ct, 

sawn.2 p. ct 

manufacturers of. Free. 

Class XIV.—Free. 

Class XV.—Arms, all.100 kilogs. 0.19 

Bags, vegetable. do. 1.56 

other. do. 0.39 

Hats, not straw. do. 1.95 

Braidings of bark, Esparto, &c.. do. 0.97 

for cordage... do. 0.19 

Class XVI.—Iron, scrap.100 kilogs. 0.05 

ore.ton. 0.03 

Copper ore.do. 1.95 

Lead ore.do. 0.39 

in bars and broken pieces.. 100 kilogs. 0.19 

Class XVII.—(All articles of this class free.) 

Class XVIII.—Marble, rough.100 kilogs. 0.01 

Sulphur, raw, and refined. do. 0.19 

All other classes. Free 






































































































TARIFF.—RUSSIA. 


Rouble computed at $0.78 gold U. S. (1 rouble=100 copecks); 1 pood=36.08 lbs. avoirdupois TJ. S.; 1 
pood=40 lbs. Russian; 1 pound liussian=14.43 oz. U. S. ; 1 vershok=1.75 inch U. S.; 1 arshine=28 
inches U. S. 


DIVISION FIRST. 

FREE LIST. 

I .—Articles of food. 

Breadstuffs of all kinds, except rice. 

Vegetables of all kinds, fresh and dry, not preserved, 
chiccory unprepared. 

Aniseed, caraway seed, stellated aniseed, coriander 
seed, mustard, dry, not prepared. 

Zante currants. 

Lemon and bitter-orange peel, dry, not candied, salt¬ 
ed and unripe, dried bitter oranges. 

Articles of food not specially mentioned. 

II .—Materials raw and half manufactured. 

Clays used for architectural or pottery work, expect 
those specially named, mica, alabaster, and gyp¬ 
sum, not manufactured, gypsum stone, lime, ce¬ 
ment, Puzzolana, trass, talc in pieces or ground, 
and chalk not refined. 

Stones, common, of all sorts not worked, mica, filter¬ 
ing stones, millstones, whetstones, slabs for stair¬ 
cases and floors, marble steps and pedestals, litho¬ 
graphic stones, slate not manufactured and also in 
pieces for roofs, quartz in pieces, ground, and cal¬ 
cined, gold and silver sand for blotting, broken 
glass. 

Remark .—Lithographic stones, with words and de¬ 
signs, have to conform to the rules of censorship. 

Stones, precious, unset; real pearls in beads or strung, 
coral, real and artificial, in pieces not perforated 
or cut. 

Stones, artificial in imitation of real and precious 
stones, and also artificial stone for mosaic work, 
and mosaics not set. 

Jet, mother-of-pearl, tortoise shell, amber (yellow), 
meerschaum, enamel in lump and powder, except 
blue enamel, for which see article 118. 

Potash, pearl ash, Stassfurth salts, and chloride of 
lime, crude or refined. 

Sulphur, flour of sulphur, and paper saturated with 
sulphur. 

Metallic and mineral ores of all kinds, graphite or 
plumbago, loadstone and marcasite in ore or in 
grains; also metals of all kinds not worked nor par¬ 
ticularly denominated; copper slag, iron filings, 
cast-iron chips, bronze powder and filings, Ac. 

Coal, anthracite and bituminous, charcoal, coke, 
peat, also charcoal filters. 

Remarks .—Coal and coke, imported through cus¬ 
tom-houses in the kingdom of Poland, pay a duty 
of X copeck per pood. 

Tar of all kinds from wood, coal, or of naphtha; 
the residue obtained after the distillation of oils 
from naphtha; pyroligneous acetates of lime, resin, 
fluid, or solid ; fossil resins, fluid or solid ; (asphalt, 
bitumen, naphthaline, &c.) and also bird-lime. 

Substances for tanning, such as all kinds of bark, 
gall-nuts, tanning extracts, catechu, and kino. 

Guano and other manures. 

Wooden wares of all kinds not specially mentioned. 

Cork, not manufactured. 

Carding thistles (teazles.) 

(22) Plants living and dried of all kinds; hay, straw, 
cleaned or not; onions, bark, grass, flowers, roots, 
seed (except those specially mentioned) and all 


kinds of plants, parts of plants, and products of 
plant, used for medicines. 

Remark. —The importation of cocculus berries is pro¬ 
hibited. 

Lemon-juice without sugar ; pine balsam, essence for 
May drink, extract of licorice, and flour of almonds 
without spices. 

Fibrous vegetable substances for manufacture in a 
raw state. 

Raw cotton. 

Flax and hemp, carded and uncarded; flax and hemp 
refuse from carding; wool from pine needles, jutes 
New Zealand flax, vegetable hair, Manilla hemp, 
nettle fibre, and other vegetable substitutes for flax, 
and hemp in the raw state. 

Rags of all sorts, paper shavings papier-mache paste¬ 
board, and paper pulp not manufactured. 

(26) Animal productions, viz. : 

Bones of all kinds, not manufactured, raw, burned, 
and powdered ; also bone charcoal. 

Horns and hoofs of all kinds. 

Hair of all kinds, not manufactured; and the refuse 
from carding wool. 

Down and feathers, except those specially mentioned. 

Leather unmanufactured ; dry and salted skins of all 
kinds, except those mentioned in Article 85 ; also 
fish skins manufactured, and fragments of manu¬ 
factured leather. 

Wax, paraffine, stearine, spermacetifish, and whale 
blubber; fish oil and tallow, and also grafting wax. 

Whalebone in the raw state, not cleaned. 

Silkwaste (bourre-de-soie), uncombed, silk refuse of 
all kinds, and cocoons. 

Parts of animals and animal products used in medi¬ 
cine, except those specially mentioned. 

III.— Animals. 

Domestic cattle, horses, and live animals, of every 
kind not particularly mentioned in Article 67. 

IV.— Manufactures. 

Brick, cement, fire-brick, roof-tiles, slabs of fire-clay, 
drainage and water pipes, except metallic. 

Carpentry work, and also axles, felloes, spokes, and 
naves; wheelbarrows, carts, &c., and other coarse 
implements not specially named ; also cooper work, 
ah sorts. 

Remark. —Shoemakers 1 pegs pay a duty of 25 copecks 
per pood. 

Basket work, common, of cane, willow, common straw, 
bark, or osier, &c.; matting of the same materials, 
mats, sacks of the same ; shoes of bark or rushes ; 
furniture made of osier, straw, &c., shave grass 
and similar plants manufactured. 

Tinder of wood, and paper impregnated with saltpetre. 

Parchment. 

Wax manufactures of all kinds, except candles. 

Shears for shearing sheep, and for shearing woollen 
cloth. 

Remark. —By such shears are meant those consisting 
of two blades joined at one end by a semicircular 
spring. 

Tools, machines, apparatus and their appurtenances. 

(35) Agricultural machines, plows, harrows, andothei 
agricultural tools not moved by steam, not special¬ 
ly mentioned. 



TARIFF.—RUSSIA. 


641 


Machines for working over fibrous substances, such as 
complete machines for carding, spinning, weaving, 
&c., Ac.; and also making paper, and mechanical 
printing-presses. 

Models of machines and apparatus of all kinds. 

Weaving cards and combs of all kinds, as well as 
reeds and sticks for making them; rods and shut¬ 
tles for weaving machines ; iron and steel teeth for 
combs; combs for flax and hemp, and cards of all 
kinds. 

Remark 1.—Extra parts of these machines and tools, 
and their indispensable appurtenances, if imported 
together with the machines, are free of duty; if 
imported separately they are charged duty, accord¬ 
ing to Article 175, Part 3. 

Remark 2.—Articles considered appurtenances of 
machines are explained in Article 175, Part 3. 

Sea and river boats of all kinds, with their tackle, 
both whole and in parts. 

Philosophical instruments, thermometers, barome¬ 
ters, microscopes (without ornaments in bronze, 
Ac.). astronomical instruments, manometers, as¬ 
tronomical clocks and chronometers, telescopes; 
clocks in the form of thermometers; water-gauges 
and gas-meters of all kinds; optical and burning 
glasses, and also glasses for spectacles and lor¬ 
gnettes, unset. 

Chemical vessels and apparatus of platina, clay, sand¬ 
stone, fire-clay, earthenware, porcelain, serpentine, 
Ac., not having the shape of ordinary vessels, as 
alembics, crucibles, retorts, vaporizers, worms, and 
also all sorts of instruments, and manufactures of 
platina for manufactories, works, and trades. 

Books, music, and manuscripts, bound or unbound ; 
maps, globes, Ac.; pictures, engravings, litho¬ 
graphs, prints, and drawings, without frames. 

Remark 1.—The articles mentioned herein are sub¬ 
ject to the rules of the censorship. 

Remark 2.—In case pictures, Ac., are imported in 
frames, the frames alone pay duty. 

Articles for collections and cabinets of archaeology, 
numismatics, and natural history, viz.: stuffed 
animals, birds, fish, Ac.; empty shells of all kinds; 
dried plants on paper ; animals in spirits, minerals, 
fossils, mummies, and Egyptian, Greek, Roman, 
Ac., antiquities, medals, old coins, antique arms, 
antique pottery-ware, Ac.; rarities not having the 
quality of merchandize. 

Art sculptures, ancient or modern, of marble, of 
bronze, and other metals, such as statues, busts, 
bas-relief, vases, monuments, mantelpieces, Ac. 

Remark. —The works of art mentioned herein can be 
imported without duty only through the custom¬ 
houses of St. Petersburg and Warsaw. To decide 
whether the imported articles are artistic produc¬ 
tions, there have been appointed as inspectors—in 
St. Petersburg a professor of the Imperial Acade¬ 
my of Arts, and in Warsaw a teacher of the art 
school in that city. 

Patterns of stuff of all kinds, each less than an ar¬ 
shine in length (28 inches). 

DIVISION SECOND. 

GOODS SUBJECT TO DUTY. 

Part I.—Articles of Food. I.—Breadstuffs. 

Rice in the husk, imported at St. Petersburg, 


pays a duty of 20 copecks per pood. 

Vermicelli and macaroni, sago, and arrow- 

root...pood. $0.78 

Yeast of beer, dry and pressed.do. 0.58 

II.— Salt. 

Salt for cooking of all kinds, brought by sea 
or land, except to the places of import 

mentioned hereafter.pood. 0.30 

To the ports of the White Sea. do. 0.17 


Remark .—For salting fish 21,000 poods of salt 
can be imported yearly into the ports of 
the government of Archangel free of duty, 

41 


and an unlimited quantity to the Mur- 
mansky coast. The division of this quan¬ 
tity among the fishing population of this 
government, and the inspection of its use, 
are duties of the government of Archangel. 

To the custom-houses of the kingdom of Po¬ 
land and the ports of the Black Sea, and 

the Sea of Azof.Forbidden. 

Remark .—Salt brought into Poland for gov¬ 
ernment is admitted free on the special 
decision of the minister of finance. 

HI.—Vegetables and Fruits. 

Fruits and berries:— 

Fresh, salted, and pickled of all kinds, ex¬ 
cept those named below; salted, pickled, 
dried, or pressed ; vegetables and bekmes, 
or boiled residuum of grapes, .pood, gross. $0.39 
Remark .—Fruits and vegetables in hermetical¬ 
ly sealed cans are admitted by Article 02. 

Oranges, lemons, and bitter oranges, fresh. 

pood. 0.1S 

Fresh grapes. do. 1.01 

Remark .—When duties are to be paid on the 
above-named fresh fruits and berries, the 
owners of goods damaged on the way may 
separate them and not pay duty on what is 
damaged, or may pay duty on the whole 
without separation with a deduction of 25 
per cent, from the duty. 

Capers and olives, dried, pickled, or in oil, in 
bottles and jars, Ac., not hermetically 

closed..pood. 0.78 

Remark .—Capers and olives in vinegar and 
oil, imported in glass, clay, or other her- 
. metically closed vessels, pay duty according 
to Article 62. 

Carob beans.pood. 0.27 

Nuts:— 

All sorts of forest and garden nuts, except 
those especially mentioned, and peach- 
stones, chestnuts, and cocoanuts... .pood. 0.39 

Almonds, shelled and unshelled. do. 1.28 

Dry fruits and berries of all kinds, as prunes, 
figs, raisins, dates, Ac., not in sugar; and 
also Turkish confections called rahatlu- 

kum and alvah or halvah. 0.78 

Remark .—In case the dried fruits named in 
Article 54 are imported in wooden or paper 
boxes, the weight of such boxes is included 
in estimating the duty. 

IV.—Groceries. 

Meat, salted, smoked, Ac., sausages....pood. 0.61 

Cheese. do. 3.12 

Remark .—When cheese is imported in lead or 
tin cases, the weight of the case is included 
in the estimation for duty. 

Butter from cows’ or sheeps’ milk.pood. 0.31 

Honey and honey syrup. do. 0.51 

Molasses, beef-root and potato syrup of all 
kinds, except honey syrup, and also sugar of 

milk.pood, gross. 0.85 

Confections and sweetmeats in pots and boxes; 
fruits in liquors, rum, cognac, syrup, or juice ; 
fruit syrups; fruits boiled thick without su¬ 
gar, pastilles, chocolate and ground cocoa, 

pood. 3.90 

Cakes, pies, American and English biscuit, 

with or without sugar.pood. 2.34 

(62) Seasonings of all kinds, viz.: prepared mus¬ 
tard, soy, pickles, and also importations in 
glass, clay, tin, and other hermetically seal¬ 
ed vessels; capers, olives, and all sorts of 
vegetables and fruits in oil and vinegar, or 
otherwise prepared, except those mention¬ 
ed.pood. 2.34 

Truffles, champignons, and mushrooms in vine¬ 
gar, and also truffles, dry and fresh.. .pood. 3.12 























642 


TARIFF.—RUSSIA. 


Mushrooms, dried, except those used ex¬ 
clusively in medicine, for which see Article 
22.pood. 

Fish—Pickled, prepared in oil and stuffed (far- 
cis), and caviar, imported in hermetically 

sealed vessels. pood. 

Salted and smoked (except herrings), import¬ 
ed in barrels or any other large vessel, 
through all custom-houses, except those 

of the district of Kubei. ..pood. 

Within the district of Kubei... 

Herrings—Smoked.pood. 

Salted in barrels, weighing up to 10 poods 

each, gross .barrel. 

Salted in barrels, smaller size .pood. 

Norwegian, brought to the ports of the gov¬ 
ernment of Archangel by the inhabitants 
of the coast of that government_pood. 

Observation to Sections 65 and 66.—All fish 
cured by Russian subjects and imported in 
Russian vessels admitted free of duty. 

(67) Oysters, lobsters, crabs, mussels, cuttle-fish, 
snails, &c., fresh, dried, salted, or mari¬ 
nated (see 62). .pood. 

Chiccorv and acorns roasted, and other substi¬ 
tutes for coffee, in lumps, or pressed, but 
without admixture of coffee. 

Observation. —Chiccory in its raw state (in 
plants and roots), and acorns not roasted, are 
admitted free of duty under Section 22. 

Laurel leaves and berries, and galangal. pood. 

V.—Colonial Produce. 

(70) Coffee in beans.pood. 

Observation. —Coffee, roasted and ground, 
ns well as any substance thereof in the con¬ 
dition of flour, or with admixture of coffee, 


pays a duty under section 70. 

Cocoa in beans and cocoa shells.pood. 

Spices:— 

Vanilla and saffron.pood. 

Cardamom, mace, nutmegs, and cinna¬ 
mon .pood. 


Cloves, clove heads, pepper, ginger, and all 
other spices not specially mentioned, pood. 
Sugar:— 

Raw, crushed, or powdered of every kind, 
without admixture of lumps : 


by sea.pood. 

by land. do. 

Refined lumps and sugar candy in loaves 
and pieces: 

by sea. do. 

by land. do. 

Tobacco:— 

In the leaf and in bundles, with or without 

stalks, and tobacco stalks.pood. 


Tobacco for smoking and for snuff, cut of 
every kind, twisted in rolls, cakes, &c. 

pood. 

Cigars and cut tobacco wrapped in leaves, 

pood. 

Snuff, ground, of every description., .pood. 
Observation .—The importation of tobacco of 
every kind through the custom-houses of the 
kingdom of Poland can only be permitted 
by special authority of the minister of fi¬ 
nance. 

Tea:— 

Flower, green and yellow.pood. 

Ordinary black tea (the tea of commerce), 
tea in stalks and brick tea.pood. 

V I.—Beverages. 

Arrack, rum, French brandy (cognac), and 
spirits distilled from plums, imported in casks 

or barrels.pood. 

Spirits distilled from corn, in bottles: 
liqueurs, kirsehwasser, gin, whiskey, spiritu¬ 


$0.31 


2.34 


0.85 

0.46 

0.15 

0.78 

0.07 


0.31 


0.85 

0.19 


0.78 

1.17 


1.17 

6.24 

1.95 

1.17 


2.34 

1.95 


3.51 

3.12 


3.43 


20.59 

1.71 

0.66 


17.16 

12.01 

C.63 


ous infusions; French brandy, and spirits 

distilled from plums, in bottles.bottle. 

The importation, in casks, of spirituous 
liquors distilled from corn is prohibited. 
Wine:— 

Imported in casks or barrels, except the de¬ 
scriptions of wine enumerated below T ,pood. 
Greek wines imported in casks or barrels... 
Wine imported in bottles, not sparkling. 

bottle. 

Sparkling of every kind. do. 

Mead, cherry wine, porter, and ale of every 
kind:— 

In casks.pood. 

In bottles.bottle. 

General observations to sections on bevera¬ 
ges. —On the importation of wine and other 
drinks, in casks, over the western land fron¬ 
tier for the purpose of being bonded at the 
custom-houses of St. Petersburg, Riga, Mos¬ 
cow, or Odessa, the sum of 8 copecks will be 
deducted from every rouble of duty in favor 
of the owner of the goods. 

Vinegar (except toilet vinegar); also cider and 
perry 

In casks.pood. 

In bottles.bottle. 

Waters, gaseous, not containing alcohol, such 
as carbonic acid and soda v r aters ; also mine¬ 
ral waters of every kind, natural or artifi¬ 
cial.jar or bottle. 

Fruit juice, containing no sugar, with the ex¬ 
ception of lemon juice, with or without ad¬ 
mixture of alcohol.pood. 

Observation. —Fruit juice, containing an ad¬ 
mixture of alcohol, is liable to an additional 
duty of 8 copecks on each degree of alcohol. 
The importation of fruit juice containing 
more than 16 degrees (by Tralles) of alcohol, 
is prohibited. 


$0.50 


1.79 

1.13 


0.25 

0.78 


0.78 

0.08 


0.78 

0.08 

0.15 


0.35 


SECTION II.—RAW AND HALF-MANUFACTUR¬ 
ED MATERIALS. 

I.—Vegetable and Animal substances—Miscel¬ 
laneous. 

Wood 

Exotic, for joiners and turners’ w r ork, such 
as lignum vita*, cedar, cypress, mahogany, 
walnut: palixander, palm, and all kinds 
of odoriferous wood, in blocks, logs, and 


beals.pood. 0.04 

In sheets or veneers of every kind.do. 0.34 


Observation 1.—For dye-woods of every de¬ 
scription, vide Section 109. 

Observation 2.—Sheets up to vershock in 
thickness will be considered as veneers. 

Hides and skins, dressed:— 

Small calf skins, tanned, prepared w r ith al¬ 
um, and tawed ; also morocco leather, kid, 
chamois, and all skins cut for boots and 

shoes.pood. 6.24 

Large ox, cow, horse, and pig skins, tanned, 
prepared with alum or tawed, and straps 

of walrus skin.pood. 3-43 

Lackered of all kinds. do. 4.68 

Observation. —Leather shreds pay the same 
duty as the description of leather to w r hich 
they belong. They are admitted free of duty 
if in a raw state—(Section 26, Article 5). 

Peltries:— 

Skins (furs) of all kinds, except specially 

mentioned.pood. 7.80 

Sable, blue fox, fisher, chinchilla, marten, 

and swanskin.pood. 15.60 

Skins and tails of the muskrat. do.. 3.9C 

Fox, marten, and other skins brought to the 
ports of the government of Archangel by 
the inhabitants of the coast.pood. 3.90 










































TARIFF.—RUSSIA. 


643 


Observation 1.—Walrus, elk, seal, and 'white 
grampus skins brought to the ports of the 
government of Archangel by the inhabi¬ 
tants of the coast, as well as all pelts of Rus¬ 
sian origin imported in Russian ships, 
excepting those specified, are admitted free 
of duty. 

Observation 2.—The importation of skins of 
the sea-otter remains prohibited until fur¬ 
ther notice. 

Obset'vation 3.—Sheep-skins, not dried or 
dressed, are admitted free of duty. 

Whalebone, dressed and prepared in ribs.pood. $1.56 

Observation .—Small ribs of cane used in um¬ 
brella-making, in lieu of whalebone, pay duty 
under this section. 

Sponge.pood. 1.28 

II. —Weaving and Spinning Materials. 

Hemp and flax, yarn of all kinds, and yarn of 

jute.pood. 3.12 

Silk—Raw, and silk waste, or bourre-de-soie, 
carded, dyed or not dyed.pood. 0.37 

Observation .—Silk waste not carded of all 

kinds, as well as cocoons, are admitted free 
of duty under Section 26, Article S. 

Twist, trame, and organzine; sewing-silk and 
silk reeled, for woof or warp, dyed or not 

dyed...pood. 3.90 

Yarn of bourre-de-soie, or silk waste, and all 
yarn of wool and fine hair mixed with silk, 
dyed, not dyed, and printed.pood. 3.51 

Wool:— 

Raw, washed, and not washed, not dyed ; 

also flock wool and cloth shearings, .pood. 0.17 
Wool not spun of every kind, dyed; also 

shoddy and mungo.pood. 0.34 

Wool and fine hair of every description spun, 
mixed or not with cotton, flax, or hemp. 

pood. 3.51 

Cotton wadding, carded and gummed in sheets. 

pood. 0.85 

Cotton yam:— 

Gray and bleached.pood. 2.53 

Dyed in all colors, also mixed with tinsel. 

pood. 3.31 

Wicks of cotton or of any other material, do. 2.53 

III.—Metals Unwrought. 

Cast-iron in pigs, bars, also scraps.pood. 0.03 

Iron:— 

Iron in bars, assorted and rolled of all kinds, 
having a breadth or diameter of % to 7 

inches, and scrap...pood. 2.73 

Armor plates, boiler plates, and sheet-iron; 
and all other iron having a breadth or di¬ 
ameter of more than 7 inches.pood. 0.39 

Rails. do. 0.39 

Observation .—Manufacturers of machinery 
employing steam or water power, may, with 
the permission of the minister of finance, im¬ 
port cast and wrought iron free of duty in 
such quantities as may be required for the 
manufacture of machinery at their respec¬ 
tive works. 

Tin plate, lackered and not lackered; also 
all kinds of sheet-iron covered with zinc, cop¬ 


per, or any other metal.pood. 0.97 

Steel. do. 0.63 


Copper, red and yellow, in pigs, sheets, bars, 
and filings ; brass in pigs, rolls, and scrap ; 
metallic alloys, such as pinchbeck, prince’s 
metal, argentine, German silver, Britannia 
metal, &c., in pigs, sheets, and scraps, .pood. 0.46 
Observation .—The rate of duty under this 
paragraph is applicable to metallic cylin¬ 
ders, engraved and not engraved, for the use 
of print works, paper mills, and other manu¬ 
factories ; and also to forged and roughly- 


finished copper basins or vessels, flat or deep, 
used in distilleries, beet-root sugar, and other 
manufactories. 

Tin in blocks, bars, sheets, and scrap; and 

amalgam for mirrors.pood. 

Quicksilver. do. 

Lead in pigs, rolls, sheets, and pipes of all 

kinds : litharge and lead ; ashes of every de¬ 
scription .pood. 

Zinc or spelter:— 

In blocks. do. 

In sheets. do. 

IV.—Drugs, etc. 

Gums , resin , tar , and products of same. 
Gums, resins, gum-resins and balsams:— 

Of all kinds, except those specially mention¬ 
ed, caoutchouc or gum-elastic, and gutta¬ 
percha, in bottles and pieces, not worked ; 
caoutchouc, fluids, albumen of all kinds; 

camphor and manna.pood. 

Storax or common incense.do. 

Gum benzoin, ambergris; Tolutan and Pe¬ 
ruvian balsams.pood. 

White rosin (galipot), colophony. do. 

Naphtha, black, raw, and not refined, of every 

kind.pood. 

Volatile oils for lighting purposes, viz. : petro¬ 
leum, kerosene, photogene, gasoline, &c. ; 
also benzine, naphtha refined, and paraffine 

paste for lubricating machinery.pood. 

Turpentine and oil of turpentine of all kinds. 

pood. 

Colors and dyestuffs. 

Natural dyestuffs 

Vegetable: avignon and buckthorn berries, 
pastell, woad, quercitron, henna leaves, 
madder (root), curcuma or turmeric, root 
and ground; alkanet root, safflower, gall 

nuts, and divi-divi.pood. 

Tinctorial earths of all kinds, raw and cal¬ 
cined, viz.: ochre, umber, sienna, Verona 
green, bolus, and white chalk, refined. 

pood. 

Dyewoods—In logs and blocks, and sumac in 

every form.pood. 

Ground and bruised. do. 

Archil, laemus. annatto, schuttgelb or woad- 

lake, and kermes grains.pood. 

Madder, ground. do. 

Indigo in every form except extract. do. 

Cochineal in every form except extract (vide 

sec. 119, art. 3).pood. 

Prussian and Paris blue, ultramarine, natural 
and artificial, also blue of ail kinds used in 

washing.pood. 

White lead, and white of zinc. do. 

Red lead. do. 

Verdigris. do. 

Colors : cupreous, except verdigris, as well 
as arsenical and cobalt colors (including 
smalt) ; colors of antimony (including gold¬ 
en sulphuret of antimony), and of chrome ; 

also cinnabar.pood. 

Extracts of coloring materials:— 

Of all kinds, except those specially mention¬ 
ed .pood. 

Garancine, flowers of madder, and other pre¬ 
parations of madder in powder.pood. 

Extracts of indigo, cochineal (carmine and 
lake of all kinds), carthamina, extract of 

madder.pood. 

Aniline colors, and all colors of coal tar ; pic¬ 
ric acid, and murexide.pood. 

Miniature colors of all kinds, in cakes, in pow¬ 
der, on shells and in bladders ; golden pur¬ 
ple and Indian ink. pood. 

Ink, ink powder, and blacking.pood. 


$0.15 

0.15 


0.03 

0.23 

0.46 


0.23 

0.78 

3.12 

0.07 

0.17 


0.42 

0.22 


0.39 


0.39 

0.39 

0.19 

0.19 

0.39 

2.34 

2.02 


1.56 

0,39 

0.19 

1.95 


1.56 

1.17 

1.95 


3.43 

3.43 


3.43 

0.85 














































644 


TARIFF.—RUSSIA. 


Colors and dyestuffs not specially mentioned, 
in lumps, pieces, or ground, dry, and pre¬ 
pared with water or oil.pood. $0.85 

Chemical products and materials for the 
same. 

Antimony, in raw and metallic state... .pood. 0.15 

Borax, raw and refined. do. 0.07 

Tartar, raw and refined, cream of tartar do. 0.15 
Sal-ammoniac, carbonate of ammonia, and all 
salts of ammonia, raw’ and refined, as well as 

liquid ammonia.pood. 0.15 

Sulphate of baryta, in every form. do. 0.39 

Arsenic in a metallic state, white (arsenical 
acid), yellow sulphide of arsenic, and red 

sulphide of arsenic (realgar) .pood. 0.39 

Observation. —Arsenic is only allowed to be 
imported in double casks or cases. 

Ferrocyanide of potassium, or yellow prussi- 
ate of potash; chromate of potash, neutral 
and acid, as well as saltpetre not refined. 

pood. 1.56 

Observation. —The importation of refined 
saltpetre is prohibited. 

Alum, calcined and of all kinds, and sulphate 

of alumina.pood. 0.15 

Nitrate of soda, or Chilian saltpetre; the con¬ 
densed mother-lye of Kreutznach waters ; 

Vichy salts, and all natural salts not spe¬ 
cially mentioned.pood. 0.03 

Silicates of natron and potash (fusible glass), 
and preparations for washing wood of fusi¬ 
ble glass, soda, Ac., also bicarbonate of soda. 

pood. 0.15 

Soda—Crystallized. do. 0.78 

Calcined. do. 0.15 

Caustic. do. 0.23 

Glauber’s salts and carbonate and sulphate of 

magnesia.pood. 0.78 

Nitric and muriatic or hydrochloric acids, and 
chloride of lime and bleaching liquor.pood. 0.31 
Oxalic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, and tar¬ 
taric acid, and salt of sorrel.pood. 1.71 

Sulphuric acid, and sulphuret of carbon, do. 0.15 

Vitriols—Of iron or green copperas.do. 0.15 

Of copper or blue copperas (sulphate 
of copper), of zinc or w’hite copper¬ 
as (sulphate of zinc), and Salesburg 
vitriol, or double sulphate of iron 

and copper.pood. 0.31 

Acids, oxides, salts, and other chemicals not 

specially mentioned.pood. 0.85 

Observation. —Boxes containing chemical re¬ 
agents for laboratories pay under this sec¬ 
tion, together w’ith the w’eight of the uten¬ 
sils and cases. 

Miscellaneous drysaltery goods. 

Glue—Isinglass and gelatine for clearing wine. 

pood. 3.43 

Joiners’and shoemakers’ glue.... do. 0.07 


Varnishes of spirit or oil.do. 5.14 

Boneblack. do. 0.15 


Oils—Olive or wood oil, and all vegetable oils 
except those specially mentioned ; oil 
of bone3, fat and empyreumatic oils ; 
drying oil, and wood oil with admix¬ 


ture of turpentine.pood. 1.40 

Essential, scented oils, with or with¬ 
out admixture of fat oils; oils used 
in medicine and perfumery... .pood. 9.36 
Cocoanut and palm oil. do. 0.39 


Emery, pumice stone, tripoli, hematite, col- 
eothar, and other substances for polishing 
metals, Ac., mixed with fat (that is, in the 
shape of thick paste), and in any other form; 
also, spread on paper or linen ; paste for ra¬ 
zor-straps ; putty for windows, and cement 
for metals, glass, and porcelain.pood. 0.19 


Phosphorus.pood. $7.80 

Ether, chloroform, and collodion. do. 3.43 

Hops and extract of hops. do. 0.85 

Opium and lactucarium. do. 7.8(1 

(150) Aromatic waters, without admixture of 
alcohol, such as cherry-laurel water, pepper¬ 
mint water, orange flower water, rose w r ater, 

Ac.pood. 3.12 

Patent medicines permitted to be imported ac¬ 
cording to a special list prepared by the 
medical council of the home office, in con¬ 
cert with the ministry of finance.pood. 2.34 

SECTION III.—MANUFACTURES. 

I.—Manufactures of Stone, Clay, and 
Other Minerals. 

Alabaster, worked with or without ornaments. 

pood. 0.85 

Gypsum, marble, porphyry, serpentine, slate, 
and other similar stones, worked with or 

without ornaments.pood. 0.35 

If bronze ornaments evidently constitute 
the principal value of the object, and can¬ 
not be separated from it, only half the duty 
charged on bronze ware is leviable. 

Pottery ware, of common clay or sandstone: 

All pottery ware and vessels, except those 

below mentioned.pood. 0.15 

Objects for the decoration of rooms, colored 

and gilt..v.pood. 0.78 

Earthenware—White, and of one color, dyed 
in the paste, without ornaments, although 

with a moulded pattern.pood. 0.5S 

The same, with patterns, rings, borders, and 

edges of one color.pood. 0.78 

The same, with painting, gilding, or with 

variegated patterns.pood. 1.95 

Porcelain—Porcelain vessels, white, or of one 
color, with edges or borders colored or gilt, 

but without other ornaments.pood. 3.12 

Porcelain vessels, with painting, or with pat¬ 
terns colored or gilt, arabesques, flowers, 
and other similar ornaments, as well as 
articles of porcelain, or biscuit , for the 
decoration of rooms, white, and of one 
color, but without painting, gilding, or 

bronze ornaments. pood. 6.24 

Articles of porcelain, or biscuit , for the 
decoration of rooms, such as vases, statu¬ 
ettes, ornaments for tables and for rooms, 
candlesticks, and such like objects, with 
painting, gilding, or bronze ornaments. 

pood. 12.48 

Observation 1.—Real porcelain has a white, 
vitreous fracture, and semi-transparency, 
which distinguishes it from earthenware, 
which is not semi-transparent. Articles of 
so-called soft, or English porcelain, which is 
likewise semi-transparent, pay the same du¬ 
ty as real porcelain. 

Observation 2.—Crests and cyphers are not 
considered ornaments. 

Observation 3.—The boxes or cases in which 
porcelain is imported pay duty according to 
the material of which they are made. 

Glasswares—Manufactures of bottle - green 
glass, without ornaments, not cut nor 
ground, although with cast letters and 

patterns.pood. 0.39 

Observation. —All wine bottles brought to 
harbors in the Black and Azof Seas, and to 
custom-houses in Bessai-abia, are admit¬ 
ted free. 

Window-glass of every description, white, 
half-white, and of bottle-green color, and 
articles of white and semi-white glass, not 
cut nor ground, and without ornaments, 
although with finished or ground bottoms, 






































TARIFF.—RUSSIA. 


G± 5 


0.15 

3.12 


do. 

0.0% 

do. 

0.01 

do. 

0.01% 

do. 

0.01% 

do. 

0.02 

do. 

0.02 

piece. 

23.40 


borders, and stoppers, and with cast pat¬ 
terns .pood. $0.85 

Window-glass, colored, dyed in the paste, 
milk-white, ground, reticulated, and ar¬ 
ticles of colored glass (dyed in the paste), 
or double glass (with colored coating), 
milk - white, reticulated, ground, not 
ground nor cut, and without ornaments, 
gilding, or silvering, although with cast 
patterns, and ground and finished stop¬ 
pers, bottoms, and edges.pood. 

Articles of white glass and crystal, cut and 
ground, but without ornaments .... pood. 
Articles of colored glass, of one color or 
coated (double), dimmed milk-white, reti¬ 
culated, etc., cut and ground; also arti¬ 
cles of every description of glass, with 
painting, gilding, silvering, and with pat¬ 
terns engraved or etched; also, with 
bronze and other ornaments... .pood. 6.24 

Observation. —If the bronze ornaments consti¬ 
tute the principal value of the article, it pays 
duty under the paragraph for manufactures 
of bronze. 

Mirrors, and plates for mirrors:— 

Of a superficies up to 100 square vershocks. 

pound. 0.04 

from 100 to 200 square vershocks. vershock. 0.0% 
from 201 to 300 square vershocks. 
from 301 to 400 square vershocks. 
from 401 to 500 square vershocks. 
from 501 to 600 square vershocks. 
from 601 to 800 square vershocks. 
from 801 to 1,200 sq. vershocks. 
above 1,200 squai-e vershocks ... 

Observation 1.—Mirrors and glass plates for 
mirrors, broken on the way, pay duty sepa¬ 
rately on each piece measuring more than 25 
square vershocks, calculating the superficies 
by the largest regular quadrangle that can 
be cut out of the pieces; broken pieces of 
not more than 25 square vershocks are ad¬ 
mitted free. 

Observation 2.—Mirror glasses, ground, with¬ 
out amalgam, pay duty, by measurement, 
according to the above scale for mirrors, but 
with a deduction of 30 per cent, from the 
amount of duty. Mirror glasses, not ground, 
are admitted as window glass. 

II.—Metals Wrought. 

(159) Gold, silver, and platinum :— 

Gold in articles of every description; gold 
jewelry without stones, as well as with 
stones of every kind, real and counterfeit, 

pearls, etc... pound. 26.14 

Silver and vermeil , or silver gilt, in articles 
of every kind; silver jewelry, with or with¬ 
out gilding, and with every description of 
stone, real or imitation pearls, etc.pound. 1.72 
Platinum in articles of every kind, except 
platinum instruments and utensils for 
manufactories, works, and trades (section 

38).pound. 12.87 

Lace work of gold silver, or tinsel, gold and 
silver drawn and spun, spangles, and 
other ornaments; also ribbons of gold and 

silver.pound. 

Gold and silver leaf, single and double, in 
books, together with the weight of the 
books.pound. 

Manufactures of bronze, plated silver, and of 
various alloys of copper:— 

Articles of bronze and other alloys of copper 
(except brass), lackered, or not lacker¬ 
ed, entire or in parts, weighing more than 

1 pound each.pood. 9.36 

Articles of bronze and other alloys of cop¬ 
per (except brass rusted, gilt, or silvered); 


4.28 


8.58 


all articles of base metals, gilt and silver¬ 
ed, weighing more than one pound each ; 
and plated silver of every description, pood. 
Articles of bronze and other alloys of cop¬ 
per (except brass); also of common me¬ 
tals, gilt and silvered, weighing less than 
1 pound each.pood. 

Manufactures of copper and brass, except 
those specially mentioned, as well as all do¬ 
mestic utensils of copper and brass, in com¬ 
bination with wood, iron, tin plate, leather, 
and other materials..pood. 

Cast-iron wrought:— 

Iron castings, weighing more than three 
pounds each, without any finish, such as 
fire-bars, plates, pipes, beams, pillars, and 
cast-iron appurtenances for railways.pood. 
Iron castings, weighing more than three 
pounds each, fitted, turned, drilled, etc., 
but not polished; also if painted or bronz¬ 
ed, and all utensils of cast-iron enamelled. 

pood. 

Articles of cast-iron polished, although only 
partly, and with ornaments of bronze or 
other metals, and all small wares of cast- 
iron weighing up to 3 pounds each. .pood. 

Cast-steel wrought, such as bells, mortars, 
plates, tires, axles, and carriage springs, 
with copper naves, nuts, caps, and without 
the same, and other similar articles weigh¬ 
ing severally— 

More than 1 pound.pood. 

Up to 1 pound. do. 

Iron blacksmith’s work of every kind, except 
that specially mentioned, without filing, or 
with filing along edges or rims, but not pol¬ 
ished, such as anchors, nails, hooks, frames, 
kitchen ranges, etc.; also iron wheels, axles, 
and hoops ; iron chains, with links more 
than % inch thick, domestic utensils of black 
iron enamelled, and all articles of sheet-iron 
not tinned.pood. 

Observation. —Metallic fittings for vessels built 
for account of Russian subjects and on Rus¬ 
sian wharves, are admitted free of duty, by 
special permission, in each case, of the min¬ 
ister of finance. 

Locksmith's works of iron or steel, weighing 
up to 1 pood each, with or without parts 
of copper:— 

Not polished.pood. 

Polished. do. 

Observation. —All articles of locksmith’s work 
weighing more than 1 pood each, with or 
without parts of copper, pay duty as black¬ 
smiths’ work, viz. : 1 rouble per pood. 

Manufactures of tin plate (white iron):— 

All articles of tin plate, except those speci¬ 
ally mentioned below, and all articles of 
sheet-iron tinned and enamelled (except do¬ 
mestic utensils of black iron, which pay as 

blacksmiths’ work).pood. 

The same, with gilding, painting, and other 
ornaments.pood. 

(167) Wire of iron (and all iron less than % 
inch in width or diameter); of steel, copper, 
brass, and of all metallic alloys, tinned or 
not tinned, covered with zinc (galvanized) or 
with other metals ; wire nails, pegs for piano¬ 
fortes and metallic wires, together with the 
weight of the reels on which they are wound; 
also wire rigging and submarine cables of 
wire.pood. 

Manufactures of wire, except those specially 
mentioned, and wire covered with cotton, 
silk, or other thread; frames for umbrellas 
or parasols and bird cages of all kinds of 
wire.pood. 


$15.60 


31.20 


2.34 


0.39 


0.62 


1.95 


1.05 

3.51 


0.78 


1.95 

3.51 


1.95 

3.90 


1.17 


2.34 























646 


TARIFF.—RUSSIA, 


Needles of steel or iron:— 

Sewing and all other needles, except those 

mentioned below.pound. $0.39 

Knitting, packing, and threading needles; 
needles for saddlers, harness-makers, and 

sail-makers.pood. • 0.19 

Cutlery—Set in common materials; also scis¬ 
sors (except sheep-shears, which 
are admitted free under section 34), 
tweezers, and knife-blades, finish¬ 
ed or unfinished.pood. 9.36 

Set in plated silver and other metallic 
compositions in ivory and mam¬ 
moth bone, in tortoise shell, mo¬ 
ther-of-pearl, and in common ma¬ 
terials, but with ornaments of 
bronze, gold, silver, ivory, mam¬ 
moth bone, tortoise shell, and 

mother-of-pearl.pood. 18.72 

Peasants’ pocket-knives (Koziki), set 
in metal or in other cheap mate¬ 
rials.pood. 4.68 

Observation. —Cutlery set in precious metals 
pay under paragraph 159 (articles of gold, 
silver, and platinum). 

Swords, side-arms, sword blades, and all other 
blades for side-arms; fire-arms (except air- 
guns, etc., which are prohibited), and all 

appurtenances thereto.pood. 14.04 

Observation. —Fire-arms imported in boxes 
and cases with fittings, pay duty inclusive 
of weight of cases and fittings. 

Scythes and sickles of every kind, straw-cut¬ 
ters, and mowers.pood. 0.34 

Tools used in the arts, in trades, in manufac¬ 
tories, works and agriculture, of iron or 
steel; also with parts of copper or wood, 
such as saws, files, rubbers, rasps, scrapers, 
copper tools for bookbinders, for printing 
and stamping, knives for coopers, boot¬ 
makers, and harness-makers; awls, spades, 
shovels, rakes, hoes, forks, etc.; iron boxes 
and moulds for sugar-refining, moulds for 
candles, busks for stays, rapiers, traps for 
animals, etc. :— 

By sea.pood. 0.62 

By land. do. 0.39 

Type for printers, matrices for casting type, 
metallic and wooden blocks, and all forms 

for printing offices.pood. 0.23 

(175)Machinery and apparatus:— 

Locomotives, copper or brass apparatus, and 
also copper or brass parts and fittings of 
every kind of machinery and apparatus, 

imported separately.pood. 0.58 

Observation. —Under this section are also 
cleared such apparatus, parts and fittings 
of machinery and of apparatus in which 
copper or brass is the principal, although 
not the only material. 

Locomotives and all steam motors, fire steam 
engines, and other appliances against fire; 
also all machines and apparatus (except 
those mentioned in article 1 of this sec¬ 
tion, and in section 35).pood. 0.23 

Detached parts and fittings of every kind of 
machinery and apparatus (except of cop¬ 
per or brass, under article 1 of this sec¬ 
tion), imported separately from the ma¬ 
chinery or apparatus, including belting 

used in manufactories.pood. 0.23 

Observation. —By parts of machinery and. ap¬ 
paratus are understood such as have no 
independent use, and form a direct part of 
the machinery or apparatus, and cannot be 
employed except in combination with other 
machinery, etc., such as steam cylinders, 
pistons, cranks, eccentrics, connecting-rods, 


fly-wheels, cheeks, trestles, and spindles, fit¬ 
tings of machinery, and apparatus, are all 
such articles as do not form a direct and 
immediate part of machinery, etc., but are 
used in setting it up, or in connecting it 
with other machinery or apparatus, such as 
railings, stair-cases, gearing or shafting, 
brackets, driving pullies, straps, or belts, 
cords for spinning machinery, connecting 
pipes, oils cups, and metallic webs. 

Articles of tin or zinc, and of Britannia metal:— 

Not polished and not painted.pood. $0.78 

Polished and painted. do. 1.95 

Lead wrought, except articles specially men¬ 
tioned shot, articles of type-metal.pood. 0.62 

White and yellow tinsel in books, together 
with the weight of the books, and foil of 
every kind.pound. 0.11 

III.—Manufactures of Wood, India-rubber, 
Bags, and Straw. 

Corkwood, manufactures of.pood. 1.56 

(180) Joiners’ and turners’ work: — 

Of common wood, not varnished, not polish¬ 
ed. and without applications or veneer, 
including bird cages of wood, and shoe 

pegs.pood. 0.19 

The same, polished, varnished, with appli¬ 
cations or veneer, gilt, silvered, or with 

gilt or silvered ornaments. pood. 0.85 

Observation. —Furniture dutiable under this 
section, covered with leather or with any 
texture, pays 25 per cent, above the duties 
laid down under this section. 

The same, with ornaments of bronze and 
other materials, with incrustations of 
wood, copper, steel, mother-of-pearl, ivory, 
tortoise-shell, etc., excepting articles 
weighing less than 3 pounds each, which 

are admitted under section 227.pood. 4.68 

Carving in wood of all kinds, including 
frames, with or without mirrors or pictures. 

pood. 2.92 

ObservattoJi 1.—The same duty is leviable on 
articles of felt, picked oakum, papier-mache, 
and carton-pierre, having the appearance 
of carvers’ or turners’ work in wood, except 
similar work not painted or polished. 

Observation 2. —Frames with mirrors and pic¬ 
tures, if such cannot be weighed separately, 
pay 22 cop. per arshine, reckoning part of an 
arshine as an entire arshine. 

India-rubber or caoutchouc, and gutta percha, 
worked:— 

Articles of india-rubber or caoutchouc, and 
of gutta-percha, without admixture of 

other materials.pood. 2.57 

The same, with admixture of other mate¬ 
rials, except those below mentioned, pood. 4.68 

Tissues of india-rubber thread, covered with 
other materials; manufactures of such 
tissues, and all ready-made clothes of india- 

rubber .pood. 17.16 

Boots and shoes of india-rubber or caout¬ 
chouc, and of gutta-percha, whether in 
combination or not with leather and tis¬ 
sues .pood. 7.80 

Paper—Unsized paper of every kind, white 
and colored ; also if ruled for music, 
and paper for embroidery, without 

patterns.pood. 1.56 

Sized paper of every kind, white and 
colored, without ornaments; also 
paper and transparent cotton tis¬ 
sues for tracing.pood. 2.34 

Paper hangings and borders for same. 

pood. 3.51 

Paper for writing and printing, of 





























TARIFF.—RUSSIA. 


647 


every kind, with ornaments, such 
as gilding, silvering, pastings, bord¬ 
ers, crests, cyphers, pictures, etc.; 
also paper made up into envelopes, 
lamp-shades, and artificial flowexs. 

pood. $6.24 

Paper —Paper for cigarettes, tissue paper 
(silk paper) ; also paper with orna¬ 
ments and drawings, for printers’, 
bookbinders’, and confectioners’ 
work, sheets with pictures for toys, 
paper for embroidery, with patterns, 

colored and not colored.pood. 4.68 

Office and copying books, boixnd or 
not, and all kinds of bindings, ex¬ 
cept bookbinders’ work, dutiable 

under section 227.pood. 8.66 

Pasteboard for use in manufactories, 
paper bobbins for winding silk, as¬ 
phalt for roofing, paper covered 
with tar on one side, and for de¬ 
struction of insects ; also articles of 
papier-mache and carton-pierre, 
not polished nor painted.pood. 0.15 

AH articles of straw or of wood shavings, mix¬ 
ed or not w T ith horse-hair, silk, cotton, flax, 
or hemp, except hats of straw or of shavings, 
mentioned in section 223 .pound. 0.62 

IV.—Manufactures of Hair, Bristles, and 
Leather. 

Human hair, worked.pound. 0.46 

Horse-hair and bristles, worked, all tissues of 
horse-hair, sieves of horse-hair, articles in 
bristles set in common wood, without ve¬ 
neer, brushes of bristles, and all brushes for 
painting.pood. 1.71 

Observation. —Shaving brushes and all articles 
in bristles set in various materials, except 
in common wood, without veneer, pay ixnder 
section 227. 

Manufactures of skin and leather:— 

Boots and shoes, except ladies’ shoes of silk 

tissues.pound. 0.42 

Ladies’ boots and shoes of silk tissues, ready¬ 
made or partly finished.pound. 0.85 

Gloves of leather, excepting fencing gloves 
(see below), and all articles of chamois 
leather, and kid, except boots, shoes, or 

surgical appliances.pound. 1.17 

Observation. —Gloves cut out, but not 
stitched, pay half the duty, or 110 copecks 
per pound. 

Harness and appurtenances thereto, saddles 
and saddlery, portmanteaus, travelling 
bags, articles of leather used by sports¬ 
men, and such like articles, fencing gloves, 
books and portfolios of leather, not spe¬ 
cially mentioned.pound. 0.31 

Y.—Manufactures Woven, Plaited, and 
Knitted. 

Of Flax or Hemp. 

Cables, rope and twine of hemp, flax, flax or 
hemp tow, New Zealand flax, and other 
fibres, tarred and not tarred, fishing nets, 
hempen hose for fire engines, hempen buck¬ 
ets and tarpaulin. pood. 0.31 

Observation. —Rope, twine, etc., with admix¬ 
ture of silk, wool, silk waste of cotton, pays . 
as galloons, braids, etc., according to mate¬ 
rials of which made. 

Linen, batiste, of every kind, and lawn mixed 

or not mixed with cotton.valuation. 30 ct. 

Flax and hemp tissues, twilled or with woven 
patterns, mixed or not mixed with cotton, 

such as table linen and towels of every kind ; 
also painted and printed linen.pound. 0.50 

Drills of every kind. do. 0.35 


Sailcloth, ticking for bedding and for furni¬ 
ture, carpet textures of flax, hemp, or jute, 
and other stout flax and hempen tissues, 

mixed or not mixed with cotton.pound. $0.11 

Flax and hemp knitted and plaited goods (ho¬ 
siery), except galloon and braids, buttons, 

net, and lace.pound. 0.39 

Wax and oilcloth of every kind, except of silk 
and manufactures of the same; also canvas 
with prepared ground for painting.. pound. 0.08 

Linen bags, coarse.pood. 0.23 

Of Silk. 

Stuffs, scarfs, shawls, and ribbons of pure silk, 
as well as of bourre de soie, without admix¬ 
ture of cotton, wool, or such like materials, 
including foulards, plain, printed in the 
warp (chine), velvet, plush, chenille of pure 
or mixed silk, and ribbons of the same, as 

well as sieves of silk.pound. 3.90 

Foulards, printed in the cloth, in pieces or 

handkerchiefs.pound. 2.34 

Stuffs, scarfs, shawls, handkerchiefs, ribbons 

of mixed silk (with warp or woof of any 
other material), as well as of bourre de soie, 
with admixture of cotton, wool, flax, hemp, 

etc. pound. 1.71 

Galloon and gimp trimmings of pure or mixed 
silk, manufactures of silk knitted or plaited, 
hosiery, with or without admixture of other 
materials, or of bugles and beads, with the 
exception of buttons; of net and of lace; 

also silk canvas.pound. 0.78 

Oil cloth of silk. do. 0.78 

Of Wool. 

Milled woollen stuffs :— 

Of every kind, except those specially men¬ 
tioned .pound. 0.66 

Cloth, hair-cloth, cashmere, and Tricot cash- 

mere (satin de laine).pound. 0.93 

Flannel, white, blankets, and woollen horse¬ 
cloths .pound. 0.31 

Observation. —Handkerchiefs, scarfs, cover¬ 
lets, plaids, etc., pay the same duty as the 
material of which they are composed. 

Unmilled stuffs of combed wool or goats’ hair, 
plain, woven of various colors, and em¬ 
broidered with or without admixture of 
cotton, except those specially mentioned : 

Having not more than 5 square arshines to a 

pound (3,920 square inches).pound. 0.39 

Having 5 to 9 square arshines to a pound 

(3,920 to 7,056 square inches).pound. 0.66 

Having more than 9 square arshines to a 

pound (7,056 square inches).pound. 0.85 

The same, printed, pay duty.additional 30 ^ ct. 

Unmilled stuffs of combed wool or goats’ 
hair, having a woof or warp of silk or silk 
waste, pay as silk good ; but if the admix¬ 
ture of silk or bourre de soie consist only 
of patterns or stripes woven in or em¬ 
broidered, such goods pay 20 per cent, in 
addition. 

Handkerchiefs, scarfs, etc., of unmilled tex¬ 
tures of combed wool or goats’ hair, ex¬ 
cept those specially mentioned pay the 
same duty as the material of which they 
are made. 

Bunting, white woollen stuffs for millers’ sieves, 
and sashes of woo! of every kind, without 

admixture of silk.pound. 0.17 

Shawls, handkerchiefs, sashes, and scarfs, 
Turkish or Cashmere, also French terno and 
half terno, as well as detached borders, 
edges, and other similar stuffs of pure wool, 
or mixed with cotton, silk, or bourre de soie. 

pound. 2.34 

Unmilled woollen stuffs for use in manufacto- 
[ ries, bags for oil-pressing, for sugar refiners, 

































TARIFF. 


RUSSIA. 


648 

etc., cloths of peculiar make for manufacto¬ 


ries, cloth list, and all kinds of felt, not 

dyed, dyed, and printed.pound. $0.78 

Woollen carpets of every kind. do. 0.23 

Fezes, or Turkish caps, of wool, embroidered 
or not, with spangles.dozen. 1.40 


Woollen galloon or braid, and plaited and knit¬ 
ted goods (hosiery) of every kind, gloves, 
stockings, tapes, and ribbons, of pure wool 
or mixed with hemp, flax, or cotton, except¬ 
ing buttons, and lace.pound. 0.39 

Observation. —Galloon, braid, and hosiery of 
wool, containing an admixture of silk, in the 
form of ornaments, pay 20 per cent, in ad¬ 
dition to the duty under the present section. 

Of Cotton. 

Cotton tissues, gray, bleached, dyed (except 
those dyed Turkey-red), and woven of va¬ 
rious colors:— 

Having up to 8 square arshines to a pound 

(6,272 square inches).pound. 0.21 

Having 8 to 12 square arshines to a pound 

(6,272 to 9,408 square inches).pound. 0.296 

Having 12 to 16 square arshines to a pound 

(9,408 to 12,544 square inches)_pound. 0.39 

Having more than 16 square arshines to a 

pound (12,544 square inches).pound. 0.858 

The same, printed or died Turkey-red : — 

Having up to 8 square arshines to a pound 

(6,272 square inches).pound. 0.39 

Having 8 to 12 square arshines to a pound 

(6,272 to 9,408 square inches).pound. 0.468 

Having 12 to 16 square arshines to a pound 

(9,408 to 13,544 square inches)_pound. 0.585 

Having more than 16 square arshines to a 

pound (12,544 square iuches).pound. 0.936 

Observation. —Cotton tissues of every kind, 
with pastings or with straw, gold, silver, 
tinsel, or other ornaments, and if cut out 
for ladies’ dresses (coupons de robes), pay. 0.936 
Cotton velvet, plush and plush ribbons.pound. 0.351 
Cotton galloon or braid, and plaited or knitted 
goods of every kind (hosiery), chenille, and 
articles of chenille, cotton canvas without 
embroidery or with embroidery commenced 
on it, with exception of buttons, of net, 

and of lace.pound. 0.273 

Observation. —Galloon work of flax or hemp 
pays duty under this section. 

Tulle {net) and lace. 

Tulle (net) of every kind :— 

For furniture with patterns woven in or em¬ 
broidered, and curtains of net or muslin, 

pound. 0.312 

Tulle (net) of every kind, except that above 
mentioned, in the piece, plain and figured 
(with patterns woven in or embroidered), 

for ladies’dress.pound. 1.56 

Lace of every kind, of cotton, flax, hemp, 

wool, or silk (blonde).pound. 2.34 

Goods of Turkish origin imported into the har¬ 
bors of the Black Sea and Sea of Azof. 

Cotton textures of Turkish origin, without any 

admixture.pound. 0.39 

Cotton textures mixed with silk; also articles 

of such stuffs.pound. 0.46 

Cotton and half silk goods of Turkish origin, 
interwoven with gold, silver, or tinsel, with 

Asiatic patterns.pound. 1.17 

All other cotton, silk, or mixed webs, of Turk¬ 
ish origin, not specially mentioned above, 
also testemal muslin, printed handkerchiefs, 
pay the same duty as cotton, silk, and mixed 
goods of European origin. 

VI.—Manufactures of Various Materials. 

Apparel and appurtenances of the toilet. 
Eeady-made clothes for men, women, or chil¬ 


dren, except of caoutchouc; articles of fur, 
made and covered with any texture; linen, 
made of every kind, except table linen ; ah 
appurtenances of the toilet of any texture, 
or of tulle (net), trimmed or not with lace; 
ladies’ head-dresses, ready-made, with flow¬ 
ers, feathers, ribbons; and also various ar¬ 
ticles made up, such as coverlets, caparisons, 
curtains, blinds, and drapery for windows 

and doors...valuation. 25 per cent 

Observation. —Furs made up, and fur clothing 
not covered with cloth or any other stuff, 
pay, under section 85, according to the fur 
of which made, with addition of 50 per 
cent, to the duty under the above section. 

Buttons:— 

Of bronze and metal, excepting of gold, sil¬ 
ver, or platinum (section 159).pound. $0.39 

Of flax, cotton, wool, or silk, of every kind, 

pound. 0.23 

Of porcelain, glass, mother-of-pearl, wood, 

bone, and all other buttons.pound. 0.11 

Ostrich feathers, marabout feathers, feathers 
of birds of paradise, military plumes, plumes 
of every kind for hats and bonnets, and arti¬ 
ficial flowers, excepting of paper, or of leath¬ 
er, together with the weight of the paste¬ 
board boxes .. ...pound. 4.68 

Observation. —The component parts of artifi¬ 
cial flowers,-not put together, pay half the 

above rate, or.pound. 2.34 

Bugles and beads, of glass or metal:— 

On strings and not w r orked up.pood. 1.28 

In articles of various kind, and set. .pound. 0.26 
(223) Hats (bonnets) and caps:— 

Hats of down, half down, silk, or felt.piece. 0.70 
Hats (bonnets) of leather, lackered of wood 
chip, of wood bark, common and w r hite 
(rice straw), of printed pasteboard, in 
imitation of Italian straw, of cotton and 
hemp tape, of the fibre of the palm-tree, 
and such like vegetable substance, except 
hats or bonnets of straw, mixed or not 
mixed with silk or other thread, without 

ribbons, feathers, or flowers.pound. 1.91 

Hats and bonnets of straw, not trimmed, 
without ribbons, feathers, or flowers, 

pound. 2.57 

Observation .—Hats and bonnets of straw, 
and of any other material, when trimmed 
with ribbons, feathers, or flowers, pay 25 
per cent. 

Caps of every kind, without fur.piece. 0.27 

Observation .—Caps trimmed with fur pay 
under section 219. 

Common peasant hats of felted lambs’ wool, 
and caps trimmed or not with lambskin, 

brought over the land frontier.piece. 0.11 

Umbrellas and parasols, and walking sticks 
with umbrellas:— 

Men’s umbrellas, covered with woollen stuffs, 
and ladies’ umbrellas of silk, without 

lining, and wool.piece. 0.468 

Men’s umbrellas, covered with silk, and la¬ 
dies’ umbrellas of silk, double, with lining, 

piece. 1.17 

All other umbrellas and parasols, except the 
above mentioned, covered or not covered, 

. piece. 0.234 

Perf umery and cosmetics. 

Cosmetics, various:— 

Aromatic spirituous waters, eau de Cologne, 
eau des Alpes, Hungary water, and eau de 

melisse.pood. 7.80 

Scents, toilet vinegar, and perfumed waters 
of every kind, except those mentioned 
above and under section 150; also po¬ 
matum of every kind.pood. 23.40 































TARIFF.—RUSSIA. 


649 


Whitening, rouge, face powder, fumigating 
pastils and compositions, tooth powder, 
sachets of every kind, all cosmetics and 
perfumery not specially mentioned, to¬ 
gether with weight of boxes and of pack¬ 
ing...pood. $9.36 

Observation. —Cosmetics imported under this 
article in vessels of cut glass or porcelain, 
with gilding, painting, metallic stoppers or 
fastenings, and such like ornaments, pay 
duty inclusive of the weight of such vessels. 

Soap—Scented (cosmetic) either in a liquid or 

solid state or in powder, .pood, gross. 4.29 
Of every kind, except cosmetic.. .pood. 0.78 

Small wares. 

(227) Small wares for the toilet, for stands (eta- 
geres), ornaments for the table, or for 
walls, of various materials, having an in¬ 
dependent use or application, and not 
specially mentioned:— 

Valuable, composed partly of aluminium, 
mother-of-pearl, coral, tortoise shell, ivory, 
enamel, porcelain, amber and coral, and 
such other valuable materials, as well as 
of bronze, of gilt or silver-plated metals 

and metallic alloys.pound. 0.85 

Common, of horn and bone, likewise of 
every material with parts, settings or or¬ 
naments of base (common) metals and 
metallic alloys (not gilt nor silvered) of 
horn, bone, wood, common stones, glass, 
meerschaum, whalebone, jet, and similar 

cheap substances.pound. 0.257 

Observation 1.—Articles of which gold, silver, 
or platinum forms the principal value, pay 
the duty on manufactures of gold and silver. 
Observation 2.—Wooden articles with orna¬ 
ments of bronze and incrustations, weighing 
more than 3 pounds each, pay under section 
180; those weighing less than 3 pounds, pay 
under the present section according to the 
materials that constitute the principal value 
of the ornaments or incrustations. 

Observation 3.—The cases in which small 
wares are imported under the present sec¬ 
tion pay according to the material of which 
they are made. 

Children’s toys of every kind, children’s cards 
with the letters of the alphabet, with illus¬ 
trations of natural history, etc.pound. 0.25 

Appurtenances of the writing table and ma¬ 
terials for drawing and painting not men¬ 
tioned in other sections, such as pencils of 
every kind, writing pens (including metallic 
pens), penholders, pencil cases, wafers, pen¬ 
cil cutters, etc., together with the weight of 
the boxes in which they are imported. pound. 0.23 
Observation. —Penholders and pencil cases of 
gold or silver pay under section 159, as man¬ 
ufactures of gold and silver. 

Coral real, of one piece, and also coral in the 
mass, pierced on strings, in chaplets and 
cut, but not set in precious metals or other 
materials.pound. 2.34 

Miscellaneous instruments. 

Balances (scales and weights) of every kind 

with fittings.pood. 1.56 

Observation. —Decimal balances, together with 
their fittings, weighing more than 3 pounds 
each, pay as machinery under section 175. 

Musical instruments:— 

Pianofortes and organs not portable, .piece. 31.20 
Ordinary organs, “ fis-harmonicas,” large 
church-organs (positives) and harps.piece. 7.80 
All musical instruments not specially men¬ 
tioned, and appurtenances to musical in¬ 
struments imported separately, such as 


bows, strings of gut and of silk (metallic 
strings pay under section 167), keys and 
hammers (pegs for pianos pay under sec¬ 
tion 167), metronomess, tuning forks, etc., 

pound. $0.11 

Observation. —The duties on musical instru¬ 
ments are leviable inclusive of weight of 
cases or boxes. 

Instruments, mathematical, for draughtsmen, 
and all philosophical, chemical, and surgi¬ 
cal instruments; photographic apparatus, 
also spectacles, eye-glasses, telescopes, and 
opera glasses, set in common materials, 
jointly with weight of cases, boxes, pocket- 
cases, &c., in which they are imported.pood. 4.68 
Obset'vation. —Spectacles, eye-glasses, and op¬ 
era glasses, set in gold, silver, or platinum, 
pay under section 159, and when set in moth¬ 
er-of-pearl, tortoise shell, ivory, and other 
costly materials, also with ornaments of 
enamel, and gilt or silvered, under section 
227, Article I. 

Watchmakers’ goods:— 

Works of watches and of clocks for the wall, 
for mantle-pieces, for travellers, and for 
the table, without cases or separately from 

their cases...piece. 0.50 

Observation. —The outer cases of such watches 
and clocks pay according to the material of 
which they are made, and if the internal 
works cannot be separated from the case, 
such watches or clocks pay, inclusively of the 
weight of the cases, the duty leviable on the 
cases according to the material of which they 
are made. 

Watches and chronometers, gold, and all 

such if gilt.piece. 1.01 

Watches and chronometers of silver, and all 

others, except of gold or gilt.piece. 0.50 

Wooden clocks with wheels of brass or wood, 

piece. 0.23 

Clocks for towers. do. 12.87 

Parts of clocks and watches not put together 
(except of gold and silver, which pay un¬ 
der section 159), and the works of carcel 

lamps. .pound. 0.62 

Observation. —Astronomical clocks and chro¬ 
nometers are admitted free under section 37. 

Carriages and Cars. 

Carriages:— 

Carriages on springs, large, such as: coaches, 
landaus, diligences, and omnibuses.piece. 78.00 
Light carriages on springs, such as : caliches, 
phaetons, dog carts, cabriolets and cabs, 

piece. 54.60 

Spring carriages for the transport of heavy 
weights, such as : vans (fourgons), wagons 
(brancards), and also travelling carriages 

with only back springs.piece. 23.40 

Carriages without springs of every kind, and 
small hand carriages for children (per¬ 
ambulators) on springs.piece. 7.80 

Observation. —Childrens’ hand carriages with¬ 
out springs are admitted under section 228. 
Detached parts of carriages, such as : boots, 
wheels, lamps, &c. (except axles, springs, 
and other fittings specially denominated 

in the tariff).pood. 3.432 

Railway Cars:— 

Trucks (platforms).piece. 58.50 

Freight cars covered. do. 78.00 

Passenger cars third class. do. 36.00 

Passenger cars first and second class.. do. 234.00 

VII.—Miscellaneous Manufactures. 

Beddding and pillows stuffed with feathers, 
own, hair or wool, addressed to persons 
who have returned from abroad.pood. 0.858 





















650 


TARIFF. —DENMARK. 


Observation .—Bedding and pillows stuffed 
with feathers, down, hair, or wool, brought 
by persons arriving from abroad among their 
household effects, are admitted free except 
in the cases here mentioned; the importa¬ 
tion of bedding and pillows is prohibited. 


Candles, torches, and tapers.pood. $0.78 

Lucifer matches of every kind. do. 1.287 

Sealing-wax and red tar. do. 1.56 


Ecclesiastical ornaments and articles, stuffs 
with ecclesiastical emblems and images, are 
admitted under corresponding sections of 
the tariff, but only with the permission of 
the supreme authorities of the Church. 

PART THE THIRD. 

GOODS OF WHICH THE IMPORTATION IS PROHIBITED. 


Russian coins, copper or silver, and all 
foreign coins of low standard. Prohibited. 

Gunpowder, ingredients for gunpowder, 
and all fulmmating compositions; also 
saltpetre refined. Prohibited. 

Military stores, guns, mortal's, shells, 
shot, &c. Prohibited. 

Air-guns, acting without gunpowder, also 
canes, sticks and canes with daggers, 
swords, and other concealed weapons.. Prohibited. 

All playing-cards. Prohibited. 

The skins and fur of the sea otter. Prohibited. 

Bedding and pillows, except if brought 
with passengers’ effects, or addressed 
to persons who have returned from 
abroad. Prohibited. 

Fishermen's berries, or baccae cocculi 
indici. Prohibited. 

Oil of bitter almonds. Prohibited. 

Powder for clearing wine. Prohibited. 

Selenite (for dyeing hair). Prohibited. 

Spirits distilled from corn, imported in 
casks. Prohibited. 


Observation .—G oods of which the impor¬ 
tation is prohibited only in certain 
parts of the empire, or which are ad¬ 
mitted under certain restrictions and 
by special permission, are mentioned 
under corresponding heads of the 
tariff. 

EXPORT DUTIES. 

Bone, unmanufactured, of every kind, ex¬ 
cept calcined or ground.pood. $0.08 

Leeches, together with the weight of 
the bags in which they are exported, 

pound. 0.62 

Eggs of the silk-worm . do. 1.56 

Rags of every kind, shreds of wool, and 
paper pulp:— 

a. On the land frontier and at the 

port of Lebau.pood. 0.23 

b. From ports in the Baltic (except 

Libau) and ports in the White 

Sea.pood. 0.35 

c. From ports in the Black and Azof 

Seas..pood. 0.156 

Calamine (or zinc ore), raw, calcined, and 

ground.pood. 0.02 

Iron Ore. Its exportation by the cus¬ 
tom-houses of the Kingdom of Poland 

is prohibited. Prohibited. 

Observation. —Iron ore may be exported 
through * the custom-houses of the 
Kingdom of Poland from the mines 
nearest to the frontier, and to foreign, 
not native iron-works, particularly in 
places where there is a want of fuel, 
but only by special permission of the 
ministry of finance, and on payment 
of a duty of 5 copecks per mine-bucket 
(a local measure). 

All goods except those mentioned in the 

above list may be exported free of duty. Free. 


TARIFF.—DENMARK. 

(1 rigsdaler computed at $0.5463 gold, U. S. 1 pound=1.1023 lb., U. S. 1 ell=2.0594 feet, U. S. 
1 pot=0.255 gall., U. S. 1 foot=1.0297 foot, U. S.) 


I. IMPORTS. 


FREE OF DUTY. 

Alum; aluminium; animals, all not otherwise speci¬ 
fied ; ashes. 

Bacon; barley; bast (fibres); beans; bleaching 
powder; bene, raw; books, written or printed, il¬ 
lustrated or not, bound or unbound; boxes, 
empty, and other articles for packing, or filled with 
goods; bread of all kinds; bricks, tiles, paving- 
stones, earthen tubes, &c.: buckwheat: butter. 

Cane and rushes; carding thistles; catechu; cement, 
all kinds, calcined or not; coal; charcoal; coin; 
copper, ore; cordage, old; cork, not manufactured; 
cotton, raw. 

Deeds and manuscripts; dyewoods, in sticks or 
ground. 

Eggs; earth and clay in natural state. 

Fish, fresh; flax, combed or not; flint; flour of 
grain; flowers, natural, fresh, or dry, not for 
medicine or tanning; fruits; frankincense. 


Gallnuts; glass bottles of all kinds; grain, pulled 
grass, East India; grease; groats; gold, in bars 

. or pieces; gypsum pulverized. 

Hams; hay; hair, all kinds, crude or prepared, not 
manufactured; hemp, raw or combed; hides and 
skins, raw; honey-comb; horn, parings or plates, 
burnt for dyeing. 

Iron, pig and scrap. 

Jute. 

Lard; lead, in pigs, and old pieces; lentils; lime, 
burnt or hydraulic. 

Magnesia; maize; malt; manila; manna seed; 
manuscripts; materials for tanning, not other¬ 
wise specified; mats for packing; meat; meer¬ 
schaum, raw ; metals unmanufactured, not other¬ 
wise specified; milk; minerals in natural state; 
models ; mother-of-pearl, crude; music (see books). 

Oats; oil seeds; ores, mineral. 

Paper; acts, manuscripts; paper money, and other 


























TARIFF.—DENMARK. 


651 


of value; paintings in oil or water colors, draw¬ 
ings, sketches, not framed; peas; periodicals 
(see books); platina in bars, coin, or pieces; pota¬ 
toes ; products of garden and field. 

Rapeseed; roots, ground ; lye. 

Salts: glauber; sulphate of soda; sulphate of am¬ 
monia ; carbonate of magnesia; medicinal salts: 
samples of all kinds; sausages; seeds, oily and 
medicinal; shells; silver, in coin, bars or pieces; 
slate, roofing, and other; soda, carbonate of, and 
calcined, or crystallized; stone, rough; sulphur 
flor. 

Tanning materials not otherwise specified; tartar 
emetic: teeth; tin, broken pieces of; tongues; 
tortoise shells; trees; shrubbery, plants, living; 
turf. 

Vegetables for dyeing: berries, leaves, flowers; veg¬ 
etables not otherwise specified ; vitriol. 

Waste of all kinds, such as: blood; manures, natu¬ 
ral and artificial; of fish-skins, raw; of fish-oil; 
of leather; of yarn, silk, or wool; oil cake, the 
same also ground; waste of paper, written or 
printed; of cocoa, and other nuts; broken glass 
and pottery; selvage of cloth; whalebone, raw ; 
wheat; willows, not peeled; wine lees; wood, un¬ 
manufactured, all, for fuel, oak, ebony, beech; 
wool of all kinds. 

Zinc, crude, in blocks. 

Acids, liquid.pound. $0.002 

solid. do. 0.011 

Anise... do. 0.017 

Asphaltum, natural and artificial. do. 0.001 

Balsams, natural. do. 0.027 

Beds, of feathers. do. 0.027 

Bedding and mattresses, bed-covers quilted, 
furniture upholstered, &c., 50 per cent, less 
than duty on material, or if in part com¬ 
posed of wood or metal.pound. 0.017 

Beer, in bottles.pot. 0.091 

other.pound gross. 0.002 

Bone, ground.pound. 0.005 

manufactured. (See turners’ work, 

wood.) 

Bran of almonds. pound. 0.091 

Brass.As copper. 


Cacao, in beans or ground; shells of. 


Cane and rushes, manuf’t’d, common. 


Carriages, Ac. :— 

Locomotives. each. 

Passenger cars and tenders.do. 

Other railroad cars.do. 

Carriages, covered.do. 

other.do. 

Other carriage work, children’s carriages, 

sleighs, &c.pound. 

Carriage and sofa pillows, if any part con¬ 
sists of wood or metal.pound. 

Cassia wood, ground or not. do. 

Caviare.pound gross. 

Chalk, white, ground, or for writing (tare 

boxes, 10 per cent.).pound. 

Cheese. do. 

Chemical preparations. ..... do. 

Chiccory, ground, and other substitutes for 

coffee, prepared. pound. 

Chiccory root, and other substitutes for coffee, 

crude .pound. 

Chocolate. P°k 


283.15 

89.145 

28.315 

16.389 

6.55 

0.017 

0.017 

0.04 

0.017 

0.005 

0.028 

0.011 

0.023 

0.005 

0.04 


Cider, from apples and other fruit, in bottles. 

pot. 

Cider, from apples and other fruit, in casks.. 

pound. 

Cinnamon, ground or not. do. 

Clothing, ready made, double duties of mate¬ 
rial of which made. If containing in part 
material of higher value, 150 per cent, du¬ 
ties. (Ready-made tricots, shawls, and 
scarfs, shoes and gloves, hats and caps, are 
not included here.) 

Cloves.pound. 

Coal, and charcoal pulverized. do. 

bituminous (commercial last, 20 4-7 
tons).commercial last. 

Cochineal (tare in bales, iron hooped, 20 per 
cent.). pound. 

Coffee (tare boxes over 400 pounds, 12 per 
cent.; of less weight, 16 per cent.; other 
packing, 2 per cent.).pound. 

Coffee, roasted. do. 

Colors, blue (except indigo), green, cinnabar; 
gold, silver, and bronze colors; chalk, and 
Chinese ink; all extracts for dyeing; all 
colors in cakes, not enumerated elsewhere 
(white lead and oxide of zinc excepted), or in 
papers, boxes, glasses, shells, &c.; all colors 
in paste: all sorts of varnish, polish, drying 
oils, &c.pound. 

Colors for artists and painters, not specially 
enumerated, not prepared as before de¬ 
scribed ; also white lead and oxide of zinc.. 

pound. 

Comfits. do. 

Copper, plates, sheets, nails, wire. do. 

bolts, plates for vessels, and other 

articles of yellow metal.pound. 

manufactured, bronzed, varnished, 
gilt, or silvered, plated, and other 

compositions.pound. 

other manufactures of. do. 

Corals, set or not. do. 

Cordage, of vegetable or animal substances... 

pound. 

Coriander. do. 


$0,091 

0.018 

0.04 


0.017 

0.005 

0.819 

0.079 


0.022 

0.023 


0.028 


0.005 

0.04 

0.017 

0.005 


0.091 

0.045 

0.091 

0.005 

0.017 


pound. 

0.022 

Cork, manufactured. 

do. 

0.017 

do. 

0.111 

Drugs or medicines, simple or compound.do. 

0.011 

do. 

0.022 

Earth, prepared (not for dyeing). 

do. 

0.005 

do. 

0.011 

Ether, all kinds. 

do. 

0.091 

do. 

0.017 

Essences, perfumed (not medicinal)... 

do. 

0.091 

do. 

0.034 

medicinal. (See drugs.) 



do. 

0.004 

Extracts, medicinal. 

do. 

0.091 

do. 

0.017 

Feathers and down, ornamental. 

do. 

1.092 

do. 

0.022 

other. 

do. 

0.028 

do. 

0.011 

Felt. (See manufactures of wool.) 



do. 

0.08 

Fennel. 

do. 

0.017 

do. 

0.017 

Fish, dried, pickled, smoked, &c.pound gross. 

0.001 


Flowers, artificial, of shells, wax, rice, &c. 

pound. 0.091 

others, finished. do. 1.092 

parts of, as: leaves, buds, stems.do. 0.546 
Fruit, dried:— 

Figs (tare 14 per cent.) ) do 0 004 

Plums (tare 10 per cent.) f . 

Lemon peel, dried.. .. do. 0.004 

Currants and raisins (tare 14 per cent.) do. 0.004 

Preserved in salt or vinegar. do. 0.005 

spirits, oil, or sugar; also 

sauces.pound. 0.04 

Mushroons, &c. do. 0.04 

Chestnuts, almcnds (tare boxes, 12 per 

cent.).pound. 0.017 

Pistacchi, peeled ; peach kernels_ do. 0.017 

Other fruits, in shell. do. 0.005 

Apples and pears.ton. 0.1S6 

by cargo.. commercial last. 2.73 

Oranges.pound. 0.007 

Grapes, packed in boxes. do. 0.04 










































































652 


TAKIFF.—DENMARK. 


Grape3, other.pound. $0,001 

Juices of fruit. (See cider.) 

Furniture, household. do. 0.017 

upholstered.. do. 0.022 

Gelatine. do. 0.017 

Ginger (tare boxes, 12 per cent.). do. 0.017 

Glass, not polished, not cut, in plates; window 
glass: ordinary brown or green hollow 

glassware.pound. 0.008 

Glass, in plates, cut, of less than 800 square 

inches.pound. 0.045 

Glass, in plates, cut, from 800 to 1,800 square 

inches.pound. 0.068 

Glass, in plates, cut, over 1,800 square in. do. 0.091 

foliated, cut or not, as glass in plates, 
cut, with additional 25 per cent. 

Glassware, in connection with metal. ..pound. 0.091 

all other. do. 0.04 

Glass flux, buttons, drops. do. 0.091 

Gloves, leather. do. 0.409 

Glue. do. 0.017 

Gold, manufactured, and in leaf. do. 0.091 

Gold wire, manufactures of. do. 0.273 

Guinea grains. do. 0.017 

Gum, raw, or in solution; not otherwise pre¬ 
pared .pound. 0.028 

Gunpowder, and manufactures of ; gun cotton. 

pound. 0.022 

Gunsmith’s work, bronzed, varnished, &c.do. 0.091 
Gutta-percha, in blocks, plates, rings, tubes, 

bars, soles, strings.pound. 0.028 

Gutta-percha, all other manufactures.. do. 0.091 

Hats and caps, of straw, including Panama... 

pound. 0.364 

Italian, of split straw_each. 0.226 

of waxed cloth or seal skin.do. 0.045 

t silk... do. 0.226 

other..pound. 0.364 

for ladies and children, finished, 
additional 50 per cent, to duty 
on material. 

Hair, human, manufactures of.pound. 1.092 

Hides and skins, prepared, dyed, bronzed, 
cordovan, morocco, parchment, and skins 

for saddlery.pound. 0.068 

other. do. 0.034 

manufactures of. do. 0.091 

Honey, brown. do. 0.009 

white. do. 0.001 

Hops. do. 0.04 

Horn, manufactured. (See turner’s work, 
wood.) 

Indigo (tare, boxes 28 per cent.; in skins, 

linen, mats, 12 per cent.).pound. 0.079 

Ink, and ink-powder. do. 0.017 

Instruments, musical (except pianos).. do. 0.091 
Iron and steel:— 

Hoop iron, bars, rails, axletrees, wheel tires, 
cart tubes, gas retorts, plates and sheets, 
bolts, spikes, nails, wire, steel strings for 

instruments.pound. 0.001 

manufactured in other forms. do. 0.005 

articles of iron and steel, cut, plated, gilded, 
silvered, in combination with ivory, other 
metal, mother-of-pearl; bronzed, varnish¬ 
ed, or painted sheet-iron ware.pound. 0.091 

Heavy castings; cannon, shells, balls, stoves, 
cooking utensils, tubes, retorts, weights, 
ploughshares, coarse articles of machine¬ 
ry, church bells, anchors, cables, anvils, 
steam-boilers, gas and water pipes, large 
hammers, scales, filed, polished, painted, 

or not.pound. 0.005 

all other articles of iron or steel. do. 0.017 

Isinglass (fish)... do. 0.017 

manufactured articles. do, 0.091 

Kermes (grains). do. 0 08 

Lac dye (tare, boxes 20 per cent.). do. 0.028 


Lampblack .pound. $0,005 

Laurel leaves... do. 0.017 

Lead, in sheets, tubes, shot, and balls., do. 0.005 
manufactured, gilded, silvered, plated, 

&c. do. 0.091 

manufactured, in other articles.. do. 0.045 

pencils, red, and other pencils... do. 0.028 
Leather, manufactures of, not otherwise speci¬ 
fied.pound. 0.091 

Lemonade (pot 0.091), or. do. 0.021 

Licorice root and juice.As drugs. 

Lime, gelatine.pound 0.017 

for industrial purposes. do. 0.091 

Mace. do. 0.273 

Manufactures, all, not enumerated.10 per ct. 

Manufactures of cotton, flax, hemp, silk, wool, 
and hair, not specially enumerated, includ¬ 
ing ribbons, bobinet lace, felt, haircloth, 
nets, buttons, and wadding :— 

Felt, for vessels and roofing.pound. 0.002 

Oilcloth, or other soaked in oil; or India rub¬ 
ber or gutta-percha, painted, lackered, or 
varnished, tarred, or with sand, if the ma¬ 
terial is silk or part silk.pound. 0.273 

If other than silk. do. 0.091 

1. Yarns, including thread of one line thick¬ 
ness.pound. 0.017 

Yarns, dyed, and all others. do. 0.045 

2. Tissues of-flax or hemp (linens), unbleached, 
weighing, per square yard, 44 quintins or 
more, or having, per % inch square, less 

than 24 threads.pound. 0.011 

(A quintin is 0.00860 of a U. S. pound.) 
of other weight.pound. 0.034 

3. Sailcloth, weighing, per square yard, 44 

quintins or more ; also carpets, not belong¬ 
ing to 2.pound. 0.034 

4. Haircloth, canvas, tulle, fishing-nets, tape, 

wicks (not included before).pound. 0.091 

5. Other manufactures of vegetable materials: 

a. Lace and other loose tissues, mixed with 

spun glass or metal wire, all button mate¬ 
rial, fringe, &c.pound. 0.273 

b. Other tissues: printed, including tricot 

and velvets...pound. 0.182 

of various colors, not printed. do. 0.136 

one color, not dyed, figured, as : damask, 
drill: neither dyed nor figured; also 

wadding. pound. 0.068 

silk, twisted or not; cords of % inch thick¬ 
ness, or less.pound. 0.41 

silk passementerie, and buttonmakers’ 

work.pound. 0.546 

other tissues of pure silk. do. 1.092 

warp only, or loom silk. do. 0.728 

all other. do. 0.41 

Wool or hair :— 

Yarn, thread, and cords, of 1 line diameter, 

or less, not dyed.pound. 0.022 

Yam, thread, and cords, of 1 line diameter, 

or less, dyed.pound. 0.045 

Tissues of knitted work of wool, pure, or 
mixed with other hair (not vegetable ma¬ 
terial), felt, crude, not dyed or printed ; 

selvage, carpet.pound. 0.068 

Loose tissues, with metal wire or spun glass; 
laces, crochet, passementerie, and button- 

makers’ work.pound. 0.273 

All other. do. 0.182 

Margarine. do. 0.017 

Matches. do. 0.04 

Mats, floor. do. 0.004 

Mattresses. (See Bedding.) 

Meat, hermetically sealed. do. 0.(4 

Meerschaum, manufactured. (See Turners’ 
work, wood.) 

Minerals, ores, washed, &c.pound. 0.034 

Mineral waters. do. 0.005 















































































TARIFF. —DENMARK. 


653 


Mosaic ornaments, Sic ..pound. $0,005 

Mother-of-pearl, manufactures of. (See 
Turners’ work, wood.) 

Mushrooms.pound. 0.04 

Mustard, ground. do. 0.04 

seed. do. 0.017 

Needles, sewing. do. 0.091 

other. do. 0.017 

Nutmegs. do. 0.273 

Oils, perfumed.. .... do. 0.068 

all other. do. 0.017 

Oysters, fresh.pound gross. 0.008 

dried, pickled, smoked.. do. 0’017 
Paper, for writing, drawing, or painting; 
packing ; covered with asphaltum, glass, 

sand, tar, &c.pound. 0.002 

all other, also with colors added to the pulp ; 

varnished, oiled, chalk paper.pound 0.021 

colored, gilded, silvered; printed labels, &c.; 

envelopes for letters.pound. 0.045 

articles manufactured; also covered with 

silk, or other tissues.pound. 0.091 

Paraffine (tare boxes ten per cent.).... do. 0.017 

Pepper and pimento. do. 0.017 

Perfumeries (essences, vinegars, waters, po¬ 
matums, Sic.) .pound. 0.091 

Pianos, organs, accordeons, and all other with 

keys (claviatron).10 per cent. 

Pies.pound. 0.04 

Pillows, for carriages and sofas. (See Car¬ 
riages.) 

Pitch.pound. 0.001 

Playing-cards (stamp duty of 0.045 per pack), 

pack. 0.011 

Porcelain, gilded, ornamented, &c_pound. 0.091 

other. do. 0.045 


Pottery: retorts, tubes, tiles; also of graph¬ 


ite.pound. 0.001 

Pottery, other. do. 0 005 

Powder, skin. do. 0.079 

washing. do. 0.005 

Printing-ink.pound gross. 0.011 

Resin, brown and yellow.pound. 0.001 

all other. do. 0.028 

Rice, not hulled. do. 0.006 

hulled. do. 0.011 

Saffron. do. 0.273 

Salt, cooking; mineral, in pieces. do. 0.002 

Saltpetre, common, raw, or refined.... do. 0.002 

Sealing-wax. do. 0.045 

Ships, boats, and other vessels of 50 commer¬ 
cial last.Subject to treaty. 

Ships, other.3 per cent. 

Shoes, silk.pound. 0.273 

other. do. 0.182 

other, not leather ; as material manu¬ 
factured. 

Shoe-blacking.pound. 0.011 

Sieves. (See wood.) 

Silk, raw... . do. 0.273 

Silver, manufactures of. do. 0.091 

leaf. do. 0.091 

wire and embroideries. do. 0.273 

Soap, perfumed or not. do. 0.091 

Spirits, in bottles.pot. 0.091 

others of 8 degrees (Spennrup’s alco¬ 
holometer) .quarter. 0.466 

others for each degree above 8. 0.010 

sweetened, spiced.As liqueurs. 

liqueurs, punch extract, in bottles, 

pot. 0.091 

other, quarter. 0.546 

Sponges, for washing.pound. 0.182 

prepared. do. 0.017 

Stearine (tare boxes 10 per cent.). do. 0.019 

Steel, in bars (tare boxes 10 per cent.), do. 0.001 

Steel pens. do. 0.091 

Stone, pulverized. do. 0.005 


Stone ornaments, of cement, gypsum, chalk.. 

pound. $0,005 

millstones, to 14 inches diameter, each. 0.011 
from 14 to 20 in. diam. do. 0.022 

20 to 32 in. diam. do. 0.045 

32 to 41 in. diam. do. 0.091 

over 41 in. diam..cubic foot. 0.091 
sculptured work, and all other fine, 
such as: vases, chandeliers, statuettes, 

toilet articles.pound. 0.091 

other. do. 0.002 


ware, or faience, and fancy articles of 
clay ; pottery, gilded, silvered, pound. 0.045 

other. do. 0.017 

Straw, manufactures of, coarse. do. 0.004 

Italian or split straw.. do. 0.364 
sewed, plaitings, &c... do. 0.136 
others, not enumerated, do. 0.056 

Strings of brass ; also if covered. do. 0.017 

steel. do. 0.005 

Sugar, candies, in loaf, equal to Dutch stand¬ 
ard No. 18.pound. 0.031 

Sugar, others, pulverized, equal to Dutch 

standard No. 9.pound. 0.021 

Sugar, others, pulverized, below Dutch stand¬ 
ard No. 9... .pound. 0.02 

Sugar, molasses, not above 25 pr ct. sugar.do. 0.009 

Tallow, common. do. 0.013 

Tar, vegetable and mineral.ton. 0.405 

Tare, for boxes of teak wood.24 per ct. 

Tea (tare lead boxes 25 per cent.).pound. 0.068 

Tooth-powder. do. 0.057 

Teeth, manufactured. (See Turners’ w r ork, 
wood.) 

Timepieces:— 

Watches, chronometers.each. 0.273 

Watch furniture.each set. 0.273 

Parlor clocks and furniture. .. .pound. 0.091 

Parts of watches. do. 0.091 

Tower clocks ; as material of which made. 

Other.pound. 0.045 

Tin, sheets, plates, tubes. do. 0.005 

manufactures of, varnished, gilded, or sil¬ 
vered .pound. 0.091 

Tin, manufactures of, other. do. 0.045 

Tobacco, leaf and stems (tare 12 per cent.; 

in mats 3 per cent.).pound. 0.028 

Tobacco, cigars (tare boxes 25 per cent.).do. 0.182 

other manufactures of. do. 0.045 


Tortoise. do. 0.136 

Toys ; as material manufactured. 

Turpentine, spirits of. do. 0.001 

Type, for printing. do. 0.017 

Umbrellas and parasols, silk.each. 0.344 

other. do. 0.136 

Vanilla.pound. 0.273 

Varnishes. (See Colors and Dyestuffs.) 

Vegetables, in hermetically sealed cans. do. 0.04 

Vinegar, perfumed. do. 0.091 

other, in bottles.pot. 0.028 

in casks.pound gross. 0.004 

Wax, animal and vegetable (tare boxes 10 

percent.).pound. 0.017 

Wax, manufactures of. do. 0.091 

Wicks, for lamps. do. 0.091 

Willow, manufactures of, coarse.pound. 0.04 

Wire, of copper and brass; also if covered 

with tissue or paper.pound. 0.017 

Wire, of iron or steel . do. 0.001 

Wines, in bottles.pot. 0.091 

other.do. 0.021 

Wood (timber):— 


Other.cubic foot. 0.021 


(On round timber a deduction of 25 per 
cent.; boards 3 by 6 inches, 8 per cent.; 
6 by 9 inches, 6 per cent.; over 9 inches, 
3% per cent.) 



































































































654 


TARIFF.—SWEDEN, 


Partly or wholly manufactured, as: ship 

timber, and for building.cubic foot. $0,034 

Coarse carpenters 1 work, not conveniently 

measured.. pound. 0.000 

Wood, manufactures of:— 

Turners’ work of wood ; furniture, parts of 
machinery, spinning-wheels, &c.; massive 

articles of fine woods.pound. 0.398 

Other. do. 0.017 

Fancy work of wood, of amber, ivory, horn, 


bone, meerschaum, nuts, mother-of-pearl, 
tortoise-shell, combs, buttons, and canes. 

pound. $0,091 

Quilts, sewed. do. 0.02i 

Zinc, in sheets, plates, tubes, bolts, nails.do. 0.006 
manufactures of. (See Tin.) 


II. EXPORTS. 

All articles. .Free. 


TARIFF.—SWEDEN. 


Law of March 24, 18G5. 

(1 rixdaler= $0.2756 gold, United States.) 

[1 centner=100 lbs.; 1 lb. (=16 lod.)=0.93697 lb., U. S.; 1 kande=0.69 gallon, U. S.; 1 foot=0.9741 

foot, U. S.] 


ARTICLES FREE OF DUTY. 

Alabaster, raw or manufactured; alum ; amber; an¬ 
gelica ; animals, all; antimony and regulus of; 
argentine; arsenic ; articles not enumerated, raw; 
ashes, vegetable ; asafoetida ; asphaltum. 

Bags, filled; balsam copaiva, Peruvian, and other 
natural balsams ; bark, bast, bast-rope, and mats ; 
beans, all kinds; bolus, white and red; bones; 
books in foreign language; books in the Swedish 
language, presented to the Swedish Bible Society ; 
books printed in Sweden, reimported ; books in 
Swedish printed in Finland; borax ; boracic soda, 
(tincal) ; bread, all kinds ; bricks and tiles; brim¬ 
stone ; bronze and powder; butter. 

Cantharides; carding-thistles; carriages of travel¬ 
lers ; cassia fistula; chalk, white, red, or other; 
charcoal; cheese, all kinds; chemical preparations 
for medicinal use; chestnuts; clothing, ready¬ 
made, Delonging to travellers or sailors; coins, 
gold, silver, copper; copper, crude, in plates, bars, 
and sheets; coral, not set; cork (bark); cotton. 

Down (feathers); drugs, medicinal and other sub¬ 
stances for medicinal purposes; vegetable dyes 
and dyestuffs not otherwise specified; dyewoods, 
in pieces or ground. 

Eggs; email in mass. 

Feathers, crude ; fish, fresh; fish-hooks ; fish-skins, 
prepared or not; flax, raw or combed ; flint; flour, 
of ail kinds of grain; flowers, natural, and blos¬ 
soms dried; flower roots; fruits and berries, not 
otherwise specified ; furniture and effects imported 
by passengers. 

Gall-nuts; glassware, bottles and vials imported 
filled, for chemical use ; glass for optical purposes, 
set or not; patent glass for roofing; glaziers’ dia¬ 
monds ; broken glass; globes; gold, crude; grains 
of all kinds; grass; guano; gums of all kinds; 
gutta-percha, unmanufactured, in plates, manu¬ 
factured, in pipes and tubes; gypsum (plaster-of- 
Paris), and articles manufactured thereof. 

Hair (not horse-hair), tissues of, and felt of cattle 
hair; hay; hemp, combed or not; old tow; hides 
and skins (not furs) unprepared; hops; horn, un¬ 
manufactured and in plates. 

India rubber, not manufactured. 

Iron:— 

Cast, in pigs; ballast iron ; cannon, mortars, bomb¬ 


shells, balls, &c., when unfit for service; iron in 
bars, round or squared; gates; bands. 

Railroad iron, with bolts, screws, and spikes 
thereto. 

Iron plates, tinned or not; wire. 

Steel springs for railroad cars. 

Jewels, set or not. 

Lard and grease; lasts for shoemakers; lead, in 
blocks, and sugar of; leeches; lemon-juice, and 
salts ; lime, hydraulic; lithographs, part of books. 

Machinery, or parts thereof, for manufacturing or 
agricultural uses, and for railroads; machines, 
steam-engines and boilers; maize; maps (geo¬ 
graphical, &ic.) ; meat, all; medals; metals, not 
precious, mixed or unmixed, in sheets, for sheath¬ 
ing vessels; metals, other, not manufactured; shot, 
broken pieces; minerals for collections, mineral 
oil from distillation; mother-of-pearl; music, 
printed or written ; musk. 

Oil-cake, oil of vitriol, all; ore, all kinds; oysters, 
fresh. 

Paper for roofing ; pitch; plants ; platina, crude or 
manufactured; potash, also refined and calcined ; 
potatoes, and flour of; pottery, jars, if imported 
filled; printing type ; stamps, old. 

Rags; raw materials, not enumerated; rice, not 
hulled ; roots, medicinal and other. 

Salts, not refined; glauber salts; saltpetre; scissors 
for cutting cloth or metal; seeds, not otherwise 
specified ; ships 1 boats with equipment; silk, raw, 
not dyed; silver, not manufactured or in leaves; 
slates for writing, slate pencils; steel, all, not man¬ 
ufactured ; stone, all, manufactured or crude, not 
otherwise specified ; soda, also caustic ; straw; sul¬ 
phur and sulphur flour. 

Tallow; tin ; tonca beans ; trees, living; turpentine. 

Waste, not otherwise specified ; wax ; wire, steel and 
iron, and other, not otherwise specified ; works of 
art and architecture; wood for building; staves, 
masts and spars, boards and planks, blocks for 
rifle-stocks, hand-spikes, for fuel; willows, in 
veneers of % inch or less thick; wool, all binds; 
woollen felts. 

Zinc or teutenegue, crude or in sheets, &c. 

ARTICLES SUBJECT TO DUTY. 

Absinthe.kande. $0.55 

Accordeons.10 per cent. 













TARIFF.—SWEDEN, 


655 


1 Agate, set in gold or silver, as gold or silver ; 
set in other material, as jewelry. 

Albumen.5 per cent. 

Almonds.pound. $0.033 

Anise. do. 0.019 

Architectural works and sculptures, not works 

of art.pound. 0.068 

Articles not enumerated, manufactured.10 pr ct. 

Arrack, 15 per cent, alcohol, at 15 deg. Cel- 

sms.kande. 0.352 

Arrowroot.pound. 0.033 

Bags, new, 5 per cent, more than material. 
Basket-work, of willow (not peeled)... .pound. 0.011 

other. do. 0.068 

Beds, as tissues, of which made. 

Beer.kande. 0.055 

Bismuth.pound. 0.039 

Bones, manufactures of (exclusive of ivory). 

pound. 0.068 

Bone-black...centner. 0.206 

Books in Swedish, printed in foreign countries, 
not presents to the Swedish Bible Society.. 

pound. 0.041 

Books, bound, 20 per cent, additional, do. 0.049 

Books, albums. do. 0.11 

Buttons of mixed metal . do. 0.082 

Breadstuffs not enumerated :—- 

Itice, hulled. do. 0.002 

Rice, grits of. do. 0.005 

Other grits. do. 0.011 

Brushmakers’ work, in wood or iron, not pol¬ 
ished nor painted. pound. 0.013 

Brushmakers’ work, polished or varnishd.do. 0.275 
in bone or other material, 

pound. 0.055 

work, painters’ brushes. (See 

Tools.) 

Cacao. pound, 0.027 

Camphor, crude or refined. do. 0.068 

Candles, tallow. do. 0.008 

other. do. 0.013 

Cane, bamboo or Spanish .... do. 0.016 

for chairs. do. 0.002 

manufactured, not basket-work. do. 0.041 

Canes, all kinds. do. 0.32 

Capers. do. 0.068 

Cardamom. do. 0.068 

Carriages, single-horse, 2 wheels, and sleighs, 

each. 5.512 

other. do. 27.56 

Caraway seed.centner. 0.41 

Cassia wood. pound. 0.082 

Caviare. do. 0.165 

Chalk, ground.centner. 0.055 

pencils, as lead pencils. 

Chemical preparations not othewise specified, 

5 per cent. 

Chiccory root.pound. 0.005 

ground or roasted, as coffee. 

Chocolate.pound. 0.082 

Chloride of lime. do. 0.002 

Cider, as wine. 

Cloth, for embroidering :— 

Of silk, pure. do. 0.41 

Mixed with other materials. do. 0.275 

Of wool. do. 0.206 

Of paper. do. 0.041 

Others, mixed or unmixed. do. 0.137 

Clothing, ready made, 20 per cent, additional 
to duties on material. 

Cloves.pound. 0.049 

Cocoa-nuts.each. 0.013 

Coffee.pound. 0.027 

roasted, and all substitutes. do. 0.041 

Comfits. do. 0.055 

Copper, manufactures of, not polished, do. 0.041 

Copper, manufactures of, polished.pound 0.082 

Coral, set in gold or silver, as the materials. 


Coral, set otherwise, as jewelry. 

Cordage, new.pound $0.008 

Coriander seed. do. 0.013 

Cork, manufactured (corks and soles).. do. 0.041 

soles, trimmed. do. 0.138 

Cravats, silk, pure or mixed. do. 0.41 

of cloth or leather. do. 0.207 

Curtains, of cotton or linen, painted or print¬ 
ed.pound 0.11 

Currants. do. 0.024 

Cutlery—penknives. do. 0.138 

Sailors’ and other common knives... do. 0.016 


Table knives and forks, not otherwise speci¬ 
fied, with ivory handles.pound 0.138 

Table knives and forks, not otherwise speci¬ 
fied, other handles. do. 0.027 

Dates. do. 0.041 


Dyes and dyestuffs, crude or in oil:— 


Cochineal. do. 0.096 

Colors in shells, bottles, etc. do. 0.096 

Indigo. do. 0.011 

White lead. do. 0.008 

Ethers, spirituous, 50 per cent, alcohol at 15 

deg. Celsius.kande 0.352 

Embroideries, 20 per cent, more than material 

embroidered; samples. .pound 0.022 

Eyeglasses and other optical instruments do. 0.041 

Fans. do. 0.138 

Feathers, crude. do. Free. 

prepared. do. 0.041 

quills for writing . do. 0.068 

ornamental, prepared. do. 0.827 

Fennel. do. 0.017 

Figs. do. 0.017 

Fire-engines.5 percent. 

Fire-works. pound 0.068 

Fish, salted or preserved:— 

Anchovies, sardines. do. 0.068 

Salmon.centner 0.303 

Herring...cubic foot 0.033 

All other.centner 0.206 

Eel and salmon, dried or smoked ... do. 1.65 

Other. do. 0.689 

Flour, other than of grain not enumerated. 

centner 0.033 

Flowers, artificial.. do. 1.378 

Fruits and berries preserved in vinegar or 

brandy.centner 0.082 

Dried. do. 0.016 

Furniture and personal effects, old.10 per cent. 

Furs not specified..pound 0.275 

Gasometers.5 per cent. 

Gelatine.pound 0.21 

Ginger, ground. do. 0.019 

preserved. do. 0.11 

Glassware:— 

Bottles and vials, plain.centner 0.21 

cut and ornamental.pound 0.041 

Window-glass, all kinds. do. 0.008 

Chandeliers. do. 0.013 

Mirror-glass, not cut... . do. 0.008 

cut not silvered. do. 0.013 

cut, silvered, or tinned.. do. 0.027 

Watch crystals. do. 0.027 

Other articles, cut, pressed, etc. do. 0.041 


Glass ornaments, cut or not, not set.. do. 0.165 
set in gold or silver, as those metals. 


set in other material, as jewelry. 

Gloves:— 

All kinds not otherwise enumerated.. do. 0.275 

Mittens, silk or half silk. do. 0.41 

other. do. 0.138 

covered with leather. do. 0.275 

Gold, manufactured.ort 0.013 

leaf, fine or imitation, also powder, .do. 0.002 

wire, and articles of gold wire.do. 0.002 

Grass, dyed, braided, etc.pound 0.008 

Grease for wagons or machines. do. 0.005 




































































































656 


TARIFF.—SWEDEN. 


Guns .pound. $0,055 

Gun-caps (percussion). do. 0.138 

Gunpowder; also cartridges. do. 0.013 

Hair, horse. do. 0.021 

fancy articles of. do. 0.096 

Hats, of silk or part silk, ladies’ hats ... .each 0.41 

of wool, hair, felt, finished.do. 0.275 

of straw, including Panama.do. 0.21 

other, of leaves, oil-cloth, etc.do. 0.11 

Hides and skins, not otherwise specified, pre¬ 
pared sole leather.pound 0.027 

Hides and skins, other, prepared. do. 0.055 

of goats, reindeer, seal, with hair do. 0.027 

sheep, lamb, with hair. do. 0.11 

other, not enumerated, with hair do. 0.041 

of bear, rabbit, fox, wolf. do. 0.068 

not otherwise enumerated. do. 0.275 

Honey. do. 0.011 

Hooks and eyes. . do. 0.041 

Horn, worked in plates for lanterns.... do. 0.055 

buttons, varnished or not. do. 0.082 

other manufactures of. do. 0.138 

India-rubber, manufactured. do. 0.11 

Ink. do. 0.013 

powder. do. 0.048 

Instruments, musical:— 

Guitars, violins, trumpets, drums, etc. .each 0.275 

Flutes, clarionets, hautboys.do. 0.138 

Pianos.do. 11.024 

Grand pianos.do. 16*54 

Musical boxes.do. 0.138 

Organs, harmoniums.5 per cent. 

Instruments, surgical, mathematical, optical, 
geographical, for navigation, barometers, 

etc., in cases.pound 0.041 

Iron, anchors, cables, etc., for vessels, ham¬ 
mers, anvils, etc.centner 

Iron, smaller chains with rings of 0.2 inch or 

less diameter.centner 

Iron, cast, bombshells and balls, of a fixed 
caliber; cannon, mortars, if bored, also 

limbers to various pieces.centner 

Iron, cast, cannon, mortars, and other artillery 

pieces, not bored.centner 

Iron stoves, kitchen utensils, grates... do. 
castings, for railroads, and other ma¬ 
chinery. (See machinery.) 
castings, other, such as:— 
a coarse axle-trees, scales, mortars, 

spikes, etc.pound 

b fine fire-irons, padlocks, coffee-mills, 
copying presses, hat-racks, etc.pound 0.016 
c fancy articles cast, such as bas-reliefs, 
flower-vases, baskets, lamps, chande¬ 
liers, medals, paper-holders, etc. 


0.206 

1.378 


0.344 

0.127 

0.275 


0.008 



pound 

0.027 

buttons, varnished or not. 


0.016 

money-chests and bedsteads... 


shoe-peqs, cut or pressed. 


0.008 

spikes 1.6 inch long or more... 

...centner 

0.41 

articles not otherwise specified : 

;— 


a polished or varnished. 


0.041 

b other. 


0.016 

steel springs for instruments .. 


0.138 

Ivory, manufactures of. 


0.138 

Jewelry, not of gold or silver. 


0.096 

Lac. 


0.055 

Lace of silk. 


0.827 


other. do. 

Lamp-black. do. 

Lead, manufactures of, not painted or var¬ 
nished .pound 0.008 

Lead, manufs. of, painted or varnished.pound 0.041 

pencils, all kinds. do. 

shot.. do. 

Leather. (See hides and skins.) 

Leather, manufactures of, 20 per cent, more 
than the leather of which made. 


0.21 

0.016 


0.041 

0.005 


. pound 

$1,082 

do. 

0.027 

do. 

0.027 

do. 

0.016 

do. 

0.022 

do. 

0.068 

do. 

0.091 

.kande 

0.055 

pound 

0.027 

do. 

0.11 


for soles. do. 

Letter envelopes. do. 

Lemons and lemon-peels. do. 

Lithographs, not framed. do, 

frames not varnished.... 

varnished.... 

Liquors.kande 

Looking-glasses.pour 

Mace. do. 

Manufactured articles not otherwise specified. 

10 per cent. 

Masks.each 0.027 

Matches.pound 0.005 

Mats and matting of straw, cocoanut fibre, 

etc.pound 0.008 

Mead .kande 0.068 

Metals, mixed, manufactured, cast, .wrought, 
wire tissues, gilded, silvered, plated.. pound 0.082 
other manufactures of metals., do. 0.041 

buttons of mixed metals. do. 0.082 

Mother-of-pearl, manufactures of, not jewelry, 

not set. pound 0.096 

Mother-of-pearl, set in gold or silver, like those 
metals. 

Mother-of-pearl, otherwise, like jewelry. 

Mushrooms.pound 0.044 

Mustard, not ground. do. 

ground or prepared. do. 

Needles, knitting. do. 

Network, 10 per cent, additional to the duty 
on the yarn of which made. 

Nutmegs. pound 0.11 

Nuts, hazel and other. do. 

Oils, olive, in barrels. do. 

in bottles, etc. do. 

hemp, cocoa, palm, spermaceti... do. 

others, not medicinal. do. 

volatile, vegetable, essences. do. 

mineral oils, from rectification... do. 

of turpentine. do. 

train. do. 

Onions. do. 

Oranges. do. 

Oysters, preserved.kande 

Painters’ brushes, as tools. 

Paper, for packing tobacco, polishing paper. 

pound 0.002 

blotting, printing, and wall paper. 

pound 0.011 

all other, also ruled, inch wall paper. 

pound 0.022 

man’fs. of all knds, not vamish’d.pound 0.041 

varnished (papier-milch6). do. 

Pearls, imitated in glass. do. 

other imitations. do. 

Pepper, all kinds. do. # 

Perfumed waters, incl. bottles. do. 

Phosphorus. do. 

Pins and needles, not gold or silver_ do. 

Pipe-bowls, meerschaum. do. 

other. do. 

Playing-cards.gross 

Plums.pound 0.016 

Pocket-books, of mixed, or not specified ma¬ 
terial .pound 0.096 

Pomatum. do. 

Porcelain, stono-ware, fayence, white or color¬ 
ed, not painted:— 

plates. pound 0.008 

other articles. do. 

painted plates. do. 

other articles. do. 

white, one-colored.. do. 

figured, gilded, painted. do. 

Porter.kande 

Pottery, not specified, glazed or not, painted 
or not.pound 0.008 


0.008 

0.068 

0.027 


0.008 

0.002 

0.005 

0.005 

0.008 

0.068 

0.005 

0.008 

0.002 

0.005 

0.016 

0.11 


0.068 

0.041 

0.138 

0.03 

0.11 

0.022 

0.068 

0.275 

0.11 

4.96 


0.041 


0.013 

0.016 

0.022 

0.027 

0.055 

0.11 



































































































TARIFF.—SWEDEN, 


657 


Powder, tooth.10 per cent. 

Printing types, stamps, new.pound $0,027 

Printers’ ink. do. 0.008 

Quicksilver. do. 0.041 

Razors. do. 0.008 

Raisins.. do. 0.016 

Ribbons, not silk, and India-rubber.... do. 0.38 
Saddlery, mounting, gilded or silvered, do. 0.068 

other. do. 0.055 

Saffron. do. 0.55 

Sails, as material of which made. 

Salt, for cooking.cubic foot 0.027 

refined.pound 0.008 

medicinal. do. 0.008 

Sauces. do. 0.044 

Sausages. do. 0.027 

Scissors, not polished. do. 0.027 

polished. do. 0.068 

Seeds, canary. do. 0.011 

Shoe-pegs. do. 0.008 

Shoes of silk. do. 0.275 

and boots, of cloth or leather.... do. 0.165 

sailors’. do. 0.138 

other shoemaker work. do. 0.11 

Sieves. do. 0.068 

Silver, manufactured.ort 0.008 

Sirup, all kinds. ... .pound 0.011 

Soap, perfumed. do. 0.033 

other. do. 0.013 

green or black. do. 0.008 

Spirits, of grain, potatoes, of 50 per cent, alco¬ 
hol, at 15° Celsius.kande 0.303 

Spirits, arrack, rum, etc. do. 0.303 

Spirits, French, 50 per cent, alcohol, 15° Cel¬ 
sius.kande 0.206 

Spirits, French, 50 per cent, alcohol, in bot¬ 
tles.kande 0.248 

Spirits of grape, other than French, 50 per 

cent. 15°.kande 0.303 

Spirits of other fruit. do. 0.303 

Sponge .pound 0.138 

Starch, all kinds. do. 0.016 

Stearine. do. 0.011 

Steel, manufactures of, not polished... do. 0.027 

polished. do. 0.068 

pens. do. 0.068 


Stockings and other knitted work, silk.. do. 0.41 

other do. 0.138 


Straw, manufactures of, for hats, and other. 

pound 0.11 

Strings, metal. do. 0.027 

other. do. 0.138 

Sugar, not refined, not darker than Dutch 

standard, No. 18. pound 0.033 

Sugar, refined, all. do. 0.033 

Sugar, darker than Dutch No. 18, dry or 

liquid.pound 0.022 

Sulphuric acid. do. 0.138 

Suspenders, of silk or part of silk. do. 0.275 

other. do. 0.138 


Syrup, all. do. 0.011 

Tamarinds... do. 0.011 

Tar, mineral, or other.centner 0.068 

Tea.pound 0.137 

Thimbles, not of gold or silver. do. 0.041 

Thread, cotton, linen (unbleached).... do. 0.055 

bleached or dyed do. 0.082 

Time-pieces, watches, pocket, and chronome¬ 
ters .each 0.275 

Time-pieces, clocks in frames of bronze, or 

other metal.pound 0.082 

Time-pieces, clocks in frames of alabaster or 

porcelain.pound 0.082 

Time-pieces, clocks in frames of wood or other 

material.pound 0.055 

Time-pieces, watch materials. do. 0.21 

Tin, manufactures of, not varnished or paint- 
td.pound 0.041 


Tin, manufactures of, varnished or painted. 


pound $0,083 

Tin liquor. do. 0.041 

Tissues, of silk pure, or silk velvet. do. 0.275 

other, mixed with gold or silver do. 0.41 

of half silk, also silk felt. do. 0.275 

silk, and silk velvet ribbons... do. 0.41 

half silk ribbons. do. 0.275 

(tassels, cord, trimmings, etc.) pure 

or part silk.pound 0.827 

other. do. 0.21 

silk dyed, twisted. do. 0.11 

of cotton, bookbinders’cloth.. do. 0.055 

plush, and shag felt. do. 0.11 

gauze, half linen, muslins, 

batiste...pound 0.21 

sail-cloth. do. 0.01'5 

Tissues of cotton, tulle.pound 0.34 


other, unbleached, not dyed. 

pound 0.068 


bleached or dyed.. 

.. do. 

0.138 

printed or pressed. 

.. do. 

0.21 

mixed with linen, 

same as 


pure cotton. 



mixed, except sheeting p’nd 

0.11 


damask, do. 

0.138 

drill.., 

.. do. 

0.18 

carpets, do. 

0.049 

Tissues of wool, mixed with cotton, linen, etc.. 


not with silk :— 



Tissues of wool, felt, and carpets. 

pressed cloth. 

pound 

0.082 

do. 

0.027 

other tissues of wool.. 

do. 

0.21 

Tissues of linen, canvas. 

do. 

0.041 

sheetings. 

do. 

0.11 

batiste, damask and linen of 


all kinds. 

. pound 

0.21 

carpets. 

do. 

0.049 

sail-cloth. 

do. 

0.022 

other, including drill. 

do. 

0.18 

Tissues of hair, not otherwise specified. 

do. 

0.068 

all other, waxed or lackered... 

do. 

0.027 

all other, not specified. 

water-proof, mixed with, or of 

do. 

0.068 

India- 


rubber. 

pound 

0.21 

Tobacco, leaves and stems not prepared 

do. 

0.069 

cut. 

do. 

0.138 

for chewing, pressed. 

do. 

0.096 

cigars. 

do. 

0.50 

cheroots. 

do. . 

0.165 

snuff. 

do. 

0.15 


Tools, all kinds. 


Toys. 


0.068 

Truffles. 

. do. 

0.044 

Tubes, iron or clay, taxed as parts of ma- 


chines. 



Turpentine, and spirits of. 


o.oos 

Umbrellas and parasols, silk. 


0.206 

other . 


0.067 

Umbrellas and parasols, materials (furniture). 



pound 

0.051 

Umbrellas and parasols, materials, if sewed, 


10 per cent, more than materials. 



Vanilla. 


1.515 

Varnishes. 

. do. 

0.027 

Vegetables, fresh. 

centner 

0.138 

preserved in vinegar or brandy. 



pound 

0.082 

hermetically 

sealed 


vessels.... 


0.044 

dried. 

do. 

0.016 

Vinegar, all kinds. 

do. 

0.016 

Visiting cards. 

do. 

0.022 

Wadding, silk. 

do. 

0.41 

other . 

do. 

0.027 

Wafers. 

do. 

0.165 

Wagons for freight. 


1.378 

Wax, manufactured.... 



42 









































































































658 


TARIFF. 


NORWAY. 


Wicks, for lamps.pound $0,193 i 

Wigmakers’ work. do. 0.138 | 

Wines, to21 percent, alcohol, in barrels do. 0.019 j 

in bottles.kande 0.151 
Wines, above 21 per cent, alcohol, in barrels. 

pound 0.039 I 

Wines, above 21 p. c. alcohol, in bottles, kande 0.492 

Wire, gold or silver.ort 0.002 

copper, gilded, silvered, or plated. pound 0.275 
Wood, manufactured, turners' work, not other¬ 
wise specified.pound 0.068 

Wood, manufactures of, common, painted, po¬ 
lished.pound 0.002 

Wood, furniture, &c., veneered. do. 0.008 

manufactures of mahogany, &c., orna¬ 
mented, &c.pound 0.013 


Wood, furniture upholstered, finished, 20 per 
cent, above material. 

Yarn, cotton, single or double, also on spools, 

not dyed.pound $0,023 

Yam, cotton, single or double, also on spools, 

dyed.pound 0.038 

Yarn, woollen, not dyed. do. 0.027 

bleached or dyed. do. 0.0-M 

linen, not bleached or dyed. do. 0.027 

linen, bleached or dyed. do. 0.055 

pack-thread, and yarn of grass.. do. 0.027 
Zinc, manufactures of, not painted or var¬ 
nished . pound 0.008 

Zinc, manufactures of, painted or varnish¬ 
ed.pound 0.041 

Zinc, manufactures of, gilded, plated, &c. do. 0.082 


NORWAY. 


(Law of February 25, 1863, as amended by Law of March 18, 1865; also by Decree of March 6, 1869.) 


[1 centner = 100 pounds; 1 pound (=16 loth) = 1.0SS13 pound, U. S.; 1 specie thaler computed at $1.0929 

gold. 1 lispound = 16 pounds, Norway. 


IMPORTS. 


THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES ARE ADMITTED FREE. 

Acids, muriatic, nitric, and sulphuric; agricultural 
implements; alum ; amber; ammoniac and ammoniac 
salts; animals, not otherwise specified; anise seed 
and star; ashes, of all kinds; asphaltum ; bark, tan¬ 
nins, beech ; basket-work of unpeeled willows ; bast, 
and cocoanut-fibres, yarn and tow thereof; blacking, 
shoe; bleaching-powder; bone, black or ground; 
books, not otherwise specified; borax; bricks; bris¬ 
tles ; bronze, and other metallic powders; brooms, 
feather; canes and reeds, raw or split; carding-this- 
tles; cartridges; catechu; chalk, white, red, or 
ground; charcoal; charts, scientific; chestnuts; 
clothing of travellers; coal; coins; colophonium: 
copper, pure and alloyed, in plates, sheets, bars, 
tubes, rings, wire, and strings, busts and statues over 
50 lbs.; coals, crude; cordage, tarred; cork, un¬ 
manufactured; cotton, raw, and cotton waddings; 
crayons; cream of tartar, crude or refined; drugs, 
medicines, and other articles used by apothecaries and 
not otherwise specified; dye-woods and dye-stuffs 
not specified; earth and clay; felt, not dyed nor 
printed; firearms and cannons; fire-engines and fire¬ 
works ; fish, fresh; fish hooks; flax; flowers and 
flower-seeds; fruit, fresh, not specified; gelatine; 
glass bottles of all kinds, glass retorts, globes, opti¬ 
cal glasses, etc.; giauber salts; glue; glycerine; 
gold and silver leaf; gums; guns (fire-arms); gutta¬ 
percha ; gypsum; hair, and manufactures of human 
hair; handles (wood), for tools; hay; hemp ; hides 
and skins, raw or salted; horn, crude, filed, or in 
plates; (iron, see table); isinglass; ivory; jute; 
laurel and laurel leaves; lead, in bars and plates; 
leather waste; lime; linseed cake; machinery for 
industry; steam engines, and parts thereof; locomo¬ 
tives ; railroad cars; manila; manures; manuscripts; 
maps, scientific; matches ; mats of bast, for packing; 
meat, fresh or salted; medals; metals, crude or in old 
pieces; mineral waters; models; mother-of-pearl, 
crude; musk; oats, groats and flour; oil-cake (oleum 


ricini); ornaments of paste; ores, mineral; paper for 
printing, white or other, blotting and filtering; papers 
of value; papier mache ; pearls, not set; pictures and 
paintings of art, not framed; plants; ploughs; pota¬ 
toes ; potash; pottery, as tiles, mortars, retorts, tele¬ 
graph insulators, galvanic apparatus, tubes for 
drainage, and all articles not glossed or painted; 
precious stones; printing-presses, types, stereotype 
plates, and forms; provisions for vessels; rags; re¬ 
torts of graphite; saffron ; salt, crude; saltpetre; 
samples; seed, not otherwise specified; slates, also 
With frames ; slate pencils ; soda ; specimens for col¬ 
lections ; spinning materials, Chinese grass; statues 
of metal or stone weighing over 50 lbs.; stoneware, 
common ; stones, and manufactures of, not otherwise 
specified; straw; sulphur, and flor sulphur; tar, 
wood or mineral; telegraph apparatus, cables, etc. ; 
tin, in rolls, plates, or tubes; tools for trade and 
manufacturing; trees and plants; tortoise shell; 
vegetables, fresh or salted; watei’-colors; weavers’ 
shuttles; whalebone, also split; wheelbarrows; 
wool, raw; yeast; zinc, in plates, bars, bolts. 

Almonds.pound. $0,054 

Aluminum...As gold. 

Arms, fire and side arms.pound. 0.073 

Basketmakers’ work, fine. do. 0.013 

Bone, manufactures of. do. 0.05 

Bonnets made of wood-chips, furnished with 

gauze.pound 0.054 

Books:— 

Bibles and New Testaments in Norwegian or 
Danish, not imported for account of tho 
Bible Society; authorized hymn-books; 
biblical histories, and religious text-books ; 
the laws of Norway, and collections of 
laws published in foreign countries for ac¬ 
count of Norwegians.pound. 0.045 

Bread, wheat or mixed, hard or soft... do. 0.004 

other. do. 0.002 

Britannia metal and bronze.As copper. 




























TARIFF. —NORWAY. 


659 


i 

\ 


Brushmakers’ work, in wood, iron, or metal, 

not polished or painted.pound. $0,018 

in wood, painted or polished. do. 0.03 

in other material. do. 0.063 

Brushes of quills. do. 0.063 

Butter.do. olo04 

Cacao beans. do. 0.027 

Candles and tapers of wax, lard, or tal- 

^ low. do. 0.018 

Canes or reeds, manufactured. do. 0.014 

walking. do. 0.047 

Capers. do. 0.218 

Caps, explosive. do. 0.182 

Cardamom. do. 0.182 

Caraway seed. do. 0.009 

Carriages:— 

Children's carriages.each. 0.327 

Omnibuses. do. 2.185 

Four-wheel, covered. do. 10.92 

Four-wheel, not covered. do. 4.368 

Two-wheel. do. 2.185 

Cheese. do. 0.013 

Chiccory root.pound. 0.009 

roasted, used as coffee.Prohibited. 

Chips, manufs. of, not ot'rw’e specified.pound. 0.013 

Chocolate. do. 0.073 

Cinnamon. do. 0.109 


Clothing, ready made, pays 10 per cent, more 
than the chief material of which made. If 
embroidered in gold, or otherwise, the duty 


is increased to 20 per cent, above material. 

Cloves.pound. 0.061 

Cochineal and indigo. do. 0.073 

Cocoanuts.each. 0.018 

Coffee.pound. 0.045 

extract.40 per cent. 

roasted, or substitutes roasted...Prohibited. 

mills (wooden boxes).each. 0.109 

iron boxes. (See lion.) 

Colors, for artists, in oil.pound. 0.009 

Comfits and confectionery. do. 0.063 

Copper, nails, spikes, screws, and nuts. do. 0.021 

sheets, plated or silvered. do. 0.095 

buttons, in connection with glass, mother-of- 
pearl, &c.pound. 0.109 


wire-work 


do. 0.047 


manufactured, such as: bells, candlesticks, 


rings, watch-keys, thimbles, &c_pound 0.947 

same, silvered, gilded, plated. do. 0.095 

same, polished, bronzed, varnished.. do. 0.047 

cast articles, not over 20 pounds, and all arti¬ 
cles not enumerated.pound. 0.047 

Cordage, not tarred, over 1-12 inch di¬ 
ameter . do. 0.004 

other, not tarred. do. 0.018 

Coriander. do. 0.027 

Corks, also cork soles. do. 0.009 

mounted with metal, and other. do. 0.094 

Cmrry powder. do. 0.145 

Eggs. do. 0.014 

Feathers:— 

Bed. do. 0.047 

For writing (quills), prepared. do. 0.072 

Down. do. 0.047 

Ornamental. do. 0.496 

Felt. do. 0.067 

shoes. do. 0.12 

Fennel. do. 0.027 

Fish, preserved, smoked, or in oil... . do. 0.027 


Fishing nets pay 10 per cent, more than the 
material of which made. 

Flour: Buckwheat, of beans, peas, lentils, and 

maize. lispound. 0.009 

Barley, rye. do. 0.005 

Wheat. do. 0.054 

Potatoe. do. 0.018 

Sago, arrowroot, tapioca; also groats of 
came...pound. 0.018 


Flour, preparations of, pay the duty of the 
chief material of which they are composed. 
Flowers: artificial, of gauze or tissue; also, 
of straw, bast, &c., and parts of flowers not 


paper.pound. $0.49 

Fringes of fine silk. (See Silk.) 

mixed with other material.pound. 0.318 

other fringe-work. do. 0.239 

Fruit: oranges, lemons, apricots, figs. do. 0.027 

in boxes or glasses, or otherwise packed: 

Plums.pound. 0.022 

Currants, raisins. do. 0.037 

Oranges and orange-peel. do. 0.018 

Other, not enumerated. do. 0.022 

salted, or preserved in vinegar:—• 

Tamarinds. do. 0.013 

Other. do. 0.054 

preserved in sugar or brandy. do. 0.082 

Fumigating preparations. do. 0.163 

Furs of beaver, chinchilla, cat, leopard, lion, 

tiger, zobel.pound. 0.437 

monkey, muskrat, squirrel, Siberian sheep, 

fox, rabbit.pound. 0.218 

(See also Hides and Skins.) 

bear, wolf.. do. 0.109 

badger, domestic cat, hare, and other do. 0.045 

German silver and nickel.As copper. 

Ginger root, or ground.pound. 0.036 

preserved. do. 0.082 

Glass, and manufactures of:— 

in plates, silvered, &c. do. 0.031 

not silvered, cut. do. 0.018 

painted, gilded, varnished, etched, 

assorted. do. 0.018 

same, other. do. 0.009 

Flux, cut, not set. do. 6.109 

and beads, set in gold, &c.As jewelry. 


common metal. .As mock jewelry. 

0.047 
0.047 
0.327 
0.027 
0.030 

0.319 

0.054 
0.109 
0.218 
0.054 
0.054 
0.135 
0.016 


0.409 

0.036 

0.109 

0.054 

0.109 

0.045 

0.051 

0.03 


0.062 

0.018 

0.072 

0.061 

0.072 

0.061 

5.46 

Free. 


Other articles of glass.pound. 

Demijohns. do. 

Gloves, leather. do. 

Gold, pressed, not polished.loth 

manufactures of.do. 

articles of gold wire (tresses, galloons, 

&c.).pound. 

Grains:— 

Buckwheat, barley.ton. 

Beans, peas, lentils.do. 

Wheat.do. 

Maize.do. 

Bye.do. 

Groats of buckwheat and barley.do. 

wheat.do. 

Preparations of grain or flour pay the same 
duty as the chief material of which they 
are composed. 

Hats and caps, ladies’ bonnets of silk or other 

with ornaments...each. 

japanned. do. 

other, of felt, straw, horsehair (includ¬ 
ing Panama). do. 

of palm-leaf, bast. do. 

Hat forms, &c., made of wood chips... pound. 
Hides and skins, raw or salted:— 

prepared.. do. 

manufactures of. do. 

without hair, tanned ; sole leather... do. 
others, as Morocco, cordovan, parchment, 
leather painted, gilded, silvered, or other¬ 
wise ornam’ted, saddlers’ l’th’r, &c.pound. 

Honey... do. 

Hooks and eyes, pins and hair-pins.... do. 

Hops. do. 

Spanish. do. 

Horn: manufactures of. do. 

Horses and colts.each. 

India-rubber, manufactured into plates, rings, 
tubes, soles, cordage, covers. 










































































































660 


TARIFF.—NORWAY, 


India-rubber and gutta percha, manufactures 


of, not otherwise specified.pound. $0,127 

Ink, printers’. do. 0.009 

Ink and ink-powder. do. 0.014 

Instruments, surgical, and barbers’, in 

cases. . do. 0.109 

Instruments, musical:— 

Pianos. each 10.92 

Guitars, violins, violoncellos, contra- 

bassos .do. 0.273 

Flutes, trombones, clarionets.do. 0.137 

bows for instruments.do. 0.054 


Iron: cast tubes and cast metal; bars, bolts, 
axle-trees, cannon, mortars, balls; also, for 
guns and pistols ; iron rails and sheets of % 
inch or more, chains of more than X'i n °h 
diameter; nails, spikes, screws; also, if tin¬ 
ned or coppered, over one inch long; wire of 
steel or iron; also, if coppered or tinned; 

T iron ; anchors, cables, chains; boilers 
and plates; tools not specially enumerated.. Free. 

Iron and steel:—• 

Table-knives and forks, with handles of 
silver or ivory ; penknives, razors.. .pound 0.109 

Side-arms. do. 0.073 

Nails, spikes, screws; also, if tinned, cop¬ 
pered, Ac., less than 1 inch long... .pound 0.014 
Steel and other wire, covered with thread, 
ribbon, or paper; also, Spanish tin, cov¬ 
ered with wire cordage.pound 0.036 

Manufactures of wire, including hat forms 

pound 0.109 

Door hinges, coal shovels, coffee mills, but¬ 
tons ; scissors not polished; smoothing 
irons, knitting needles, awls, Ac... pound 0.027 
Thimbles, sword-blades, cork-screws; table- 


knives and forks; locks, snuffers, spurs, 

skates.pound 0.048 

Fire-proof safes, copying presses, bed¬ 
steads. do. 0.009 

Other articles, cist:— 

Pots, kettles, tinned, glazed. do. 0.018 

Same, not glazed. do. 0.004 

Other, cast. do. C.004 

Other articles, wrought:— 

Chains, less than X inch thick.... do. 0.004 

Plate, sheet, less than X inch thick; tin¬ 
ned, lackered.pound 0.045 

Same, other. do. 0.027 

Articles of sheet iron 3^-inch thick., do. 0.045 

Articles of wrought iron, gilded, silvered, or 

plated.pound 0.095 

Same, polished. do. 0.048 

Same, other. do. 0.027 

Ivory, manufactures of. do. 0.158 

Jewelry, not of precious metals. do. 0.109 

Juice of fruit or berries, sweet. (See Fruits.) 

other, including must.pound 0.009 

Lamps, as material of which made. 

of various materials.pound 0.49 

Lards, as stearine, margarine. do. 0.008 

Lead, manufactures of, as boxes, toys. (See 
Tin.) 

other articles of lead.pound 0.011 

white of. do. 0.009 


Leather, manufactures of, pay duty 10 per cent, 
more than the leather of which made. 
(See Shoemakers’ Work.) 
for saddlery, as saddles, harness, whips, 


&c.pound 0.082 

Lemons and lemon-peel. do. 0.027 

Lemon-juice. do. 0.009 

Licorice juice. do. 0.013 

Looking-glasses. do. 0.031 

Lunts, gun-matches. do. 0.027 

Macaroni and vermicelli, Ac.lispound 0.026 

Mace.pound 0.187 

Malt...ton 2.53 


Manufactures not enumerated.10 per cent. 

Mats made of wood chips.pound $0,009 


Mattresses and beds, part of metal or wood 

pound 0.019 

filled with down or feathers, pay double duty 
of the materials with which they are filled. 


filled with other materials.15 per cent. 

Mead.pound 0.018 

Meat, smoked, dried, pickled. do. 0.009 

Mother-of-pearl, manufactures of. do. 0.109 

Mushrooms. do. 0.05 

Must of wine. do. 0.009 

Mustard seed. do. 0.009 

ground. do. 0.063 

prepared. do. 0.054 

Needles, knitting. do. 0.027 

sewing, crocheting, embroidery, hair 

pins, Ac. do. 0.073 

other. do. 0.048 

Nutmegs. do. 0.182 

Nuts. do. 0.036 

Oil, ethereal, as camphene, Ac. do. 0.006 

rosemary, turpentine, amber, Ac. do. 0.009 

perfumed. do. 0.273 

olive, in barrels. do. 0.009 

palm, hemp, cocoanut, paraffine, train 

oil. petroleum. do. 0.006 

linseed, raps, spermaceti. do. 0.009 

Oxide of zinc. . do. 0.009 

Paper for writing, drawing, note paper not 

ruled, and telegraph strips.pound 0.025 

Paper for packing, for cartridges. do. 0.009 

for roofing, tarred, and sand-paper.. do. 0.002 

all other...'. do. 0.002 

colored, if not dyed in mass, such as wall 
paper, engravings, lithographs, vignettes, 

envelopes, Ac.pound 0.025 

in bound form. do. 0.036 

Papier mach6, articles of. do. 0.0S2 

Pearls, set, as materials of setting of metal not 

precious.pound. 0.158 

Pencils, red or chalk, lead or other.... do. 0.047 

Pens, steel. do. 0.081 

Pepper, Cayenne. do. 0.325 

other, pimento, Ac. do. 0.036 

Perfumed waters, and aromatic vinegar do. 0.109 

Pins and hair-pins. do. 0.073 

Pipe-bowls, if clay. do. 0.022 

of wood or other material. do. 0.083 

Platina.As gold. 

Plated sheets.pound 0.095 

Playing-cards.Prohibited. 

Pocket-books of leather.pound. 0.109 

Pomatum. do. 0.05 

Porcelain, white, not gilded. do. 0.034 

other. do. 0.063 

Pork, smoked, pickled. do. 0.009 

Pottery, articles glazed, painted, Ac... do. 0.004 

fancy articles (fayence). do. 0.01S 

Printers’ ink. do. 0.009 

Ribbons of linen, also mixed with gutta 

percha. do. 0.159 

Rice, in ship-loads, not shelled.ton 1.09 

in barrels, not shelled.pound 0.006 

hulled (also flour or groats). do. 0.011 

Saffron. do. 0.81 

Salt, refined for table use. do. 0.004 

other, cooking salt.ton 0.136 

entered at the ports of Hammerfest, Vardo, 

and Vadso.ton 0.068 

Sauces.pot 0.109 

Sealing-wax.pound 0.063 

Seed, hemp, rape, linseed.ton. 0.136 

caraway.pound 0.018 

Shoemakers’ work, of materials contain¬ 
ing silk.*_ do. 0.318 

of Cordovan, lackered, or varnished 
leather. do. 0.148 



































































































TARIFF.—NORWAY. 


661 


Shoemakers' w’rk, ot'r than Cordovan, etc.p’nd $0,091 

Sieves. do. 0.071 

Silk, twisted or not, dyed or not, mixed 

or not. do. 0.127 

manufactures of, bobbinet lace, tulle, 

pure or mixed. do. 0.241 

velvet, and other tissues figured, or of velvet, 

mixed or not.pound. 0.473 

plush, mixed or unmixed. do. 0.319 

other articles of pure silk, or mixed with 

metal threads, or glass threads.pound. 0.473 

other articles of silk mixed with other mate¬ 
rials .pound. 0.319 

Silver.As gold. 


Soap, green or white.pound. 

all other. do. 

Spectacles, eye-glasses, set in case or not. do. 

Sponge, for washing. do. 

Starch, dextrine. do. 

Steel pens. do. 

Stones, precious or not, cut or polished :— 

a. Set in precious metals, as those metals. 

b. Set in other material, as jewelry not of 
precious metals. 

Stoneware, white.pound. 

Stoves of Dutch tiles. do. 

Straw, manufactures of, also with other ma¬ 
terial not enumerated.pound. 

Strings of gut, also if overspun. do. 

Sugars: 1. In loaf, cakes, candies. do. 

2. Other white. do. 

Brown, Ac. do. 

Suspenders. do. 

Syrup, common. do. 

gapillar, mulberry, Ac. do. 

Tallow, and other fats. do. 


0.004 

0.013 

0.047 

0.364 

0.004 

0.081 


0.018 
0.004 

0.127 
0.159 
0.047 
0.047 
0.04 
0.237 
0.009 
0.071 
0.009 

Tar, bright varnish.As turpentine. 

Tea.pound. 0.191 

Telescopes and microscopes. do. 0.048 

Tiles for roofing, glazed.1000. 2.185 

Time-pieces, ladies’, and pocket watches:— 

pocket chronometers.each. 0.273 

other watches. do. 0.273 

watch dials.pound. 0.091 

furniture, in sets.each set. 0.32 

other.as material manuf. 

parts of watches.. as materials of which man¬ 
ufactured. 

parlor clocks, with cases of metal or porce¬ 
lain.each 2.18 

parlor clocks, with other cases. 1.365 

Tower clocks... as materials of which manu¬ 
factured. 

Tin, manufactured into articles gilded, silver¬ 
ed, plated.pound. 0.095 

other. do. 0.047 

Tissues of cotton :— 

Sailcloth and others not dyed, weighing 18 

loths per square ell.pound. 0.018 

Sailcloth, bleached, printed, dyed, weighing 

10 loths or more per square ell.pound. 0.072 

Wicks, ribbons, linens mixed with India- 

rubber, gutta percha, Ac.pound. 0.159 

Drill, damask, handkerchiefs. do. 9.146 

Stockings, knitted, crochet work, dyed or 

not. ... .pound. 0.159 

Lace, tulle, bobbinet, and other loose tissues, 

pound. 0.241 

Close tissues, printed. do. 0.182 

several colors, not printed. do. 0.109 

one color or bleached. do. 0.073 

unbleached. do. 0.036 

Of any kind, figured, painted, varnished, 
saturated in oil, gutta percha, carpets, Ac., 
and others weighing IX pound per square 

. .pound. 0.036 

Curtains. do. 0.182 

Oil-silk. do. 0.364 


Oil-cloth not silk...pound. $0,091 

Tissues of linen:— 

Drill damask. do. 0.15 

Tricot stockings. do. 0.159 

Other manufactures of linen, loose, as bobbi¬ 
net lace. pound. 0.236 

Other manufactures of, closely woven, weigh¬ 
ing 11 loth or more per sqnare ell, bleach¬ 
ed or not.pound. 0.01? 

Carpets of linen, hemp, jute, manila, Ac. 

pound. 0.073 

Carpets, others, one color, bleached.. do. 0.073 

Carpets,others, one color, printed.... do. 0.182 
Carpets of several colors, not printed .pound. 0.109 
Carpets, uncolored, .pay as bleached, unless 
weighing less than 7 loth per sq. ell, un¬ 
bleached.pound. 0.037 

Tissues of wool:— 

Carpets, saddle and other belts. do. 0.082 

Tricots, woven of knitted, as :— 

a. Stockings, undershirts, gloves.. do. 0.073 

b. Others.pound. 0.159 

Fringework. do. 0.236 

Bibbons of gutta percha or elastics... do. 0.159 

Other woollen goods, such as :— 

a. Bobbinet lace, tulle. do. 0.236 

b. Embroids’ in silk or metal thread.pound. 0.319 

c. Other close manufactures. do. 0.146 

Carpets. do. 0.082 

Tissues of hair of cattle. do. 0.045 

of horse-hair for furniture, ear-rings, sieves. 

pound. 0.109 

other.As woollen tissues. 

hair cloth, stiff linen.pound. 0.146 

(marly). do. 0.145 

Tobacco stems. do. 0.091 

leaf, cheroots.. do. 0.091 

snuff. do. 0.109 

cigars. do. 0.182 

smoking and chewing. do. 0.109 

Toilet cases, with contents. do. 0.109 

Tongues, beef. do. 0.027 

Tools for trade, manufacturing. do. Free. 

Tortoise-shell, manufactures of. do. As horn. 

Toys, not turners’ work of wood. do. 0.082 

Travelling bags, and the like. do. 0.109 

Trees (living) and plants. Free. 

Trusses (surgical apparatus).pound. 0.109 

Turpentine and bright varnish. Free. 

Type and ornaments for printing, also stere¬ 
otype plates. Free. 

Umbrellas and parasols, of silk.each. 0.205 

other. do. 0.065 

Umbrella frames...pound. 0.047 

Vanilla... do. 1.747 

Varnishes. do. 0.036 

Vegetables, fresh or salted. Free. 

other.pound. 0.028 

preserved in hermetically sealed 

vessels. pound. 0.082 

Vinegar in barrels. do. 0.009 

in bottles. pot. 0.018 

Wafers, all.pound. 0.109 

Watches. (See Time-pieces.) 

Wax.pound. 0.009 

candles. do. 0.018 

Wines and liquors :— 

Wine in barrels .pound. 0.022 

in bottles.pot. 0.056 

Must.pound. 0.009 

Ale, beer, in barrels. do. 0.022 

in bottles.pot. 0.546 

Cider.pound. 0.009 

Brandy, all kinds, except arrack, and rum in 

bottles.pot* 0.218 

Spirits, at the rate of 100 per cent.pound. 0.153 

for each X P er cent, below 100 per cent, 
to 80 per cent., deduct. 0.000 









































































































662 


TARIFF.—SWITZERLAND. 


Spirits, for each X P^ r cent, between 80 and 

60 per cent., deduct. $0,007 

for each X P er cent, below 60 per cent., de¬ 
duct... 0.007 


Wood : veneers of wood not manufactured, 
boards over X inch thick, spokes, staves, 

&c. ; oars; manufactures of wood not 
stated, wooden shoes, also with parts of 

leather. Free. 

Manufactures of: veneers of foreign wood, 

X inch or less thick, also if inlaid with 
mother of pearl. pound. 0.031 

Wooden pegs for shoes. do. 0.009 

frames, gilded, boxes, plates not weighing 

over three pounds per piece.pound. 0.03 

spinning wheels, feet for tables, &c. do. 0.019 

cabinet work, all kinds, if gilded. do. 0.018 
of fine wood, not upholstered or var¬ 
nished . pound. 0.003 

of beech or other. do. 0.009 

of foreign wood. do. 0.018 

Other articles, ordinary. do. 0.018 

fine. do. 0.048 

Yarn for fishing nets; 10 per cent, addition¬ 
al to material of which made. 

Yarn of cotton, not dyed.pound. 0.018 

all other, also wire spun. do. 0.045 
on spools.50 per cent. 


Yarn : Flax, hemp, manila, jute, &c :— 

Linen, not dyed.pound. 

dyed, not twisted. do. 

and twisted. do. 

cordage, not tarred. 

tarred, diameter over 

X-inch.pound. 

w r ool, not dyed.do. 

dyed, and all yam mixed wfith metal 

thread.pound. 

Zinc, nails..... do. 

articles, gilded, silvered, &c... do. 

bronzed, varnished. do. 

cast, weighing over 25 lbs..pound, 
all other manufactures.do. 

EXPORTS. 

Anchovies. ton. 

Bark.comm’l last. 

Bone. do. 

Fish, dry smoked.vog. (36 lbs.) 

salted.ton. 

Lobsters.each. 

Rye.ton. 

Train oils.do. 

Wood, pieces over 72 inches long, comm’l last. 

Wood, small pieces.comm’l last. 

in rafts.cubic foot. 


$0.01C 

0.063 

0.091 

Free. 

0.018 

0.037 


0.045 

0.013 

0.095 

0.047 

0.018 

0.036 


0.009 

0.018 

0.437 

0.014 

0.009 

0.001 

0.027 

0.218 

0.437 

0.019 

0.004 


TARIFF.—SWITZERLAND. 

(1 quintal = 50 kilogrammes = 110.23 pounds, United States; 1 franc computed at 19X cents gold, 

United States.) 


PROHIBITED. 

Gun and blasting powder. 

FREE OF DUTY. 

All commodities for the personal use of foreign am¬ 
bassadors and consuls, provided the foreign state 
admits these articles free. 

All baggage and apparel of travellers destined for 
their personal use; also tools and instruments of 
mechanics and artists, for use in their profession. 

Carriages, wagons, and all vehicles of conveyance 
by land or water, manufactured in Switzerland or 
intended for personal use only. 

Vehicles and baggage for the transportation of pau¬ 
pers. 

Packages containing dutiable goods, if not above one 
pound in weight and if sent by mail. 

Articles which from Switzerland pass into a foreign 
country and return to Switzerland. 

Dutiable articles carried by persons, if not above two 
pounds in weight nor subject to more than five 
rappen duty. 

Material for making roads, as pebbles, sand, gypsum 
(red and unburned), rough building stones, and 
clay, 

Milk, eggs, fresh fish, lobsters, frogs, snails, fresh 
field and garden products, if these articles are des¬ 
tined for an immediate market. 

Leaves of beech and other trees, intended for food of 
cattle or stabling and manure, and all raw ma¬ 
nures. 

Gold and silver coin. 

Samples and designs not intended for sale. 

Building materials for railroads in Switzerland. 

The folio wine articles are also free of duty, if car¬ 
ried to and from estates within eight miles of the 

frontier:— 


Grain in the ear or in sheaves. 

Raw products of the forest— wood, coal, and potash. 

Seeds. 

Sticks for the support of vines, &c. 

Animals and implements of all kinds. 

Cattle passing the frontier temporarily, to return 
again. 

Wood, bark, grains, oil-seed, hemp, and other agri¬ 
cultural products, imported for the purpose of being 
cut, ground, etc., and transported back again. 

All articles which, in the petty trade on the frontier, 
are imported to be subjected to further processes, 
such as dyeing, printing, tanning, spinning, weav¬ 
ing, &c., to be exported in this improved condition. 

Manufactures brought to neighboring markets, re¬ 
turning unsold; the same in regard to cattle, sam¬ 
ples, bags, empty barrels, &c. 

TARIFF FOR DUTIABLE GOODS. 

A. Taxed, by the piece. 

1. —10 centimes ($0,019 in gold). 

Beehives, with living bees, exclusive of- weight of 

honey. 

Calves, not above 80 lbs. in w r eight. 

Sheep and lambs. 

Swine, of less than 80 lbs. weight. 

Goats and kids. 

2. —50 centimes ($0,095 in gold). 

Donkeys. 

Fillies yet possessing the first milk-teeth. 

Cattle and calves above 80 lbs. weight. 

Swine, of more than 80 lbs. w'eight. 

3. —3 francs ($0.56 gold). 

Mules, horses. 

4. —6 francs ($1.12 gold). 

Animals for exhibition, not transported in wagons 
(cages), as elephants, camels, bears, etc. 






































TARIFF.—SWITZERLAND. 


663 


B. Taxed ad valorem. 

1. —IX percent. 

Railroad passenger and freight cars, and parts there¬ 
of, for Swiss railroads. 

2. —2 per cent. 

Millstones (bottom and running stone). 

3. —5 per cent. 

Agricultural implements, large, of wood, or iron and 
wood, as ploughs, &c. 

Boats for ordinary transportation of passengers. 
Wagons, sleighs, and ships, and parts thereof. 
Machines, or parts of machines, if brought into 
Switzerland to be repaired or improved. 

4. —10 per cent. 

All sorts of vehicles for transportation of passengers 
except those enumerated in 1; sleighs, gondolas, 
carriages, if they are articles of luxury, and all 
wagon-makers’ work. 

C. Taxed by weight. 

I. Loads: for every animal of draught attached to a 
wagon, or for every 15 quintals, if per ship or 
railroad, and two-thirds of the tariff for every 
10 quintals in one load or cargo, or one-third for 
every 5 quintals, or two-fifteenths for any load be¬ 
low 5 quintals. 

1. —15 centimes ($0.28 gold). 

For animal or vegetable refuse not specially enumer¬ 
ated. 

Rough building stone and other. 

Wood and timber for fuel or building purposes. 

Ore, crude. 

Tanners’ bark, ground or in cakes. 

Hay and green fodder. 

Charcoal, coke, peat, brown coal, and bituminous 
coal. 

Potatoes, straw, and chaff. 

Potters’ clay, and all kinds of clays, crude. 

2. —60 centimes ($0.12 gold). 

Alkaline plants. 

Young trees, fruit or forest trees; vines. 

Brooms of heather. 

Boards, laths, shingles, and poles. 

Tiles, bricks, drain-pipes, earthen retorts, &c. 

Effects and implements of immigrants, in entire loads, 
if not belonging to Class II., 9 and 10. 

Eggs. 

Empty barrels for dry goods or liquids. 

Staves for barrels, of oak or walnut. 

Lime and gypsum, ground, burned. 

Rags, and other materials for the manufacture of 
paper. 

Fruit, vegetables, &c., fresh. 

Slate for roofing, old barrels, boxes, &c. 

3.—3 francs ($0.58 gold). 

Ornamental trees and shrubbery, hot-house plants, 
and pot flowers. 

Live poultry, fish, and sea fish. 

Articles for exhibition, as panoramas, menageries, 
theatre effects, wax figures, &c. 

Statues and monuments, church organs, water 
troughs, wells destined for public uses. 

II. Per Swiss quintal, gross weight. 

1. —15 centimes ($0,029 gold). 

Alabaster and marble, raw. 

Asphaltum and like mineral substances. 

Grains and leguminous seeds. 

Lime, hydraulic, ground ; cement. 

Chestnuts, fresh or dry. 

Chalk ; crude dyes and bolus; pipe-clay. 

Rice ; salt of all kinds. 

Seeds of all kinds, including oleous seeds and fruits. 
Stones, grinding-stones, flint-st.ones; lithographers’ 
stones, without designs. 

2. —30 centimes ($0,058 gold). 

Alum, starch. 

Acids, arseniac, i. e., white arsenic. 

Asphaltum, mastic. 

Bast and rice root; raw cotton and cotton waste. 


Lead, crude, in blocks or plates, and old lead. 

Bristles; manganese; dried roots of chiccory ; chlo¬ 
ride of lime; guts; degras (fat scraped from skins). 

Iron, raw ; pieces of cast and wrought iron. 

Iron for machines and ship-building; rails; sheet 
iron of large dimensions, and of three millimetres 
or more in thickness; tin, in sheets, for ship-build¬ 
ing, of at least 100 pounds’ weight. 

Dye-woods in sticks; barks, herbs, and berries. 

Flax, hemp, oakum, jute, abaca, and other fibrous 
materials. 

Vermilion; plumbago ; seal and other skins, raw. 

Potters’ ore ; lead-glance ; resins of all kinds, pitch, 
and tar; hydrochloric acid. 

Wood: boards of ebony, mahogany and cedar ; cedar 
prepared for cigar-boxes. 

Cheese-rennet. 

Carbonate of potash and raw potash. 

Muriatic potash. 

Madder, root or ground; glue ; malt of barley, &c. 

Carbonate of soda, crystallized ; sulphates of soda, 
raw, calcined, or crystallized; orseille moss, raw; 
packing yarn and jute yarn. 

Iron pipes, called Perkins’s patent tubes, of less than 
nine millimetres inside diameter. 

Saltpetre. 

Emery, ground or unground. 

German tinder. 

Sulphur, crude. 

Sulphuric acid; ponderous spar, raw or ground ; 
Blanc de Troyes; dye-earths. 

Cocoons of silk, and waste of silk, or floss silk. 

Soda, raw and prepared; soda of Varec ; sumach 
(tree). 

Fish-oil; horns of animals, raw or prepared. 

Vitriol of all kinds, of iron, copper, or zinc. 

Weavers’ cards and reeds; tartar, raw. 

Wool, raw or combed, dyed or undyed; refuse and 
waste of wool. 

3. —50 centimes ($0.0975 gold). 

Bread; books in all languages; engravings, litho¬ 
graphs, photographs, maps, music, plates engrav¬ 
ed, lithographers’ stones, paintings, designs. 

Butter, fresh or salt; lard. 

Meat, fresh or salt; barley, pearl; flour of grain; 
rice. 

Oils, not medicinal; tallow, raw or refined. 

4. —75 centimes ($0,145 gold). 

Caustic soda, liquid or solid. 

Brimstone; benzoic acid ; boracic acid. 

Beer, in baiTels, and beer yeast. 

Lead, in plates, sheets, or tubes; ball and shot. 

Sugar of lead; printing type and metal, old. 

Lemon-juice; iron liquor; personal effects (clothing 
and linen). 

Ore ; bell-metal; vinegar, in baiTels. 

Dye-woods, roots, bark, herbs, berries for dyeing, 
if ground or powdered; caoutchouc and orseille. 

Gall-nuts: gums of all kinds. 

Hollow glass, green or brown ; ordinary wine bottles, 
green or blue. 

Basket ware of unsplit willow, dyed or undyed. 

Copper, raw or pure, in blocks or plates; copper-fil¬ 
ings and old pieces of copper-ware. 

Oxide of copper; marble, raw, in slabs, not polished. 

Brass, unmanufactured and broken pieces. 

Fruit, dried, as apples, pears, cherries, plums, nuts, 
&c. 

Cider and wine, from fruits other than grape. 

Linen for packing; also fabrics of jute yarn, of not 
more than 25 threads per inch. 

Earthen pipes, glazed or not; old bags; saffron; 
sand; acids in liquid form, not specially enumera¬ 
ted, of at least 20 pounds in a vessel. 

Smalt; sulphur, refined, and sulphur flour. 

Sulph. of antimony, raw or in cakes. 

Sea-weed and moss. 

Soap of all kinds, and perfumery in every shape. 





664 


TARIFF. —SWITZERLAND. 


Mustard, raw or ground; antimony. 

Stearic acid; stoneware of every kind; potters’ ware, 
glazed or not. 

Turpentine; oil of turpentine; colophonium; gums 
of all kinds, refined. 

Cream of tartar; wax, crude, white, or yellow. 

Whale-oil and stearine, crude or refined. 

Cobalt (zaft're). 

Zinc, in sheets and broken ware; in blocks, slabs, or 
plates; in pieces; oxide of zinc ; tin ashes (putty) ; 
salts of zinc. 

5.—1 franc ($0,195 gold). 

Wrought iron; iron in slabs. 

Cast-iron articles of all kinds; also with parts of 
wrought iron; cast-iron articles, tinned or var¬ 
nished ; stoves and heating apparatus; parts of 
machines; also if polished or finished; statues of 
cast-iron destined for public purposes. 

0.—1 franc, 50 centimes ($0.29 gold). 

Arsenic, raw and prepared ; boneblack; prussiate of 
potassium, yellow ; oxide of lead and carbonate of 
lead; white lead. 

Cacao, beans and shells ; chromate of lead. 

Chiccory, roasted or prepared. 

Sheet iron of less than three millimetres’ thickness; 
tinned or coppered sheet iron. 

Madder extract; glass, in mass; honey; cadmium, 
crude. 

Coffee and substitutes ; bone, burnt. 

Copper, pure, or with other metals; in bars or plates, 
sheets, or wire; also brass wire or sheets. 

Marble in slabs, polished. 

Reeds for canes, whole or split. 

Metals and compositions of metals, crude. 

Mineral waters, natural and artificial, including the 
weight of bottles, &c. 

Monuments and other works in stone, also if polish¬ 
ed, weighing above one centner. 

Nickel, pure or mixed (argentine), in bars or blocks. 

Paper, packing or blotting, not for printing; waxed 
and tarred paper; common gray pasteboard. 

Quicksilver; horsehair and all other hair not speci¬ 
ally enumerated, raw; slates. 

Steel bars, plates, and steel wire ; staniol. 

Tow of hemp. 

Syrup, red, brown, or dark, in barrels. 

Oilcloth for packing; bismuth, crude; wine, in bar¬ 
rels ; oxide of zinc, gray and white. 

Tin, pure or mixed, and britannia metal, in bars or 
plates. 

Tinder of all kinds. 

7.—2 francs ($0.39 gold). 

Anise, fennel, cummin. 

Anchors; timber for building. 

Cotton yarn and thread, raw, unbleached, and un¬ 
dyed. 

Cotton velvet, not dyed or printed. 

Cotton tissues; also if mixed, unbleached; cotton 
wadding. 

Rock crystal, crude; citric acid ; cochineal. 

Blankets of cotton, without sewing. 

Turners’ ware, of wood or stone, not varnished or 
polished. 

Printing cylinders, of copper or brass; also if en¬ 
graved. 

Precious stones and corals, not cut; ivory, raw. 

Email, raw or ground. 

Empty barrels, new or old, with iron hoops. 

Pish, from fresh or salt water, prepared, dried, pick- 
led, or smoked, in vessels, over 10 pounds. 

Whalebone, raw; yarn of flax, hemp, jute, &c., un¬ 
bleached, undyed, not thread; shoemakers’ 
thread. 

Meat, salt or smoked; sausages, poultry, and game. 

Veneers of oak, ebony, &c. 

Vegetables, preserved. 

Skins, prepared for stuffing. 

Manufactures of wood; cabinet ware, not painted or 


polished: shovels, forks, rakes, and other tools, 
with or without rings of metal. 

Hops; indigo; optical, chemical, philosophical, and 
mathematical instruments. 

Cheese, soft or hard: cork-wood. 

Leather, not prepared, not dyed; red and white 
leather. 

Linen, raw or partly bleached, not dyed, and of less 
than 40 threads per inch. 

Machines and parts of machines for industrial pur¬ 
poses; steam-engines, locomotives, fringe looms, 
apparatus for distilling (of copper), boilers, gaso¬ 
meters, &c. 

Specimens in natural history. 

Pasteboard, white ; mother-of-pearl; oxalic acid. 

Tortoise shell, not manufactured ; silk and floss silk, 
raw, spun, and single thread. 

Grindstones; asparagus root. 

Steel wire, silvered, for strings of musical instru¬ 
ments. 

Crucibles, retorts, etc., for chemical purposes. 

Tallow candles ; arms of all kinds, and parts of fire¬ 
arms. 

Tartaric acid. 

Woollen yarn, raw, unbleached, undyed. 

8.—3 francs, 50 centimes ($0.68 gold). 

Figures in plaster, painted or not; articles of papier- 
m&che. 

Drugs not specially enumerated; herbs, roots, leaves, 
flowers, &,c., for medicinal use. 

Oysters, fresh and pickled; sea lobsters and shells. 

Bed-feathers, down and other. 

Beer, in bottles. 

Manufactures of lead not painted or varnished. 

Brandy, alcohol, and other spirits, in barrels. 

Printing type, new, and printing ink. 

Brushes of all kinds; cacao, ground. 

Chemical products and acids not specially enumera¬ 
ted ; iodine, bromine, oxide of iron, sulphuret of 
arsenic, &c. 

Drugs and dyestuffs not specially enumerated; also 
arrowroot, gelatine, sago, washing sponge, cantha- 
rides, musk, amber, storax; styrax, extract of qui¬ 
nine, camphor (raw or refined), gums, balsamic, 
etc. 

Iron and steel manufactures not polished, varnished, 
or painted; nails, wood screws, bolts, nuts, anchor 
chains, iron chains, tools without handles; iron 
tubes above nine millimetres inside diameter; 
iron and steel manufactures; files, saws, scythes, 
and other implements for like uses, not polished. 

Articles of cast and wrought iron, the latter predom¬ 
inating. 

Articles of sheet iron, as pans; scales, not riveted; 
tinware. 

Vinegar, in bottles. 

Extracts of dyestuffs; carmine and cudbear. 

Dyes not enumerated, dry, paste, or liquid, ground or 
prepared. 

Felt of all kinds; coarse manufactures of felt. 

Varnishes of every kind. 

Fish-oils, refined, in vessels under 10 pounds’ weight. 

Yarns and cotton thread, bleached or dyed. 

Yams of flax, hemp, jute, &c., bleached or dyed. 

Yarn, woollen, bleached or dyed. 

Vegetables preserved in vinegar, in vessels over 10 
pounds’ weight. 

Spices of all kinds. 

Glass: window-glass and common glassware; hollow 
glass and tubes, and bottles with stoppers, not be¬ 
longing to another class. 

Skins, tanned for saddlery. 

Caoutchouc and gutta-percha, pure or mixed, cut or 
spun, in bottles or sheets; also in tubes. 

Cork manufactures. 

Leather, dyed, varnished; morocco, parchment. 

Woven work of iron, steel, copper, or brass, and 
sieve-bottoms. 



TAKIFF.—SWITZERLAND. 


665 


Furniture in use ; pianos, organs, and other musical 
instruments in use. 

German silver, in sheets, wire, and plates. 

Nickel, pure or mixed with other metal, in sheets or 
wire. 

Vermicelli. 

Paper for printing or writing, lined or unlined, white 
or colored, if only one color. 

Orange-flower water; horsehair, prepared. 

Silk, bleached, dyed; silk for sewing, knitting, and 
crochet. 

Manufactures of straw, common; of reed or bast, 
dyed or undyed; also matting. 

Tropical fruits, fresh or dry; oranges, lemons, Ac.; 
almonds, hazel-nuts, figs, grapes, raisins, Ac., not 
preserved in sugar. 

Tobacco, in leaf. 

Carpets of jute, raw or dyed. 

Carpets of coarse wool, not ornamented. 

Cloth, of wool; coarse blankets, &c. 

Springs, of steel, for carriages, neither polished nor 
painted. 

Wine, in bottles. 

Shoe-blacking. 

Tin and manufactures of tin, not polished or painted. 

Sugar, of all kinds; molasses; syrup in barrels. 

Matches; gun-caps. 

Biscuit and confectionery. 

9.—8 francs (§1.56 gold). 

Ribbons of silk or floss silk; velvet ribbons and other. 

Cotton blankets, with fringe-work. 

Cotton tissues, bleached, dyed, or printed; cotton 
velvet, dyed or printed; fringes, plain. 

Feather-beds and mattresses. 

Sculptors’ work, of marble, not otherwise specified. 

Manufactures of lead and tin, painted, varnished. 

Brandy, spirits, rum and liquors, in bottles. 

Manufactures in bronze, and fancy castings. 

Bookbinders’ work; cartoons. 

Brushes, fine, with polished wood, bone or leather. 

Chocolate. 

Woollen blankets, bleached, dyed. 

Iron grating, bedsteads, and other furniture, polish¬ 
ed, painted, or varnished, turned, or filed; imple¬ 
ments polished, painted, with ornaments of 
wrought iron, copper, brass, or steel; locksmiths’ 
work. 

Provisions: fish, vegetables, plants preserved in 
brandy, vinegar, oil, sugar, or boiled in sugar; ex¬ 
tracts of meat; caviare, pies, Ac. 

Fish-hooks, iron or steel, not tinned ; glassware; fine 
cups, white or colored; crystal glass and other, 
cut; colored window glass; mirror glass, not over¬ 
laid, if less than two square feet, frame included. 

Beads of glass, steel, or metal; imitation diamonds; 
thread of gold or silver; wire and leaf. 

Skins and furs, prepared. 

Fancy turners’ work, of ivory, Ac., and wood, polish¬ 
ed, varnished, or carved. 

Furniture, new; instruments, musical, and parts 
thereof; music-boxes and harmonicons ; surgical 
instruments. 

Combs, and manufactures of India-rubber laid over 
tissues; shoes, not sewed, &c. 

Buttons of every kind; basket-work, fancy, of split 
wood. 

Copper: objects of ait; ornaments of pure copper or 
composition ; copper vessels for housekeeping. 

Fancy articles not specially enumerated, and fine 
steel-ware. 

Leather manufactures, common, especially shoe¬ 
makers’ and saddlers’ work, harness, bellows, 
satchels, Ac. 

Linen tissues and tapes, bleached, dyed, or finished; 
also unbleached linen of above 40 threads to the 
inch; also tissues of jute and other vegetable 
fibres; handkerchiefs, not embroidered; mixed 


tissues of which flax constitutes the chief material; 
painters’ articles, as prepared linen, paper, 
brushes; colors, prepared in boxes, bottles, shells, 
pots, Ac. 

Cutlery, not tools; brass and bronze ware. 

Sewing and other needles. 

Articles of German silver; of nickel, mixed with cop¬ 
per or zinc (argentine). 

Paper, several colors, gilded, Ac.; sand-paper and 
ruled paper; wall paper. 

Fringe of all kinds; tissues of horsehair, pure or 
mixed. 

Strings for musical instruments. 

Writing material: pens (not gold or silver), ink, 
pencils, sealing-wax, wafers, &c. 

Shoes of cloth, felt, and woollen. 

Mustard, prepared, dry, or liquid. 

Silk tissues: of floss-silk, part of silk; dyed or print¬ 
ed ; silk crape, red, black, or colored. 

Cordage. 

Umbrellas and parasols of cotton. 

Walking-canes, fishing apparatus, whips, pipe-stems, 
Ac., of cane, whalebone, leather, wood, Ac. 

Toys not specially enumerated. 

Gilded frame rods. 

Steel ware, for domestic use, polished. 

Candles of stearine, Ac.; articles of felt, fine. 

Manufactures of straw; split or fancy straw. 

Hosiery, of cotton, linen, wool, silk, and other ma¬ 
terial. 

Tobacco, for smoking, chewing, and snuff. 

Pottery, glazed and ornamented ; also in colors. 

Crockery and china, or porcelain, white or painted. 

Biscuit and farina. 

Cloth, of wool, bleached, dyed, and printed; woollen 
carpets; flannels. 

Watches; clocks, with cases ornamented in brass and 
other metal; parts of watches. 

Articles of wax; candles, Ac. 

Oilcloth, for furuiture, not for packing. 

Springs for wagons, polished or painted. 

Articles of zinc or tin, polished, painted, or var¬ 
nished. 

10.—15 francs (§2.93 gold). 

Articles of alabaster, amber, rock crystal, Ac. 

Wearing apparel, of silk, cotton, linen, wool, India- 
rubber, and straw; shirts, gloves, shoes, furs, trav¬ 
elling bags, &c. 

Jewelry, genuine or imitation; plated or gilded 
ware; silvered ware of metal. 

Artificial flowers; flower-roots; cigars. 

Cosmetics, patent medicines, essences, syrups, elix¬ 
irs, court-plasters, pills, Ac., all preparations in 
bottles, boxes, Ac. 

Hoff’s malt extract. 

Fine ethereal oils. 

Diamonds and corals, cut and set; pearls. 

Tissues and fringe of silk, mixed with gold and sil¬ 
ver ; glass; mirror glass, laid over, of more than 
two square feet; also in frames; painted window- 
glass ; gilded frames ; also of gold. 

Hats and caps; fancy articles of leather, morocco, 
parchment, Ac.; saddles and bridles, with buckles 
of fine metal; gloves and fancy shoes, and boots 
with fur, Ac. 

Fireworks for illumination. 

Millinery and ornamental feathers. 

Perfumeries; aromatic waters ; aromatic vinegars. 

Powder and rouge, Ac. 

Wigs and artificial hair-work. 

Scarfs and shawls, ready-made ; playing cards. 

Umbrellas; parasols, of silk. 

Embroideries of any material; lace, Ac. 

Tea, Chinese and other. 

Carpets, not belonging to lower classes. 

Watches and parlor clocks not included in preceding 
class. 





TARIFF.—CHINA 


The duties on imports and exports are paid to such hankers in the Chinese ports as 
may be authorized by the government to receive them, and are payable in sycee , or 
in foreign coin, according to the Chinese assay value. The rates of duty are ex¬ 
pressed in Chinese currency of taels, mace, candareens, and cash. The reduction to 
American silver dollars in the following Schedule is made at the rate of about $1.40 
to the tael, or 717 taels for $1,000. 

1 tael = 10 mace = 100 candareens = 1,000 cash. 


Aniseed ... 
Asafoetida. 
Arsenic... 


Biche de mer. See Tripang. 

Birds' nests, 1st quality. 

2d “ . 

3d “ uncleaned... 


refuse. 


inferior, or grs. of Paradise, do. 0.70 

Cassia oil. do. 12.60 

China root. do. 0.17 

Chinaware, fine. do. 1.26 

coarse. do. 0.63 

Cinnamon. do. 2.09 

Coir. do. 0.14 

Clocks.ad valorem, 6 per cent. 

0.70 
0.70 
6.97 
0.14 
0.49 
0.49 


per picul. 

$0.21 

Cutch. 


$0.25 

do. 

0.06 

Elephant’s teeth, whole. 


5.58 

do. 

0.70 

broken. 


4.18 

do. 

0.91 

Feathers, kingfishers’, peacocks’... 


0.56 

do. 

0.63 

Felt caps. 


0.17 

do. 

0.70 

Fish maws. 


1.40 

do. 

0.08 

Gambier. 


0.21 

do. 

1.40 

Gamboge. 


1.40 

do. 

0.21 

Ginseng, American, crude. 

. do. 

8.37 



clarified. 


11.02 

per catty. 

0.77 

Glass beads. 


0.70 

do. 

0.63 

Glassware. 


0.70 

do. 

0.21 

Glue. 


0.21 


0.07 

Gold thread, real. 


2.23 


1.81 

imitation. 


0.04 


1.00 

Gum, benjamin, and oil of. 


0.84 


0.56 

dragon’s blood, myrrh, and olibanum.. do. 

0.63 


1.40 

Hair, camel’s. .•.. 


1.40 


Cloves.picul. 

Coal.ton. 

Cochineal.picul. 

Coral.catty. 

Cordage, Manila.picul. 

Cotton, raw. do. 

Cotton, piece goods :— 
gray, white, exceeding 34 inches wide and 

not exceeding 40 yards long.piece. 

exceeding 34 inches and 40 yards, every 10 

yards.Piece. 

drills and jeans, not exceeding 30 inches 

and 40 yards.piece. 

piece goods, not exceeding 30 inches and 

40 yards.piece. 

T-cloths, not ex. 34 in. and 48 yds.... do. 
piece goods dyed, figured, and plain, not 
exceeding 36 inches and 40 yards.. .piece, 
fancy white brocades and white spotted 
6hirtings, not exceeding 36 inches wide 

and 40 yards long.piece. 

printed chintzes and furnitures, not exceed¬ 
ing 31 inches and 30 yards.piece. 

cambrics, not ex. 46 in. and 24 yds... do. 
muslins, not ex. 46 in. and 24 yds.... do. 
muslins, not ex. 46 in. and 12 yds.... do. 
ginghams, not ex. 28 in. and 30 yds., do. 
handkerchiefs, not ex. 1 square yd.. .dozen. 

fustians, not ex. 35 yards long.piece. 

velveteens, not ex. 34 yards long. do. 

Cotton thread.picul. 

yarn. do. 


0.11 

0.03 

0.14 

0.10 

0.11 

0.21 


0.14 

0.09 

0.09 

0.1(1 

0.05 

0.05 

0.03 

0.28 

0.21 

1.00 

0.98 


goat’s. do. 0.25 

Hams. do. 0.77 

Hides, buffalo and cow. do. 0.70 

rhinoceros. do. 0.59 

Horns, buffalo, deer. do. 0.35 

rhinoceros. do. 2.80 

Indigo. do. 0.25 

Isinglass. do. 0.91 

Lamp-wick. do. 0.84 

Lead, red, white, yellow. do. 0.49 

Leather, green. do. 2.52 

Linen, fine, as Irish or Scotch, not exceeding 

50 yards long.picul. 0.70 

Linen, coarse, not ex. 50 yards long.... do. 0.28 

Mace. do. 1.40 

Mangrove bark. do. 0.04 

Marble slabs. do. 0.28 

Mats.per 100. 0.20 

Metals— copper, manufactured, as in sheets, 

rods, nails.picuL 2.09 

yellow metal, sheathing and nails.... do. 1.25 

copper wire. do. 0.35 

lead. do. 0.35 

lead in sheets. do. 0.77 

quicksilver. do. 2.80 

tin. do. 1.74 

tin plates. do. 0.56 

iron, manufactured, as in sheets, rods, bars, 

hoops.picul. 0.18 

iron, manufactured—pigs. do. 0.11 

kentledge. do. 0.02 

wire. do. 0.35 

Mushrooms. do. 0.28 

Musical boxes.ad valorem, 5 per cent. 

Nankeens.picul. 2.09 

Nutmegs. do. 3.48 

Oil: wood, tallow, hempseed, castor, vege¬ 
table, and lamp.picul. 0.42 

Opium. 41.84 

Pepper, black.picul. 0.50 





























































































TARIFF. 


Pepper, white. 

Peppermint oil. 

Prawns, dried. 

Putchuck. 


$0.70 
4.90 
0.60 
0.84 
0.21 
0.14 
0 25 

Rattans. 


Rice, paddy and millet. 

Salt fish. 


Sandal-wood. 


0.56 

Sapan-wood. 


0.14 

Seahorse teeth. 


2.79 

Sharks’ fins, black. 


0.70 

white.. 


2.09 

skins. 


2.79 

Shoes—boots. 

.per 100 pairs. 

4.20 

Silk, raw wild. 


3.50 

Silk tassels. 


14.00 

raw, and also thrown. 


14.00 

ribbons; embroidered. 


16.80 

thread..... 


14.00 

piece goods. 


6.27 

crape, gauze, satin. 


16.80 

Silver thread, real. 


1.81 

imitation. 

0.04 

Skins —doe, rabbit, squirrel..., 


0.70 

raccoon, land otter.... 


2.79 

sea otter. 


2.09 

fox, large, and marten. 


0.21 

tiger and leopard. 


0.21 

Smalts.. 


2.09 

Snuff. 


10.00 

Stock-fish. 


0.70 

Sugar, brown. 


0.17 

white. 


0.28 

candy. 


0.35 


Telescopes, opera glasses, etc.ad val. 5 per cent. 

Tinfoil. 


1.74 

Tobacco, leaf. 


0.21 

prepared. 


0.63 

Tortoise-shell. 


1.74 

Tripang, black.... 


2.09 

white ... 


0.40 

Varnish. 


0.70 

Vermicelli. 


0.25 

Vermilion. 


3.48 

Woollens:— 



blankets. 


0.28 

broadcloth and 

Spanish stripes, 51 to 64 


inches wide... 

. .per chang of 3 11-12 yds. 

0.17 

camlets, English, 31 inches wide. 



Per chang of 3 11-12 yds. 

0.14 

imitation and bombazets. 



Per chang of 3 11-12 yds. 

0.05 

cassimere, flannel and narrow cloth. 



Per chang of 3 11-12 yds. 

0.06 

lastings, 31 inches wide. 



Per chang of 3 11-12 yds. 

0.07 

bunting, not exceeding 24 inches wide and 


40 yards long.. 


0.28 

woollen yarn.... 


4.18 

TARIFF ON 

ARTICLES OF EXPORT. 


Aniseed-star.. 


0.70 


Bamboo-ware. do. 1.04 

Bangles. do. 0.70 

Bone and horn ware. do. 2.09 


—CHINA. 667 


Cassia lignea. 



$0.84 

buds. 



1.13 

oil. 



12.5> 

Chinaware, fine. 



1.25 

coarse. 



1.61 

Cinnaboo. 



1.01 

Cotton, raw. 



1 49 

rags. 



00 > 

Crackers, fireworks. 



0.7J 

Curiosities, antiques. 

. ad valorem, 5 per cent. 

Fans, feather... 


. .per 100. 

1.04 

paper. 



0.06 

palm leaf, trimmed... 


.per 1,000. 

0.50 

untrimmed 



0.28 

Grasscloth, fine. 



3.48 

coarse. 



1.04 

Hair, camel’s. 



1.40 

Honey. 



1.25 

Horns, deer’s, young. 



1.25 

old. 



1.87 

India ink. 



5.58 

Indigo, dry. 



1.40 

Ivory ware.. 



0 21 

Joss sticks. 



0.28 

Lackered ware. 



1.40 

Mats of all kinds. 



0.23 

Matting... 

.roll of 40 yards. 

0.23 

Mushrooms. 



2.09 

Musk. 



1.25 

Nankeen and native cotton cloths. 

.picul. 

2.09 

Oiled paper. 



0.63 

Palampores. 



3.83 

Pearls, false. 



2.79 

Peppermint oil. 



4.86 

Pictures and paintings. 



0.16 

Pottery—earthenware. 



0.07 

Rattans, split. 



0.38 

Rattan ware. 



0.42 

Rhubarb. 



1.74 

Rugs of hair or skin. 



0.12 

Samshoo. 



0.21 

Sandal-wood ware. 



0.14 

Sesamum seed. 



0.19 

Shoes and boots, leather or satin.. 

.100 pairs. 

4.13 

Silk, raw and thrown. 



13.95 

wild raw. 



3.48 

refuse. 



1.40 

cocoons . 



4.18 

floss Canton. 



6.00 

floss from other provinces... 


13.95 

Silk piece goods — pongees 

shawls, scarfs, 


crape, satin, gauze, velvet, 

and embroidered 


goods. 



16.74 

Silk tassels. 



13.95 

Silk caps. 



1.25 

Silk and cotton mixtures.... 



7.67 

Silver and gold ware. 



13.95 

Soy.. 



0.56 

Tea.. 



3.48 

Tin-foil.. 



1.74 

Tortoise-shell ware. 



0.28 

Umbrellas, paper.... 



0.70 

Varnish or crude lacker. 



0.70 

Vermilion. 



3.48 

Wax, white or insect. 



2.09 

Wooden ware. 



1.61 
























































































































GENERAL TARIFF.—JAPAN 


[No tonnage is levied in Japanese ports ; vessels arriving paying a registering fee of $15, and for a certi¬ 
ficate of clearing, $7.] 

I. IMPORTS. 


(1 catty = 1 yi lb. avoirdupois ; 1 yard = 3 feet, English; 1 koku = 10 cubic feet. In the reduction to 
U. S. moneys the bus or 21 zebu is reckoned equal to $0.33X, gold.) 


ARTICLES FREE OF DUTY. 

Anchors and anchor chains ; animals, domestic and 
for food; baggage of travellers; clothes; flour of 
all kinds; gold and silver coin or bullion; grains, 
such as rice (cleaned or not), wheat, barley, rye, 
peas, beans, millet, maize, etc.; lead for tea boxes; 
matting for purposes of packing; metal for solder¬ 
ing ; meat, salted in barrels; oil-cake; pans and 
baskets used in the manufacture of tar; saltpetre ; 
tar and pitch. 

ARTICLES TAXED 5 PER CENT. AD VALOREM. 

Arms and ammunition sold to government or to for¬ 
eigners ; articles not specially enumerated; boots 
and shoes; clocks, watches, and musical boxes; 
corals; cutlery; dyestuffs, drugs, and medicines; 
fancy articles of Paris; furs and skins; gold and 
silver trimmings, pure or imitation; gums and 
spices unenumerated; household furniture; instru¬ 
ments, optical, surgical, and for scientific purposes; 
jewelry, of precious metals; machines, tools, etc., 
of iron and steel; mirrors; perfumeries; plated 
goods; porcelain; tissues of silk, or part silk, such 
as velvet, damask, brocade, etc.; wines, spirits, 
and provisions, not otherwise enumerated. 

Alum.100 catties. $0.03 

Animal hoofs... do. 0.10 

Arecanuts. do. 0.15 

Bark of the mangrove. do. 0.05 

Benzoe ; gums; oil. do. 0.80 

Buttons of metal.gross. 0.07 

Bronze metal, in plates or nails.. .100 catties. 0.05 

Candles. do. 0.75 

Carpenters’ glue. do. 0.20 

Catechu (terra japonica, gained from the fruit 
of the areca-catechu or from the wood of the 

mimosa-catechu).100 catties. 0.25 

Cigars.catty. 0.08 

Cinnabar...100 catties. 3.00 

Cloves and clove gilliflower. do. 0.33 

Cochineal. do. 7.00 

Colors, red, white, cinnabar; white lead and 

painters’ oil.100 catties. 0.50 

Copper and brass, in plates, sheets, bars, and 

nails.100 catties. 1.16 

Cotton. do. 0.41 

Cotton tissues—shirting, gray, white, figured ; 
drill, plain and satin; white brocade; T 
cloth, batiste, muslin, jaconet, bahia, piquet, 
and castonet; the same goods, dyed or 
printed; also Indienne for furniture:— 

Not wider than 34 inches.10 yards. 0.02 

Not wider than 40 inches. do. 0.02 

Not wider than 46 inches. do. 0.03 

Over 46 inches wide. do. 0.03 

Taffeta, 31 inches wide or less.... do. 0.05 

31 to 43 inches wide. do. 0.08 

Parchant; cotton velvet; pressed velver- 


damask, not over 40 inches wide .10 yards. $0.06 
ette; cotton ; satin and half satin; cotton 
Gingham, not over 31 inches wide... .yard. 0.02 

43 inches wide do. 0.03 

Handkerchiefs.dozen. 0.01 

Undershirts; drawers. do. 0.08 

Tablecloths. piece. 0.02 

Cotton thread, dyed or not.100 catties. 2.50 

Cotton yarn, dyed or not.. do. 1.66 

Dragon’s blood; myrrh; common incense. 

100 catties. 0.60 

Extract of gambier. do. 0.15 

Feathers of the ice-bird, the peacock, and 

other birds.100 catties. 0.50 

Fish, salt. do. 0.25 

Flint stones. do. 0.15 

Floor-mats.roll of 40 yards. 0.25 

Gamboge.100 catties. 1.25 

Gypsum. do. 0.02 

Horns of buffalo and deer. do. 0.35 

Horns of rhinoceros. do. 1.16 

India-rubber (caoutchouc). do. 0.75 

Indigo, liquid. do. 0.25 

dry. do. 1.25 

Iron wire. do. 0.26 

Ivory; elephants’ teeth of all kinds do. 5.00 

Lead in blocks. do. 0.26 

Lead in sheets. do. 0.33 

Leather. do. 0.67 

Linen of all kinds.10 yards. 0.06 

Mats, floor.roll of 40 yards. 0.25 

Oil.100 catties. 0.80 

Oilcloth.10 yards. 0.10 

Oilcloth for furniture. do. 0.05 

Opium. prohibited. 

Quicksilver.100 catties. 2.00 

Quinine. do. 0.50 

Rattan. do. 0.15 

Red wood. do. 0.41 

Rhubarb. do. 0.33 

Sailcloth of hemp or cotton....10 yards. 0.08 

Sapan-wood.100 catties. 0.13 

Snuff.catty. 0.10 

Skins of the shark.100 catties. 2.50 

Skins of buffalo, cow, &c. do. 0.40 

Soap, in pieces. do. 0.16 

Steel. do. 0.40 

Sugar, brown or dark. do. 0.13 

Sugar candies (loaf sugar). do. 0.33 

Sugar, white. do. 0.25 

Teeth of the narwhal and sea unicorn.catty. 0.33 

walrus.100 catties. 2.50 

Tin. do. 1.00 

Tin sheets, white. ..box of over 90 lbs. weight. 0-23 

Tobacco.100 catties. 0.60 

Tow and cordage . do. 0.41 

Window glass.100 square feet. 0.20 

Woollen cloth, not over 34 in. wide...10 yards. 0.20 
not over 35 in. wide... do. 0.3S 









































































TARIFF.—DUTCH EAST INDIES 


G69 


Woollen cloth, over 65 inches wide.. .10 yards. 

Spanish stripes. do. 

Cashmeres, flannels, longells, and serge do. 

Flag-cloth. d 0> 

Camlet, Dutch. do. 

Camlet, English. do. 

Lasting, crape, merino, and all woollens, not 
specially enumerated, not over 34 inches 

wide.10 yards. 

Same, over 84 inches wide. do. 

Half woollen goods, as Orleans simple (and 
figured), alpaca; barateas, damask, Drap 
d’ltalie. taffeta, cassandra, and other tis¬ 
sues, not over 34 inches wide.10 yards. 

Same, over 34 inches wide. do. 


$0.41 

0.25 

0.15 

0.05 

0.25 

0.13 


0.10 

0.15 


0.10 

0.15 


Covers (for horses). 

.10 catties. 

$0.16 

Plaids and shawls. 


0.16 

Table covers. 


0.28 

Undershirts, &c. 


0.28 

mixed woollen... 


0.16 

Woollen yarn, single and dyed. 

.100 catties. 

3.33 

Zinc and antimony. 

do. 

0.20 

An Export duty is charged on 

tea of $1. 

17 per 

catty; on vegetable wax, 50 cents per catty; 

on 

Silk, raw and organzine. 

100 catties. 

25.00 

tama (doupions).. 

do. 

6.66 

nashi (skein silk). 

do. 

2.50 

cocoons (pierced). 

. do. 

2.33 

cocoons (not pierced >. 

do. 

4.00 

Silkworm eggs. 2% cents per chart. 



DUTCH EAST INDIES.* 


TARIFF OF IMPORT AND EXPORT DUTIES. 


The duties are ad valorem , except where otherwise stated. The florin is reckoned at forty-one and a half 
cents United States, gold. AT. P. signifies Netherlands Products, the discriminations in duties on 
which are noted. 


Agricultural implements .. .N. P. free. 

Anchors for ships. 

Animals. 

Arms, fire, and parts thereof (15)(18). 
Articles, manufactured, not otherwise 

enumerated. 

Axletrees and wheels (3) (19). 

Bags, linen, and other. 

N. P. 10 per cent. 
Beds and mattresses, do. do. 

Beer in barrels. 

N. P. florin 2.00, 100 litres. 

bottles. 

N. P. florin 2.25, 100 litres. 

Bone-black. 

Books, geographical and hydrographi¬ 
cal maps, engravings, prints, music, 

bound or not. 

Bricks. 

Bronze, articles of. .N. P. 10 per cent. 

Brushmakers’ work. 

Butter. 

Candles, wax, stearine, spermaceti, 

and others.100 kilogrammes. 

Carpets.N. P. 10 per cent. 

Carriages, wagons, etc. (16). 

N. P. 10 per cent. 

Cattle, living. 

Cider. 

Coal and coke. 

Clocks, watches, etc. 

Clothing, ready-made. 


Cognac, in casks.hectolitre. 

bottles. do. 


Coin, gold and silver. . 

copper (7) (10). 

Colors, dry or liquid, and linseed oil .. 

N. P. 6 per cent. 

Coopers’ work.N. P. 10 per cent. 

Copper, crude, in sheets or plates, and 
plating for ships ; metal for coinage ; 
bolts and spikes. 


4 per cent. 
Free. 

Free. 

6 per cent. 

6 per cent. 
Free. 

16 per cent. 
16 per cent. 

Florin 3.00 

Florin 3.50 
Free. 


Free. 

Free. 

16 per cent. 
6 per cent. 
10 per cent. 

Florin 20.00 
16 per cent. 

16 per cent. 
Free. 

10 per cent. 
Free. 

10 per cent. 
10 per cent. 
Florin 27.00 
Florin 30.00 
Free. 

Prohibited. 

10 per cent. 
16 per cent. 


Free. 


Copper, manufactures of, varnished, 
lackered, or not; plated articles 
and bronze ware ; copper wire (7) .. 

N. P. 10 per cent. 

Corals, glass. 

Cordage.N. P. Free. 

Crystal, manufactured. 

N. P. 10 percent. 

Cutlery. 

Diamonds. 

Distilled beverages, Geneva in casks.. 

hectolitre. 
Geneva in jars... .hectolitre. 
Other brandies, rum, arrack, 

in casks.hectolitre. 

Other brandies, rum, arrack, 

in bottles.hectolitre. 

Liqueurs. do. 

Drawing and writing materials, exclu¬ 
sive of paper (17). 

N. P. 6 per cent., hectolitre. 
Earthenware, not otherwise enumer¬ 
ated .N. P. 10 per cent. 

Eatables, prepared. 

Fancy goods (11). 

Flour.N. P. 10 per cent. 

Flowers, artificial. 

Fruit, in brandy or spirits. 

Galloons, gold or silver, and others.... 

N. P. 10 per cent. 

Gambier (6).100 kilogrammes. 

Glassware.N. P. 10 per cent. 

Gloves. 

Gold and silver, in bars, pieces, or 

dust. 

Gold and silver manufactured, wire 

and passementerie. 

N. P. 10 per cent. 

Guano. 

Gunpowder (5). 

Hats and caps. 

Household furniture. N. P. 10 per cent. 


16 per cent. 
6 per cent. 

4 per cent. 

16 per cent. 
6 per cent. 
Free. 

Florin 20.00 
Florin 23.00 

Florin 27.00 

Florin 30.00 
Florin 40.00 


10 per cent. 

16 per cent. 
10 per cent. 
6 per cent. 
16 per cent. 
10 per cent. 
As liqueurs. 

16 per cent. 
Florin 20.00 
16 per cent. 
10 per cent. 

Free. 


16 per cent. 
Free. 

6 per cent. 
10 per cent. 
16 per cent. 


* For an abstract of the tariff of the British East Indies, see under the head of Calcutta, p. 101. 







































































670 


TARIFF.—DUTCH EAST INDIES, 


Ice... 

Instruments, scientific, musical, etc... 
Iron, in bars, pieces, plates, rails, and 
sheeting for railroads; tubes, axle- 
trees, wheels (9), cast or wrought; 
boats ; frames for buildings, houses, 
and magazines; bolts and spikes; 
wire ; anchors, chains, or cables for 

ships .. 

Iron, manufactures of, cast, wrought, 

and not otherwise enumerated. 

N. P. 10 per cent. 

Jewelry, not of precious metals. 

Lead, crude, in bars or sheets. 

manufactures of, not otherwise 
specified.. .N.P. 10 per cent. 

for tea boxes. 

Leather, and manufactures of. 

N. P. 10 per cent. 
Linen. (See Tissues.) 

Machines, engines, gasometers; tools, 
implements, and apparatus for in¬ 
dustry, agriculture, and mining; 
also, parts of machinery.N. P. free. 

Manures. 

Meat, smoked or dried, including ham. 

N. P. 10 per cent. 

Millinery. 

Mineral water.100 bottles. 

Oil, not otherwise enumerated. 

Opium, from Patna (1) and Benares 

(2).per box of 62 kilogrammes. 

Opium from Malva (13).per box. 

from the Levant and Persia.. 

per box. 

Paintings. 

Paintings, frames, and lithographs in 

frames.N. P. 10 per cent. 

Paper, all sorts. do. do. 

Pearls. 

Perfumery. 

Plated ware.N. P. 10 per cent. 

Playing-cards. 

Porcelain.N. P. 10 per cent. 

Itesin. 

Rice, also hulled. 

Saddlery.N. P. 10 per cent. 

Sailcloth.N. P. free. 

Salt (20). 

Shoemakers’ work. .N. P. 10 per cent. 
Silk, ribbon and other manufactures 

(12). 

Syrup, of fruit.100 bottles. 

mixed with spirits as liqueurs. 

Snuff.100 kilogrammes. 

Spectacle glasses. 

Steel, in bars, blocks, sheets, and 
plates, rails, and jolting plates, etc,, 

for railroads. 

Steel manufactures, not otherwise spe¬ 
cified .N. P. 10 per cent. 

Stockings (as clothing). 

Tar. 

Tiles, clay. 

roofing, of glass. 

N. P. 10 per cent. 
Tissues, and other manufactures of 
cotton, linen, or wool, not otherwise 
specified (12).N. P. 10 per cent. 


Free. 

Free. 


Free. 


16 per cent. 
6 per cent. 
Free. 

16 per cent. 
Free. 

16 per cent. 


4 per cent. 
Free. 

16 per cent. 
10 per cent. 
Florin 6.00 
Free. 

Florin 350.00 
Florin 250.00 

Florin 200.00 
Free. 

16 per cent. 
16 per cent. 
Free. 

10 per cent. 
16 per cent. 
10 per cent. 
16 per cent. 


16 per cent. 
4 per cent. 
Prohibited. 
16 per cent. 

6 per cent. 
Florin 20.00 


Florin 40.00 
6 per cent. 


Free. 

16 per cent. 

Free. 

Free. 

16 per cent. 


16 per cent. 


Tobacco, in roll or leaf, cut; carrots 
and prepared, not otherwise speci¬ 
fied. 100 kilogrammes. 

Tobacco, Manilla and Havana. 

100 kilogrammes. 

snuff.-. do. 

cigars of Manilla or Havana. 

100 kilogrammes, 
other cigars.. do. 

Umbrellas and parasols.. 

Wine, in casks.hectolitre. 

in bottles. do. 

champagne, and other sparkling 

wines.100 bottles. 

Wire, gold, silver, copper, zinc, or steel 
N. P. 10 per cent. 

iron. 

Writing material, not paper (17). 

N. P. 6 per cent. 
Wood, sawed or not, for building; 

ship-timber and masts. 

Wood, manufactures of. 

Yarn, cotton, or wool. 

N. P. 10 per cent, 
all other. 


Florin 8.00 

Florin 30.00 
Florin 40.00 

Florin 200.01 
Florin 50.00 
10 per cent. 
Florin 9.00 
Florin 10.50 

Florin 21.00 

16 per cent. 
Free. 

10 per cent. 
Free. 

6 per cent. 

16 per cent. 
6 per cent. 


EXPORTS. 

Hides and skins. 

Indigo, not prepared for inland mar¬ 


ket .kilogrammes. 

Coffee. 

Tobacco, not prepared for inland mar¬ 
ket .100 kilogrammes. 

Birds’ nests. 

Tin.100 kilogrammes. 

Sugar . 


2 per cent. 

Florin 0.15 
9 per cent. 

Florin 1.00 
6 per cent. 
Florin 5.00 

3 per cent. 


OBSERVATIONS. 

(1) In conformity wfith special regulations. 

(2) If in boxes of greater weight, the duties are pro¬ 

portionally increased. 

(3) Axletrees and wheels belonging to carriages or 

wagons are subject to the same duty as the 
latter. 

(4) Copper plates and engravings, the last named in 

frames, pay as furniture. 

(5) The prohibition of gunpowder does not extend tc 

powder for sportsmen (crepe), when imported 
in boxes of 1 kilogramme or less, under sanc¬ 
tion of the local authority. 

(6) Gambier imported into Java and Madura pays 

this duty ; otherwise it is free. 

(7) Copper plates and coin may be imported for ac¬ 

count of the governments. 

(8) Coopers’ work excluded. 

(9) See observation (3). 

(10) See observation (7). 

(11) In doubtful cases, the Governor-General decides 

what is included in fancy goods. 

(12) Silk not included. 

(13) See (1). 

(14) See observation (2). 

(15) The import of arms for luxury is not prohibited. 

(16) Railroad w r agons and parts thereof are free of 

duty. 

(17) Except paper. 

(18) See observation (15). 

(19) See observation (3). 

(20) Salt may be imported for account of the govern 

ment; also into Java and Madura. 

























































TARIFF. 


CEYLON. 


Arms and ammunition:— 

Guns, rifles, pistols.each. $1.21 

Gunpowder.per lb. 0.07 

Shot.per cwt. 0.36 

Bacon, butter, cheese, and hams. do. 1.45 

Beef and pork. do. 0.61 


Beer, ale, and other malt liquors, in wood. 

per gal. 0.06 

Beer, ale, and other malt liquors, in bottles. 


per gal. 0.08 

Fish, and produce of sea animals.per cwt. 0.24 

Flour (wheat). do. 0.48 

Hops. do. 1.45 

Jaggery. do. 0.24 

Malt.per bush. 0.07 

Metals—brass sheets, copper 6heathing, and 

nails.per cwt. 1.45 

iron, bar.per ton 1.69 

corrugated. do. 3.39 

hoop. do. 45.98 

pig. do. 1.21 

rod. do. 1.94 

sheet. do. 2.42 

lead sheet. do. 4.84 

spelter and zinc, and steel. do. 4.36 

Opium.per lb. 0.12 

Paddy.per bush. 0.06 

Pitch, rosin, or tar.per bar. 0.24 

Rice, wheat, and other grains, except paddy. 

per bush. 0.14 

Salt.per cwt. 1.03 


Saltpetre.per cwt. $0.24 

Spirits and cordials.per gal. 1.21 

Sugar, refined, and candy.per cwt. 1.21 

unrefined. do. 0.61 

Tea.per lb. 0.12 

Tobacco, manufactured.per cwt. 4.84 

unmanufactured. do. 2.42 

cigars and snuff. do. 0.16 

Wine, in wood.per gal. 0.36 

in bottles. do. 0.61 

All other goods and merchandise, not enumer¬ 
ated or in the free list, a duty, ad valorem , 
on the value in the market, of. 0.05 


THE ARTICLES EXEMPT FROM DUTY ARE :— 
Books, maps ; bullion, coin; pearls, precious stones; 
coal; cocoanut oil; coffee; coir yarn, rope, twine, 
and strands ; copperas ; cotton-wood ; cowries, and 
other shells; fruit; ground nuts; gingellie seed; lin¬ 
seed ; horses, and all other live stock; ice; machin¬ 
ery, steam-engines of all kinds, boilers and gear, 
whole or in parts; machinery adapted to wind¬ 
mills ; machinery for lifting, forcing, and conduct¬ 
ing water for the manufacture of sugar ; hydraulic 
and screw presses, cranes, screw-jacks, &c. ; pul- 
pers, peelers, and winnowing machines; tile, brick, 
and pipe making machines; printing machines; 
every description of fibre, cotton, carding, weaving, 
and spinning machines: machines for making 
screws or other machines; paper, black pepper; 
seeds and plants for agricultural or horticultural 
purposes ; iron tanks; whale oil. 


VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA. 
Tariff, 1867. 


IMPORT DUTIES. 

Ale, porter, spruce or other beer, cider, and perry, 
per gallon, in wood; or, for 6 reputed quart bot¬ 
tles ; or, for 12 reputed pint bottles, 6 d. 

Cigars, 5s. per pound. 

Coffee and chiccory, cocoa and chocolate, 2d. per 
pound. 

Doors, Is. each. 

Dried and preserved fruits and vegetables, bacon, 
biscuits, butter, candles, cheese, comfits, confec¬ 
tionery, hams, jams, lard, macaroni, maizena, 
nuts of all kinds (not including cocoanuts), pre¬ 
served meats and fish, soap, starch, succades, sweet¬ 
meats, vermicelli, Id. per pound or package of that 
reputed weight. 

Grain and pulse of every kind, not otherwise enu¬ 
merated, 9d. per cwt. 

Grain and pulse of every kind, not otherwise enu¬ 
merated, when ground or in any way prepared or 
manufactured, Is. per cwt. 

Hops, 2d. per pound. 

Malt, 6 d. per bushel. 


Oils of all kinds in bulk, except cocoanut and palm 
oil, 3d. per gallon. 

Opium, including all goods, wares, and merchandise 
mixed or saturated with opium, or with any pre¬ 
paration or solution thereof, or steeped therein re¬ 
spectively, 10s. per pound. 

Plate of gold, 8s. ounce troy. 

Plate of silver, Is. ounce troy. 

Rice, 2s. per cwt. 

Salt, 20s. per ton. 

Salted provisions, including fish not otherwise enu¬ 
merated and not caught from vessels owned in the 
colony, 5s. per cwt. 

Snuff, 2s. per pound. 

Spirits or strong waters of any strength not exceed¬ 
ing the strength of proof by Sykes’s hydrom :ter, 
and so in proportion for any greater or less strength 
than the strength of proof, until the 30th of Sep¬ 
tember, 1867, inclusive, 10s. per gallon. 

Spirits or strong waters of any strength not excee ling 
the strength of proof by Sykes’s hydrometer, and 
so in proportion for any greater strength than the 






































672 


TARIFF.—VICTORIA. 


strength of proof, from and after the 1st of October. 
1867, 10s. per gallon. 

Spirits, cordials, liqueurs, or strong waters sweetened 
or mixed with any article, so that the degree of 
strength cannot be ascertained by Sykes’s hydro¬ 
meter, including all alcohol diluted or undiluted 
with water or other menstruum, and containing in 
solution any essence, essential oil, ether, or other 
flavoring or other substance, whether of natural or 
artificial origin. 10s. per gallon. 

Spirits perfumed, 10s. per gallon. 

Sugar and molasses, 3s. per cwt. 

Tea, 3d. per pound. 

Tobacco, manufactured, 2s. per pound. 

Tobacco, unmanufactured, Is. per pound. 

Tobacco, sheepwash, 3d. per pound. 

Varnish, 2s. per gallon. 

Vinegar, 6d. per gallon. 

Window sashes, Is. per pair. 

Wine, per gallon, in wood ; or, for 6 reputed quart 
bottles ; or, for 12 reputed pint bottles, 3s. ; or 40s. 
for each reputed four-gallon case, or 20s. for each 
reputed two-gallon case, when the said cases, re¬ 
spectively, do not contain more than the reputed 
contents, and so on for each reputed gallon or part 
of a gallon. 

AT TEN PER CENT. DUTIES. 

Agricultural implements ; apparel and slops, and all 
articles made up wholly or in part from fabrics of 
silk, wool, cotton, linen, or mixed materials, except 
corn and wool bags. 

Boots and shoes; brushware; building materials, 
excepting timber otherwise dutiable. 

Carpeting and druggeting; oil floorcloth, mats, and 
rugs; carriages; copperware, brassware, tinware, 
and galvanized ironware ; cordage. 

Earthenware, china, and porcelain. 

Furniture ; furs ; fuse. 

Glass and glassware ; gloves. 

Hats, caps, and bonnets; hosiery. 

Jewels and jewelry. 

Lead, sheet and piping; leather ware. 

Machinery and boilers ; marble and stone, wrought; 
matches and vestas; metal castings, and all arti¬ 
cles made up therefrom ; millinery ; musical instru¬ 
ments. 

Oilmen’s stores not otherwise enumerated, including 
tapioca, sago, arrow-root, spices, pepper, and gin¬ 
ger. 

Perfumery; plated and mixed metal wares. 

Saddles and harness; silks, and all manufactures 
containing silk; stationery. 

Tents and tarpaulins ; tinware bright, lackered ware, 
and japanned ware ; tobacconists’ ware; toys and 
fancy goods; turnery. 

Watches and clocks; wickerware; wooden ware ; 
woollen blankets. 

AT FIVE PER CENT. DUTIES. 

All imported goods, including corn and wool bags, 
not enumerated in the foregoing list, nor included 
in the appended schedule of expenditures. 

LIST OF ARTICLES EXEMPTED FROM PAYMENT OF 
DUTY. 

Anchors; animals and birds; apparel, minor articles 
of mixed or undescribed materials used in making 
up of. 

Books (printed); bristles and hair. 

Card and millboard; canvas and baggage in the 
piece; carriages and other vehicles used in the 
conveyance of passengers and goods across the 
frontier; chain cables and shackles over three- 
eighths of an inch in diameter; coal and coke; 
cocoanut fibre; coin and bullion; copper in ore, 
ingot, and sheet; cordage, unserviceable; cottons 
in the piece; cotton, raw, wick, waste; curiosities. 


Fish, fresh; flax. 

Guano and other manures. 

Hatters’ felt, hoods, and silk. 

Plush. 

Hemp; hides and skins; hogskins and minor arti¬ 
cles used in making saddlery; horns-and hoofs. 
Iron in ore, scrap, pig, bar, rod, hoop, pipes, plain, 
sheet, and railway rails. 

Jute. 

Kerosene shale. 

Lead in ore, pig. and scrap; linen in the piece. 
Marble, unwrought; meat, fresh ; millstones; metal 
work and minor articles used in manufacturing 
piano-fortes. 

Newspapers. 

Oil, palm and cocoanut. 

Packages in which goods are ordinarily imported; 
paper, printing and wrapping ; passengers’ luggage, 
cabin and other furniture, and personal effects, 
which have been in use and are not imported for 
sale; pitch ; plants ; printing materials and ink. 
Quartz; quicksilver. 

Rags; resin. 

Saltpetre: shooks and staves; silicate of soda and 
potash ; silk, mixed doeskins, or tweed ; trouserings 
and coatings not containing more than 2 per cent, 
of silk; sewing machines; soda ash and caustic 
soda; specimens of natural history; steel; stone, 
unwrought; Sulphur and saltpetre. 

Tallow ; tar ; telegraphic materials ; timber in logs 
twelve inches square and upwards ; tin, sheet and 
block. 

Wire, No. 12 and upwards; wool; woollens in the 
piece. 

Yellow metal, bolts and nails, and sheathing felt. 
Zinc. 

A drawback is allowed on wine intended for the 
consumption of her Majesty’s navy or troops ; and all 
goods, wares, and merchandise imported for the sup¬ 
ply of her Majesty’s land or sea forces, and for the 
use of her Majesty’s government, are exempted from 
duty. 

If any goods enumerated or described in the follow¬ 
ing table of prohibitions shall be imported or brought 
into Victoria, then, and in every such case, such goods 
shall be forfeited, and shall be destroyed or otherwise 
disposed of as the commissioner may direct:— 

***** 
Extracts, essences, or other concentrations of coffee, 
chiccory, tea, malt, hops, or tobacco, except essences 
or preparations of tobacco to be employed for sheep¬ 
washing purposes only, upon which last-mentioned 
essences or preparations duty shall be paid as on 
sheep-wash tobacco, according to a standard to be 
fixed by the governor in council, or any admixture of 
the same. 

Blasphemous, indecent, or obscene prints, paint¬ 
ings, books, cards, lithographic or other engravings, 
or other blasphemous, indecent, or obscene articles. 
***** 

Snuff or tobacco, unless in ships of fifty tons bur¬ 
den at least, and in whole and complete packages , 
each containing not less than sixty pounds net weight, 
and not containing any other goods, and unless into 
such ports as are or may be approved by the governor 
in council for the importation and warehousing of 
tobacco. 

Cigars, unless in ships of fifty tons burden at least, 
and in packages containing not less than sixty pounds 
net weight, or not less than ten thousand in number 
each, and not containing any other goods, and unless 
into such ports as are or may be approved as last 
aforesaid. 

It is held that packages of a less size hooped or 
banded together are not whole and complete packages 
within the meaning of the act. 




TARIFF.—NEW SOUTH WALES. 


IMPORT DUTIES. 

Spirits imported into the colony, the strength of 
which can be ascertained by Sykes’s hydrometer, 
the proof gallon, 10s. per gallon. 

Spirits and spirituous compounds imported into the 
colony, the strength of which cannot be ascertained 
by Sykes’s hydrometer, the liquid gallon, 10s. per 
gallon. 

On all imported wines, 3s. per gallon. 

Ale and porter, in bottle, 6d. per gallon. 

Ale and porter, in wood, 3d. per gallon. 

Tea, 3d. per pound. 

Sugar, refined, and candy, 6s. 8d. per cwt. 

Sugar, unrefined, 5s. per cwt. 

Sugar, treacle, and molasses, 3s. Ad. per cwt. 

Coffee and chiccory, 2d. per pound. 

Tobacco, unmanufactured, Is. per pound. 

Tobacco, manufactured, and snuff, 2s. per pound. 
Cigars, 3s. per pound. 

Opium, 20s. per pound. 

Malt, (id. per bushel. 

Hops, 2d. per pound. 

Rice, 40s. per ton. 

Dried fruits, 10s. per cwt. 


On all goods not liable to any of the above duties 
other than the charges imposed by the package act 
of 1865, a duty of £5 for every £100 of the value 
thereof, excepting those articles enumerated in the 
list given below. 

DUTY FREE GOODS. 

Animals, living; fresh fruits and garden produce; 
fresh meat; gold dust, bullion, coin; guano and 
manures: hides and skins; military and naval 
stores; ores, unsmelted; passengers’ baggage; 
plants, trees, and shrubs; printed books; seeds 
and esculent roots, including bulbs; specimens of 
natural history ; tallow and wool; vine stakes and 
bark for building purposes; wheat and flour. 

All goods imported are liable to Is. package charge, 
except goods in transit, live stock, flour, wheat, sugar, 
and tea. 

Note. —By the act 25 Victoria, No. 3, a duty of 
£10 per head is levied on all Chinese male passengers 
arriving in the colony. 

EXPORT DUTY. 

Gold, Is. 6d. per ounce troy. 


TARIFF.—NEW ZEALAND, 1866. 


Ale, beer of all sorts, cider, and perry, in bottle, Is. 
3d. per gallon; ale, beer of all sorts, cider, and 
perry, in bulk. Is. per gallon; almonds, in shell, Id. 
per poimd; almonds, shelled, 3d. per pound; am¬ 
munition, sporting powder, 6d. per pound; ammu¬ 
nition, blasting powder, Id. per pound; apparel, 
not otherwise described, 5s. per cubic foot; apples, 
dried, Id. per pound; apothecary wares, not other¬ 
wise described, 3s. per cubic foot; arms, fire-arms, 
5s. each ; axle, axle arms, and boxes, 3s. per cwt.; 
arrow-root, in bulk, %d. per pound; arrow-root, 
2s. 6d. per cubic foot; arsenic, 4s. per cwt. 

Bacon and hams, Id. per pound; bagging, bags, 
sacks, and woolpacks, empty, Is. 6d. per cubic foot; 
baskets and wickerware, 6d. per cubic foot; baking 
powder, Is. per cubic foot; beef, salted, 2s. per 
cwt. ; bellows, Is. per cubic foot; bicarbonate and 
carbonate of soda, 2s. per cwt.; biscuits, plain and 
unsweetened, 3s. per cwt.; biscuits, fancy, 3s. per 
cubic foot; bitters, 12s. per gallon; blacking. Is. 
per cubic foot; black lead, Is. per cubic foot: 
blankets and rugs, 3s. per cubic foot; bonnets and 
hats, trimmed, 5s. per cubic foot; bonnets and 
hats, untrimmed, 3s. per cubic foot; boots, shoes, 
slippers, and galoches, 5s. per cubic foot; boots, 
men’s common water-tights and laceup, and diggers’ 
long, 3s. per cubic foot; boot and shoe vamps and 
uppers, 5s. per cubic foot; brass and brass manu¬ 
factures, 4s. per cwt. ; brushware and brooms, Is. 
per cubic foot; buckets, wood, 2s. per dozen ; buck¬ 
ets and tubs, of iron, 4s. per cwt.; butter, Id. per 
pound. 

Candied peel, 3d. per poimd; candles, tallow, %d. 

43 


per pound; candles, other than tallow, Id. per 
pound; capers, 2s. 6d. per cubic foot; caps, ap • 
parel, 3s. per cubic foot: caps, percussion. Is. per 
thousand; cards, playing, fid. per pack; carpet 
bags, 3s. per cubic foot; carpets, woollen, 2s. per 
cubic foot; carpets, hemp, coir, or jute, Is. per 
cubic foot; caraway seeds, 2s. 6d. per cubic foot; 
carriages, carts, drays, and wagons, 5 per cent, ad 
valorem ; carriage and cart wheels, 5s. per pair ; 
catsup, 2s. 6d. per cubic foot; cement and plaster 
of Paris, Is. per barrel; chains, except gold and 
silver, %-inch diameter and under, 2s. per cwt.; 
cheese, Id. per pound; chiccory, 3d. per pound; 
china, porcelain, and Parian ware, Is. per cubic 
foot; chocolate, 3d. per pound; chutney, 2s. fid. 
per cubic foot; cigars, 5s. per pound; cocoa, 3d. 
per pound ; coffee, 3d. per pound; coffee, essence of, 
2s. 6d. per cubic foot; collars and cuffs, of paper, 5s. 
per cubic foot; combs, Is. per cubic foot; confec¬ 
tionery, 5s. per cubic foot; copper manufactures, 
not otherwise described, 4s. per cwt.; copying 
presses, 4s. per cwt. ; cordage, three inches in cir¬ 
cumference, and under, 3s. per cwt. ; cordials, 12*. 
per gallon; clocks and watches, 10 per cent, ad 
valorem; cotton manufactures, not otherwise de¬ 
scribed, and articles made of cotton mixed with 
other material, 5s. per cubic foot; cotton counter¬ 
panes, 3s. per cubic foot; cream of tartar, Id. per 
pound ; curry powder and paste, 2s. per cubic foot; 
cutlery, 4s. per cwt. 

Doors of wood, Is. each; drapery, 5s. per cubic foot; 
drugs and druggists’ sundries, 3s. per cubic foot. 

Earthenware, 3d. per cubic foot; engravings, prints, 





674 


TARIFF. —NEW ZEALAND. 


drawings, paintings, pictures, Is. per cubic foot; 
essences, flavoring, 2s. 6 cl. per cubic foot. 

Fish, dried, pickled, or salted, 2s. per cwt. ; fish, pot¬ 
ted and preserved, 2s. (id. per cubic foot; fish paste, 
2s. 6 cl. per cubic foot; floorcloth, Is. per cubic foot; 
forfar sheeting, unbleached, 3s. per cubic foot; 
fruit, bottled or preserved in syrup, 2s. (id. per cubic 
foot; fruits, dried. Id. per pound; furniture and 
cabinet ware of wood, (id. per cubic foot; furs, 5s. 
per cubic foot. 

Gelatine, 2s. (id. per cubic foot; glass, crown and 
sheet, Is. per 100 superficial feet; glass, plate, Is. 
per cubic foot; globes and chimneys for lamps, 6d. 
per cubic foot; glassware, Is. per cubic foot; glue, 
2s. per cwt. ; groats, prepared, Is. per cubic foot; 
grindery, Is. per cubic foot; gutta percha, manu¬ 
factured (not being apparel). Is. per cubic foot. 

Hardware, 4s. per cwt. ; haberdashery, 5s. per cubic 
foot; hair seating. Is. per cubic foot; hams, Id. 
per pound; harness, 2s. per cubic foot; hats 3s. 
per cubic foot; hollow ware, 4s. per cwt.; hops, Id. 
per pound ; horseshoes, Is. per cwt.; hosiery, 5s. 
per cubic foot. 

Ink. writing, Is. per cubic foot; iron fencing wire, 
staples and standards, straining posts and appara¬ 
tus, Is. per cwt. ; iron gates and gate-posts, 4s. per 
cwt. ; iron, galvanized sheets, tiles, ridging, gutter¬ 
ing, spouting, rivets, washers, screws, nails, and 
wire netting, Is. per cwt. ; ironmongery, 4s. per 
cwt.; isinglass, 2s. per cubic foot. 

Jam, jellies, and marmalade, 2s. 6d. per cubic foot; 
japanned and lackered metal ware, 4s. per cwt.; 
jewelry, 10 per cent, ad valorem. 

Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick, Is. per cubic foot; 
lasts and shoemakers' wooden pegs, Is. per cubic 
foot; lead, sheet, pig, and piping, Is. per cwt. ; 
lead manufactures not otherwise described, 4s. per 
cwt. ; leather, sole, Vid. per pound ; leather, other 
kinds, Id. per pound; leather bags, 5s. per cubic 
foot; leather leggings, 5s. per cubic foot; leather 
manufactures not otherwise described, Is. per cubic 
foot; linen manufactures not otherwise described, 
and articles made of linen mixed with other mate¬ 
rial, 5s. per cubic foot; liqueurs, 12s. per gallon; 
licorice, 2s. (id. per cubic foot; looking-glasses, Is. 
per cubic foot. 

Macaroni, 2s. 6d. per cubic foot; maizena, corn flour, 
Is. per cubic foot; malt, 6d. per bushel; mantel¬ 
pieces, Is. per cubic foot; marbles (toys), Is. per 
cubic foot; matches, wax vestas, Is. per cubic foot; 
mats, door mats, Is. per cubic foot; matting of 
cocoa fibre, and other kinds, 6d. per cubic foot; 
meats, potted and preserved, 2s. 6d. per cubic foot; 
millinery not otherwise described, 5s. per cubic 
foot; musical instruments, Is. per cubic foot; 
mustard, 2s. Gd. per cubic foot. 

Nails of iron, Is. per cwt.; nuts of all kinds, except 
cocoa-nuts, Id. per pound. 

Oil, vegetable, in bulk, 6d. per gallon ; oil, in bottle, 
2s. 6d. per cubic foot; oil, mineral, 6d. per gal¬ 
lon ; oil, in bottle, 2s. Gd. per cubic foot; oil, per¬ 
fumed, 2s. 6d. per cubic foot; oil not-otherwise de¬ 
scribed, 6d. per gallon; olives, 2s. 6d. per cubic 
foct; opium, 20s. per pound; oysters, preserved, 
2s. 6d. per cubic foot. 

Paints and colors, 2s. per cwt. ; paper, writing, Is. 
per cubic foot; paper wrapping bags, Is. per cubic 
foot; paper hangings, Is. per cubic foot; papier- 
mkche ware, Is. per cubic foot; pearl barley, Is. 
per cwt.; peas, split, Is. per cwt.; pepper and pi¬ 
mento, unground. Id. per pound; pepper, Cayenne, 
2s. Gd. per cubic foot; perambulators, 6d. per cubic 
foot; percussion caps, Is. per thousand ; perfumery 
not otherwise described, 2s. Gd. per cubic foot; 
pickles. 2s. Gd. per cubic foot; picture frames, Is. 
per cubic foot; pipes, tobacco, 2s. per cubic foot; 
pitch, Is. per barrel; plate, gold and silver, 10 per 
cent, ad valorem; plated ware, 3d. per pound; 


pork, salted, 2s. per cwt. ; portmanteaus, Is. per 
cubic foot. 

Easpberry vinegar, 2s. 6d. per cubic foot; rice, 2s. pet 
cwt. ; rice, ground, 2s. Gd. per cubic foot; rosin, 
2s. per cwt. ; rugs, woollen, cotton, or opossum, 3s. 
per cubic foot. 

Saddlery, 2s. per cubic foot; sadirons, Is. per cwt.; 
safes, iron, 4s. per cwt.; sago, in bottles or canis¬ 
ters, 2s. Gd. per cubic foot; sago, in bulk, 2s. per 
cwt.; saltpetre, 2s. per cwt. ; sauces, 2s. 6d. per 
cubic foot; sashes, window, Is. per pair; scrim 
cloth, Is. per cubic foot; shirts, navy, serge, and 
Scotch twill, 3s. per cubic foot; shirts, white, re¬ 
gatta, Crimean, 5s. per cubic foot; shot, 10s. per 
cwt. ; silk manufactures, 5s. per cubic foot; syrups, 
3s. Gd. per cubic foot; snuff, 5s. per pound ; soap, 
common, 2s. Gd. per cwt. ; soap, scented and fancy, 
2s. Gd. per cubic foot; soap powder and washing 
powder, Gd. per cubic foot; soda, crystals, Is. per 
cwt.; spices—cassia, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, 
mace, nutmegs, mixed and ground spices, 3d. per 
pound; spirits and strong waters of every kind, of 
any strength not exceeding the strength of proof, 
12s. per gallon; spirits of tar, Gd. per gallon; 
starch and blue, 2s. per cwt. ; stationery and ac¬ 
count books, Is. per cubic foot; steel, 1 s. per cwt.; 
sugar, treacle, and molasses, Id. per pound; sul¬ 
phur, Is. per cwt.; swords, 5s. each. 

Tacks, 4s. per cwt.; tapioca, in bulk, 2s. per cwt.; 
tapioca, in bottles, jars, or tins, 2s. Gd. per cubic 
foot; tar, Is. per barrel; tartaric acid, Id. per 
pound ; tea, Gd. per pound ; tinware, 4s. per cwt.; 
timber, sawed, Is. per 100 superficial feet; timber, 
shingles, and laths, Is. per 1,000; timber, palings, 
Is. per 100; timber, posts, 4s. per 100 ; timber, 
rails, 2s. per 100 ; tobacco, 2s. Gd. per pound; 
tobacco for sheep-wash, 3d. per pound ; tools, car¬ 
penters’ and others not otherwise described, 4s. per 
cwt.; toys and fancy goods not otherwise described, 
Is. per cubic foot; trousers, moleskin and cord, 3s. 
per cubic foot; twine, 2s. per cwt.; tubs, of wood, 
2s. per nest; turpentine, Gd. per gallon. 

Umbrellas and parasols, 5s. per cubic foot. 

Yarnish, Gd. per gallon ; vermicelli, 2s. Gd. per cubic 
foot; vinegar, Gd. per gallon. 

Weighing machines, 4s. per cwt. ; whips and walking 
sticks, Is. per cubic foot; whiting and chalk, Is. 
per cwt.; wine, in wood and bottle, per gallon, or 
for six reputed quart bottles, or twelve reputed pint 
bottles, 4s. per gallon; woollen manufactures, not 
otherwise enumerated, and articles made of wool 
mixed with other materials, 5s. per cubic foot. 

Zinc, sheets, tiles, ridging, guttering, piping, and 
roll, Is. per cwt. ; zinc manufactures not otherwise 
described, 4s. per cwt. 

TABLE OF EXEMPTIONS. 

Anchors, anvils. 

Blacksmiths’ bellows, bottles of all kinds, empty. 

Cabin furniture and effects which have been in use 
and not for sale ; carriage springs, mountings and 
trimmings, chain cables and shackles over three- 
eighths of an inch in diameter, churns, cotton 
waste, copper and composition rod, bolts, sheath¬ 
ing, and nails, corn sieves and riddles, crab winch¬ 
es, cranes, capstans, and windlasses. 

Drainage pipes and tiles. 

Felt for sheathing, filters, fire-engines and hose, fish 
oil (in bulk), forges. 

Gas-pipes, and all material and machinery which may 
be specially imported for the construction of gas¬ 
works. 

Iron bridges, and all material which may be specially 
imported for the construction of bridges, \yharves, 
jetties, or patent slips. 

Iron (bar, rod, bolt, hoop, fencing, and pig), iron 
lamp-posts, tanks, plates, rivets, bolts, nuts, 
screws, and castings for ships; weigh-bridges foi 
carts. 



TARIFF. —HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 675 


Machinery for agricultural purposes, for boring, brick 
and tile making, planing, punching, sawing, 
shearing, turning, and quartz crushing, for mills 
and looms, for steam vessels, for wool and hay 
pressing, machine saws, maps and charts. 

Organs, harmoniums, bells, furniture specially im¬ 
ported for places of public worship. 

Passengers' baggage, printing machinery, presses, 
type, and materials, printing ink and paper, print¬ 
ed books, paper and music, ploughs and harrows, 
pumps, and other apparatus for raising water. 

Railway plant, and all materials specially imported 


for the construction of railways and tramways; 
rope above three inches in circumference. 

Tarpaulins. 

Sail-cloth, ships’ blocks, ship chandlery not other¬ 
wise described, school-books, slates, and apparatus, 
soda ash and caustic soda, soda-water machines, 
steam-engines, and parts of steam-engines, sewing 
machines. 

Water-pipes not otherwise described, and all other 
material which may be specially imported for the 
construction of water-works, and all other articles 
not otherwise described. 


TARIFF.—HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 


On alcohol and other spirits of the strength of alco¬ 
hol, $10 per gallon. 

On brandy, gin, rum, whiskey, and all other spirits 
or strong waters of whatever name or description 
below the strength of alcohol, $3 per gallon. 

On all liquors, cordials, bitters, brandied fruits, per¬ 
fumery, and other articles of merchandise sweet¬ 
ened or mixed, containing alcohol, or spirits of the 
strength of 30 per cent, or upwards, $3 per gal¬ 
lon. 

A duty of $1.50 per gallon on port, sherry, Madeira, 
and other wines of whatever name or description 
above 18 per cent, of alcoholic strength. 

On all cordials, bitters, and other articles of merchan¬ 
dise of any name or description, containing or pre¬ 
served in alcohol, or spirits above that rate of 
strength and below 30 per cent., $1.50 per gallon. 

On all wines in casks and cases, known in commerce 
as wines “de cargaison,” 5 per cent, ad valorem. 

On cider, beer, ale, porter, and other fermented 
beverages below 18 per cent, of alcoholic strength, 
10 per cent, ad valorem. 

On all wines of a higher quality than wines of “car¬ 
gaison ” below 18 per cent, of alcoholic strength; 
and on tobacco, opium, and all manufactures 
thereof, 15 per cent, ad valorem. 

Upon all goods, wares, and merchandise imported 
into the Hawaiian islands, other than those speci¬ 
fically mentioned in this schedule, 10 per cent, ad 
valorem: Provided , however, that no impost duty 
shall be levied on goods or other articles imported 
for the use of the government, or of the King or 
Queen: naval stores and supplies belonging to a 
foreign government, when imported and used as 
such; goods imported for the private use and con¬ 
sumption of fore’gn diplomatic representatives; 
goods allowed by foreign treaties to be introduced 
free by whale-ships; professional books, imple¬ 
ments and tools of trade in actual use of persons 
from abroad and not intended for sale; wearing 
apparel not merchandise, in use of persons arriving 
at Hawaiian port?, personal household effects not 
merchandise, of subjects of the Hawaiian King¬ 
dom dying abroad; oil, bone, fish, or other pro¬ 
ducts of the sea, being the catch of duly registered 
Hawaiian vessels; and goods, wares, and merchan¬ 


dise exported to a foreign country, and brought 
back in the same condition as when exported, upon 
which no drawback has been allowed: And pro¬ 
vided , also , That the minister of finance may allow 
the following articles to be imported free of duty 
on application for that purpose: Trees, shrubs, 
bulbs, roots, plants, and seeds, when not intended 
for sale as merchandise; gold and silver coins; 
philosophical, chemical, and other apparatus for 
the use of schools; models of inventions, if not 
fitted for use; bees, birds, and fowls, horses, 
mares, asses, bulls, cows, calves, sheep, swine, and 
other animals intended for improving the breed of 
such animals: And provided further , That the 
minister of finance may, in his discretion, allow 
alcohol to be withdrawn from the custom-house for 
medicinal, mechanical, or scientific purposes, in 
the payment of a duty of 50 per cent, ad valorem, 
the party or parties applying for and withdrawing 
the same giving satisfactory security that it shall 
be used only for such purposes. 

All sugars, the produce of any foreign country with 
which this government has no existing treaty (1859), 
2 cents per pound. 

Molasses, and syrups of sugar, the produce of any 
country with which this government has no exist¬ 
ing treaty (1859), 10 cents per gallon. 

Coffee, the produce of any country with which this 
government has no existing treaty (1859), 3 cents 
per pound. 

On rice, the produce of any country with which this 
government has no existing treaty (1859), in husks, 
1 cent per pound ; cleaned, IX cent per pound. 

Sec. 518. The duties upon all goods, wares and mer¬ 
chandise imported into this kingdom shall be paid 
in cash in American specie: Provided , That any 
collector, with the concurrence of the minister of 
finance, shall have the power to grant a reasonable 
credit for the payment of such duties, not exceed¬ 
ing 90 days, upon receiving a good and sufficient 
bond with one or more sureties, to be approved by 
said minister, in a penal sum not less than twice 
the amount of said duties, conditioned for the pay¬ 
ment of such duties, with interest at the rate of 12 
per cent, per annum, within the time for which 
credit may have been given as aforesaid. 





TARIFF.—ISLAND OF JAMAICA 


IMPORT DUTIES. 


Ale, beer, and porter. 

.per gallon 

£0 

0s. 6d. 

Asses. 




Free. 

Bacon. 

.per pound. 

0 

0 

2 

Barley (not pearl barley)... 

. per bushel. 

0 

0 

4 

Beef, dry, salted, or cured.. 

.per pound. 

0 

0 

1 

Beef, not salted, or cured. 





Per barrel of 200 lbs. 

0 

15 

0 

Beans. 

.per bushel. 

0 

0 

4 

Birds. 




Free. 

Books, printed, including maps. 



Free. 

Bread or biscuits.. 

.per 100 lbs. 

0 

6 

0 

Bricks (not Bath bricks)..., 




Free. 

Bullion. 




Free. 

Butter. 

per pound. 

0 

0 

2 

Calavances. 

.per bushel. 

0 

0 

4 

Candles, composition. 

.per pound. 

0 

0 

2 

Candles, tallow. 

do. 

0 

0 

OH 

Candles, wax or spermaceti 

do. 

0 

0 

2 

Cattle, neat. 


0 

10 

0 

Carriages, carts, and wagons used for 




agricultural purposes. 




Free. 

Cheese. 

.per pound. 

0 

0 

2 

Cider and perry. 

. per gallon. 

0 

0 

6 

Coals and coke. 




Free. 

Cocoa.per 100 lbs. 

0 

10 

0 

Coffee (British colonial)... 

do. 

1 

0 

0 

Coin. 




Free. 

Corn, Indian.. 

. per bushel. 

0 

0 

4 

Cotton wool. 




Free. 

Diamonds. 




Free. 

Dogs. 




Free. 

Dye woods. 




Free. 

Drawings, paintings, engravings, litho- 




graphs, and photographs. 




Free. 

Fish, dried or salted. 

per 100 lbs. 

0 

3 

6 

Fish, fresh. 




Free. 

Fish, smoked, not otherwise enumerated 




or described. 

.per pound. 

0 

0 

0)4 

Fish, alewives, pickled, per bbl of 200 lbs. 

0 

2 

6 

Fish, herrings, pickled, per bbl of 200 lbs. 

0 

2 

6 

Fish, herrings, smoked_ 

.per pound. 

0 

0 

0)4 

Fish, mackerel, pickled, 





per barrel of 200 lbs. 

0 

4 

6 

Fish, pickled, not otherwise enumerated 




or described.per barrel of 200 lbs. 

0 

4 

6 

Fish, salmon, smoked. 

.per pound. 

0 

0 

2 


Fish, salmon, wet or salted, 

per barrel of 200 lbs, 

Flax. 

Flour, rye.per barrel of 196 lbs. 

Flour, wheat. do. 

Fruit, fresh.. 

Goats. 

Guano and any other manure. 

Gunpowder.t.per pound. 

Hams. do. 

Hand-machines for preparing fibre, or 

for spinning cotton or wool. 

Hay and straw. 

Hemp. 

Hides, raw. 

Horses, mares, and geldings.each. 

Hydraulic presses and printing presses. 

Ice. 

Iron, galvanized. 

Iron, for roofing, doors, and shutters, 


0 10 


6 

Free. 
8 0 
8 0 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
1 0 
0 2 


Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
10 0 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 


and every kind of iron roofing, doors, 

and shutters. 

Indigo...per pound. £0 


do. 


0 


Lard 

Leeches. 

Matches, lucifer and other, per gross of 
12 dozen boxes, each box to contain 
100 sticks, and boxes containing any 
greater or less quantity to be charged 

in proportion. 0 

Malt dust. 

Marble, in slabs and blocks. 

Machines, horse power. 

Meat, fresh. 

Meat, salted or cured.. per bbl of 200 lbs. 0 
Meal (not wheat meal). per bbl of 196 lbs. 0 
Mess plate and fhrniture, band instru¬ 
ments for the use of the army and 
navy, on the certificate of the mili¬ 
tary or naval commanding officers... 
Mills, whether they be for grinding 
canes, paint, coffee, corn, or grain of 
any kind, or for sawing boards, rais¬ 
ing water, or such as are set in mo¬ 
tion by steam, horse, wind, or water 
power, and all parts of the said mills. 

Molasses. 

Mules.each. 0 

Oats.per bushel. 0 

Oil-cakes, whole or in powder, and other 
prepared food for cattle and animals. 

Oil.per gallon. 0 

Patent fuel.. 

Pans for boiling sugar, whether of cop¬ 
per or iron. 

Peas (not being split peas), .per bushel. 

Pipes for conveying fluids. 

Plants, growing. 

Ploughs, plough harrows, cultivators, 
clod crushers, horse hoes, dibbles, 
sewing machines, and parts thereof.. 
Pork, salted or cured. per bbl of 200 lbs. 

Poultry. 

Pumps for raising water. 

Railway trunk wheels. 

Resins and rosin. 

Rice.per 100 lbs. 

Rice, undressed.per bushel. 

Salt.per 100 lbs. 

Salt, rock. 

Sarsaparilla (but not the extract of)... 
Sausages, dry or pickled... .per pound. 

Sheep. 

Shooks, tierce, puncheon, and hogs¬ 
head, and all descriptions of shooks, 
also tierces, hogsheads and casks.... 

Slates. 

Soap.per 100 lbs. 

Soda ash, or sub-soda. 

Specimens, illustrative of natural his¬ 
tory, mineralogy, and geology. 

Spirits, brandy.per gallon. 

Spirits, gin. do. 

Spirits, rum, the produce of and im¬ 
ported from British possessions, 

per gallon. 


0 


0 


0 


0 


Freeh 
0s. 3d. 
0 0 
Free. 


6 0 
Free. 
Free. 
Free, 
Free. 
15 0 

2 0 


Free. 


Free. 
Free. 
10 0 
0 4 

Free. 
0 9 

Free. 

Free. 
0 4 

Free. 
Free. 


Free. 
15 0 

Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
3 0 

1 0 
0 0 
Free. 
Free. 
0 2 
Free. 


Free. 
Free. 
5 6 

Free. 

Free. 
10 0 
10 0 


10 0 



















































































TARIFF.—BRITISH COLUMBIA. 677 


Spirits, whiskey.per gallon. £0 

Spirits of wine, alcohol, and all other 
spirits, cordials, or spirituous com¬ 
pounds.per gallon. 0 

Stills, or any part of a still. 

Steam-engines, or any part of a steam- 

engine .. 

Sugar, refined.per pound. 0 

Sugar, unrefined.per 100 lbs. 0 

Swine. 

Tallow, grease, tallow-grease, or grease 

and slush. 

Tea.per pound. 0 

Tiles, marble and earthen, as well as 

paving stones. 

Tobacco, manufactured, including cav¬ 
endish.per poimd. 0 

Tobacco,* unmanufactured... do. 0 

Tobacco, cigars. do. 0 

Tongues, dried. do. 0 

Tongues, salted or cured. 

Per barrel of 200 lbs. 0 

Tortoise-shell. 

Tow. 

Turtle. . 

Vegetables, fresh. 

"Wax, bees. 

Wheat.per bushel. 0 

Wines, in bulk and in bottle..per gallon. 0 
Wood—for every one thousand feet of 
pitch pine lumber, by superficial 


measurement of one inch thick. 0 

Wood—for every one thousand feet of 
white pine lumber, or other lumber, 
by superficial measurement of one 

inch thick.*. 0 

Wood—shingles, cypress, more than 
twelve inches in length. per thousand. 0 


10s. Od. 


10 0 
Free. 

Free. 
0 2 
10 0 
Free. 

Free. 

1 0 

Free. 

1 0 
0 6 
5 0 

0 2 

15 0 

Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
0 9 

2 6 


13 0 


9 0 
6 0 


Wood—wallaba shingles, .per thousand. £0 6s. Od. 

Wood—Boston chips, and all shingles 
not otherwise enumerated or describ¬ 


ed .per thousand. 0 4 0 

Wood—hoops. Free. 

Wood—staves and headings, red or white 
oak or ash. Free. 


Wire, iron, for fences, wire fencing, 

iron standards, and also tomb railing. Free* 

On all other woods, wares, merchandise, 
and effects of every description, not 
previously enumerated, for every 
£100 value. 12 10 0 


EXPORT DUTIES. 

On every hogshead of sugar, five shillings and nine 
pence. 

On every puncheon of rum, four shillings and six¬ 
pence. 

On every tierce of coffee, six shillings. 

On every one hundred and twenty pounds weight 
pimento, tenpence. 

Logwood, and other dyewoods, lignumvitse, ebony, 
and cocus wood, for every ton, one shilling. 

Ginger, at the rate of, for every one hundred and 
twelve pounds weight, one shilling. 

For the purposes of this law, three tierces of sugar 
shall be taken to be equivalent to two hogsheads, eight 
barrels to one hogshead; other packages in the propor¬ 
tions which they shall bear to the hogshead of seven¬ 
teen hundred weight. Two hogsheads of rum shall 
be equivalent to one puncheon. Every quarter cask 
or package of rum, not being a puncheon or hogshead, 
in the proportion the same shall bear to the puncheon 
of ninety gallons. Coffee, in packages other than 
tierces, in the proportion of seven hundred weight to 
one tierce. 


TARIFF.—BRITISH COLUMBIA. 


In all cases where any duty is imposed on goods or things imported into this colony according to the 
value of such goods, such value shall be understood to be the fair market value thereof in the principal 
markets of the country whence the same shall be shipped or exported to the colony, and the collector and 
appraiser shall by all reasonable ways and means in their power ascertain the fair value of Buoh goods as 
aforesaid, and estimate the value for duty accordingly. 


SCHEDULE A.—SPECIFIC DUTIES. 

Ale and porter in wood, 15 cents per gallon. 

Ale and porter, in bottles, 30 cents per dozen (quarts). 
Bacon and hams, 4 cents per pound. 

Barley, oats, malt, and field peas, 30 cents per 100 
pounds. 

Beans and split peas, 1 cent per pound. 

Bitters, $1.50 per gallon. 

Butter, 10 cents per pound. 

Candles, 5 cents per pound. 

Cheese, 5 cents per pound. 

Cider, 15 cents per gallon. 

Cigars, $2 per 100 ; 2 cents each. 

Coal, $1.25 per ton. 

Coffee, raw, 3 cents per pound. 

Coffee, manufactured, 6 cents per pound. 

Eggs, 12>£ cents per dozen. 

Flour, $1.50 per barrel. 

Fresh fruits, viz.:— 

Apples, pears, plums, cherries, currants, raspber¬ 


ries, strawberries, and gooseberries, 1 cent per 
pound. 

Gunpowder, sporting, 6 cents per pound. 

Gunpowder, blasting, 3 cents per pound. 

Hay, $4 per ton. 

Lard, 5 cents per pound. 

Lime, 50 cents per barrel. 

Lumber:— 

Rough fir and cedar, $3 per 1,000 feet. 

Dressed fir and cedar, $5 per 1,000 feet. 

Shingles, $1 per 1,000. 

Fence pickets, $2 per 1,000. 

Laths, $1 per 1,000. 

Live stock:— 

Horses and mules, $2 per head. 

Beef cattle, $3 per head. 

Milch cows, $2 per head. 

Sheep and goats, 75 cents per head. 

Hogs, $2 per head. 

Potatoes, Yi cent per pound. 






























678 


TARIFF. —HONDURAS 


Bice, 1% cent per pound. 

Sugar 

liaw, 2 cents per pound. 

Refined, 2% cents per ponnd. 

Spirits:— 

Brandy, $2 per gallon, according to proof. 

Grin, whiskey, rum, $2 per gallon, according to 
proof. 

All other kinds, $2 per gallon, according to proof. 
Tea, 12X cents per pound. 

Tobacco, 25 cents per pound. 

Vegetables, viz.:— 

Onions, 2 cents per pound. 

Other kinds, fresh, 1 cent per pound. 

Wheat, 35 cents per 100 pounds. 

Wines, viz.:— 

Champagne and Moselle, $3 per dozen (quarts). 
China and medicated, $1.50 per gallon. 

California, red and white, 25 cents per gallon. 
Claret, 20 cents per gallon. 

Port, sherry, and all other descriptions, 75 cents 
per gallon. 

Bran and shorts, 25 cents per 100 pounds. 

Buckwheat, 1 cent per pound. 

Oatmeal, 1 cent per pound. 

Corn meal, % cent per pound. 

Hops, 10 cents per pound. 

Shot, 2 cents per pound. 


SCHEDULE B.—AD VALOREM DUTIES. 

Per cent. 

Axes. 15 

Beef, salt. 10 

Billiard and bagatelle tables. 12% 

Blankets, boots and shoes. 20 

Bread. 20 

Cards, playing.50 

Chocolate. 20 

Clothing, ready-made. 15 

Confectionery.30 

Drugs and medicines. 20 

Drygoods, earthenware. 12% 

Fish, preserved, dried, and salt. 15 

Fire-arms.. 12% 

Fruits, preserved and dried. 12X 

Furniture... 15 

Glass and glassware. 12% 

Groceries.12X 

Hardware and ironmongery. 12 % 

Harness and saddlery. 20 

Hemp canvas. 2% 


Per cent 

Leather. 15 

Jewelry. 20 

Machinery. 10 

Matches... 12 % 

Meat, preserved. 12% 

Meat, fresh. 20 

Molasses. 12% 

Nails, nuts of almonds. 12% 

Oils. 15 

Opium. 25 

Paints, pork, salt. 10 

Plants, trees, and shrubs. 12% 

Poultry, dead and alive. 25 

Quicksilver. 10 

Rope, cordage, and twine. 5 

Soap. 15 

Stationery. 12% 

Tinware. 25 

Vegetables, preserved and salt. 10 

Wagons, carriages. 20 

Trunks, watches, and clocks. 12% 

Window sashes and doors.. 20 

Ship sails, manufactured.20 

Cotton canvas. 5 

Wooden ware. 12% 

Yeast powders. 12% 

All other articles not enumerated in either of the 
above lists, nor in the following list of free 
goods.. 12% 


SCHEDULE C. 

The following articles shall be admitted free of 
duty:— 

Agricultural implements; books, printed and in 
manuscript; bricks; all fresh fruits not enumerated in 
schedule of specific duties; coin ; gunny sacks; iron 
and steel; all kinds of woods not enumerated in sche¬ 
dule of specific duties; calves under twelve months 
old; personal effects; salt; garden seeds; grain for 
seed; tar and pitch; tin; copper; zinc; lead in pipes, 
sheets, and bars; wire (iron and brass); copper 
sheets; boiler plates and bolts, and patent metal for 
ships; iron hoops; sheet iron; rough and partially 
manufactured woods used in construction of car¬ 
riages and wagons; steel springs; wagon axles; 
anchors, cables, chains, and copper bolts for ship¬ 
building; fresh fish, fish oil, and whalebone; raw 
hemp for rope making; tallow, gas retorts; fire clay; 
furs; hides; lemon and lime juice; guano; wool; 
oakum; jute; ships’blocks and junk; blacksmith’s 
coal. 


TARIFF.—BRITISH HONDURAS. 


IMPORT AND EXCISE DUTIES. 


Agricultural implements. 

Books and printed papers. 

Bullion and coin. 

Cattle, neat.per head. 

Clapboards.per 1,000 lineal feet. 

Clothing, army and navy. 

Coals. 

Cocoa, raw and manufactured...per 1,000 lbs. 

Coffee.per 100 lbs. 

Engines, marine, agricultural, and manuf'ng 
Guinea corn. 


Nil. 
Nil. 
Nil. 
$2 00 
5 00 
Nil. 
Nil. 
2 00 
2 00 
Nil. 
Nil. 


Hammocks, made of grass. Nil. 

Horses, mules, and asses, per head. $3 0C 

Ice. Nil. 

Logwood and other dyewoods, being indige¬ 
nous to the colony... Nil. 

Lumber dressed, whether on one side or both, 
and whether grooved and tongued or not, 

per 1,000 feet. 4 0C 

Lumber undressed, per 1,000 feet. 3 00 

Machines and machinery, marine, agricultural, 

and manufacturing. Nil. 



































































679 


TARIFF.—ST. CROIX, MADEIRA. 


Muhogany and other timbers, being indige¬ 
nous to the colony. Nil. 

Maize. Nil. 

Malt liquors and cider, per imperial gallon, or 
six reputed quart bottles, with an allow¬ 
ance of 5 per cent, for breakage. $0.25 

Necessaries, regimental and navy. Nil. 

Poultry. Nil. 

Silver ore. Nil. 

Spirits, cordials, and liqueurs, per imperial 
gallon, or per six reputed quart bottles, 
with an allowance of 5 per cent, for break¬ 
age . 75 

Spirits and cordials, excise , at per imperial gal¬ 
lon, not exceeding proof as verified by 

Sykes’s hydrometer. 35 

And for each additional degree or fractional 

part thereof. 0)4 

Sugar.per 100 lbs. 3 00 


Sugar, excise .per 100 lbs. $1 00 

Swine. Nil. 

Tea.per lb. 25 

Tobacco.per 100 lbs. 3 00 

Cigars.per 1,000. 3 00 

Tortoiseshell, unmanufactured. Nil. 

Turtles, live.each. Nil. 

Vessels. Nil. 


Wines, in bulk or bottle, per imperial gallon, 
or per six reputed quart bottles if in bot¬ 
tle, with an allowance of 5 per cent,, for 
breakage— 

Port, Sherry, Madeira, Sparkling Cham¬ 
pagne, Sparkling Hock, and Sparkling 


Moselle. 50 

Other wines. 25 


All articles not hereinbefore specifically enumerat¬ 
ed, to be calculated on the amount of invoice with 
charges and freight, an ad valorem duty of 10 per cent. 


TARIFF.—ISLAND 


OF ST. CROIX {Danish West 
Indies'). 


FREE OF DUTY. 

Pnncheon staves, headings, hoops, agricultural im¬ 
plements, implements used in the manufacture of su¬ 
gar, for distilling rum, and for cane mills, mill timber, 
fire-bricks, fire-stone, machinery and parts thereof, 
fresh fish and turtles, vegetables, coals, mules and 
asses, manure, printed books and papers, and furni¬ 
ture previously used by the owners. 

SPECIFIC DUTY. 

Flour, wheaten.per cwt. $0 60 

Flour, all other kinds. do. 25 

Bread, wheaten. do. 75 

Bread, of other com. do. 35 

Beef, hams, sausages, tongues pickled, 

smoked, or dried. do. 1 25 

Pork, pickled or smoked. do. 80 

Fish, dried or salted. do. 25 

Fish, pickled or smoked. do. 40 


Butter.per cwt. $1 50 

Cheese. do. 1 50 

Lard. do. 40 

Peas.per bbl., ISC lbs. 25 

Beans. do. 25 


AT FIVE PER CENT. AD VALOREM DUTY. 

Iron, steel, lead, copper, zinc in bars, rolls, or 
plates, sheet iron, spelter, rope, tar, pitch, resin, 
lime, chalk, temper lime, cement, gypsum, bricks and 
tiles, flagstones, earthen pipes, lumber (except that 
mentioned in sub. A), nails, screws, spikes, tools of 
every description, anchors and chains, blocks, mule 
harness, raw leather, wooden yokes, live cattle (ex¬ 
cept horses, mules, and asses), oats, Indian corn, 
bran, hay, charcoal, salt, tallow, carts, wheels, axles 
and boxes for carts and sugar wagons, and canvas 
for sails. 

All articles not enumerated above, twelve and a 
half per cent, ad valorem duty. 


TARIFF.—ISLAND OF MADEIRA. 


Candles, sperm. 

stearine. 

Coal, anthracite and bituminous 

Fish, cod. 

mackerel.... 

herring. 

Flour, wheat. 

Com, meal. 

Grain, wheat, com, oats, rye.... 

Lumber, boards, etc. 

Stoves^ pipe. 

Molasses.. 

Syrup. 

Treacle. 

Bosin. 

Turpentine. 



$0.04 


0.02 


Free. 


0.01 


1.50 


1.50 


1.00 


1.00 


12 


1.00 


0.17 

per 100 lbs. 

2.40 

. do. 

2.40 

. do. 

2.40 


0.01 


0.10 


Fitch.per lb. 

Tar.per 100 lbs. 

Olive oil. 

Linseed, and sperm.per gal. 

Petroleum, and kerosene.per 100 kilogrs. 

Beef, pork, lard.per lb. 

Butter. do. 

Rice. do. 

Soap, Castile, Windsor and common... do. 

Sugar, muscovado. do. 

refined. do. 

Tobacco, chewing or smoking. do. 

Cigars.per 100. 


Leaf tobacco is not imported, as its man¬ 
ufacture is not allowed on the Island. No 
export duties. 


$0.01 

0.15 

Free. 

0.10 

2.5C 

0.01 

0.06 

0.01 

0.02 

0.03 

0.05 

0.80 

1.00 






































































ARGENTINE REPUBLIC 


This Tariff went into operation January 1, 1870, and by the terms of the law was to contimie in force for 
one year. No later tariff, however, has fallen under our notice. 


I.—IMPORTS BY SEA. 

Article 1. Free of duty. Gold and silver coin 
and bars, printed matter, printing paper, plants of all 
kinds, fresh fruit, ice, wood for fuel, charcoal, staves 
and heads for barrels, animals of draught, corn and 
corn meal (imported by land), and all articles for 
healing scab in sheep. 

Article 2. The executive is authorized to admit, 
free of import duty, the following articles: Seeds 
(field), articles intended exclusively for use in divine 
worship, and claimed as the property of a church or 
religious order by the clergy, scientific instruments 
and apparatus, machines for steamships, for the 
amalgamation of metals, and for new industrial es¬ 
tablishments, furniture and tools of immigrants, and 
all articles intended exclusively for their domestic 
use. 

Article 3. A duty of ten per cent, ad valorem is 
levied on: Common salt, coal, wood, iron (in bars), 
wire for fencing, ploughs, silk manufactures, diamonds 
(not set), gold and silver manufactures, with or with¬ 
out diamonds, and all instruments and utensils with 
handles or ornaments of gold or silver, if, by the lat¬ 
ter, their value is increased one-fifth. 

Article 4. A duty of twenty-five per cent, ad valo¬ 
rem is levied on : Wines, brandies, liquors, vinegar, 
beer, sugar, yerba, tobacco, tea, and coffee. 

Article 5. All articles not before especially enu¬ 
merated pay an import duty of twenty per cent, ad va¬ 
lorem. 

Article 6. Common salt, coal, ploughs, wood, and 
iron pay an additional duty of five per cent., imposed 
by law of September 3, 1866, until the loan of the 
Provincial Bank, for the redemption of which this 
additional duty has been designated, will be re¬ 
funded. % 

Article 7. An allowance for leakage on distilled 
and fermented articles named in Article 4, to be 
made in proportion to the distance of the place of de¬ 
parture from the first Argentine port touched by the 
vessel, viz.:— 

Ten per cent, if the port of departure lies beyond 
the equator. 

Six per cent, if the port of departure lies this side 
of the equator. 

Three per cent, if the port of departure lies this 
side the cape. 

For breakage an allowance of five per cent, is made 
on wines, brandies, beer, vinegar, and oil, in bottles. 

II.— EXPORTS BY LAND AND SEA. 

Article 8. An export duty of six per cent, ad va¬ 
lorem is levied on : Hides of cattle and horses, hair 
of all kinds, smoked and salted meat, salted tongues, 
ostrich feathers, bone-black, horns and pieces there¬ 
of, animal oils, tallow and lards, melted or in leaf. 


Article 9. Sheepskins and wool pay an export 
duty of six per cent, ad valorem. 

Article 10. All articles not enumerated, also gold 
and silver in coin or bars, are free of export duty. 

III.— -MANNER OF COMPUTING TARIFF DUTIES. 

Article 11. All duties are fixed by a valuation 
tariff, based for imports on the value of goods in 
warehouse; for exports, on the value at the time and 
place of shipment. 

Article 12. Import duties on merchandise, not 
enumerated in the tariff, are fixed by the values given 
in the bill of sale, the correctness of which must be 
testified under oath by the owner or agent, and the 
amount of which is increased for silk manufactures 
and jewelry ten per cent.; for other articles twenty 
per cent. Customs officers are authorized to retain, 
for account of the government, all goods, the given 
value of which is found incorrect, and in this case 
the interested parties shall receive, in advance, in 
notes ( letrcts de receptoria), the value of the goods as 
shown by the foregoing instructions with an addi¬ 
tional ten per cent. 

Article 13. The designation of articles for enu¬ 
meration in the tariff (Article 11), and the valuation 
thereof, are left with the executive. Wool, raw and 
washed, shall be subject to the same duty. 

Article 14. Export duties must be paid in the 
port where the first part of a cargo is taken, where 
the merchandise is directly registered for foreign 
countries, since goods only, for which the duty is 
paid, are allowed to be transported by sea from one 
to another port of the State, unless secured in a man¬ 
ner prescribed by the executive power. 

For the amount of import and export duties, obli¬ 
gations on stamped paper, payable after four months, 
may be given to the department of finance. 

IV.— GENERAL REGULATIONS. 

Article 15. The payment of customs duties may 
take place in all coins mentioned in the law of Octo¬ 
ber 26, 1863, in paper currency of Buenos Ayres, in 
specie of the Provincial Bank of Buenos Ayres, and 
in Bolivian silver at its market value. Copper coin 
is received at market value, in amounts not over two 
per cent, of the sum to be paid. 

Article 16. All merchandise, for which import 
duties have been paid at any custom-house, can cir¬ 
culate freely in every part of the State ; the transit of 
merchandise by land, duty unpaid, is prohibited, ex¬ 
cept between the port of La Concordia and the Bra¬ 
zilian ports on the Uruguay, by way of Federacion 
and Restauration, and from Paraguay by way of 
Restauration and Federacion, to Brazil or the Orien¬ 
tal Republic. 

Buenos Ayres, October 21, 186‘ 


TURKEY. 


. By a treaty concluded with the United States, February 28, 1862, proclaimed by the President July 2, 
1862, all imports into Turkey are liable to a duty of 8 per cent, ad valorem. 


3477 

1289 


























V v* 






\°o<. 


l 

fA'; ^ ^ • 

■ ^ ^^ > ' * ~^yyj/'# ^ 

' & % ' * Av A °o * ♦ ^ A *' # 

O'" V* 0 /- '*c> “■' \> s" ""' '* > A° V * ' * °' C* vV« 

* ** ^ " I ^ -Vv: # *‘ 

E ,*»*■« v : ,\C ^ n ^ 

-A 


9 I A 






V <; x 


■V % *%$W * ^ ' 

■ * *>%' '*Vt<^V # ‘‘ > A v; *X' •* 

4 ^ 

v n V^ /» ^ ' * TV v \v <<. r 

\ <Js y ' _ * fS) O ^ \ v \L c^v y 

■ ^ \ v , ^ V^- ^ 5 N 0 \^° ®/* * ■ •' * 

V. S ' '/ ^ v O V V 

'. A .4?' ’•»&#,-. V U .*. ' ,'^Otk'*. 

^ «*> 



V> ^ o 

*sv** 

c. *> 

+ n 





P-, * 

V -> ^ . \ 

« > ^ / «. s ,0 

vsN <° s <■ * r b. * * .o^ • 11 * * '<?» 

<* O 0 N v yyT^ ** 

W 


'r, .4 
A V 



cH ^ 



> 

a 0 

’ - ° V 0 ' 

(X V 

: ■• 

aV‘ V 

•X' 

^ rP y 

y n t ^ «\ O 

0 ♦ * A o N c . -/> 

^ » c .. ** °- 

$ 


\ ++ V 


• O' c o'‘■'^ ' * <$■' 0 ? °c *•» 

«• *t*», "' \> A ’U ■> SK ° ,0^ »'*°' ^ 

V- <? C3. * ^ ' v .ww A^ 

'V c v » «"4 °; <^o av 

v ' «\ 



A V ^ 

>V 


a * 


7 o 4 X * V ^ N ,: 5 / a X/ j * * s ^ 

A ^ 0 ^ o. f o ? v* v, 'v 

>v 

^ ^ v x = ^ 

^: v o o x t 


y& 


V v , ^ ^ 

V r h ' b ’ ' , ft aO 

V * ■> v o V 

v\ s s "4 7 * *> a9 % 

\\, * fVV% o /'> Or 

o ,A-5^ — ■. < A C •' 





v ^ 

V^‘ «P 





7 rf- 

o. J ^ ', 

v^v>' , " , 7 

vV tP. 


•/- \ 
5^, 


« ° Q-. ,-0 


-i 




<? > > 

A 


o 


' * V 1 

B i? ^ 

\ 

V v -V ■ 

^ * * 





A>’ 

# ^ 




A ”O 

^ A 0 !**/* 5 


\0o ' - -JL W . ^ 

- ^‘ 4&24ZIW l£ ; ^ ^ ^*rO 

'" T?-. 




,# ■% “ ^ "W* 0>' </. ’- '; I fc ;< •' ; > <j, 

♦ A - .0^ i* .!*, "i. A' t ."e, *b '•* V.A* 


^ aM 


\°°r. 


. A * O-V %f. 

, \ X . s * * r , 




C- ^ ‘-c*v~ * o 

V’ ^ * o A * 81 ' A xV s * * T 
A’ ^ a * v. v ‘ s ^ 
































’ * '"V. 






y * ^ 

vJ V 5*^ J J * 'V *> 

7 0 « V * A , XD * / C % ,0 X 

aS> c ° 4 o .(V <* ' 

. ' *S .rSNXMY^ ^ * . 

r <>► V 

* O 0 X 


ij ^ ° ®/rW 

po* -r^: 

n ° ' J. 0 ' '°t \ \ * * \ 

,-\> Y is ft « I ' \ 

i .X ( ‘o'. c * v> 

4. ,X *iprA". " 

* 7 %y/ 


$ <* 




* 0 N 0 ° X 0 

^ ^ ° A 'O 

% .y .m‘" *«. ., 

* w 2f - 

C> 

) *V„ 


i 8 , \ * ^ '^p. x <y 

V v S * * r ^ 

K ' 









^ > 

A 

o ^ 

v X t 0 N 

' 4* c> 


o 






\° 

- ^ -. ; V 

] *> H ° " ^ v t "» ,', A*^ 

A 0 4 * 1 0 / C‘ V , s 

A V> >■ <3 Cl < l 

/1 - p \Y * 

<f y <A 

z N 



v> 

%> 

A- . 

a i 

*v 




1 fi ^ 


V 





v . ..,..... * 

* * "» S X . , B <\ J 0 * v. * <\ 

. ' «b (-O' v" *% •%, X c oNc « 

-< ^ V 6 © 

i}- -fr 

x v ^ ^ 

D K o ’ ‘ ^O 1 °0 *• » ",'f, »'■*■ ^ 

,<f *'• »-■ " v' S > 

A*^ ^ r ^ attr&tofc*. ' * 

% ,.# * ji V' ’-, c v v aS V ' ; 

^ o * Cv\\wt-W/■■>) </> »\ v 

v.: cc 


* 

X * 0 ^ 8 1 ' 

(> > <\° t, A, 

<S> * x y, / f '-\ o p ,aS 

aa CV ,v/-;.v h ^ tP \> 


* ,v v ^ 



*»«•’/ 

AV ’«- 


vl^ 

x 0o -<. * 

> p. ' «*■ 

* ~D C* _£ ^ 0.1 

^ ff I A * <X" 

U 1 \ V . » # , 


^ ^ VI, < 

(V - v 1 H k 

*„~o C P *\. w ,":^% 

" x 


^ * o 



y % -, 

^ a /* 

<*■ y 0 * K* A <>, ** J 

' 1 fi if A V c 0 N G * ^ 





☆ a ^ 

/^V « v “A* 

- +*■ V? 

” q 5 _7 rf- “ |f ; T J;: : ' - = X 0c P, 

r K y , ^ X c0 CL t~ 

V’ . S ' Sy y ,0 

r\T '.'X An r x \, 

° ,v> ^ 

1/ V ’X> <>* ^ ^ ^ -v\ ,V 

tr ^ €> ^ -'* * - ° v 

P c ‘ » . s' -V u , , 'v, 7 0 ' h * d> , 0 n c 

^ ^ cP\\ y*i \ c • - * ° 


^ ^ 8 I ' 

0 V ' X * r v % 


“ <xV <a^ 

- '% * , 

X y 

<S» X/ / 



* is 




* \V* ^ ^ ^ 

Ay Q ’ fi^ / 

^ " I a” VV^ . o O „ ^ ^ .0 N 0 



<& r v ^ 





Vl 













































